Speaker 1: Nine Days in July is a production of I Heart
Speaker 1: Radio and trade Craft Studios in association with High five Content.
Speaker 1: April twenty third, nineteen sixty seven, cosmonaut Vladimir Mikhailovitch Camrav
Speaker 1: has been in space for more than twenty four hours.
Speaker 1: It has been the longest day of his life. No
Speaker 1: sooner had he reached shore of it than one of
Speaker 1: his spacecraft's solar arrays failed to properly deploy. His ship
Speaker 1: is now dangerously low on power. The partially deployed panel
Speaker 1: also obscured some critical navigation equipment, meaning Camrav is finding
Speaker 1: it nearly impossible to steer. To make matters worse, his
Speaker 1: communications equipment is not functioning properly. His spacecraft is, as
Speaker 1: one Russian official will later call it, a piece of shit.
Speaker 1: The thirty seven year old Colonel Camrav had been chosen
Speaker 1: as the cosmonaut to ride aboard so Use, one the
Speaker 1: Soviet's newest and most advanced spacecraft designed as part of
Speaker 1: their effort to beat the Americans to the Moon. Urigageron,
Speaker 1: the first man in space, and Camarad's best friend, was
Speaker 1: chosen as his backup. As the launch day approached, it
Speaker 1: was clear to Camrav and Gagaron that the spacecraft was
Speaker 1: not yet ready. The untested space vehicle was shodily constructed,
Speaker 1: and the engineering team identified more than two hundred serious
Speaker 1: structural problems, including the parachutes, which repeatedly failed to deploy correctly.
Speaker 1: The three previous unmanned soy U's test flights had all failed.
Speaker 1: Camarav and Gagaron drafted a letter outlining their concerns and
Speaker 1: asking that the mission be postponed until the issues could
Speaker 1: be properly addressed, but it was quickly buried. The powers
Speaker 1: that be wanted a bold triumph to celebrate the fiftieth
Speaker 1: anniversary of the Communist Revolution, the mission would go forward.
Speaker 1: Before he departed, Comrade told a colleague that he was
Speaker 1: not going to make it back from this flight. When
Speaker 1: asked why he did not simply refuse the mission, Comrof
Speaker 1: said that if he did, Gagaron would go and die
Speaker 1: in his place, and he could not do that to
Speaker 1: his best friend. The previous morning, as Camrav waited inside
Speaker 1: his Soyuz capsule conducting his pre flight checks, several witnesses
Speaker 1: claimed that Gagaron arrived at the launchpad demanding to take
Speaker 1: his friend's place, but Gagarin was a national hero, and
Speaker 1: there was no way that was ever going to happen.
Speaker 1: After more than a day in orbit, wrestling with malfunction
Speaker 1: after malfunction, Soviet ground control orders Camrav to cut his
Speaker 1: mission short and return to Earth. After eighteen agonizing orbits,
Speaker 1: Camarad fires his retrorockets and heads for home. After making
Speaker 1: it safely through the Earth's supper atmosphere and with the
Speaker 1: Russian countryside opening up beneath him, Camarav deploys his pear
Speaker 1: shutes to slow his descent, but nothing happens. The shoot deploys,
Speaker 1: but it doesn't inflate. Kamrav has a manually activated reserve
Speaker 1: shoot for just this sort of emergency. He yanks at loose,
Speaker 1: but it instantly becomes tangled with the trailing primary shooting,
Speaker 1: Traveling at nearly ninety miles per hour, so use one
Speaker 1: smashes into the Russian steps like a three ton meteorite.
Speaker 1: Rescue helicopter finds the wreckage by following a massive tower
Speaker 1: of black smoke. The capsule is burning so hot that
Speaker 1: the metal has gone molted. What's left of Camrath looks
Speaker 1: like a massive marshmallow burned to a misshapen cinder over
Speaker 1: a campfire. Before his departure, he stipulated that if anything
Speaker 1: should happen to him, his funeral would be open casket,
Speaker 1: so that the Soviet leadership would be unable to hide
Speaker 1: what they had done. Vladimir Conrad is the first person
Speaker 1: to die in the Race for space. This is Apollo
Speaker 1: control of one, seven hours, thirty nine minutes. Flight surgeon
Speaker 1: reports that all three crewmen now are awake. Good morning eleven,
Speaker 1: and about twenty four seconds from now, the spacecraft will
Speaker 1: pass the imaginary line into the Earth's sphere of influence.
Speaker 1: Mark you're leaving the learned there of influence over. This
Speaker 1: is the point that the Earth's gravity becomes stronger than
Speaker 1: that of the Moon and begins tugging our astronauts homeward.
Speaker 1: At the time the spacecraft across to the Earth's sphere
Speaker 1: of influence Pollow eleven was about one seventy four thousand
Speaker 1: nautical miles from Earth. At the present time, the spacecraft
Speaker 1: is traveling at a speed of three thousand, nine hundred
Speaker 1: ninety four per second with respect to the Earth. If
Speaker 1: you're not busy now, I can read you up the
Speaker 1: morning news. A follow eleven and still dominates the news
Speaker 1: around the world. Only four and a commun China and
Speaker 1: North Korea, North Vietnam in Albania have not yet informed
Speaker 1: their citizens of your flight and landing on the Moon.
Speaker 1: Can you imagine not knowing that such an astonishing feet
Speaker 1: took place, one of the greatest accomplishments in human history,
Speaker 1: and hundreds of millions of people where didn't I had
Speaker 1: the opportunity to celebrate the accomplishment with the rest of
Speaker 1: the planet. Tonight, President Nix and the scheduled to watch
Speaker 1: the All Star Baseball game in Kington. After the game,
Speaker 1: he will depart for the Pacific Recovery Area and flying
Speaker 1: to the Hornet in time to witness your flashdown. The
Speaker 1: USS Hornet is the aircraft carrier in charge of recovering
Speaker 1: Apollo eleven when it splashes down in two and a
Speaker 1: half more days. McCandless has one last bit of news.
Speaker 1: Lunar fifteen is believed to have cracked into the state
Speaker 1: of crisis yesterday, after all being the Moon fifty two times.
Speaker 1: When Apollo eleven reached the Moon three days ago, the
Speaker 1: Russians were already there, or at least one of their
Speaker 1: spacecraft was Luna fifteen was launched just days before Apollo
Speaker 1: eleven launch, so you had essentially in July nine two
Speaker 1: missions to the Moon. That's awesome, Siddiki. I'm a professor
Speaker 1: of history at Fordam University in New York. I reade
Speaker 1: quite a bit about the history of space exploration, including
Speaker 1: the Russians side of things. The Americans sent Neil Buzz
Speaker 1: and Michael Apollo eleven, and the Russians, in a last
Speaker 1: ditch effort to win the space race, launched Lunar fifteen,
Speaker 1: which was essentially designed to go to the Moon. Going
Speaker 1: to its orbit, the lander was supposed to come down,
Speaker 1: scoop up some soil, and lift off and fly directly
Speaker 1: back to the Earth, so they would bring back lunar
Speaker 1: soil before Apollo leven, showing the world that you know,
Speaker 1: you guys wasted all this money to lend guys on
Speaker 1: the Moon, but we got it back, you know, cheaper
Speaker 1: and safer. That's not what happened. Bernard Level at General
Speaker 1: Blank Observatory said that Lunar fifteen hit the surface of
Speaker 1: the Moon at a speed of about three as it
Speaker 1: was descending to the Moon. It essentially crashed into a mountain.
Speaker 1: It's July nineteen sixty nine, day seven of the Apollo
Speaker 1: eleven mission. It's time to talk about the space race.
Speaker 1: That's a term we're all familiar with, but for most Americans,
Speaker 1: the only part of the space race they really know
Speaker 1: is who crossed the finish line first. But that means
Speaker 1: that everything that led up to that moment is overlooked.
Speaker 1: After all, a race presupposes more than one competitor. Today,
Speaker 1: we are going to take a look at what launched
Speaker 1: the space race and some of the major milestones that
Speaker 1: built up to the moon landing. And we'll be paying
Speaker 1: special attention to the Russian side, because the USSR beat
Speaker 1: America to just about every significant first in space milestone
Speaker 1: there is. But to really understand where all this starts,
Speaker 1: we have to go back to the end of World
Speaker 1: War Two. Even though the Soviets have been our allies
Speaker 1: during World War Two, it becomes quickly apparently the Soviets
Speaker 1: keeps saying, you know, they're going to crush the West
Speaker 1: and communism will rule in the future, and the U
Speaker 1: s s, oh, you want that's NASA historian Bill Berry.
Speaker 1: The Cold War happens after the end of World War Two,
Speaker 1: largely because nuclear weapons appearing, and people realize that World
Speaker 1: War two is bad enough to start with, but then
Speaker 1: it ends with with these city killer weapons, and people
Speaker 1: are scared it. It's like, we can't afford to have
Speaker 1: another war like this again. It's just too destructive. So
Speaker 1: lines get drawn, armies are built on both sides with
Speaker 1: you know, nuclear weapons pointed at each other, but nobody
Speaker 1: wants to actually engage in a fight. The Communist Party
Speaker 1: of the United States is far better organized and where
Speaker 1: the next is in occupied countries prior to their capitulation,
Speaker 1: their goal is the overthrow of our government. But we're
Speaker 1: getting a bit ahead of ourselves. Germany had developed a
Speaker 1: terrifying new weapon in the final days of World War Two,
Speaker 1: the V two, or Vengeance Weapons. The V two was
Speaker 1: the world's first long range, supersonic guided ballistic missile. At
Speaker 1: the end of World War Two, the Allies decided, we
Speaker 1: need to go find out what the heck they were
Speaker 1: doing and make sure this technology gets gets collected for us,
Speaker 1: because it's clear at the end of the war with
Speaker 1: nuclear weapons that if you get surprised in warfare after
Speaker 1: World War Two, it's likely to be over. You know,
Speaker 1: if somebody launches bunch of nuclear weapons and you get
Speaker 1: caught by surprise. That's it. One of the men responsible
Speaker 1: for the creation of the V two was Werner von Braun.
Speaker 1: He came from an aristocratic German family. He was what
Speaker 1: we would today called maybe a space enthusiast. From a
Speaker 1: young age, he was willianto cosmic things. Um he gets
Speaker 1: involved in an amateur rocketry group. He realizes that the
Speaker 1: only way he's going to get money to build rockets
Speaker 1: is to work with the German military. About the time
Speaker 1: he does that, the Nazi Party takes over. They see
Speaker 1: that this is a very bright young guy, and he
Speaker 1: good moves upward through their rocket program until he's heading
Speaker 1: the V two design projects. He wants to go to space,
Speaker 1: but he's now building rockets for this regime. Hitler directed
Speaker 1: thousands of V two attacks against targets in Belgium, France,
Speaker 1: the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. London was among the
Speaker 1: city's most heavily bombed, killing more than twenty people and
Speaker 1: injuring three times that amount. In all, it is estimated
Speaker 1: that nine thousand civilians and military personnel were killed in
Speaker 1: V two attacks too. Another holy indiscriminate weapon. It's a
Speaker 1: truly typical effort of the immortally injured Nazi beast to
Speaker 1: attempt to tear down everything as he goes under. And
Speaker 1: actually actually more people died building V two rockets than
Speaker 1: died in the attacks with the V two rockets. Some
Speaker 1: twelve thousand concentration camp prisoners and forced laborers perished building
Speaker 1: the V two and von Braun clearly knew about this stuff.
Speaker 1: He knew what he wanted to do, which was to
Speaker 1: get to space, and I think he made compromises along
Speaker 1: the way to achieve that goal. I think, ultimately I
Speaker 1: would say he's an opportunist in the sense that he
Speaker 1: was willing to compromise in order to achieve his dream
Speaker 1: of space, and I think to the end of his
Speaker 1: days he probably believed that his compromises were worth it.
Speaker 1: The military had a list of German scientists and engineers
Speaker 1: that they wanted to interrogate, and Verne von Braun was
Speaker 1: at the top of that list. When it was clear
Speaker 1: that Germany was about to fall, von Braun, in more
Speaker 1: than one hundred of his V two colleagues sought out
Speaker 1: American forces and surrendered. They wanted to avoid falling into
Speaker 1: the hands of the Soviet Army, which was less than
Speaker 1: one hundred miles away. They provided the Americans with rocket
Speaker 1: blueprints and many of the missiles themselves generalize and hower
Speaker 1: and farms. May that the forces of German they have surrendered.
Speaker 1: The flags of freedom fly all over Europe. The Nazis
Speaker 1: surrendered late in April of nineteen forty, the same month
Speaker 1: that Franklin Delano Roosevelt died and Harry Truman took over
Speaker 1: in the Oval Office. The War Department secretly smuggled von
Speaker 1: Braun and more than three hundred rail cars of his
Speaker 1: hardware out of Germany. They didn't even tell the new
Speaker 1: president what they were doing. Somebody in the US government
Speaker 1: decides that they're The connections of these people to the
Speaker 1: Nazi Party in Germany is not something we really want
Speaker 1: to talk about anymore, because they're kind of useful to us,
Speaker 1: and we want to have them stay here and help
Speaker 1: with our missile programs, and so they go to work
Speaker 1: for the U. S. Army. This was Operation paper Clip,
Speaker 1: a covert American program to use the Nazis knowledge and
Speaker 1: know how to design weapons for the United States. The OSS,
Speaker 1: which is the predecessor to the CIA. They basically whitewashed
Speaker 1: a lot of the personal records as a lot of
Speaker 1: these engineers, and some of whom were rather dubious. The
Speaker 1: Germans ended up at Fort Bliss in Texas. For the
Speaker 1: first several years, they were not allowed to leave the
Speaker 1: base without a military escort. They referred to themselves as
Speaker 1: p o p s Prisoners of peace. Used to being coddled,
Speaker 1: von Braun now had to answer to far younger, far
Speaker 1: less experienced Army officers. But what truly rankled him was
Speaker 1: the fact that the Army was only interested in his
Speaker 1: missile technology and continually dismissed every proposal he put forward
Speaker 1: for rockets designed for space. Launching human beings into the
Speaker 1: cosmos was still his overwriting ambition. When the Korean War
Speaker 1: broke out in nineteen fifty, von Braun and his team
Speaker 1: were transferred to Huntsville, Alabama. He was put in charge
Speaker 1: of the Army's rocket development team, designing a Erica's first
Speaker 1: large ballistic missile, the red Stone. Finally, he saw a
Speaker 1: way to begin setting the stage for lift vehicles capable
Speaker 1: of handling massive payloads. The stuff of popular science fiction
Speaker 1: suddenly felt within Arm's reach. This is a follow Control
Speaker 1: at one eight hours, fifty eight minutes. At the present
Speaker 1: time of follow eleven has one seventy two thousand, six
Speaker 1: hundred fifty four nautical miles from the Earth, traveling at
Speaker 1: a speed of four thousand seventeen ft per second. Given
Speaker 1: that there is little to do in the spacecraft, mission
Speaker 1: Control decides it's the perfect time to pick Neil and
Speaker 1: Buzz's brains about some nagging Moon questions. Under sixty four
Speaker 1: thousand dollars, we're still trying to work out the location
Speaker 1: of your landing site. We think it is located on
Speaker 1: l am To chart at Juliett Desmal five and seven
Speaker 1: point eight. For the twenty one hours that the Eagle
Speaker 1: was on the Moon, no one knew where they were.
Speaker 1: Remember that they overshot their landing site by four miles
Speaker 1: and had to set down at the first available opening
Speaker 1: given their fuel state. While he was in orbit, Michael
Speaker 1: had been tasked to look for his colleagues with each
Speaker 1: pass he made over the Sea of Tranquility, but he
Speaker 1: was never able to find them. Bruce McCandless and the
Speaker 1: rest of Mission Control is still trying to figure out
Speaker 1: where humanity's first lunar footprints are the position which I
Speaker 1: just gave you is plightly. What of West Crater? I
Speaker 1: think that it's flagly that that might have been West
Speaker 1: Crater that we went across the landing. The flight plan
Speaker 1: has relatively few activities scheduled for now through the beginning
Speaker 1: of the cruise sleep period. Tonight boredom. That's not something
Speaker 1: these guys, be they in Apollo eleven or Mission Control,
Speaker 1: are used to feeling. But I'm sure it's a welcome
Speaker 1: change from the past week. So let's oh, we were
Speaker 1: think you up there there getting writer and writer, and
Speaker 1: we're not done talking about Verner von Braun, But right
Speaker 1: now it's time to take a peek behind the Iron
Speaker 1: curtain and check in on the Soviets. As it turned out,
Speaker 1: the Soviets had their own version of Operations paper Clip,
Speaker 1: dubbed Operation Asiovikim. On a single night in nineteen forty six,
Speaker 1: the Soviets recruited more than twenty two hundred German V
Speaker 1: two rocket scientists. And when I say recruited, I mean
Speaker 1: kidnapped several hundred Germans and put them on trains and
Speaker 1: took them back to the Soviet Union, and they put
Speaker 1: them in teams through reverse engineering this rocket. The man
Speaker 1: in charge of operation Asiovikim was Sergey Pavlovitch Korlev Serga
Speaker 1: Karlov in many ways of counterpart to von Braun, very
Speaker 1: charismatic person like von Braun, a very good organizer. He
Speaker 1: was able to inspire people even when he was really young.
Speaker 1: He walked in the room, people knew that this guy
Speaker 1: was something special. Kra Lev was born in nineteen o seven.
Speaker 1: He fell in love with flying as a child and
Speaker 1: began taking flying lessons at sixteen. He later studied under
Speaker 1: the pioneering Soviet aviation designer Andre Tupolev, who would go
Speaker 1: on to design many of Russia's most iconic aircraft. His
Speaker 1: interest in space began while working as the lead engineer
Speaker 1: on one of Tupolev's bombers. What if he wondered, liquid
Speaker 1: fueled rocket engines could be used to allow the bomber
Speaker 1: to fly higher, further faster forms. This amateur group in
Speaker 1: just a bunch of young guys in their twenties getting
Speaker 1: together building rockets on their own, you know, melting silverware
Speaker 1: at home to build rocket carts and things. And then
Speaker 1: they get snatched up by the Stalinist government who recognizes
Speaker 1: that these guys are smart, and they get repurposed into
Speaker 1: an actual design institute to build rockets. There's no space
Speaker 1: at this moment. It's about rockets for war. Cora Leev
Speaker 1: was not interested in making weapons, but his group saw
Speaker 1: the research as a means to an end, and then
Speaker 1: his life took a darker turn. The shadow of the
Speaker 1: Great Purge those upon the nation. There's a nationwide great
Speaker 1: purge going on in nineteen thirty eight. Hundreds of thousands
Speaker 1: of people are arrested on false charges. It's kind of
Speaker 1: the apex of Stalinist paranoia, but a lot of people
Speaker 1: lose their lives. Karlav was one of those sort of
Speaker 1: caught up stadions. Enemies real and imaginary are executed hundreds
Speaker 1: of thousands tall in the Blood Path. Korlv was falsely
Speaker 1: accused and the newly married father of an infant daughter
Speaker 1: was sentenced to be shot, but on the day of
Speaker 1: the execution, his actual sentence was commuted and he was
Speaker 1: a sentenced to ten years in a gulaub camp. So
Speaker 1: he got sent off to Siberia, a brutal, brutal camp
Speaker 1: where he works as a gold digger, and he loses
Speaker 1: a lot of his teeth has scurvy, he has injuries
Speaker 1: on his head and neck, and all sorts of horrible
Speaker 1: things happened to him. Emaciated and near death, Korlav was
Speaker 1: saved when he was transferred to a special gulag for
Speaker 1: learned intellectuals who might be of use to the state.
Speaker 1: I don't think he ever got over that. He was
Speaker 1: a very hard hitted, you know, rude person. He didn't
Speaker 1: have time for people who were just screwing around wasting time.
Speaker 1: In ninety four, shortly before the end of World War Two,
Speaker 1: kor Lev was freed and ordered to begin designing ballistic missiles.
Speaker 1: One of his first duties was traveling to Germany to
Speaker 1: help the Soviets collect as much information, manufacturing, and engineering
Speaker 1: on the V two program as possible. The Russians started
Speaker 1: by reverse engineering the V two, creating ever larger, more
Speaker 1: powerful vehicles, and he rose through the ranks until he
Speaker 1: was a really important guy by the mid fifties. Tis
Speaker 1: passed in the prison was eventually sort of blotted out.
Speaker 1: While the Soviet government was keen on intercontinental ballistic missiles,
Speaker 1: kor Lev, like von Braun, recognized that the same technology
Speaker 1: could with only a few modifications launch probes or even
Speaker 1: people into space, but the Kremlin had no interest in
Speaker 1: his outlandish ideas. That was until the US declared its
Speaker 1: intent to launch the first ever artificial satellite into outer space.
Speaker 1: It was mostly hot air. The Americans technology did not
Speaker 1: yet match their robust rhetoric, but coral V was confident
Speaker 1: that with what he and his team had already designed,
Speaker 1: Russia could embarrass the Americans and get to space first. Today,
Speaker 1: a new moon is in the sky, a twenty three
Speaker 1: inch metal sphere placed in orbit by a Russian rocket.
Speaker 1: You are hearing the actual signals transmitted by the Earth
Speaker 1: circling satellite, one of the great scientific feats of the age.
Speaker 1: On October fifth, ninety seven, the Soviet Union stunned the
Speaker 1: world by launching Sputnik, the first human made object to
Speaker 1: ever orbit the Earth. As it did so, Sputnik sent
Speaker 1: out a distinctive beeping sound that could be heard by
Speaker 1: anyone with a simple Ham radio. For Washington, the sound
Speaker 1: was terrifying. When the news gets to the s all
Speaker 1: held bricks loose and people are kind of freaking out
Speaker 1: because if they can put a satellite into space, they
Speaker 1: could put a bomb into space and they could land
Speaker 1: on you know, Oklahoma, ar Kansas. America wouldn't get its
Speaker 1: first satellite, Explore one, into space until four months later,
Speaker 1: aboard a Jupiter sea rocket designed by who else, Erni
Speaker 1: von Braun. Do you have ange an American? I've been
Speaker 1: so await, pray for work for as the Army successful
Speaker 1: launching a Victor one, but by that time Russia had
Speaker 1: already one up to them. Sputting one is launched on
Speaker 1: October four, and once the Soviets realized that it was
Speaker 1: a very powerful pr tool, they wanted to do it again.
Speaker 1: And Nikita Krushchov, who was the chairman of the Communist
Speaker 1: Party at the time, he calls in carla Evin says
Speaker 1: can you do this again? And Carlos says yes, and
Speaker 1: I can do you one better. I could put a
Speaker 1: little animal into this satellite. And so Sputting two was designed,
Speaker 1: built and launched, and US than a month nine fifty
Speaker 1: seven year of space and Sputnik dogs, like a first
Speaker 1: space traveler, was ready for the takeoff. Nestled the board
Speaker 1: was like a stray dog plucked off the streets of Moscow. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: the Soviets had not yet developed the technology to get
Speaker 1: like a back home again. And she died in orbit.
Speaker 1: And some people say, wow, okay, I think that goes
Speaker 1: deep in the night is one thing. But a live
Speaker 1: dog go on into space. What does that tell us
Speaker 1: about how advanced their program is and what their objectives
Speaker 1: are in space? And suddenly the Sputnik situation goes from
Speaker 1: being sort of a curiosity a concern to being a
Speaker 1: major crisis. Sputnik one and two were like giant wrecking
Speaker 1: balls to America's pride. Suddenly a new front was opened
Speaker 1: in the Cold War. The space race. In the rocket's
Speaker 1: finery wake was America's sober realization that the battle had
Speaker 1: just been joined and that the work of self preservation
Speaker 1: was at hand. It's based historian Amy share a title.
Speaker 1: So it became this push to figure out, well, you know,
Speaker 1: we have to show our dominance in space, because dominance
Speaker 1: in space is dominance in technology, dominance in rockets which
Speaker 1: are missiles, dominance and our ability to solve problems and
Speaker 1: show that we're the strongest, best nation. And so the
Speaker 1: United States and the Soviet Union, their competition on which
Speaker 1: system or government is going to win out gets tied
Speaker 1: to space. And of course The Soviets love this idea
Speaker 1: at the beginning, because they're ahead, von Braun and corals
Speaker 1: wacky ideas about humans in space didn't sound so wacky
Speaker 1: to their respective governments anymore. One of the things that
Speaker 1: happens as a response to spot Nick is the creation
Speaker 1: of NASA immediately within less than a year in October.
Speaker 1: But now we have come to a new day, and
Speaker 1: I say it is to become part of a new agency,
Speaker 1: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Right out of the gate,
Speaker 1: NASA launched the Mercury program, developing one man space capsules
Speaker 1: designed to prove that humans can live and work in space.
Speaker 1: Von Braun and his team were moved under NASA's umbrella.
Speaker 1: He became the director of the new Martial Space Flight Center,
Speaker 1: developing ever larger rockets, and though no one was asking
Speaker 1: for it yet, he began drafting plans for his magnum Opus,
Speaker 1: the Saturn operations paper clips. Former Nazis were no longer
Speaker 1: advising Americans, they were leading them back in Russia. Korlav
Speaker 1: was also promoted. He essentially leads the Soviet space program
Speaker 1: for the next ten years or so, not that anyone
Speaker 1: in the West knew who he was. His name was
Speaker 1: never mentioned in Russian newspapers anywhere. He was just called
Speaker 1: the chief designer. Official reason given why they didn't disclose
Speaker 1: his name was that, you know, they were afraid that
Speaker 1: the CIA would come and kidnap him or something terrible
Speaker 1: would happen. In fact, even many of the Russian engineers
Speaker 1: who worked beside Karlav didn't know who he was. This
Speaker 1: only added to his mystique. And the Soviets they didn't
Speaker 1: have anywhere near the side program at the United States had.
Speaker 1: They were brilliant, and they were very nimble, and they're
Speaker 1: watching very carefully what the United States just doing to say,
Speaker 1: what can we do to outdo the United States? Up
Speaker 1: until nineteen so we didn't really have a human spacefight program.
Speaker 1: They had a what can we do to embarrassing the
Speaker 1: United States program. Nineteen fifty nine was a very good
Speaker 1: year for coral Lev and the Russians. The Luna program
Speaker 1: was their robotics program to explore the Moon. The first
Speaker 1: goal they wanted to do us to just impact the
Speaker 1: surface of the Moon, which was a very difficult navigational
Speaker 1: problem because the Moon is moving around the Earth. And
Speaker 1: they did that with Luna to the Luna three was
Speaker 1: a really ingenious spaceship essensed to spun around the back
Speaker 1: of the Moon, photographed it, and transmitted the picture back
Speaker 1: to the Earth. This was the first time anyone had
Speaker 1: seen the Moon up close. In addition to the Luna probes,
Speaker 1: Coral lev also began working on the N one, a
Speaker 1: profoundly powerful rocket capable of escaping Earth's gravity. Well, the
Speaker 1: end one was the response to the Saturn five. It's
Speaker 1: a giant rocket capable of ultimately launching about metric ton
Speaker 1: since Earth or bid. Truly a great leader, a great name.
Speaker 1: Yah MC president to John F. Canada as a new
Speaker 1: decade dawn. John F. Kennedy ran for President of the
Speaker 1: United States on a platform pledging to close the space
Speaker 1: race gap and move America into first place. The Americans
Speaker 1: ushered in nineteen sixty one, not with a dog in space,
Speaker 1: but with a chimp named ham M has done it.
Speaker 1: He has moved man closer than ever before to his
Speaker 1: age old dream of traveling the heavens Now it was
Speaker 1: time to send a human being. That human was Alan Shepherd,
Speaker 1: one of the original Mercury seven astronauts. When Shepherd informed
Speaker 1: his wife that she was hugging the very first man
Speaker 1: to go into space. She replied, who let a Russian
Speaker 1: in here? More prophetic words could not have been spoken.
Speaker 1: First success in space when the Russians pushed a man
Speaker 1: across the po he was Yuri Gagara. In April twelfth,
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, twenty seven year old Yuri Gagarin became
Speaker 1: the first human who travel to space and orbit the
Speaker 1: planet in Vostok One. He remains to this day, I
Speaker 1: think one of the most recognized names in all of
Speaker 1: Russian history. Most Russians, if you asked who won the
Speaker 1: space race, they would say, well, we want it. We
Speaker 1: got the first guy in space. As with Sputnik just
Speaker 1: two and a half years earlier, America had its collective
Speaker 1: breath knock out of it. When Alan Shepherd heard the news,
Speaker 1: he slammed his fist on the table so hard that
Speaker 1: others in the room were certain he'd broken it. The
Speaker 1: mood of the White House was no less volatile. Kennedy
Speaker 1: ordered Vice President Lyndon Johnson to figure out something dramatic
Speaker 1: that the United States could do to best the Soviets.
Speaker 1: Johnson met with a number of NASA officials for ideas
Speaker 1: but it was Verde von Braun who most impressed him.
Speaker 1: Von Braun pitched something outlandish, a moon landing. The ex
Speaker 1: Nazi was confident that he could get Americans to the moon.
Speaker 1: By nineteen sixty eight, Johnson passed von Braun's recommendations to
Speaker 1: the President, who signed off on it. The United States
Speaker 1: was going to the Moon. Three weeks after Euryga Geron's
Speaker 1: history making flight, Alan Shepard became the first American in
Speaker 1: space aboard Freedom seven. His flight lasted only fifteen minutes.
Speaker 1: He was launched into space on a Redstone rocket, the
Speaker 1: direct descendant of von Bronze V two. Now it was
Speaker 1: time to sell America on von Bron's big idea. On
Speaker 1: nine sixty one, just twenty days after Shepherd's fifteen minute flight,
Speaker 1: President Kennedy stood before Congress and said, I believe that
Speaker 1: this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before
Speaker 1: this decade is out of landing a man on the
Speaker 1: Moon and returning him safely to the Europe. We think
Speaker 1: of Kennedy as the space races loudest and most ardent cheerleader,
Speaker 1: and he was at least in public. But on a
Speaker 1: day in nineteen sixty two, Shortly after John Glenn became
Speaker 1: the first American to orbit the Earth, Kennedy sat down
Speaker 1: with NASA Administrator James Webb, arguing that all of NASA's
Speaker 1: scientific and technological efforts should be subservient to Apollo. Let's
Speaker 1: listen in on a recording only made public in two
Speaker 1: thousand and one. I think it is the top priority
Speaker 1: that we had that very clear. This is uh important
Speaker 1: for in an act of political reasons and whether we
Speaker 1: like it or not, in intensive race. So I think
Speaker 1: we have to take the US the top priority. NASA
Speaker 1: Administrator Webb and Jerome Wisner, the President's scientific advisor. We're
Speaker 1: arguing that before the United States could land on the Moon,
Speaker 1: NASA would first need to come to grips with a
Speaker 1: lot of unknowns about outer space. But Kennedy didn't want
Speaker 1: to hear any of it that we do or to
Speaker 1: really be hie and getting onto the mole ahead of
Speaker 1: the writing why can't space we join a lot? Because
Speaker 1: by guys? Would women tell? Everybody reamed the space boys.
Speaker 1: Nobody believe that the policy ought to be a position
Speaker 1: of the top priority program of the agency and one
Speaker 1: of the two to the fan the top priority United
Speaker 1: States government sending it's kind of funny because I'm not
Speaker 1: that interested in space. Let me repeat Kennedy's words, I'm
Speaker 1: not that interested in space. The view that I grew
Speaker 1: up with in the nineteen sixties was that Kennedy was
Speaker 1: this guy who was really interested in space and was
Speaker 1: a leader in the space program, and and saw human
Speaker 1: destiny in space and all these things that people imagined
Speaker 1: um and that that sort of myth grew for a
Speaker 1: long time. Now, when those tapes came out, it became
Speaker 1: really crystal clear Kennedy's goal wasn't to send people to
Speaker 1: the Moon, or to explore space or any of the
Speaker 1: other stuff. What he really had was a political problem
Speaker 1: with the Soviets beating us up over space spectaculars on
Speaker 1: a regular basis, and he just wanted it to stop.
Speaker 1: Despite his stirring rhetoric. That's all the space race was
Speaker 1: to Kennedy, and he had good reason to think the
Speaker 1: Soviets were win that race. In the summer of nineteen
Speaker 1: sixty three, they launched Vostok three and four. The two
Speaker 1: craft met in space with just four miles separating them,
Speaker 1: and engaged in the first ship to ship communications. One
Speaker 1: of the two cosmonauts would later marry a woman named
Speaker 1: Valentina Tereshkova. Tereshkova became the first woman to fly in
Speaker 1: space aboard Vostok six in November of that year. The
Speaker 1: twenty six year old textile worker was the first woman
Speaker 1: in space, A feat of dubious scientific value perhaps, but
Speaker 1: what is its rather in propaganda another first for the
Speaker 1: Soviet 'gen She made nearly fifty orbits over three days
Speaker 1: and is still the only woman to ever undertake a
Speaker 1: solo mission. America wouldn't put its first woman into space,
Speaker 1: Sally Ride, until nineteen eighty three, a full twenty years later.
Speaker 1: Kennedy soon began to regret endorsing von Braun's crazy moonshot idea.
Speaker 1: He and others were beginning to realize just how unrealistic
Speaker 1: the plan was. Kennedy has a realization that Apollo is
Speaker 1: super expensive, might even bankrupt the budget, and he floats
Speaker 1: this idea of a giant project with the Soviets. While
Speaker 1: speaking before the United Nations, Kennedy said, finally, in a
Speaker 1: theod why the United States and the Soviet Union of
Speaker 1: a special capacity in the field of space, there is
Speaker 1: room for new co operations. I include among these possibilities,
Speaker 1: a joint expedition to the Moon. Premier Nikita Krushcheff ignored
Speaker 1: him if America was going to save face, he was
Speaker 1: going to have to make good on Kennedy's promise. On
Speaker 1: November six, seven months after the launch of Gemini one,
Speaker 1: Kennedy visited Cape Canaveral and toured the facility with von Braun,
Speaker 1: inspecting the extraordinary hardware already in use and the Saturn
Speaker 1: one rocket, the predecessor to the Saturn five. The President
Speaker 1: came away from his visit with the renewed enthusiasm for
Speaker 1: the Apollo program, designed to follow after Gemini. He was
Speaker 1: back on board. Five days later. President John F. Kennedy
Speaker 1: was shot and killed. Back aboard Apollo eleven, the crew
Speaker 1: sets up for another television transmission. Charlie Duke is now
Speaker 1: in the capcom set all you're packing our part names.
Speaker 1: That's the focus A little bit out the way through
Speaker 1: the Earth in the center of the brain lemming it
Speaker 1: came from it is huh, Well, I'm really looking at
Speaker 1: a bad brain here, then, might want The image is
Speaker 1: blurry enough that Duke has confused the Moon for the Earth.
Speaker 1: Bad enough not fun in the right landing. But when
Speaker 1: I got to that the right planet, Buzz decides to
Speaker 1: poke Duke a bit and remind him that he doesn't
Speaker 1: even know where in the moon he and Neil were.
Speaker 1: I'll have a little that one down. We're making it
Speaker 1: get tomorrow and tomorrow and itbody here that it really
Speaker 1: is the one we're leaving. Oh not the guy. Neil
Speaker 1: starts the broadcast, showing off boxes of moon rocks and
Speaker 1: soil samples that they're bringing back to Earth for Judy.
Speaker 1: We know a lot of scientists standard by to be
Speaker 1: the later example, and incidic we get onto the ship.
Speaker 1: I'm sure these boxes will need with the transferred and
Speaker 1: deliberate started to the later receiving laboratory. Now it's Buzzes turn,
Speaker 1: but he's not thinking about moon relics. He's thinking with
Speaker 1: his stomach. And I'd like to take through a little
Speaker 1: bit for you. Development taken place and a department. He
Speaker 1: unwraps a food cube. Designs, uh, we're designed to remove
Speaker 1: the problem of ad income. Many problems voting around in
Speaker 1: the cabin, so I designed a particular side that would
Speaker 1: be able to go into the mouth all at once.
Speaker 1: Michael decides to take a quick detour and become a
Speaker 1: science teacher. Is in effect, is a little down a
Speaker 1: rating for the kids at home, all kids everywhere for
Speaker 1: that matter. I was gonna tell you how you drank
Speaker 1: water out of a book, but I'm afraid I built
Speaker 1: a bone to foe and uh, if I'm not careful,
Speaker 1: I'm gonna go right over the dot. Can you can
Speaker 1: you do the water lapping around at the top of
Speaker 1: the kid. That's the permanend of eleven. I'll tell you
Speaker 1: what I just I just turned that point over and
Speaker 1: I get out of the water over again. Okay, okay.
Speaker 1: Michael flips the spoon over and the water resting in
Speaker 1: it now hovers in the air as tiny spherical globules
Speaker 1: and say, up there, and we don't know where over
Speaker 1: at the one up it is good in another And
Speaker 1: that really is what Michael swallows several of the tiny
Speaker 1: water spheres in midair. A couple of decades into the
Speaker 1: twenty one century, we're used to images like this from
Speaker 1: the astronauts aboard the International Space Station, But in nineteen
Speaker 1: sixty nine, images like this we're downright magical. Thank you
Speaker 1: for malla kids in the world who gave l from
Speaker 1: all right, get damn, I want to I'll get you
Speaker 1: that very quint then I never think youre No, that's
Speaker 1: perimend I repeated to bite on that point. No, you
Speaker 1: tell uh uh by getting larger. There the play for
Speaker 1: a coming out there no matter where, rabb all it
Speaker 1: all it bight to good home Lincoln, cer liv being
Speaker 1: happy to have you back. Can you tell the guys
Speaker 1: in the ship are really starting to loosen up after
Speaker 1: years of intense training. They are finally heading home as
Speaker 1: conquering heroes from Dallas, Texas and the Flash. Apparently official
Speaker 1: President Kennedy died at one Central Standard time some thirty
Speaker 1: eight minutes ago. When we left off, John F. Kennedy
Speaker 1: had been assassinated. Two hours and eight minutes later, Lyndon
Speaker 1: Johnson was sworn into office. One of his very first
Speaker 1: acts was renaming Cape Canaveral. It would now be called
Speaker 1: Cape Kennedy. He also doubled Apollo's budget. Johnson comes in
Speaker 1: and he says, Okay, the moon landing program. This is
Speaker 1: our tribute to our Slane President, and we are going
Speaker 1: to the moon. And no, and the Kremlin has any
Speaker 1: doubt in your mind that Lyndon Johnson is out that
Speaker 1: kicked their butts. The Servis realize, Holy Mackarel, Americans are
Speaker 1: really serious about going to the moon. Von Braun Saturn prototype,
Speaker 1: the Saturn one, successfully blasted off into space with a
Speaker 1: dummy Apollo spacecraft to top it. Though the Saturn one
Speaker 1: was only half the size of the future Saturn five,
Speaker 1: it was a validation of everything von Braun had been
Speaker 1: pushing for five four three two one ignition. It was
Speaker 1: now definitely only a matter of time until man with
Speaker 1: first set foot on the Moon. And yet, despite all
Speaker 1: of America's successes, Sergey Kurliev and the Russians were still
Speaker 1: embarrassing the United States at every turn. In nineteen sixty five,
Speaker 1: Alexei Leonov became the first person to conduct a spacewalk.
Speaker 1: Leonof brought a suicide pill with him just in case
Speaker 1: something went wrong, and he very nearly had to use it.
Speaker 1: But when he tried to get back in, he couldn't
Speaker 1: get back in the air log because his space suit
Speaker 1: had ballooned. Leonov's space suit became bloated in the vacuum
Speaker 1: of space. He was literally floating inside of it. His
Speaker 1: hands slipped out of his gloves and his feet came
Speaker 1: out of his boots. The only way he was able
Speaker 1: to get back inside his spacecraft was by releasing his
Speaker 1: precious oxygen until the suit became compact enough for him
Speaker 1: to squeeze through the hatch. The first artificial Earth satellite,
Speaker 1: the first Moon probes, the first animals in space, the
Speaker 1: first man in space, the first woman in space, the
Speaker 1: first crew in space, the first spacewalk. So far, the
Speaker 1: space race belonged to the Russians between seven and about
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty six. There's very few firsts that actually belonged
Speaker 1: to the US. If you were watching this happened, you
Speaker 1: would have very little confidence that America would get to
Speaker 1: the Moon first. But America was about to close the gap.
Speaker 1: On March nineteen sixty, Gus Grissom and John Young flew
Speaker 1: on the first two man mission J and I. Three.
Speaker 1: Later that summer, ed White conducted a twenty minute spacewalk
Speaker 1: while aboard Gemini four. Finally the United States had caught up.
Speaker 1: Over the rest of nineteen sixty five, Gemini would continue
Speaker 1: to break records, including the first orbital rendezvous and the
Speaker 1: longest time spent in space up to that point fourteen
Speaker 1: days on Gemini seven, and then tragedy struck the Soviet
Speaker 1: space program. Chief designer Sergey cora Lev went into the
Speaker 1: hospital for a routine surgical procedure. He never came out.
Speaker 1: He goes in for surgery to remove like what's what
Speaker 1: was thought at the time, benign growth. But during the surgery,
Speaker 1: the doctor finds that there's a quite large tumor and
Speaker 1: its cancerous. In removing that, they had to anesthetize him obviously,
Speaker 1: but he had a very weak heart because of his
Speaker 1: time in the Gulag. Cora Lev was just fifty nine.
Speaker 1: Coral Lev died, and then the whole Soviet program was
Speaker 1: kind of thrown into upheaval. They've lost their their key
Speaker 1: engineering leader, and they replaced them, but nobody was really
Speaker 1: a replacement for surgery Corralov. The tide had finally turned.
Speaker 1: Astronauts Pete Conrad and Dick Gordon performed the first ever
Speaker 1: direct descent rendezvous with an uncreweded Gina target vehicle. This
Speaker 1: wasn't just for fun, This was a test run for
Speaker 1: what would later be Apollo's command and lunar modules and
Speaker 1: the Russians. They landed Lunar nine on the Moon, the
Speaker 1: first soft landing of a spacecraft. It was their twelfth attempt.
Speaker 1: Rocket science is hard. The Russians also put the first
Speaker 1: satellite around the moon, Luna ten. These are hardly minor accomplishments,
Speaker 1: but probes are not people of the moon. It wasn't
Speaker 1: that they didn't spend enough money. Wasn't that they weren't trying.
Speaker 1: They spent a boatload of money, and they had huge programs,
Speaker 1: but they were disorganized and they started late. Their system
Speaker 1: was really chaotic. It works for short term bursts of things,
Speaker 1: but it wasn't suited for long term, sustained periods of innovation.
Speaker 1: The other reason is that there were a lot of
Speaker 1: competing factions within the communist system who had these huge
Speaker 1: engineering empires, and they didn't get along. They were constantly
Speaker 1: fighting for the same resources. While he was alive, korl
Speaker 1: Lev was only occasionally successful at unifying the various factions.
Speaker 1: Once he died, none of his predecessors seemed capable of
Speaker 1: navigating those fraud political waters. Nineteen sixty seven nearly derailed
Speaker 1: both countries space programs. This was the year of the
Speaker 1: Apollo one fire. It was also the year in which
Speaker 1: Sawyer was one crashed that's the story that opened this podcast.
Speaker 1: The Americans took a long, hard look at their program
Speaker 1: and eventually rallied von Bron's magnificent Saturn program boasted success
Speaker 1: after success. In fact, the Saturn five would be launched
Speaker 1: a total of ten times and never once suffer a
Speaker 1: significant failure. The former ss man was now an American hero.
Speaker 1: The United States finally had the Moon in their sights,
Speaker 1: and while the Russian people were convinced that their country
Speaker 1: would still be the first to the Moon, the engineers
Speaker 1: and cosmonauts were not fooled. They could see the writing
Speaker 1: on the wall. After the death of Camrad, Morale plummeted,
Speaker 1: and although the propaganda machine was still going at full power,
Speaker 1: fooling their American counterparts into believing that their communist nemesis
Speaker 1: was still neck and neck with them, they recognized there
Speaker 1: was no way they were going to beat the United
Speaker 1: States to the Moon. The only thing left to do
Speaker 1: was beat them in a circumnavigation of the Moon. But
Speaker 1: fearing just that possibility, NASA pushed the launch of Apollo
Speaker 1: eight up several months and four days before Christmas. Jim Levell,
Speaker 1: Frank Borman, and Bill Anders orbited the Moon method who
Speaker 1: we would like then you God created Earth. Apollo seventeen
Speaker 1: astronaut Harrison Schmidt. Yeah, I think beginning of Apollo eight,
Speaker 1: Americans really started to gain some confidence that the Cold
Speaker 1: War was not going to go on forever. The Russians
Speaker 1: last victory in space came just a few months ahead
Speaker 1: of Apollo eleven, in which soy Use four and soy
Speaker 1: Use five both crude met in space and docked. They
Speaker 1: opened hatches to allow the cosmonauts access to both craft,
Speaker 1: but that was the end of it. In February of
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, five months before Apollo eleven, Russia tested
Speaker 1: coral Lev's powerful AND one rocket for the first time.
Speaker 1: Before he died. Coralav realized that if Russia was going
Speaker 1: to best the Americans into space, they'd have to take
Speaker 1: some shortcuts. Rather than a cluster of large, expensive engines
Speaker 1: as on the Saturn, cora Lev opted to fit the
Speaker 1: N one with thirty small engines, and instead of testing
Speaker 1: each stage of the N one separately as the Americans did,
Speaker 1: Corala Have proposed they build the entire end one and
Speaker 1: test it fully assembled. They bring it to the padded
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, they tried to launch it four times,
Speaker 1: and all four times it explodes. The rocket, known as
Speaker 1: kor Lev's last dream, was dead. His vision of men
Speaker 1: visiting the Moon would come to pass, but the flag
Speaker 1: planted there would be the stars and stripes, not the
Speaker 1: hammer and sickle. Von Bronze moon vision was fully realized
Speaker 1: in July of nineteen sixty nine. With Apollo eleven. The
Speaker 1: space race was over. Moon landings wouldn't have happened without
Speaker 1: this intense political issue between the United States and the
Speaker 1: Soviet Union. I mean, the space races is, let's not
Speaker 1: kid ourselves a product of the Cold War. I mean,
Speaker 1: this had nothing to do with science, or exploration or
Speaker 1: any like goodness of mankind. This was entirely about showing
Speaker 1: the Soviets that were better back on Apollo eleven. The
Speaker 1: guys are still bored. Michael calls Charlie Duke and Mission
Speaker 1: control just to idly chatty on the night. Were really
Speaker 1: booming along here with all activity. Can barely believe it
Speaker 1: are you doing? Then you're made up on the kind
Speaker 1: build drinking. A later, mission Control begins hearing some creepy
Speaker 1: sounds emanating from Apollo eleven. Once again, the guys are
Speaker 1: trying to get a rise out of everyone in Houston.
Speaker 1: The song is music out of the Moon by Less Baxter,
Speaker 1: and Neil loves it all right in a mind about
Speaker 1: an album pointy hair, hand out the man, but it's
Speaker 1: been a little frank or you're bank with a little
Speaker 1: blow that it sounds odd because the primary instrument is
Speaker 1: a theorem, in which, fittingly enough for today's conversation, is
Speaker 1: a Russian musical instrument that to this day is forever
Speaker 1: and inseparably associated with space. Neil may like his therem
Speaker 1: and music, but mission control and not so much thank you.
Speaker 1: As the guys prepare for sleep, Duke relays one last
Speaker 1: piece of news to the crew. President Nixon is the
Speaker 1: preparative cloud. Greek Europe returned convicted that within thirty one
Speaker 1: years the man will have vincit at least one of
Speaker 1: the planets bearing some form of line. In the year
Speaker 1: two thousands, we on this Earth will have been the
Speaker 1: viewer where there will be a form of line. As
Speaker 1: of two thousand and nineteen, when I am recording this podcast,
Speaker 1: that prediction has yet to come true. We will be
Speaker 1: taking a look at the current state of the U. S.
Speaker 1: Crude space program. In our final episode, Day seven is over.
Speaker 1: On day eight July are penultimate episode, We're going to
Speaker 1: look at what happened after the astronauts got home. They
Speaker 1: left as reality stars and returned as the biggest celebrities
Speaker 1: on the planet. But behind the ticker tape parades, the
Speaker 1: world tours, and the White House Dinners lay a dark reality,
Speaker 1: a future riddled with depression, alcoholism, and fractured families. This
Speaker 1: podcast is a production of I Heart Radio and trade
Speaker 1: Craft Studios. Executive producers Ashe Seroia and Scott Bernstein, in
Speaker 1: association with High Five Content and executive producer Andrew Jacobs.
Speaker 1: Amazing research and production assistants by associate producers Brian Showsau
Speaker 1: and Natalie Robomed. Licensing rights and clearances by Deborah Correa.
Speaker 1: Our incredible editor is Bill Lance. Original music by Henry
Speaker 1: ben Wah. The experts who contributed to this episode were
Speaker 1: NASA Chief Historian Bill Berry, Professor Asaf Sadigi, Space historian
Speaker 1: Amy Sherry Title, and Apollo seventeen astronaut Harrison Schmidt. Special
Speaker 1: thanks to everyone at NASA who made this podcast possible,
Speaker 1: especially the incredible technological wizardry of consulting producer Ben Feist,
Speaker 1: who's responsible for organizing and cleaning the eleven thousand hours
Speaker 1: of mission audio you're hearing selections from in this podcast special.
Speaker 1: Thanks also to consultant Gina Delvack Kennedy Election Archive audio
Speaker 1: compliments of the South Carolina Political Collections, University of South
Speaker 1: Carolina Libraries. Licensing rights and clearances by Deborah Correa. This
Speaker 1: is a brand new podcast and we're so excited to
Speaker 1: be sharing it with you. Help us spread it far
Speaker 1: and wide, tell your friends, leave ratings and reviews, and
Speaker 1: chat about it on social media. Our hashtag is nine
Speaker 1: D I J. We would love to hear what you think.
Speaker 1: New episodes come out each week, so be sure to
Speaker 1: subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Brandon Phipps. Thanks
Speaker 1: so much for listening, and I'll see you next episode.