1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:07,680 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. 2 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 2: Chuck and Jerry's here too, and this is stuff you 4 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:19,320 Speaker 2: should know and what we've got on our hands today. 5 00:00:19,480 --> 00:00:24,400 Speaker 2: Chuck is a hot potato of a real deal geological mystery. 6 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:30,000 Speaker 3: Hot potato. That's how Emily's family says potato. 7 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:33,839 Speaker 2: I think I would only say it when it's preceded 8 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:35,760 Speaker 2: by hot. I would only say it like like I 9 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:38,360 Speaker 2: wouldn't say I'm going to have a baked potato, like 10 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:39,559 Speaker 2: you'd be out of your mind. 11 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:41,239 Speaker 3: To say it like that. Nor would you say a 12 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:43,960 Speaker 3: hot potato like what a square? 13 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:44,600 Speaker 1: Yeah? 14 00:00:44,600 --> 00:00:45,879 Speaker 2: That is pretty square, isn't it. 15 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:48,320 Speaker 3: Get the stick out of your butt, fella, and loosen up. 16 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:51,160 Speaker 2: Right, loosen up, get the card again out from around 17 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:51,840 Speaker 2: your shoulders. 18 00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 3: Yeah, jeez, So that was obscure. 19 00:00:54,880 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 2: But still so, like I said, this is a mystery today. 20 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 2: And just to give a brief brushstroke overview with the 21 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:06,200 Speaker 2: widest brush, real lot of space in between bristles, just 22 00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:09,039 Speaker 2: barely any paint on it. That kind of overview. 23 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:09,959 Speaker 3: Oh wow. 24 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:12,920 Speaker 2: What we're talking about is something called the younger dryis, 25 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,400 Speaker 2: which is a pretty it's a pretty terrible name for this, 26 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:19,200 Speaker 2: if you want to be catchy, right. 27 00:01:19,959 --> 00:01:21,959 Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean I think a lot of people will 28 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:23,720 Speaker 3: probably say WTF. 29 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:26,960 Speaker 2: Right, well, let's just call it the YD. If we're gonna, 30 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:28,960 Speaker 2: if we're gonna put initials on things, how about that 31 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:33,479 Speaker 2: or a breath other things? So the YD, the Younger 32 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:38,560 Speaker 2: Dryas is this this surprising, shocking period in Earth's history, 33 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 2: fairly recent history, where we came out of the last 34 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 2: ice Age, everything was going smoothly, and then bam, we 35 00:01:45,319 --> 00:01:48,560 Speaker 2: got hit by another ice age out of nowhere that 36 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 2: lasts for over a thousand years, and then bam, it 37 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:54,320 Speaker 2: goes away just as fast as it came along. And 38 00:01:55,440 --> 00:02:02,480 Speaker 2: paleo geologist, paleo climatologist, all the paleos are perplexed as 39 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 2: to what caused it and then why it stopped so 40 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:07,600 Speaker 2: suddenly too. That's why I said it is a real 41 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:09,079 Speaker 2: deal geological mystery. 42 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 3: Yeah. And a time, as we'll see, where the Earth 43 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:19,120 Speaker 3: and its inhabitants and animals and nature was all going 44 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,240 Speaker 3: like all right, thank god, we can we can finally 45 00:02:22,240 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 3: get down to business and start being an earth, like 46 00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:31,200 Speaker 3: a legit Earth. And then you know, the YDS come 47 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 3: along and say not so fast. 48 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:35,760 Speaker 2: Right, and you call it a legit Earth because when 49 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:38,640 Speaker 2: it finally ended, and actually that period in between the 50 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:43,720 Speaker 2: last Ice Age and the yd those are like really 51 00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:46,520 Speaker 2: habitable for human beings, Like we love those kind of 52 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:49,519 Speaker 2: conditions so much so that after the y D ended, 53 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:53,280 Speaker 2: it became the age of humans. Yeah, like this is 54 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,080 Speaker 2: the this is the age where we began our civilizations, 55 00:02:56,120 --> 00:02:59,119 Speaker 2: we started farming, we began to flourish as a species 56 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 2: and basically take over the planet. And what's interesting is 57 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:05,040 Speaker 2: this is the most recent ice age. There had been 58 00:03:05,120 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 2: seven in Earth's history and just as and aside, this 59 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 2: was the Wisconsinian ice Age that we're talking about. The 60 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 2: last one was two hundred and fifty million years before, right, 61 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:20,359 Speaker 2: So it's pretty significant that we, just geologically speaking, came 62 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:22,240 Speaker 2: out of an ice age because there's not that many. 63 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,119 Speaker 2: And then not coincidentally, when the second to last ice 64 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 2: age ended, that opened the door for the dinosaurs to 65 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:32,079 Speaker 2: come along and take over the Earth. So things, big 66 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 2: things happen when an ice age changes. So for it 67 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:36,680 Speaker 2: to switch back to an ice age all of a 68 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:39,920 Speaker 2: sudden and then switch back to nice and temperate for 69 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:42,800 Speaker 2: us humans it is just very weird. It was actually 70 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 2: I've seen it described as an extreme weather millennial event. 71 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 3: Yeah, and you know, it kind of made me wonder 72 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:54,520 Speaker 3: had this not happened, because we were sort of headed 73 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 3: toward you know, legit Earth, like I said before, you know, 74 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:02,000 Speaker 3: I mean, it would obviously wouldn't change the year. But 75 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,000 Speaker 3: let's say, as far as longness goes, we would be 76 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 3: like the year three thousand something, right like, would we 77 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:12,440 Speaker 3: be just that much further along as a planet or 78 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:15,440 Speaker 3: would we be nowhere? Because in a thousand years we 79 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:20,000 Speaker 3: will have already destroyed ourselves the second one. Okay, all right, 80 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 3: So it's a good thing this happened, or we wouldn't 81 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:23,920 Speaker 3: be talking about it right now exactly. 82 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:27,240 Speaker 2: That's exactly right. So yeah, that's a really anthropic way 83 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 2: of looking at it. Well, speaking of I bought a 84 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:35,320 Speaker 2: copy of If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies, the Ellie 85 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:37,680 Speaker 2: is or Yukowski Nate Sores book that just came out. 86 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 3: Okay, and did not know about it. You say that 87 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:41,680 Speaker 3: as if it was just on the tip of my tongue, 88 00:04:41,680 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 3: which I appreciate. No, you do. 89 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:47,320 Speaker 2: We remember I basically mischaracterized it in the Zizians episode 90 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:50,080 Speaker 2: and had that Oh yeah, okay, that book right about 91 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 2: building AI and if anyone builds it, then we're all 92 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:55,279 Speaker 2: going to die, like just the existential threat of AI. 93 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:58,480 Speaker 2: It is really good. You could read it and if 94 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 2: you had a a day that you could dedicate to 95 00:05:01,960 --> 00:05:03,960 Speaker 2: reading it, you could read it in a day. It's 96 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:07,880 Speaker 2: really popularly written, lots of really cool anecdotes. It's just 97 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:12,279 Speaker 2: very good. So I strongly recommend that book. Great, Okay, 98 00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 2: so let's kind of just back it up a little 99 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:17,480 Speaker 2: bit and go to the previous ice ages of Wisconsinian 100 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:20,680 Speaker 2: ice Age and talk about what Earth looked like like that. 101 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:25,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, so it was. It was very icy. There were 102 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 3: huge ice sheets covering a lot of Earth, like most 103 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:33,400 Speaker 3: of North America, northern Europe, and Asia. And as we'll see, 104 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 3: a lot of the YDS affected the northern hemisphere much 105 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:40,680 Speaker 3: more than the southern. But also weird things happen in 106 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:42,880 Speaker 3: the southern hemisphere that don't quite jibe. That's why it's 107 00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 3: such a kind of a strange mystery. But lots of 108 00:05:46,440 --> 00:05:52,160 Speaker 3: ice everywhere. We had barren planes, very harsh conditions. We 109 00:05:52,200 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 3: had things like you know, wooly mammos like ice ice 110 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:59,600 Speaker 3: loving creatures dwelling the earth, and you know human populations 111 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:03,679 Speaker 3: that were sparse and scattered and constantly kind of moving 112 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:05,160 Speaker 3: around trying to survive. 113 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:07,920 Speaker 2: Right, And so that the Last ice Age started about 114 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:10,080 Speaker 2: one hundred thousand years ago, and it took about eighty 115 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:14,159 Speaker 2: thousand years to reach its peak point. So twenty thousand 116 00:06:14,200 --> 00:06:16,840 Speaker 2: years ago it hit what's called the last glacial maximum, right, 117 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 2: So it took eighty thousand years to get there and 118 00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,279 Speaker 2: then ten thousand years to basically melt. It melted a 119 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:29,080 Speaker 2: lot faster than it developed. And just like right after 120 00:06:29,279 --> 00:06:32,480 Speaker 2: it peaked, it just started warming up. And it took 121 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 2: about nine thousand years and all the ice sheets, all 122 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:37,479 Speaker 2: the glaciers, all this stuff that was covering Earth and 123 00:06:37,560 --> 00:06:40,159 Speaker 2: keeping it and ice age just basically went away. And 124 00:06:40,279 --> 00:06:43,280 Speaker 2: Earth just blossomed into a version that we. 125 00:06:43,520 --> 00:06:47,560 Speaker 3: Like, yeah, and it became, you know, not terribly unlike 126 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 3: what we're looking at now. There was a jump in 127 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:52,880 Speaker 3: temperatures that was you know, kind of close ish to today. 128 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 3: And this was called the and I never know how 129 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,280 Speaker 3: to pronounce it's a umla, is it really? 130 00:06:58,480 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 2: Yeah? 131 00:06:58,720 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 3: I'm that's all it is. 132 00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 2: Yes, So all of our Nordic friends, the circle with 133 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 2: the the forward slash through or the O with the 134 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:08,400 Speaker 2: forward slash through. Yeah, that's an um lot right. 135 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 3: Okay, I mean I guess we call it the null 136 00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:13,320 Speaker 3: set because it looks like a zero with a slash 137 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:14,840 Speaker 3: through it, So call it that. I mean, we don't 138 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:16,400 Speaker 3: really call it that, but that's what it looks like. 139 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:18,320 Speaker 2: Pronounce it like that, all right? 140 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 3: What with the oomlount, No, the null set, I would 141 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,360 Speaker 3: know how to do that with the umlaut. I guess 142 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:31,080 Speaker 3: my best stab would be the berling alarud interstadio. 143 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 2: I think you nailed it, all right. 144 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 3: A lot more rain we got to, you know, we 145 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:38,720 Speaker 3: achieved a sea level that's not what we have today, 146 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:41,960 Speaker 3: but about half of what we have today. With that rain, 147 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 3: obviously you're going to get a lot of plants. The 148 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:48,160 Speaker 3: woodlands are thriving. Animals are now are you know, forest 149 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 3: dwelling and walking alongside things like cave bears and wooly 150 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 3: mammoths and things are going pretty good. We have Homo 151 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 3: sapiens at this point, or are the only humans that 152 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 3: are around this point, and they're like their love and 153 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:05,680 Speaker 3: life man. They're saying, all right, we can travel a 154 00:08:05,680 --> 00:08:08,280 Speaker 3: little bit more and as we'll see, you know, kind 155 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:12,160 Speaker 3: of dabble stick their toe in, settling here and there. 156 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 2: Yeah, this was actually right before. This was the point 157 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:20,160 Speaker 2: when people from Eurasia migrated into North America. So this 158 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 2: is the point where they were cut off. They couldn't 159 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:24,680 Speaker 2: go back. There's no going back. They were in North 160 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 2: and South America now because the Bearing Land Bridge was 161 00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 2: covered up by those rising sea levels which turn it 162 00:08:29,960 --> 00:08:33,160 Speaker 2: into the Bearing Sea. And this time, so remember we're 163 00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 2: talking about this little period after the end of the 164 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 2: ice Age, before the yd comes along, where everything seems 165 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:42,000 Speaker 2: to be going smoothly for humans. This is where we 166 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:46,920 Speaker 2: started taking our first stabs at agriculture. We're just like, 167 00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:49,199 Speaker 2: let's try something new. We just came out of an 168 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 2: ice age. Let's just get as funky as we can 169 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 2: with it, and we're going to basically take some of 170 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:57,920 Speaker 2: that energy in that time that we dedicate to hunting 171 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 2: and gathering and put it in to farming. I just 172 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:04,320 Speaker 2: made that word up, but let's call it that from 173 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:04,600 Speaker 2: now on. 174 00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:09,520 Speaker 3: Like, what is farming? They're like, you're doing it right now, buddy. 175 00:09:09,559 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 3: I see over there picking weeds exactly and tending to 176 00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:16,280 Speaker 3: those wild plants. And that's basically the you know, kind 177 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:18,679 Speaker 3: of I guess the argument for the beginning of agriculture 178 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 3: at least, right, Yeah, well. 179 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:22,520 Speaker 2: We basically said, that's a good looking plant. Let's just 180 00:09:22,559 --> 00:09:25,080 Speaker 2: try to make that one grow as well as we can. 181 00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 3: That's right. So things are going along swimmingly, people are 182 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:32,600 Speaker 3: not moving around as much, they enjoy sitting for the 183 00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:36,080 Speaker 3: first time and things like that, and then all of 184 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:40,600 Speaker 3: a sudden, the yd comes along and the glacial conditions 185 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:45,040 Speaker 3: return in the broad sense in a very quick way. 186 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:48,280 Speaker 3: I mean, how long did it take, Like, I mean, 187 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:50,520 Speaker 3: the whole thing was like a thousand years, but we 188 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,760 Speaker 3: reached kind of close to that last glacial maximum in 189 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:55,079 Speaker 3: about five hundred years. 190 00:09:55,240 --> 00:09:58,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, I think by one hundred years it was really 191 00:09:58,320 --> 00:10:00,320 Speaker 2: like in full swing. And then yeah, five hundred years 192 00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:02,760 Speaker 2: is basically like the ice age is back. 193 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:06,120 Speaker 3: I wonder if they were like, hey, does anyone think 194 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 3: it's getting colder? Right? 195 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:10,200 Speaker 2: No, just keep farming and be quiet. 196 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:11,640 Speaker 3: Right, yeah, yeah, just keep planting those plants. 197 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:14,200 Speaker 2: We should also say Kyle helped us with this, and 198 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:18,080 Speaker 2: he said that the younger driest came along and spoiled 199 00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 2: the party. That's truer than you would think, because right, 200 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:25,400 Speaker 2: before this, and that booing all a rod inner stadial 201 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:28,760 Speaker 2: was when we started making beer too, so that got 202 00:10:28,760 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 2: disrupted as well. 203 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,520 Speaker 3: We'd be so much drunker today. 204 00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:36,080 Speaker 2: So another reason we would have wiped ourselves out in 205 00:10:36,240 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 2: just one global bar fight. Basically, Yeah, so this is 206 00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:43,840 Speaker 2: this kicks off thirteen hundred years of really really cold 207 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:47,760 Speaker 2: weather and then all of a sudden it just stops 208 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:51,680 Speaker 2: and it comes along it like happened starting about one 209 00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:54,439 Speaker 2: hundred years, five hundred years into it. It was really 210 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 2: basically back to ice age conditions in a lot of places. 211 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:01,840 Speaker 2: But when it stopped, it swung back to nice and 212 00:11:02,360 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 2: humid even faster. And there's actual ice cores from Greenland 213 00:11:07,559 --> 00:11:12,040 Speaker 2: that show that Greenland in ten years the average temperature 214 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:16,040 Speaker 2: increased by eighteen degrees farent height ten degrees celsius. That 215 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:20,040 Speaker 2: is insane and for comparison so the global warming that's 216 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:23,800 Speaker 2: going on today that scientists are quite concerned about and 217 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 2: thinking people as well, that's a rise of two degrees 218 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:32,200 Speaker 2: farent height, not eighteen degrees farent height. Two degrees farentheight 219 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:36,280 Speaker 2: in about twenty decades. We're talking about eighteen degrees rise 220 00:11:36,360 --> 00:11:39,600 Speaker 2: in one decade. That's how fast this thing warmed up. 221 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:43,360 Speaker 3: Yeah, that's super quick. And again, you know, whenever you 222 00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:44,920 Speaker 3: talk about this kind of stuff, you gotta zoom out 223 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:47,120 Speaker 3: and look at it from a sort of macro point 224 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:50,320 Speaker 3: of view. But yeah, that's super fast and got super 225 00:11:50,440 --> 00:11:55,280 Speaker 3: hot and also super cold. Previously during the YDS, which 226 00:11:55,320 --> 00:12:02,160 Speaker 3: was named, by the way, after flower the driest octopus octapitala. Yeah, 227 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 3: nailed it. And the odd thing about this flower and 228 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:08,199 Speaker 3: why they named the YDS after it is that it 229 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:12,560 Speaker 3: thrives in cold Arctic regions. Is one of these flowers 230 00:12:12,559 --> 00:12:15,040 Speaker 3: that loves the ice kind of the mountains of Scandinavia. 231 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:20,079 Speaker 3: In the late eighteen hundreds, like the eighteen seventies, Swedish 232 00:12:20,160 --> 00:12:24,160 Speaker 3: scientists were studying clay deposits that they discovered, and they 233 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:27,920 Speaker 3: discovered this flower and they were like, this flower shouldn't 234 00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:31,199 Speaker 3: be here between these layers of clay. It was deposited 235 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,040 Speaker 3: by melting glaciers. But like, none of that makes any sense, no. 236 00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:36,840 Speaker 2: Because you've got clay from melting glaciers above it and 237 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:40,160 Speaker 2: clay from melting glaciers below this flower, and this flower 238 00:12:40,679 --> 00:12:44,440 Speaker 2: thrives in temperatures where the glaciers are not melting at all, 239 00:12:44,640 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 2: So it was a huge mystery. And then what made 240 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:49,320 Speaker 2: it even more mys serious is that was confirmed by 241 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,440 Speaker 2: other clay deposits elsewhere in Scandinavia. So there was definitely 242 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 2: something weird going on. And they named it younger Dryis 243 00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:59,520 Speaker 2: because there actually have been older dryis before. Yeah, that 244 00:12:59,640 --> 00:13:02,640 Speaker 2: was not nearly as much of a bizarre freak as 245 00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 2: the Younger Dryas was. 246 00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:07,559 Speaker 3: That's right. So we got the O D, we got 247 00:13:07,559 --> 00:13:10,559 Speaker 3: the Y D. Should we take a break? Yeah, that 248 00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:12,880 Speaker 3: sounds like a pretty good time for a break. Yeah, yeah, yeah, 249 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 3: all right, we'll be right back. 250 00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:29,200 Speaker 4: Jok, Mad, Josh, stop, you should. 251 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:54,360 Speaker 2: Know, so, Chuck, we've been talking like pretty big shots, 252 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 2: pretty confident here right. 253 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,040 Speaker 3: Now, a couple of tough guys exactly. 254 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:00,439 Speaker 2: And the reason why we're doing that is because of 255 00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:05,840 Speaker 2: ice core samples a lot from Greenland, also from Antarctica, 256 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:10,960 Speaker 2: and sedimentation from high altitude European lakes. That's why we're 257 00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:12,320 Speaker 2: talking so tough right now. 258 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, And those are big deals. You can find out 259 00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,640 Speaker 3: a lot from an ice core. You can find out 260 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 3: like basically what it accumulated there, like stuff that the 261 00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:25,960 Speaker 3: wind blew in there from other places. You know, they've 262 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,120 Speaker 3: got these little little bubbles in that ice, and you 263 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:32,360 Speaker 3: can trace gases even that were present back then and 264 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,000 Speaker 3: compare to like other parts of the world at that time, 265 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:36,840 Speaker 3: and like, oh, well they have these gases here, we 266 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 3: have this sediment here, We have a distinct lack of 267 00:14:40,440 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 3: pollen for this period here, which means like probably a 268 00:14:43,720 --> 00:14:46,240 Speaker 3: lot of plant life was killed off and stuff like that. 269 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:49,360 Speaker 3: And then the lake stuff is super valuable too, right. 270 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 2: Yeah, because constantly sediment is accumulating at the bottom of 271 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:56,320 Speaker 2: a lake, and very similar stuff's getting trapped down there, 272 00:14:56,360 --> 00:15:00,640 Speaker 2: like air bubbles, soot, pollen, all that stuff, and it 273 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:03,720 Speaker 2: just gets deposit a year after year, and you can 274 00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:05,960 Speaker 2: actually date that stuff. You can take a sample of 275 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:08,760 Speaker 2: a lake bottom and date that and then see what 276 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 2: was going on around the lake at that time too. 277 00:15:11,840 --> 00:15:15,240 Speaker 2: And lakes are advantageous because they're all over the world. 278 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 2: Ice shelts and glaciers are not all over the world, 279 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 2: so you're limited from where you can take ice cores. 280 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:24,360 Speaker 2: And then also lakes can last like thousands of years, 281 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:27,720 Speaker 2: whereas if you're reading tree rings, you're reading maybe decades, 282 00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:30,440 Speaker 2: maybe a century or two worth. A lake it's going 283 00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:32,280 Speaker 2: to give you way more than that. So it's pretty 284 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:34,920 Speaker 2: clever the way that they can take this stuff not 285 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:38,160 Speaker 2: only figure out when this sediment deposit or this ice 286 00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:43,360 Speaker 2: deposit was put down, but also like a lack of 287 00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:46,160 Speaker 2: pollen or what type of pollen means for like the 288 00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:49,000 Speaker 2: world at large at the time. I just think that's 289 00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:51,800 Speaker 2: pretty cool that humans are able to do that, and 290 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:53,440 Speaker 2: they don't seem to just be making this. 291 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 3: Up, you know, a very niche nerdy stuff. You should know. 292 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:02,640 Speaker 3: A T shirt could just be uh lake bottom greater 293 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:04,280 Speaker 3: than simple tree ring. 294 00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:08,160 Speaker 2: That's a super nerdy. I think that would actually offset 295 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 2: the be dumb and happy one that you got generated. 296 00:16:12,080 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 3: I think so. But just you know, you walk around 297 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:17,080 Speaker 3: like Comic Con and somebody will say, I know exactly 298 00:16:17,160 --> 00:16:18,600 Speaker 3: what you're doing, buddy. 299 00:16:18,240 --> 00:16:20,840 Speaker 2: And they'll they'll just silently walk past you and give 300 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 2: you the high five and the low five without stopping. 301 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 3: Right, but it'll be a sort of a nerdy. They'll 302 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:28,240 Speaker 3: miss the high five won't be quite right. They'll try 303 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 3: and fist bump you when you put up your hand or. 304 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:32,680 Speaker 2: Right, or they lock fingers with you on the lof 305 00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:34,200 Speaker 2: and you guys keep trying to. 306 00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 3: God, that's gotta be the worst. I thought the fist 307 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:40,640 Speaker 3: bump in the hand together was the worst. But when 308 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:43,440 Speaker 3: you high five and someone holds on and locks fingers. 309 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:46,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, so weird. 310 00:16:47,720 --> 00:16:50,400 Speaker 3: Oh goodness, I don't know why I think of Oprah 311 00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:52,600 Speaker 3: Winfrey when does she? Has she ever done that? 312 00:16:52,840 --> 00:16:54,880 Speaker 2: I think she likes to raise people's hands, like they 313 00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:56,600 Speaker 2: just want a boxing match or something. 314 00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:02,000 Speaker 3: All right, so we're settling into the YD. I mentioned 315 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,879 Speaker 3: earlier that the northern hemisphere was one that was really 316 00:17:05,160 --> 00:17:11,119 Speaker 3: affected the most, especially around the North Atlantic. The southern hemisphere. 317 00:17:11,119 --> 00:17:13,919 Speaker 3: We'll talk about some weird abnormalities there as well. But 318 00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:17,840 Speaker 3: these ice sheets advanced across the Arctic seed just like 319 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:22,600 Speaker 3: they did during the Old LGM, the last Glacial maximum? 320 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:23,920 Speaker 3: Is it glacial or glacial? 321 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:26,680 Speaker 2: Oh? I don't know. It depends on whether you say 322 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:27,880 Speaker 2: potato or patata. 323 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:31,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess. So the Rockies here and what would 324 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:36,399 Speaker 3: later be the United States expanded, the Alps expanded. They 325 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:41,600 Speaker 3: found very weird things like penguin like creatures in southern Italy. 326 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:45,159 Speaker 3: Like things were getting really out of whack again, and 327 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 3: everyone back then was like WTF. 328 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:50,879 Speaker 2: Yeah, and the like, even if you weren't living in 329 00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:54,480 Speaker 2: an iced over area, you know, basically due south of 330 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:58,240 Speaker 2: that was tundra, like so western Europe, which is nice 331 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:00,840 Speaker 2: and verdant in lush right now, So it was tundra 332 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:03,639 Speaker 2: at the time. You got grasses, maybe a fox or 333 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:05,920 Speaker 2: two if you're lucky and you're bored just looking around, 334 00:18:05,920 --> 00:18:08,560 Speaker 2: because it's not the most pleasant landscape to look at. 335 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:11,359 Speaker 2: I remember humans are running around at this time. I 336 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:16,280 Speaker 2: think we shrunk tremendously as a population, down to maybe 337 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 2: the highest estimate I saw was around ten million people 338 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:22,639 Speaker 2: across the entire planet at this time. 339 00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:24,000 Speaker 3: That sounds nice. 340 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:29,240 Speaker 2: Actually we kind of talk about Elba room. But all 341 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:33,040 Speaker 2: the plants and animals that had started to thrive in 342 00:18:33,080 --> 00:18:35,200 Speaker 2: the middle in between the ice age and the YD 343 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:39,000 Speaker 2: they died back. And all the animals and plants that 344 00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:43,600 Speaker 2: had died back during that innerstodial period they came roaring 345 00:18:43,680 --> 00:18:46,160 Speaker 2: back and they were like, we loved we love the YD. 346 00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 2: We're happy again. 347 00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:52,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, for sure. I mentioned the pollen retreating being evidence 348 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:55,359 Speaker 3: of like you know, the tree cover going away, and 349 00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:57,840 Speaker 3: they found evidence of that an ice core once again. 350 00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:01,600 Speaker 3: This is in the Hulu Cave and chin and it showed, 351 00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:04,919 Speaker 3: you know, a drastic reduction in tree pollen, which you know, 352 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,119 Speaker 3: basically you can infer that like, yeah, a lot of 353 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:10,400 Speaker 3: trees died out during this icy period. 354 00:19:10,240 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 2: Right, And from that you can also infer that there 355 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:15,320 Speaker 2: was probably less rain because trees helped generate clouds and 356 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:20,040 Speaker 2: they also helped keep the planet warm. So it was 357 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:23,919 Speaker 2: obviously a lot colder and a lot drier. That was 358 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:28,919 Speaker 2: the two characteristics of the YD And then, like you said, 359 00:19:28,960 --> 00:19:33,640 Speaker 2: the southern hemisphere experienced something radically different, right, So remember 360 00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:38,080 Speaker 2: northern Europe is covered in ice again, it's tundra right 361 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:41,120 Speaker 2: below that. And then if you go down to Antarctica, 362 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:44,639 Speaker 2: they basically hand you like a lay and a Hawaiian 363 00:19:44,720 --> 00:19:46,680 Speaker 2: shirt and like my tie. 364 00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:50,919 Speaker 3: Yeah, it's so crazy. When I was going through this stuff, 365 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:54,359 Speaker 3: that to me was like the big reveal. I mean, 366 00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:56,280 Speaker 3: I would I'm a big dummy when it comes to 367 00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:57,800 Speaker 3: this stuff. So I just figured that would have been 368 00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:02,440 Speaker 3: even colder and even worse. But tmperatures actually rose in 369 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:05,040 Speaker 3: the Southern Hemisphere, and a lot of the Southern Hemisphere 370 00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:09,240 Speaker 3: became warmer and wetter, and the sea surface temperatures increased 371 00:20:09,240 --> 00:20:13,680 Speaker 3: in the Caribbean and the tropical Pacific. In the mountains 372 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,159 Speaker 3: of New Zealand that saw warmer conditions, so it was 373 00:20:16,240 --> 00:20:18,960 Speaker 3: like everything was kind of upside down all of a sudden. 374 00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:22,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, but you also mentioned earlier that it didn't happen 375 00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:24,600 Speaker 2: there were weird pockets here there, which also goes to 376 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:28,159 Speaker 2: underscore how bizarre the younger dryest was like, there's a 377 00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:32,919 Speaker 2: basin around Venezuela and it actually had temperatures drop. So 378 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 2: this is the southern hemisphere, right, It saw a temperature 379 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,400 Speaker 2: drop of three degrees celsius five and a half degrees farentheight. 380 00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:42,600 Speaker 2: And every time I see something like that, I'm like, so, like, 381 00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:45,359 Speaker 2: that's not that big of a deal. Right, It turns 382 00:20:45,359 --> 00:20:48,159 Speaker 2: out it is a really big deal. Even though to 383 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:53,040 Speaker 2: you an average winter temperature of fifty five going down 384 00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:58,120 Speaker 2: to fifty doesn't sound all that bad, but climatologically speaking, 385 00:20:58,640 --> 00:21:03,720 Speaker 2: any change in temperature, even by half degrees has really 386 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:07,760 Speaker 2: huge weather consequences oversay the course of a year. So 387 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:10,800 Speaker 2: in this case, dropping by three degrees celsius for five 388 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 2: and a half degrees farentheight, it might not have seen 389 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,399 Speaker 2: that much temperature wise over an average winter, but it 390 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,840 Speaker 2: also opened up the door for way more freak weather, 391 00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:24,119 Speaker 2: so they might have gone from like no blizzards whatsoever. 392 00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:27,280 Speaker 2: Maybe one blizzard a year, two three blizzards a year, 393 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,840 Speaker 2: and that definitely impacts local conditions in the life there. 394 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:33,320 Speaker 2: So it makes a really big difference, even when you 395 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:36,600 Speaker 2: see little changes to average temperatures. 396 00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:40,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, for sure, there were likely some animal extinctions happening. 397 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 3: You mentioned the amount of humans, which was at a 398 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:46,840 Speaker 3: you know, probably at an all time high at this point, 399 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:51,520 Speaker 3: started going back lower and lower. Their available food was 400 00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:55,360 Speaker 3: getting slimmer and slimmer. We mentioned they were dabbing their 401 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,280 Speaker 3: toe in the pond of kind of settling down a 402 00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:01,119 Speaker 3: little bit and not hunting and gathering and traveling everywhere, 403 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:02,960 Speaker 3: and all of a sudden they had to pack it 404 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 3: up and start moving around again to try and find 405 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:06,320 Speaker 3: food again. 406 00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:11,439 Speaker 2: Yeah, and the evidence that people, the human population contracted, 407 00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 2: meaning there was a lot of die off. It shows 408 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:19,119 Speaker 2: up in archaeological sites like the Herrinsburg culture in present 409 00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 2: day Germany, Austria and Belgium. During the YD the archaeological 410 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:27,040 Speaker 2: sites dropped by half compared to what they had been 411 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,399 Speaker 2: just before the YD, which suggests that there are a 412 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:32,800 Speaker 2: lot fewer people, making a lot fewer camps or villages. 413 00:22:33,119 --> 00:22:37,240 Speaker 2: And then also significantly in North America. This is when 414 00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:40,959 Speaker 2: the very famous Clovis culture just disappears from the record too. 415 00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:43,440 Speaker 3: CLOBs, we did a whole episode on the Clovis. 416 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:45,199 Speaker 2: Yeah, they used to pop up a bunch, Remember the 417 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:47,600 Speaker 2: whole Clovis first Police and all that stuff. 418 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, man, it speels like a thousand years ago. 419 00:22:50,359 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 2: It really does. But so this is when they disappeared. 420 00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:55,000 Speaker 2: And they don't think that the Clovis all just died off, 421 00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:58,480 Speaker 2: but they think that these weather conditions and hardships for 422 00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:02,040 Speaker 2: living basically just burst them and they started forming the 423 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:06,760 Speaker 2: prototypes to the bands of Native Americans that we see today. 424 00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:11,359 Speaker 3: Yeah, for sure. Another interesting thing is in you know, 425 00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:15,080 Speaker 3: sometimes in the times of trouble, there can be human 426 00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:18,040 Speaker 3: advancement because you're struggling and need to think of better 427 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 3: ideas on how to do what you're doing. And it 428 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:22,840 Speaker 3: seems like that might have happened with the hunting because 429 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:26,880 Speaker 3: the animals are more scarce, hunting is harder, the game 430 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,280 Speaker 3: is just not around. So this is where we saw 431 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 3: at least one thing that we think might have been 432 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:35,199 Speaker 3: in advancement was the Harriff Point h A r I F, 433 00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:39,879 Speaker 3: which is basically a new and improved arrowhead came about, 434 00:23:39,920 --> 00:23:42,080 Speaker 3: and they think it's probably because they were struggling and 435 00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 3: they needed to kill better. 436 00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:46,239 Speaker 2: Yes, and it was quite an innovation because the raw 437 00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:49,960 Speaker 2: heads they were using before were made of dandelion heads. 438 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 3: I know, and those you know what, the animals loved them. 439 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:54,960 Speaker 2: They did. They was like shoot me again. 440 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, shoot one of those, my way. 441 00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,640 Speaker 2: I could use a laugh, right and then also chuck. 442 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:04,480 Speaker 2: It helps that there were people dabbling in agriculture before 443 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:07,159 Speaker 2: the yd came along, because it seems to have given 444 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:10,200 Speaker 2: the people related to them a bit of a leg up, 445 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:13,240 Speaker 2: like they didn't have to figure out agriculture from scratch 446 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,919 Speaker 2: under these conditions. So in pockets where there was vegetation 447 00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 2: and a decent amount of game, people did settle down again. 448 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:24,680 Speaker 2: In those areas. There's a place called the Zagros region, 449 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:29,520 Speaker 2: which is in modern Iran, which shows settlements that were 450 00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:34,640 Speaker 2: basically probably not just hunting camps. They were probably permanent 451 00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:38,280 Speaker 2: or semi permanent settlements. So people did like sit down 452 00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:42,280 Speaker 2: where they could and set up shop. And as a 453 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:44,919 Speaker 2: matter of fact, some people say, okay, people were kind 454 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:47,520 Speaker 2: of dabbling in agriculture before, but it was just dabbling, 455 00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 2: and in fact that culture might not have been passed along. 456 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:55,400 Speaker 2: It is possible that the younger dryas did force humans 457 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:59,280 Speaker 2: to basically adopt agriculture, because again, remember, conditions are so 458 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:02,680 Speaker 2: terrible that whatever leg up you a human can give 459 00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:06,679 Speaker 2: to this plant that you're going to eat later is invaluable. 460 00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:11,119 Speaker 2: So that's basically what agriculture is is helping plants along 461 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:12,520 Speaker 2: to make them grow better. 462 00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:16,480 Speaker 3: Yeah, and you know that became a challenge in a 463 00:25:16,480 --> 00:25:18,840 Speaker 3: lot of ways, not just because the ice, but they 464 00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:22,280 Speaker 3: found once again in those ice deposits or the ice cores, 465 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:27,680 Speaker 3: they found air bubbles with a noted decrease in concentration 466 00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,480 Speaker 3: of CO two in the atmosphere. Yeah, and so all 467 00:25:30,480 --> 00:25:33,200 Speaker 3: of a sudden, these wild cereals that are growing their 468 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:37,119 Speaker 3: yields are going to be way down. And you know, 469 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:39,760 Speaker 3: they had some, you know, for the time, some fairly 470 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:44,679 Speaker 3: advanced agriculture burgeoning there. They like pest control and like 471 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,720 Speaker 3: watering things, weeding things, transplanting things. 472 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 2: The basics. 473 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,560 Speaker 3: Yeah, they're very basics, but that's you know, the very beginnings. 474 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:55,920 Speaker 3: And yeah, this put a big sort of stop sign 475 00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:56,600 Speaker 3: in front of all of that. 476 00:25:57,119 --> 00:25:59,760 Speaker 2: Yeah, Like imagine being the guy who is watching the 477 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 2: other guy pour water out of his gazelle flask. Yeah, 478 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,679 Speaker 2: unto like a like a yeah, like some wheat, Like 479 00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:11,200 Speaker 2: what are you doing? And they'd say, just just watch, 480 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:13,119 Speaker 2: just give me a couple of thousand years and you're 481 00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:13,960 Speaker 2: to be blown away. 482 00:26:14,359 --> 00:26:16,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, you want this water to be beer one day, 483 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:20,280 Speaker 3: fella exactly. Let me pour it on this this grain. 484 00:26:20,359 --> 00:26:21,960 Speaker 2: And then it magically turns into beer. 485 00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 3: Oh man, shall we take another break? 486 00:26:24,840 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 2: I think we shall chuck. 487 00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:35,280 Speaker 4: Chalk had Josh stop. 488 00:26:36,480 --> 00:27:14,280 Speaker 1: You should know, all. 489 00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:05,320 Speaker 3: Right, we should talk a second about something called solar insulation, 490 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:09,959 Speaker 3: not insolation, insolation with an O. And this is how 491 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:14,119 Speaker 3: much solar warmth reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere, and the 492 00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:20,200 Speaker 3: basic pattern of you know, warming the globe is driven 493 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:22,760 Speaker 3: by this, and the younger dryest is definitely like this 494 00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:28,119 Speaker 3: weird exceptional pocket that stands out. And because of this, 495 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:30,000 Speaker 3: everyone you know that nerds out on this kind of 496 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 3: stuff was like, well, we got to figure this out, 497 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:34,480 Speaker 3: I mean, why did this happen? And they have emerged 498 00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:39,080 Speaker 3: with four main hypotheses. The one that has the most 499 00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:41,320 Speaker 3: traction we're going to start with is the melt water 500 00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:47,879 Speaker 3: interrupting thermohaline circulation, and that sounds very sort of like 501 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:51,520 Speaker 3: sciencey and nerdy and like guys. I hope you explained this, 502 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 3: but it's really very simple. It's that a bunch of 503 00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 3: water disturbed the cycle of the warming cycle of the 504 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:00,479 Speaker 3: ocean very very quickly. 505 00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:04,360 Speaker 2: Yeah, specifically in the North Atlantic, which has this thing 506 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:10,160 Speaker 2: that you mentioned, the thermohaline circulation, which is where warm water 507 00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:13,600 Speaker 2: warm by surface air on top of the ocean falls 508 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:15,920 Speaker 2: down into the deep water and as it does it 509 00:28:15,920 --> 00:28:18,520 Speaker 2: it displaces the cold water which comes up to the 510 00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 2: top and gets warmed itself. Then it sinks and the 511 00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:24,919 Speaker 2: cycle just keeps going on and on. Right, This is 512 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:30,320 Speaker 2: how warmth is delivered to the north, the northern hemisphere, 513 00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:34,359 Speaker 2: right those It moves northward, so the warmer sea water 514 00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:37,639 Speaker 2: is always moving toward the north, so it's delivering warmth. 515 00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:42,000 Speaker 2: And at the same time that cold water upwells in 516 00:28:42,040 --> 00:28:46,200 Speaker 2: the southern hemisphere, so it delivers cold to the southern hemisphere, 517 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,000 Speaker 2: which is why under normal conditions with the thermohaline circulation, 518 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:54,800 Speaker 2: the Antarctica is cold, and comparatively speaking, the northern hemisphere 519 00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:55,320 Speaker 2: is warmer. 520 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,120 Speaker 3: That's right, all right, So park that in your brain 521 00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:02,800 Speaker 3: and then understand that North America at the time had 522 00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 3: this huge seven hundred mile by two hundred mile lake 523 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:12,760 Speaker 3: called Lake Aga Seas. I guess sure a gasses if 524 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:17,000 Speaker 3: you're an Andreagacy fan. It developed as the Laurentide ice 525 00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:20,040 Speaker 3: sheet and extended down to the Great Plains and blocked 526 00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:22,560 Speaker 3: the Great Lakes and all the rivers that were flowing 527 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,360 Speaker 3: there backed up, and it formed this big natural reservoir 528 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:28,800 Speaker 3: that was seven hundred by two hundred miles big. And 529 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:32,320 Speaker 3: this theory holds. The meltwater theory holds that as that 530 00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:36,680 Speaker 3: last glacial maximum warmed things up, that ice sheet retreated, 531 00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:39,880 Speaker 3: the block passage to those Great Lakes opened up, and 532 00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:43,040 Speaker 3: all of a sudden, billions and billions of gallons of 533 00:29:43,040 --> 00:29:47,000 Speaker 3: freshwater make its way down to the North Atlantic. They 534 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:49,880 Speaker 3: think a similar sort of thing happened in the Nordic region. 535 00:29:50,840 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 3: But you're like, all right, so that makes sense, But 536 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:56,840 Speaker 3: was this water like super cold or something. It was cold, 537 00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:00,880 Speaker 3: but the main thing it did was desaliinate that upper 538 00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 3: ocean water, right. 539 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:07,000 Speaker 2: Yeah, And so fresh water is less dense than seawater, 540 00:30:07,320 --> 00:30:09,160 Speaker 2: and so a bunch of fresh water mixed in with 541 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:11,920 Speaker 2: seawater makes it less dense than it normally would be. 542 00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 2: And it needs to be dense to fall down to 543 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:18,320 Speaker 2: the deep ocean, which makes the other deeper water come 544 00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:21,240 Speaker 2: back up, right. Yeah, So that means that the thermohaline 545 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:24,760 Speaker 2: circulation is interrupted. And if you have an interruption in 546 00:30:24,760 --> 00:30:29,360 Speaker 2: the thermohaline circulation, it just stops moving. Like that, you 547 00:30:29,360 --> 00:30:32,280 Speaker 2: would expect to see the Northern hemisphere get cold because 548 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,520 Speaker 2: there's warmth is not being delivered there any longer. You'd 549 00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,200 Speaker 2: also expect to see Antarctica warm up because that cold 550 00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:42,360 Speaker 2: deep ocean water is not welling up around the very 551 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:45,800 Speaker 2: southern southern hemisphere. And that's exactly what you see with 552 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:51,040 Speaker 2: the younger dryas. It's a really beautiful, elegant explanation that 553 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,280 Speaker 2: I think was hypothesized in nineteen eighty two and up 554 00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:58,800 Speaker 2: until very very recently, you were a fringy nut if 555 00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:03,240 Speaker 2: you believed anything besides that as the explanation for where 556 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:04,720 Speaker 2: the younger Dryest came from. 557 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean, it makes sense to me. But that's 558 00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:10,360 Speaker 3: why I love science, is people keep poking around and 559 00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:13,240 Speaker 3: the fringe nut maybe one day is proven somewhat right, 560 00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,440 Speaker 3: and that well, I still think that the meltwater is 561 00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:21,560 Speaker 3: probably the reason why, but one of the other hypotheses 562 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:25,960 Speaker 3: is the impact hypothesis, and that is, like you said, 563 00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:29,800 Speaker 3: it was pretty controversial until more recently it has gained 564 00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:31,920 Speaker 3: a little bit of traction because some things do kind 565 00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:34,320 Speaker 3: of add up. But the idea here is that a 566 00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:37,680 Speaker 3: meteorite or a comet or something impacted the Earth, maybe 567 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:41,680 Speaker 3: an air burst even, and that released the thermal pulse 568 00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:44,920 Speaker 3: that kind of set the world on fire. Almost like 569 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:49,720 Speaker 3: all these massive wildfires across all the continents. The air 570 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 3: spieled with soot. It's blocking sunlight, and in fact there's 571 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:58,240 Speaker 3: so much soot there's atmospheric dusts such that you reduce 572 00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:00,360 Speaker 3: solar radiation, and all of a sudden you have what's 573 00:32:00,360 --> 00:32:03,400 Speaker 3: called an impact winter or you know, kind of like 574 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:05,200 Speaker 3: the idea of a nuclear winter. 575 00:32:05,360 --> 00:32:07,840 Speaker 2: Yeah, basically the same exact result, but just it was 576 00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:11,680 Speaker 2: different things that got us there. Right, So there's evidence 577 00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:14,000 Speaker 2: for this that most people point to is like, this 578 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 2: is pretty good evidence. There's something called a black mat, 579 00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:21,280 Speaker 2: which is a layer of carbon matter that seems to 580 00:32:21,320 --> 00:32:24,920 Speaker 2: be a soot deposit that you find all over North 581 00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:28,320 Speaker 2: America and in parts of Europe, and all that suggests 582 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,640 Speaker 2: that there were wildfires going on on different continents at 583 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:35,960 Speaker 2: the same time, which would suggest like some sort of 584 00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:40,480 Speaker 2: massive common or meteorite bursting and setting off this thermal pulse. 585 00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,360 Speaker 2: So the fact that those things coincide on two different 586 00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:48,360 Speaker 2: continents with the onset of the Younger Dryest has definitely 587 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,880 Speaker 2: made the impact hypothesis much more popular than it was before. 588 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:57,360 Speaker 2: One thing detracting from it that probably makes some legitimate 589 00:32:57,440 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 2: scientists weary of embracing it publicly right now is the 590 00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:07,960 Speaker 2: writer in Science, contrarian Graham Hancock latched onto the impact 591 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,520 Speaker 2: hypothesis because he has this theory, I guess you could 592 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:16,640 Speaker 2: call it that that there was an ancient apocalypse around 593 00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:20,400 Speaker 2: the time that the Younger Dryest happened, that wiped out 594 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:25,480 Speaker 2: massively advanced civilizations that we don't even know it really existed, 595 00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:29,480 Speaker 2: and reset humanity and then we had to rebuild from there. 596 00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:31,320 Speaker 2: And there's not a lot of evidence, if any, for 597 00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:35,920 Speaker 2: this stuff. It's really really fascinating, but the evidence we 598 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,360 Speaker 2: do have, the scientific evidence we do have, doesn't set 599 00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:41,280 Speaker 2: that up. But anyway, he basically said, see this impact 600 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,840 Speaker 2: hypothesis supports my idea that there was an ancient apocalypse, 601 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:49,920 Speaker 2: and scientists tend not to agree with Graham Hancock munch. Yeah. 602 00:33:49,920 --> 00:33:52,480 Speaker 3: And the other thing. There's a couple of more smaller 603 00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:54,840 Speaker 3: points that might support this one, as there was a 604 00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:59,440 Speaker 3: platinum spike in South Africa that preceded the YD and 605 00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:02,280 Speaker 3: in some other places, and platinum is you know, a 606 00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:05,320 Speaker 3: lot of time within meteorites, so maybe some support there. 607 00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:09,160 Speaker 3: And also sometimes people kind of combined the first one 608 00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:14,319 Speaker 3: and say maybe there was an impact combined with this 609 00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:18,600 Speaker 3: meltwater thing. So there was a low atmospheric explosion over 610 00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:22,200 Speaker 3: North America and that's what released all this meltwater all 611 00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 3: over the place. 612 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, which makes sense. It's basically like handing in all 613 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:29,120 Speaker 2: of branch from one hypothesizer to another. You know, let's 614 00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:29,840 Speaker 2: put it together. 615 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,359 Speaker 3: Yeah, let's go get a drink and just settle it. 616 00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:37,200 Speaker 2: Also, as an aside for remember our Gooblacky Teppee episode. 617 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:39,600 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, it's been a while, I don't remember exactly 618 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:42,000 Speaker 2: how to pronounce it, we talked about how there was 619 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:46,799 Speaker 2: this guy who also kind of fringely concluded that some 620 00:34:46,960 --> 00:34:52,360 Speaker 2: astronomical engravings at the site recorded the comet or the 621 00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:57,319 Speaker 2: meteorite burst that happened at this time, which is kind 622 00:34:57,320 --> 00:34:59,680 Speaker 2: of cool. But again, there's not a lot of evidence 623 00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:03,520 Speaker 2: to moving on. There's a couple of other explanations that 624 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:06,520 Speaker 2: don't have nearly as much traction, but they do make sense. 625 00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:11,799 Speaker 2: One is a supernova explosion. Supposedly a star went supernova 626 00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:15,320 Speaker 2: in the Vela constellation at the right time that could 627 00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:19,560 Speaker 2: have affected Earth by burning away its ozone layer, which 628 00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:22,480 Speaker 2: would cool the upper stratosphere, which is the second most 629 00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:25,879 Speaker 2: layer above Earth, which would prevent it from holding much 630 00:35:25,920 --> 00:35:30,360 Speaker 2: water vapor. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, and without 631 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,320 Speaker 2: a very strong greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, heat would 632 00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:35,840 Speaker 2: just go out into space much more easily from Earth 633 00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:38,600 Speaker 2: and it would get cooler as a result. The problem 634 00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:40,919 Speaker 2: with this one that I have is wouldn't that happen 635 00:35:40,960 --> 00:35:43,440 Speaker 2: all over the planet if the ozone layer was burned 636 00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,840 Speaker 2: away by a supernova? I think so, So I'm gonna 637 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:48,279 Speaker 2: I'm gonna toss that one. 638 00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 3: Okay, Yeah, nailed it. The last one is another sort 639 00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:56,719 Speaker 3: of example where the Sun is blotted out, so there's 640 00:35:56,760 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 3: a massive drop in temperature very quickly, But this time 641 00:36:00,719 --> 00:36:05,319 Speaker 3: it is because a volcano erupted. A massive volcano. This 642 00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:10,600 Speaker 3: is the Locker C volcano, not ce A. I'm sorry, 643 00:36:10,719 --> 00:36:15,160 Speaker 3: se A, but see, because we all know that Germany 644 00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:16,800 Speaker 3: doesn't have any water, right. 645 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 2: Well, it's it's laying locked. 646 00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:21,319 Speaker 3: Yes, yeah, but this is a German volcano. Of course 647 00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:23,799 Speaker 3: we're kidding. That's a reference to an older episode. We 648 00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:26,200 Speaker 3: know all about the Black Sea to hold your emails. 649 00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:29,400 Speaker 3: But this volcano, it was definitely a mega eruption. It 650 00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:34,080 Speaker 3: spewed six point three I mean, what is that? Even trillion? 651 00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:36,840 Speaker 3: What is that? 652 00:36:36,840 --> 00:36:40,200 Speaker 2: That's a cubic kilometers. 653 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:41,680 Speaker 3: So three million cubic kilometers, No. 654 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:44,320 Speaker 2: Six point three cubic kilometers. 655 00:36:44,719 --> 00:36:46,440 Speaker 3: It's to the third power though. 656 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:50,000 Speaker 2: No, so that that's what makes a cubic So if 657 00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,640 Speaker 2: you took a kilometer of way. 658 00:36:52,560 --> 00:36:54,840 Speaker 3: Oh yeah, yeah, yeah. 659 00:36:54,360 --> 00:36:56,839 Speaker 2: And you made it square, and you did six point 660 00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,839 Speaker 2: three times, and then you also made it a kilometer tall, 661 00:37:00,360 --> 00:37:04,640 Speaker 2: a cube that's six point three kilometers on each side. 662 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:08,800 Speaker 2: Just of magma got released from that volcano. It was 663 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:10,080 Speaker 2: a massive eruption. 664 00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:16,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, I just added myself in a mathematical way. 665 00:37:16,560 --> 00:37:18,960 Speaker 2: Well, finally you did. I'm the one who does it 666 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:19,600 Speaker 2: all the time. 667 00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:25,240 Speaker 3: Well, comparatively speaking, Mount Saint Helens released one cubic kilometer. 668 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:28,399 Speaker 3: Vesuvius was three and this was six point three. So 669 00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:32,520 Speaker 3: the other interesting thing about this one is volcanoes can 670 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,239 Speaker 3: produce platinum, Yeah, or at least you know, part of 671 00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:39,279 Speaker 3: like groups of platinum metals, and that could account for 672 00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:40,920 Speaker 3: that spike we talked about in South Africa. 673 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:45,359 Speaker 2: Yes, and so the volcanic eruption hypothesizers frequently say, hey, 674 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:49,000 Speaker 2: how about this. A volcano erupted and attracted a comet 675 00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:53,799 Speaker 2: that blew up over North America, which kicked off the 676 00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:58,759 Speaker 2: melting of the ice caps, which caused circulation problem. Yeah, 677 00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:00,920 Speaker 2: and then the supernova. Person like, what about me, and 678 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:02,960 Speaker 2: they're like, sorry, you're not. 679 00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:09,040 Speaker 3: They were dismissing exactly, all right. So that was the YDS. 680 00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:10,759 Speaker 3: I guess we could talk a little bit about what 681 00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:15,800 Speaker 3: happened afterward. Afterward is where we are, the Holycene period, 682 00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,919 Speaker 3: and that was when the climate finally worked itself out, 683 00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:26,600 Speaker 3: that pendulum stopped swinging and things started warming up and stabilizing, 684 00:38:27,280 --> 00:38:31,520 Speaker 3: and you know, people started thriving again. The animals came out, 685 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 3: the birds started chirping, the bees started pollinating, and we 686 00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,800 Speaker 3: and it led to you know, the not the modern 687 00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:40,879 Speaker 3: modern era, but just you know, what we know now 688 00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:41,760 Speaker 3: is planet Earth. 689 00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:45,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, the beginnings of our era all find its roots 690 00:38:45,160 --> 00:38:49,320 Speaker 2: in this this time, like, this is where agriculture developed, 691 00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:52,319 Speaker 2: this is where civilization first developed. Writing came along a 692 00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:55,760 Speaker 2: few thousand years later. I mean, all of this happened 693 00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,440 Speaker 2: in a really short period of time, Like essentially everything 694 00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:02,920 Speaker 2: that has to do with like human civilization began in 695 00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:06,160 Speaker 2: the ten thousand years immediately following the Younger Dryas. 696 00:39:06,920 --> 00:39:10,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean the current shape of our planet happened 697 00:39:10,920 --> 00:39:15,040 Speaker 3: after the Younger Dryas, Like the way the coastlines were shaped. 698 00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:17,719 Speaker 3: I mentioned the Rockies and the Alps, you know, those 699 00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:21,560 Speaker 3: mountain ranges all over the world. Even they I was 700 00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:23,319 Speaker 3: about to say, took their final shape that of course 701 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:26,200 Speaker 3: that's not true, but took the shape that we know 702 00:39:26,320 --> 00:39:27,040 Speaker 3: and love today. 703 00:39:27,120 --> 00:39:29,960 Speaker 2: Yeah, And that's actually one reason why it's difficult to 704 00:39:30,120 --> 00:39:33,000 Speaker 2: track what humans were doing during the Younger dryat because 705 00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,160 Speaker 2: the settlements that they had that were closer to the 706 00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:39,560 Speaker 2: coastline than are now under hundreds of feet of ocean 707 00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:43,600 Speaker 2: water and are probably just totally destroyed. So we lost 708 00:39:43,640 --> 00:39:46,680 Speaker 2: a lot of archaeological sites because of that sea level arise. 709 00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:49,720 Speaker 2: But it was a trade off because again we have writing. 710 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:52,959 Speaker 3: Yeah, that's right, and those wild cereals that we talked 711 00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:56,360 Speaker 3: about that we're having such a hard time, you know, 712 00:39:56,760 --> 00:39:58,080 Speaker 3: became Captain Crunch. 713 00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:02,279 Speaker 2: Yeah, and really, hey, is there anything more you need 714 00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:05,279 Speaker 2: to prove that humans have reached peak civilization than that? 715 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:06,560 Speaker 3: I don't think. 716 00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:06,640 Speaker 1: So. 717 00:40:08,120 --> 00:40:11,240 Speaker 2: Okay, well, I guess that's it for the YD, right, Chuck. 718 00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:15,480 Speaker 3: That's it for now. I mean, who knows what's ahead? 719 00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:20,160 Speaker 2: Well? Put? And because Chuck said who knows what's ahead, 720 00:40:20,360 --> 00:40:22,720 Speaker 2: truly it's time for listener mail. 721 00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:31,440 Speaker 3: This is called birthmark episode because I think that might 722 00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:34,160 Speaker 3: have been a selector. Maybe Patrick just listened to it again. 723 00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,000 Speaker 3: I think, so that's what happened. Hey, guys, listen to 724 00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:41,360 Speaker 3: that episode again recently? Because I have a birthmark that 725 00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:43,560 Speaker 3: makes me perpetually look like I have a black eye. 726 00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:47,440 Speaker 3: On a regular basis, someone will ask me some variation 727 00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,279 Speaker 3: of like who punched you? What happened in your face? 728 00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:52,120 Speaker 3: I used to enjoy giving a clever story as a 729 00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:54,200 Speaker 3: way to mess with them, like getting kicked out of 730 00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:56,279 Speaker 3: a nightclub or squaring off with a bear, But I 731 00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:58,920 Speaker 3: started to feel bad for lying, even to my friends, 732 00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:00,920 Speaker 3: even if only for a minute. So now I usually 733 00:41:00,920 --> 00:41:03,360 Speaker 3: just take the boring route and explain that it's a birthmark. 734 00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,080 Speaker 3: It's just subtle enough that friends can go years without 735 00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:08,680 Speaker 3: noticing it even but once it's brought to their attention, 736 00:41:09,360 --> 00:41:12,120 Speaker 3: they can't unsee it. Many don't believe me when I 737 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:13,920 Speaker 3: tell them it's just a birthmark, and they think I'm 738 00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:17,040 Speaker 3: trying to cover something up. My mom even told me 739 00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:19,640 Speaker 3: that she was interrogated when I was a child by 740 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,440 Speaker 3: doctors wow, and would get dirty looks from other parents 741 00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,000 Speaker 3: when they notice a mark on my face, And I 742 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,680 Speaker 3: feel bad that her experience of my birthmark has never 743 00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:29,520 Speaker 3: been as fun as mine. Anyway. Ever since my wife 744 00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:32,160 Speaker 3: Christine introduced me to your show about nine years ago, 745 00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:34,000 Speaker 3: stuff you should know has been a staple for us 746 00:41:34,040 --> 00:41:36,920 Speaker 3: during house chores and road trips. Your chemistry together is 747 00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:39,920 Speaker 3: very comforting, and we especially like hearing Josh make Chuck laugh. 748 00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:47,600 Speaker 3: Do it right now, Hot Patata. That actually worked. I 749 00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:48,960 Speaker 3: was like, I'm gonna have to fake a laugh here, 750 00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:49,960 Speaker 3: but you got me. 751 00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:50,400 Speaker 2: Awesome. 752 00:41:50,719 --> 00:41:52,759 Speaker 3: Keep up the great work, guys. Thanks for making the 753 00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,080 Speaker 3: two of us smile again and again and again. We've 754 00:41:56,120 --> 00:41:59,680 Speaker 3: made them smile three times. All the best from Troutdale, Oregon. 755 00:42:00,280 --> 00:42:01,320 Speaker 3: That is Patrick Burton. 756 00:42:01,719 --> 00:42:06,279 Speaker 2: Awesome, Patrick, Thank you for that. Patrick and his wife Christine, right, yep. 757 00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:09,520 Speaker 2: So thanks to you both, and Patrick, I have to say, 758 00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:11,480 Speaker 2: if you're going to have a birthmark that's not in 759 00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:14,640 Speaker 2: the shape of Abraham Lincoln, now the place that you 760 00:42:14,719 --> 00:42:16,360 Speaker 2: have it is about as cool as it can be. 761 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:17,360 Speaker 1: I agreed. 762 00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,200 Speaker 2: If you want to be like Patrick and Christine and 763 00:42:20,280 --> 00:42:22,239 Speaker 2: let us know how long you've been listening to us 764 00:42:22,239 --> 00:42:25,520 Speaker 2: and what you think, hopefully it's generally positive, you can 765 00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:27,840 Speaker 2: send us an email to send it off to stuff 766 00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:32,840 Speaker 2: podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. 767 00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:35,880 Speaker 3: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For 768 00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:40,160 Speaker 3: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 769 00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,120 Speaker 3: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.