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Speaker 1: Hey, or hey, how do you celebrate the big holiday holiday?

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Speaker 1: Which one? Life? Four? No? Much more important than that?

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Speaker 1: Do you li? Four teams? The steel Day? No? No,

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Speaker 1: even more? Cake was involved in this holiday? Let me

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Speaker 1: look at up. Okay, Google says it was recently World

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Speaker 1: Yoga Day? Is that the one? Oh? That's important? But

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Speaker 1: this recent holiday stretched our knowledge of the universe more

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Speaker 1: than our bodies. Okay, which holiday was it? It was

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Speaker 1: New Space Telescope First Picture Day. That's a really long

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Speaker 1: name for a holiday. It's in there a shorter name

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Speaker 1: you can use, Space Day. Does this go crazy Day?

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Speaker 1: It's a little catcher than yoga Day. Probably fewer injuries

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Speaker 1: to unless you count mind blowns. Yeah. I am Jorg

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Speaker 1: had my cartoonists and the co author of frequently asked

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Speaker 1: questions about the universe. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a physicist

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Speaker 1: and a professor at you see Irvine, and I have

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Speaker 1: never had my mind blown by yoga. Maybe you haven't

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Speaker 1: been doing the right kind of yoga. Have you tried,

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Speaker 1: like the hot yoga or the cold yoga? And I

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Speaker 1: don't know the yogas, but I'm sure there are many

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Speaker 1: different kinds. Maybe one of them will blow your mind off.

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Speaker 1: Maybe I should do downward facing dog while reading a

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Speaker 1: science paper, although that might blow your back more than

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Speaker 1: your head or my old old knees. Welcome to our

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Speaker 1: podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of

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Speaker 1: My Heart Radio, in which we invite you to stretch

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Speaker 1: your mind, to relax your consciousness, and to allow us

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Speaker 1: to insert into it crazy ideas about the nature of

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Speaker 1: the universe. We look deep into the farthest recesses of

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Speaker 1: the galaxy and even beyond into other galaxies to try

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Speaker 1: to understand where it all came from, what it's doing,

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Speaker 1: and what it means for their future. That's right, we

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Speaker 1: do downward dog. We do all the poses here on

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Speaker 1: the podcast as we try to examine the amazing things

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Speaker 1: that scientists are learning about our universe and all of

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Speaker 1: the amazing discoveries that are being made right now. And

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Speaker 1: sometimes on the podcast or hey, you do a version

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Speaker 1: of linguistic gymnastics. When you're responding to having your mind

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Speaker 1: blown You're like, what, what what I do have to

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Speaker 1: practice those? You know, he's in front of the marriage

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Speaker 1: just pretending he said something amazing. Well, you have an

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Speaker 1: amazing variety of different reactions where apparently my chuckle is

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Speaker 1: fairly canned. Yes, that's what I should do. I should

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Speaker 1: just prerecord all my mind blowing reactions. You have like

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Speaker 1: a keyboard in front of you, You can just press

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Speaker 1: a button for the right one. What what what? You

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Speaker 1: can have a little song here? Yeah, somebody out there

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Speaker 1: should re sample a famous song using you or what's Oh,

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Speaker 1: don't say that. You say that to the internet, it

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Speaker 1: will happen. Make it so, Internet. But it is an

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Speaker 1: interesting time to be in science, in astronomy, in astrophysics,

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Speaker 1: learning about the universe because more and amazing new things

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Speaker 1: are coming up every day. We can learn so much

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Speaker 1: about the universe just by looking up at the sky

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Speaker 1: and seeing those twinkling stars and those roving planets, and

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Speaker 1: those smudges that are nebula and distant galaxies. But we

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Speaker 1: want to know even more than can be seen just

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Speaker 1: by our evolved eyeballs. We and the species are deeply

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Speaker 1: engaged in building new kinds of eyeballs, eyeballs that can

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Speaker 1: see better, farther, deeper than the ones that we spent

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Speaker 1: billions of years evolving. And those eyeballs show us the

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Speaker 1: ancient history of our cosmos, and help us understand where

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Speaker 1: it came from. And just very recently it was a

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Speaker 1: really big day for space eyeballs because we have a

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Speaker 1: new telescope that is now up and running and we're

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Speaker 1: getting data from it right now. That's right after decades

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Speaker 1: and billions of dollars that James web Space Telescope launched

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Speaker 1: in December one. Has spent the last six months commissioning

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Speaker 1: and tweaking and aligning all the various bits of the

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Speaker 1: most complicated, the largest, the most expensive, and the most

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Speaker 1: powerful space based astronomical observatory humanity has ever built. And

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Speaker 1: finally we recently saw its first pictures. Yeah, it was

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Speaker 1: a big day. Do you call it a holiday, Daniel?

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Speaker 1: Did you open up presents? You having something on the

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Speaker 1: wall or something? Everybody here, you see, Irvine was very excited.

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Speaker 1: There was definitely champagne. I saw people munching cake. But

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Speaker 1: the biggest present was just the pictures themselves. You know,

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Speaker 1: this is light that is arriving on Earth all of

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Speaker 1: the time. The information in these pictures is information that

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Speaker 1: has already arrived on Earth over and over and over again,

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Speaker 1: is just spilled wasted on the ground or hitting the

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Speaker 1: clouds or the tree or the roof of your buildings

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Speaker 1: because nobody is looking at So finally we have built

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Speaker 1: a device which is capable of capturing this light, processing it,

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Speaker 1: analyzing it, and revealing to us what it shows about

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Speaker 1: the distant universe. It's a fantas plastic day for astronomy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it was a pretty incredible day, a lot of fanfare.

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Speaker 1: It was all over the news. Even the President announced it.

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Speaker 1: President Biden looked amazed. And you know that guy's a

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Speaker 1: little shell shock these days, and so to see him

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Speaker 1: be so captivated, so impressed, I think just reflected how

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Speaker 1: it's not just astronomers who find these pictures beautiful and revealing,

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Speaker 1: but it's something common in humanity. Do you want to explore,

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Speaker 1: to see what's over the next hill, what's past that

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Speaker 1: for this galaxy? And President Biden has been around for

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Speaker 1: a while, so you think he had seen at all.

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Speaker 1: But he was pretty he's pretty far red shifted you. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: everyone was really excited about these pictures, not just because

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Speaker 1: they're beautiful and pretty and amazing to look at, but

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Speaker 1: because of all of the things that those pictures are

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Speaker 1: telling us about the universe. That's right, the universe is gorgeous,

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Speaker 1: and we love to look at these incredible views over

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Speaker 1: billions and billions of miles. But also, as you say,

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Speaker 1: we have questions about the nature of the universe, about

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Speaker 1: what's out there, about how stars are formed, how galaxies

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Speaker 1: came together, about the atmospheres of exoplanets, and these pictures

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Speaker 1: are more than just beautiful. They start to answer those

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Speaker 1: questions and most importantly, they show us how powerful this

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Speaker 1: observatory will be in getting us even more answers in

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Speaker 1: the near future. So today on the podcast will be

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Speaker 1: answering the question what are the pictures from the James

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Speaker 1: web Space Telescope. Tell us you mean, besides how awesome

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Speaker 1: the universe looks and how pretty it is. Yeah, you know,

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Speaker 1: this generates gorgeous pictures of people luxuriating over and using

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Speaker 1: as their phone lock screens. But also this is a

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Speaker 1: science instrument. This is going to answer questions about the universe.

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Speaker 1: We don't spend ten billion dollars just to generate backgrounds

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Speaker 1: for your laptop, right. We do it because we have

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Speaker 1: questions about the nature of the universe that we want

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Speaker 1: answers to. We know the answers are out there, and

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Speaker 1: we know the answers are arriving here on Earth. We

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Speaker 1: just until recently hadn't been able to capture and decode

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Speaker 1: that information. Although having good laptop backgrounds isn't a pretty

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Speaker 1: good bonus. How much would you spend for a really

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Speaker 1: good laptop background and twenty dollars? How good does it

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Speaker 1: have to be to be worth ten billion dollars? Well, well,

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Speaker 1: I'm an artist, so I can just make one myself

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Speaker 1: and you can sign whatever price you want to it.

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Speaker 1: Write like, I'm not selling this for less than ten

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Speaker 1: bill Maybe NAS that you get into n f T

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Speaker 1: s of their pictures, you know, they can sell them

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Speaker 1: for some bitcoins. Well, maybe NASA will help us understand

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Speaker 1: how to live on an exo planet after n f

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Speaker 1: t s have ruined the environment down here. But you

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Speaker 1: know they would might fund extra planetary exploration and find

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Speaker 1: us a new home. No financial advice is given on

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Speaker 1: this podcast. We are not experts, but it is pretty

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Speaker 1: interesting how it made the news so much. And in fact,

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Speaker 1: my cousin wrote me, he's like, what do these photos mean?

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Speaker 1: I'm like, what do you mean? What do they mean?

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Speaker 1: He's like, what am I looking at? Why is this interesting? Yeah?

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Speaker 1: And I got assume amive email from listeners wanting to

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Speaker 1: know what we thought about these photographs and what we

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Speaker 1: could learn from looking at them. So, as usual, we

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Speaker 1: were wondering how many people out there had seen these

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Speaker 1: photographs and what they thought we could learn from them. So, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: this time you went out there into the campus, right,

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Speaker 1: not just sat from your computer. That's right. When we

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Speaker 1: respond to breaking news events, I'd like to walk around

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Speaker 1: campus and see what people have heard about this. We

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Speaker 1: get a different slice sort of humanity asking random people

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Speaker 1: around you see Irvine than our listeners. So I walked

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Speaker 1: around the day after these pictures were released and asked

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Speaker 1: people that they had seen these pictures, what they thought

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Speaker 1: of them, and whether it was worth billions of dollars

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Speaker 1: to think about it for a second. What did you

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Speaker 1: think when you first saw the pictures from the James

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Speaker 1: Webb space Telescope. Here's what others had to say. Have

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Speaker 1: you guys seen the new pictures from the James Webb

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Speaker 1: space telescope? Yes, yes you have, Okay, what did you think?

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Speaker 1: I thought it was really cool how it was essentially

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Speaker 1: like a telescope looking at another natural telescope, like the

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Speaker 1: warping of that cluster of galaxies kind of bending the

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Speaker 1: light so that you could see like much much farther away,

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Speaker 1: much much older galaxies. I thought that was really cool.

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Speaker 1: What do you think we've learned from these images? I

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Speaker 1: think I just know generally what we could learned from it,

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Speaker 1: but it's not There's more galaxies out there and we

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Speaker 1: could see more. Did you see the latest images from

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Speaker 1: the James web Space Telescope? Yes, you did. What do

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Speaker 1: you think of them? They were amazing. It also looks

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Speaker 1: very similar to some of the images we've seen like

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Speaker 1: theoretically before, which was really interesting. So what do you

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Speaker 1: think we've learned from these? Were buildings? No idea. Did

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Speaker 1: you see the new images from the James Webb Space Telescope? Yes?

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Speaker 1: What do you think of them? Um? I thought they

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Speaker 1: were cool. Yeah. Do you think we've learned from them? Honestly,

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure. I just glanced upon them. I didn't

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Speaker 1: really do no research on it, but I do think

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Speaker 1: they were cool. Cool, So you think it was worthy

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Speaker 1: a billion dollars? Could the billion could have went somewhere else? Probably,

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Speaker 1: but the pictures were cool. So the question is, did

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Speaker 1: you see the latest images from the James Webb space telescope. Yes,

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Speaker 1: I did. And what do you think of them? They

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Speaker 1: were pretty beautiful and amazing And what do you think

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Speaker 1: we can learn from these kind of images our placed

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Speaker 1: in the universe? What do you mean? Maybe both are amazing.

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Speaker 1: It is that we are here and at the same time,

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Speaker 1: how we're just significant in the Brother Stephen things. So

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Speaker 1: do you think it's worth the billions of dollars? Yes,

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Speaker 1: because I don't think it's a trade off of we

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Speaker 1: spend money on that kind of science or other science.

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Speaker 1: We should do more of it because we rated lots

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Speaker 1: of money and lots of other places. All right, some

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Speaker 1: pretty excited people and also some people who had never

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Speaker 1: heard of these things. A lot of folks just gave

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Speaker 1: me like a blank look, like huh what? And you know,

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Speaker 1: there's all the news, but you know, maybe I look

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Speaker 1: at the different slides of the news than most people.

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Speaker 1: But you don't record the get lost responses. I'm calling

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Speaker 1: the campus belief when people say they don't want to

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Speaker 1: be on a podcast, and I don't put them on

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Speaker 1: the podcast. But yeah, a lot of people, a lot

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Speaker 1: of people seem to have seen these and are It

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Speaker 1: seemed very excited about it. They're like, well, it's amazing,

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Speaker 1: so cool. Yeah, everybody was very enthusiastic, even the folks

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Speaker 1: that didn't really have a grasp of the science involved.

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Speaker 1: They had a sense that we had arrived at a

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Speaker 1: new moment in human technology and maybe even in scientific

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Speaker 1: exploration that they might all remember burn the day these

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Speaker 1: images came out. Yeah, although, to be fair, I guess

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Speaker 1: for the people who hadn't heard, I mean, it is

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Speaker 1: big news in the science world. But you know, these

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Speaker 1: days still have this girl down quite a bit to

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Speaker 1: find these kinds of announcements on the major newspages, that's true.

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Speaker 1: But it's nice to get some good news these days,

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Speaker 1: you know, to look in the newspaper and to see

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Speaker 1: something exciting, something inspiring. Yeah. So these were pretty awesome pictures,

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Speaker 1: and so let's dig into it, Daniel. It was the

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Speaker 1: basics of the James Webb Space Telescope, and if we've

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Speaker 1: had a couple of episodes on this telescope talking about

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Speaker 1: what it can do and how it does it. Right, So,

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Speaker 1: the James web Space Telescope is sort of a successor

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Speaker 1: to Hubble, but not exactly. It's a successor to Hubble

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Speaker 1: in that it's the newest, chinest, fanciest thing, but it's

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Speaker 1: not exactly a direct descendant of Hubble because it really

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Speaker 1: is a different kind of telescope. What do you mean

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Speaker 1: what what Hubble was just planet optical, This one is

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Speaker 1: more infra red. Yeah, the range of photons that they

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Speaker 1: can see is different. So Hubble is focused on the

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Speaker 1: optical and can do a little bit of infrared and

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Speaker 1: a little bit of ultra violet. But the James web

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Speaker 1: Space Telloscope is really focused on the longer, redder wavelengths

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Speaker 1: in the infrared, the nearer and the far infrared, and

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Speaker 1: that's because of its science mission. As things travel across

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Speaker 1: the universe, they get stretched out by the expansion of space,

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Speaker 1: and that includes photons. So photons get stretched out, their

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Speaker 1: wavelengths get longer, and that means they get redder and redder.

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Speaker 1: So some photons that have been traveling for billions of

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Speaker 1: years are so red that Hubble cannot see them. But

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Speaker 1: James web Space Telescope, it's optics are designed to see

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Speaker 1: in the infrared, so we can see older photons than

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Speaker 1: Hubble can. Interesting, so even if we had like an

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Speaker 1: amazing super high resolution powerful telescope, it wouldn't see anything

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Speaker 1: out there if it wasn't able to see in the infrared. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: just like your eyeballs can only see a certain slice

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Speaker 1: of electromagnetic radiation. You can't see the ultraviolet, you can't

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Speaker 1: see X rays, you can't see radio waves. Are telescopes

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Speaker 1: also have limitations. So Hubble has a spectrum that it

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Speaker 1: can see, and James Webb can see lower wavelengths than Hubble.

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Speaker 1: We also talked to the podcast recently about this next

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Speaker 1: wave of space telescopes that we hope will follow the

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Speaker 1: James Webb and one of them is a more direct

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Speaker 1: successor to Hubble. It's called louver WIR. It's gonna be

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Speaker 1: in the optical, the near infrared, and also the UV.

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Speaker 1: And there's another one called Origins was just going to

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Speaker 1: be in the deep infrared, which can look even further

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Speaker 1: into longer wavelengths than James Webb. We'll step us through here.

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Speaker 1: James Webb is good at infrared. So how did they

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Speaker 1: do that? How do you make a telescope that's good

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Speaker 1: at seeing infrared light? Well, one thing you need to

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Speaker 1: do to see infrared light is to block out other

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Speaker 1: sources of infrared light. Because remember that everything in the

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Speaker 1: universe glows, and it glows depending on its temperature, and

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Speaker 1: the colder you are, the longer the wavelengths you generate.

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Speaker 1: So the Earth, for example, generates infrared light. Basically everything

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Speaker 1: glows in the infrared, and so in order to reduce

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Speaker 1: that noise, in order to see these very faint old photons,

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Speaker 1: you need to have your telescope be super duper cold

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Speaker 1: so that it's not itself glowing in the light that

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Speaker 1: is trying to see. And you also need to shape

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Speaker 1: eat it from other sources like the Earth, like the Sun,

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Speaker 1: like the moon. So the James web Space telescope is

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Speaker 1: much further away than Hubble, which is orbiting the Earth.

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Speaker 1: James Webb is at the L two lagrange point, which

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Speaker 1: allows it to use the Earth to shade itself from

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Speaker 1: the Sun, and it also has a tennis court size

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Speaker 1: sunshade to keep it cool. Can you also play tennis

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Speaker 1: on the James Webb telescope? Strictly prohibited though, but the

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Speaker 1: NASCID administrator has done that at least once you got

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Speaker 1: it right. Those people in buddy suits tossing a tennis

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Speaker 1: ball around billion dollar equipment. But it is really far

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Speaker 1: out there. It's like one and a half million kilometers

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Speaker 1: out there, right, and it's in this weird orbit where

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Speaker 1: it's like always like it always keeps the Earth between

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Speaker 1: itself and the Sun. That's right. There are several points

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Speaker 1: near the Earth's orbit that are called lagrange points because

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Speaker 1: they're stable or semi stable I, meaning you can just

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Speaker 1: sort of hang out there and not need a lot

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Speaker 1: of pushes to stay in that orbit. And one of

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Speaker 1: them is this point L two, which is along the

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Speaker 1: line between the center of the Sun and the center

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Speaker 1: of the Earth. And L two is past the Earth,

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Speaker 1: meaning that it's always in the Earth's shadow. So at

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Speaker 1: L two you don't see the Sun. The Earth is

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Speaker 1: blocking you from the Sun, which is the goal here

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Speaker 1: because you want to be in a cold space. You

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Speaker 1: don't want to be heated up by the Sun all

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Speaker 1: the time. Now, it's not a hundred percent stable, and

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Speaker 1: it's not actually at L two because L two kind

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Speaker 1: of collects a lot of space junk and you don't

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Speaker 1: want to sit there where everything else is falling into you.

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Speaker 1: So it's gently orbiting L two a little bit, and

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Speaker 1: that's one of the things that needs fuel for to

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Speaker 1: sort of maintain that orbit, and it's kind of a

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Speaker 1: funny orbit, right, it's kind of like a ring. It's

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Speaker 1: doing a circle, but it's this it's kind of a

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Speaker 1: perpendicular circle to the Earth, right, Yeah, exactly, And so

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Speaker 1: they want to keep it near L two because that's

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Speaker 1: a nice spot to be, but not right at L two,

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Speaker 1: So it's a target. One thing they need to worry

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Speaker 1: about for James Web is to avoid debris, micro meteorites

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Speaker 1: and other things which can damage it's very delicate optics. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: maybe that's why you need like a hockey sized shield

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Speaker 1: for those maybe sucky rank size shield for those where

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Speaker 1: you can't really put a shield in front of the

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Speaker 1: optics without blocking the optics. Right, So it's sort of

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Speaker 1: tricky when they try to arrange the flight of this

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Speaker 1: thing to avoid micro meteorites as much as possible. Don't

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Speaker 1: they have like force fields? I can start right, they

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Speaker 1: have the lasers to shoot these things, and do they know?

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Speaker 1: They don't? I wish they did. That would be a

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Speaker 1: good idea though, right, Like if you see a little

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Speaker 1: bit of something coming your way, you could zap it,

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Speaker 1: push it out of the way. Yeah, you have Hans

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Speaker 1: Solo and the little pod that sticks out the bottom

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Speaker 1: of it, you know, just zapping these things. Maybe get

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Speaker 1: chewy to do it. I think he's got pretty good aim. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there you go. No, it's very passive in that sense,

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Speaker 1: and it is susceptible to these impacts. And already they've

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Speaker 1: seen in the first data that there's been an impact

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Speaker 1: from a micro meteorite. So yeah, it's something we're gonna

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Speaker 1: have to watch in the So the quality the images

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Speaker 1: will slowly degrade as it gets impinged by these micro

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Speaker 1: meteorites over time. But the optics are beautiful. You know,

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Speaker 1: they're covered in gold and they're just enormous. You know,

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Speaker 1: this thing is six and a half meters wide compared

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Speaker 1: to two and a half meters for Hubble. So Hubble

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Speaker 1: is sort of like, you know, the back of a

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Speaker 1: school bus size, whereas James Webb is as wide as

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Speaker 1: a school bus is long. So this thing really is

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Speaker 1: much much bigger than Hubble. And that's key because you

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Speaker 1: want to see far into the universe, you need to

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Speaker 1: gather more light, you need to see fainter things by

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Speaker 1: grabbing more of their photons. Yeah, it's pretty impressive. I

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Speaker 1: was kind of surprised when I saw a picture like

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Speaker 1: if you look at a picture of the telescope with

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Speaker 1: like human next to it for scale, it's huge. It is,

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Speaker 1: like you said, like the size of a semitruck, And

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Speaker 1: usually you see just one portion of it, right, because

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Speaker 1: they went into the rocket folded and then had to

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Speaker 1: unfold into its final configuration in space. This incredible piece

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Speaker 1: of robotics, which I'm sure you admired as an expert

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Speaker 1: in robotics. But the size of it is huge. And

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Speaker 1: you know, originally they planned it to be a little

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Speaker 1: smaller and then Nassa's like, now, let's make it eight meters,

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Speaker 1: but then they downgraded it to six and a half

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Speaker 1: meters because that's the biggest thing they thought they could

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Speaker 1: squeeze into a rocket. Right, And like you said, it's

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Speaker 1: not just that it can see into the infrared more

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Speaker 1: than Hubble is, Like, the mirror is actually huge. It's

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Speaker 1: much bigger than hubble, which for some reason, let's you

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Speaker 1: see clearer pictures. So maybe tell us a little bit

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Speaker 1: about that. Why do just having a bigger mirror give

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Speaker 1: us more high resolution? Like it wouldn't just give us

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Speaker 1: a wider view, it actually gives them more clearer of view. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: just because you are seeing more photons, right, you want

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Speaker 1: to crisp picture something. You can see things better during

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Speaker 1: the day then you can at night. Things are fuzzier

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Speaker 1: if you just don't get as many photons from them.

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Speaker 1: Imagine you're looking at a really distant galaxy. If you're

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Speaker 1: getting dozens and dozens of photons from it, then you

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Speaker 1: can start to see the difference between the left side

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Speaker 1: of that galaxy and the right side of that galaxy.

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Speaker 1: Whereas you just get like one photon per year, then

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Speaker 1: you're just seeing a point from that galaxy. So the

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Speaker 1: more photons you can get from a distant object, the

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Speaker 1: more you can resolve different parts of it. You can

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Speaker 1: see structure, you can see different colors, so you just

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Speaker 1: get more information and that allows you to get a

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Speaker 1: deeper picture. So astronomy really is all about light gathering power.

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Speaker 1: The size of the end of the telescope is enormously

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Speaker 1: important in how faint and distant an object you can

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Speaker 1: see and resolve. Size matters in astronomy. Size matters, And

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Speaker 1: you know, James Webb is much sharper than Hubble, even

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Speaker 1: though it's at a bit of a disadvantage because it's

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Speaker 1: in the infrared and the infrared is longer wavelengths, which

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Speaker 1: are inherently worse. Resolution. Think of these photons is sort

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Speaker 1: of like bigger and more spread out. They're sort of

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Speaker 1: like fatter blobs. Now at the same wavelength. You can

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Speaker 1: compare them apples to apples by examining their resolution at

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Speaker 1: the same wavelength. And James Webb is like almost three

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Speaker 1: times as sharp in these images than Hubble at the

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Speaker 1: same wavelength. Cool. Well, it is an amazing piece of

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Speaker 1: engineering and science that they've put out there. And so

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Speaker 1: let's get into what the first pictures actually show and

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Speaker 1: what we can learn from them. But first let's take

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Speaker 1: a quick break. Alright, we're talking about the James Webb

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Speaker 1: Space task Coobe, which has been up there for a

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Speaker 1: few months, but we're in the just now receiving pictures

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Speaker 1: from it, and they're pretty amazing. They show some awesome

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Speaker 1: and incredible views of the universe. Tells, Daniel, what have

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Speaker 1: we learned for these first pictures? So first, I want

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Speaker 1: to give a shout out to the folks who built

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Speaker 1: this thing, because you know, for a long time the

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Speaker 1: James Web Space Telescope was sort of like a joke

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Speaker 1: among big science projects. Wait, what what do you mean

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Speaker 1: a joke to hoo too, particle physicists. It was just

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Speaker 1: delayed for so long. There was like ten years went

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Speaker 1: by when we didn't make any progress towards the actual

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Speaker 1: launch date. Like every year they went by, the launch

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Speaker 1: date was pushed by a year, and the cause of balloon,

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Speaker 1: you know, was supposed to be just a few billion,

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Speaker 1: and ended up ten billion. Sort of sort of seemed

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Speaker 1: like a fiasco for a while, but then you know,

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Speaker 1: the launch went perfectly, the unfolding went perfectly, and now

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Speaker 1: that the thing is actually up there and operational, they

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Speaker 1: are exceeding performance, staying yards and blowing everybody's expectations out

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Speaker 1: the window. You know, this is a project that like

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Speaker 1: twenty thousand people from fourteen different countries worked on, and

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Speaker 1: we didn't just get images from it. We also got

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Speaker 1: a paper put on the web yesterday characterizing its performance.

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Speaker 1: And you know this paper says things like the James

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Speaker 1: Web Space Telescope will go deeper faster than expected. It

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Speaker 1: was a visioned to enable fundamental breakthroughs, and we now

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Speaker 1: know it's certainly will because it is blowing all the

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Speaker 1: specs out the window. Everything they designed it for is

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Speaker 1: doing better than they designed. So these engineers really did

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Speaker 1: their job. Yeah, pretty awesome. I think what you're saying, Daniel,

430
00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:39,080
Speaker 1: is that it's good to be late and that it's

431
00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:41,439
Speaker 1: okay to delay things to the last minute. I think

432
00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,000
Speaker 1: that's what you're saying, right, Yeah, spend ten billion dollars

433
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:48,120
Speaker 1: in procrastinate. That's definitely the lesson here. Sure you seem

434
00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:50,480
Speaker 1: pretty excited and ready to forgive them for it, So

435
00:21:51,119 --> 00:21:52,760
Speaker 1: I'll take a note of that. I'm saying, if you're

436
00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:55,280
Speaker 1: gonna be ten years late and ten billion dollars over budget,

437
00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,800
Speaker 1: you better really deliver. And they have. Yeah, they delivered

438
00:21:58,840 --> 00:22:01,720
Speaker 1: some awesome first picks from the Space Telescope. And these

439
00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:03,679
Speaker 1: are just the first pictures, right. This is like the

440
00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:07,000
Speaker 1: first you know, product coming out of the factory, right. Yeah,

441
00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:09,120
Speaker 1: they have a lot of data already that they are

442
00:22:09,119 --> 00:22:11,960
Speaker 1: processing and analyzing and people are doing signs on it.

443
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:14,560
Speaker 1: Just gave us like five pictures to give us a taste,

444
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:17,360
Speaker 1: take us an understanding of what this thing is capable of,

445
00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:20,800
Speaker 1: and very soon we'll have a tsunami of photographs and

446
00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:23,560
Speaker 1: the whole astronomical community is going to be doing signs

447
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:25,680
Speaker 1: at a level we haven't ever done before. All right,

448
00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:28,400
Speaker 1: so what are some of these first pictures they sent us.

449
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,840
Speaker 1: So one of them is of the Karna Nebula. This

450
00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:33,600
Speaker 1: is really exciting because it's sort of like in our backyard.

451
00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:37,119
Speaker 1: Relative to the other pictures, this was pretty close to Earth.

452
00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:40,800
Speaker 1: It's only like seventy light years away, and the nebula

453
00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:43,240
Speaker 1: is just like a big blob of gas and dust.

454
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:46,679
Speaker 1: It's the kind of place where stars can form, and

455
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,720
Speaker 1: you know, star formation is something we still don't really

456
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,800
Speaker 1: understand that well. We had an episode recently about why

457
00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:56,480
Speaker 1: galaxies stop forming stars, and it's not something that we understand.

458
00:22:56,480 --> 00:22:59,000
Speaker 1: We see some galaxies out there rapidly making new stars,

459
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:02,040
Speaker 1: and other galaxies have just stopped making new stars. So

460
00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:04,480
Speaker 1: to understand that, we want to look closely at a

461
00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:07,920
Speaker 1: stellar nursery. So the Karina Nebula is like that. It's

462
00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:10,560
Speaker 1: this huge cloud. It's about twelve million years old, and

463
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:14,000
Speaker 1: we can see stars forming within it. We can also

464
00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:16,359
Speaker 1: look at the structure of this cloud and understand like

465
00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:19,159
Speaker 1: what is it doing. Is it clumping together, is it

466
00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:23,120
Speaker 1: swooshing around? Are there like galactic winds blowing against it?

467
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,480
Speaker 1: And so it's number one. Just beautiful looks like cosmic cliffs.

468
00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:30,639
Speaker 1: But it's also very scientifically interesting. Yeah, it's really interesting

469
00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:33,159
Speaker 1: because I guess to understand how stars form, it's not

470
00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:35,360
Speaker 1: like you can just film a video, you know, take

471
00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:37,679
Speaker 1: a movie out there of a star forming, because it

472
00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:41,040
Speaker 1: takes a long time and it's kind of hard to catch.

473
00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:43,920
Speaker 1: So what we have to do, right, is catch lots

474
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:45,919
Speaker 1: of these stars being born, and then you sort of

475
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:48,760
Speaker 1: piece the picture together. And so this is part of

476
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:50,720
Speaker 1: what that's doing for us, right. Yeah, it's like going

477
00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:53,720
Speaker 1: out into nature and seeing babies of a species and

478
00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:57,359
Speaker 1: then finding other individuals at another age, and other individuals

479
00:23:57,359 --> 00:23:59,760
Speaker 1: at another age, and from that trying to piece to

480
00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:03,399
Speaker 1: you other the idea of stellar evolution and life cycle.

481
00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,320
Speaker 1: And so we would love to see stars being formed

482
00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:08,320
Speaker 1: and then watch them all the way through their age.

483
00:24:08,359 --> 00:24:10,280
Speaker 1: But as you say, we don't have billions of years

484
00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,640
Speaker 1: to get our graduate students across the pH d finished line.

485
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,000
Speaker 1: So we have to look at stars at different stages

486
00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:18,920
Speaker 1: of their evolution. And one of the great questions about

487
00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:21,399
Speaker 1: star formation is what is required to make it happen.

488
00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:23,520
Speaker 1: We think that what you need is a big blob

489
00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:26,560
Speaker 1: of gas, but that gas has to be cold. The

490
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:30,000
Speaker 1: gas is too hot, then its molecules are zipping around

491
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:32,679
Speaker 1: and gravity, which in the end is quite weak, doesn't

492
00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:35,280
Speaker 1: have the force to pull them together into a star.

493
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,480
Speaker 1: So it's not just having the ingredients to make a star.

494
00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,360
Speaker 1: You also need the right conditions. You need those ingredients

495
00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:43,960
Speaker 1: to be cold. They can't be like room temperature or

496
00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:46,560
Speaker 1: heated up. You won't get a star. So by looking

497
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:49,560
Speaker 1: at this cosmic nursery and seeing where stars are being

498
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:52,960
Speaker 1: formed and where they're not, and also understanding the structures

499
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,440
Speaker 1: that we're looking at, we can start to understand better

500
00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:59,080
Speaker 1: what influences the conditions for star formation. Right, And so

501
00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:02,640
Speaker 1: these pictures are helping is because they're what higher resolution,

502
00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:05,439
Speaker 1: or they're giving us more detail, or this is a

503
00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:08,119
Speaker 1: special kind of star nursery that we couldn't see before.

504
00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:10,800
Speaker 1: It's much higher resolution. And so you know, if you

505
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:13,960
Speaker 1: compare the picture from Hubble to the picture from James Webb,

506
00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: you can just see a lot more detail. You can

507
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:18,600
Speaker 1: see ripples, you can see over densities, you can see

508
00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:21,440
Speaker 1: under densities, you can see the shapes of these cliffs.

509
00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:24,480
Speaker 1: And if you're a scientist working on this, then you're

510
00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:27,880
Speaker 1: developing models, models for how these gas clouds are formed,

511
00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:30,719
Speaker 1: and how they evolve and how they make stars. And

512
00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,520
Speaker 1: to understand whether your models are accurate, you need data.

513
00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:35,840
Speaker 1: You need to compare it to reality. And so the

514
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,960
Speaker 1: crisper the picture you can take, the more you can

515
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:41,840
Speaker 1: constrain the models that you are building and make sure

516
00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:44,119
Speaker 1: that they are describing reality. You can check your models

517
00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:46,280
Speaker 1: and say, my model predicts we should see these kind

518
00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:49,320
Speaker 1: of shapes and blobs. Does that happen in reality? Until now,

519
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,840
Speaker 1: we didn't know because we saw kind of a fuzzy picture,

520
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:54,320
Speaker 1: sort of like if you're trying to predict, you know

521
00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,800
Speaker 1: whether there are spots on leopards, but you can't really

522
00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,480
Speaker 1: make out the spots on real leopards, so you don't

523
00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:02,159
Speaker 1: really know if your predictions are accurate or not. And

524
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,080
Speaker 1: then all of a sudden you get very crisp pictures

525
00:26:05,119 --> 00:26:07,680
Speaker 1: close up to the leopard, and so you can understand

526
00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:10,080
Speaker 1: what's really going on out there. Yeah, you don't want

527
00:26:10,119 --> 00:26:13,199
Speaker 1: spoty pictures for that. But the telescope is not just

528
00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:15,920
Speaker 1: giving us such sort of high resolution pictures, but where

529
00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:18,200
Speaker 1: you can make out the details. It's It actually also

530
00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:19,959
Speaker 1: has to do with the fact that it's infrared, right

531
00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:23,320
Speaker 1: because infra red lets us look deeper into these nurseries. Yeah,

532
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,159
Speaker 1: we want to look at the universe and lots of

533
00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:29,320
Speaker 1: different wavelengths because the universe looks different in these different wavelengths.

534
00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:32,160
Speaker 1: You know, light is light is light, but it interacts

535
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:35,360
Speaker 1: with different stuff as it flies through the universe. And

536
00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:38,879
Speaker 1: one of the biggest banes of astronomy is dust. Dust

537
00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:41,440
Speaker 1: is out there helping form new solar systems, but also

538
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: blocks a lot of light between us and the things

539
00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:46,040
Speaker 1: we want to look at. One reason why, for example,

540
00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:48,480
Speaker 1: we can't see across the center of the milky wave

541
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,760
Speaker 1: very much because there's a lot of dust. But infrared

542
00:26:51,880 --> 00:26:54,920
Speaker 1: light is good at passing through dust because it's very

543
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:58,800
Speaker 1: long wavelengths. It's sort of like skips over smaller things.

544
00:26:59,080 --> 00:27:01,840
Speaker 1: So infra red light helps us penetrate these dust clouds

545
00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:04,600
Speaker 1: the way, for example, X rays can see through some

546
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,399
Speaker 1: kinds of bodily tissue and help you get a picture

547
00:27:07,480 --> 00:27:11,240
Speaker 1: for what's inside. Infrared light and see into these dust

548
00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:15,000
Speaker 1: clouds and help us understand the three dimensional structure and

549
00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:17,960
Speaker 1: where are there clumps, where are their stars being born,

550
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:19,679
Speaker 1: or some of the cool things you can see that

551
00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:22,440
Speaker 1: we couldn't really see before our little bubbles. When a

552
00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:24,760
Speaker 1: star has formed, all of a sudden, it's emitting huge

553
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:27,399
Speaker 1: amounts of radiation and that pushes away the gas and

554
00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:29,639
Speaker 1: the dust that was near it, so like opens up

555
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,760
Speaker 1: a little cavity within the dust cloud. It cleans up

556
00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:35,240
Speaker 1: its own environment. And we can start to see some

557
00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:37,399
Speaker 1: of those because of these pictures, and that, let's just

558
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:39,960
Speaker 1: I guess, understand more of what's going on when stars

559
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:43,159
Speaker 1: are born, and so we can spy on star babies more. Yeah,

560
00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:45,679
Speaker 1: and there's a lot of stuff in these pictures that

561
00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:48,720
Speaker 1: scientists don't understand that they didn't anticipate, you know, lots

562
00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:52,080
Speaker 1: of weird bubbles and other structures that they're like, what's

563
00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:55,320
Speaker 1: making that happen? And that's the process of discovery. You know,

564
00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:57,399
Speaker 1: every time you see something you didn't expect, or you

565
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,000
Speaker 1: see something you don't quite understand, you need to change

566
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:03,359
Speaker 1: your ideas for what you thought was happening to accommodate that,

567
00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:06,360
Speaker 1: to describe what you are seeing. So already there are

568
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,760
Speaker 1: threads to pull on here to help us improve our

569
00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:12,960
Speaker 1: understanding of the basic process of star formation. Well, well,

570
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,200
Speaker 1: star formation is one thing we're seeing. What's another cool

571
00:28:16,240 --> 00:28:19,440
Speaker 1: pictures they sent us. Another cool picture is of galaxy

572
00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,600
Speaker 1: formation and galaxy merging. So one of the favorite things

573
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,880
Speaker 1: for galactic astronomers to look at is this object called

574
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:29,520
Speaker 1: Stephen's quintet. And this is something which we've known about

575
00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:31,720
Speaker 1: for more than a hundred and fifty years. It's a

576
00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:36,240
Speaker 1: cluster of five galaxies that almost look like they're touching

577
00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:39,280
Speaker 1: each other, very near by each other in the sky.

578
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:41,800
Speaker 1: It was actually the first of these sort of compact

579
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:46,040
Speaker 1: groupings that was ever found in eighteen seventy seven. You know,

580
00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:50,480
Speaker 1: that's before we even really understood galaxies, Before Hubble understood

581
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:52,959
Speaker 1: that these things were much further away than the stars,

582
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,080
Speaker 1: that they were actually other galaxies floating out in space,

583
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,120
Speaker 1: not just nebula within our galaxies. We didn't even really

584
00:28:59,160 --> 00:29:02,040
Speaker 1: know that other galaxy seas existed. So this is something

585
00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:05,240
Speaker 1: that pre dates are understanding of galaxies. I guess what

586
00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:08,560
Speaker 1: what can we earn from these galaxies clustered. So these

587
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:11,160
Speaker 1: galaxies are cool not just because they're close to each other,

588
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:14,000
Speaker 1: but because two of them are slamming into each other.

589
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:16,280
Speaker 1: So there's five of them there. Four of them are

590
00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:18,640
Speaker 1: actually close to each other in space. They're like three

591
00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:21,600
Speaker 1: hundred million light years from Earth, and they're all near

592
00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:23,840
Speaker 1: each other. The fifth one is much closer. It's forty

593
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:26,040
Speaker 1: million light years from Earth. It's just sort of in

594
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:28,400
Speaker 1: the line of sight. But it's those four that are

595
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,520
Speaker 1: really interesting, and two in particular are very very close

596
00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:34,400
Speaker 1: to each other. They're actually in the process of merging.

597
00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:37,880
Speaker 1: Remember we talking the podcast about galaxy formation, and one

598
00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:40,720
Speaker 1: theory was that big galaxies were made like all at once.

599
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:43,960
Speaker 1: You have a huge cloud of gas and dust gathered

600
00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:46,920
Speaker 1: together by dark matter, which just like collapses into a

601
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:49,280
Speaker 1: bunch of stars, and you get a big galaxy born

602
00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:52,040
Speaker 1: early in the universe. Now we think probably a different

603
00:29:52,040 --> 00:29:54,920
Speaker 1: processes dominant that you get a bunch of little galaxies

604
00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:58,560
Speaker 1: and then those little galaxies come together to make bigger galaxies.

605
00:29:58,640 --> 00:30:00,600
Speaker 1: And here we can see that how pending sort of

606
00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,760
Speaker 1: in real time, because two of the galaxies are really

607
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:06,360
Speaker 1: close to each other, and we can see the details

608
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,120
Speaker 1: of what happens when two galaxies come together. It's like

609
00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:14,520
Speaker 1: super high precision, high accuracy rubber nicking exactly. You're trying

610
00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:16,360
Speaker 1: to see what happens when these two things crashing to

611
00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,040
Speaker 1: each other, and you know, stunners are right up there

612
00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:22,360
Speaker 1: eating popcorn seeing what happens. Yeah, we all want to

613
00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:25,560
Speaker 1: see what happens in the biggest collisions in the universe.

614
00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:29,760
Speaker 1: This one's particularly fun because the last best infrared image

615
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,640
Speaker 1: that we took, which was from the Spitzer Space Telescope,

616
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,120
Speaker 1: we did a whole fun podcast episode about what we

617
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,160
Speaker 1: learned from Spitzer. This showed a smiley face in that picture.

618
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:42,120
Speaker 1: So if you look at a picture of Stefan's Quintet

619
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:45,560
Speaker 1: from the Spitzer Space telescope, you see the cores of

620
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,680
Speaker 1: these two galaxies each formed like an eyeball, and then

621
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:51,000
Speaker 1: there's like a big swirl of stars under it that

622
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:53,880
Speaker 1: forms like a huge smile out in space. And so

623
00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:56,080
Speaker 1: people were really curious to see if the James Web

624
00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:59,200
Speaker 1: image would also have that smiley face in it. It's

625
00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:04,280
Speaker 1: like the universe has an Emogi keyboard or something. And

626
00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,840
Speaker 1: so now we can see much more detail from James Webb,

627
00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:11,000
Speaker 1: but exactly what is happening. We can see the collision

628
00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,440
Speaker 1: of these two galaxies. We can see gas and dust

629
00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:16,320
Speaker 1: that's being heated up from this collision. We can also

630
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:20,360
Speaker 1: see like bright spots inside these galaxies that we think

631
00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:24,600
Speaker 1: might represent supermassive black holes, exciting the gas around them

632
00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:27,880
Speaker 1: to admit very brightly. One of the galaxies also looks

633
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:31,240
Speaker 1: like it might have astrophysical jets, that the central black

634
00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:35,240
Speaker 1: hole might be gathering together particles and mass and shooting

635
00:31:35,280 --> 00:31:38,040
Speaker 1: it up and down out of the plane of the galaxy.

636
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,960
Speaker 1: And this is not something we've gotten to study in

637
00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:44,000
Speaker 1: going detail many times, so high resolution picture of those

638
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:47,920
Speaker 1: jets can really help us understand the process there. So

639
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,120
Speaker 1: it's given us more higher resolution images. I guess you

640
00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:54,560
Speaker 1: know we've seen these galaxy clusters and galaxy collisions before,

641
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:57,160
Speaker 1: but I guess maybe the ideas that this telescope is

642
00:31:57,200 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 1: letting us see more of them, right, I'm further out

643
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:01,960
Speaker 1: to Yeah, that's right, we're seeing them, cris people. We're

644
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,640
Speaker 1: also seeing more of them because we can see deeper

645
00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:07,520
Speaker 1: into the history of the universe. And so just like

646
00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:10,440
Speaker 1: when we were studying star formation, we want examples of

647
00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:13,280
Speaker 1: young galaxies, when we want examples of older galaxies so

648
00:32:13,320 --> 00:32:16,840
Speaker 1: we can understand the whole spectrum lifecycle of a galaxy.

649
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:20,320
Speaker 1: We want fender bender accidents. We want full on head

650
00:32:20,320 --> 00:32:23,560
Speaker 1: on collisions exactly. And if you're an insurance agent for galaxies,

651
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,160
Speaker 1: most of these collisions do happen when they're in their

652
00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,840
Speaker 1: teenage years for galaxies. Is that true though? That's a

653
00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:32,280
Speaker 1: funny joke, But is that actually true? Like I wonder

654
00:32:32,360 --> 00:32:35,000
Speaker 1: if things were more crazy back then? Right, things were

655
00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:38,160
Speaker 1: more crazy back then because there were many more smaller galaxies.

656
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:40,880
Speaker 1: So there are fewer galaxies now, and they're bitter, But

657
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,840
Speaker 1: when the collisions happen, they're more dramatic. So being able

658
00:32:43,880 --> 00:32:47,120
Speaker 1: to look deeper and further back into the history of

659
00:32:47,120 --> 00:32:49,520
Speaker 1: the universe is gonna maybe let us see more of

660
00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,120
Speaker 1: these collisions. Yes, and we'll talk later about the deep

661
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,600
Speaker 1: field image, which is a sort of triumphant example of that,

662
00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:59,000
Speaker 1: seeing some of the very first galaxies as they form,

663
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:01,760
Speaker 1: and then also seeing them later on in their life cycle.

664
00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:06,240
Speaker 1: All right, so, spine on babies, rubber nicking, galaxy crashes.

665
00:33:06,320 --> 00:33:08,680
Speaker 1: What else have they shown us this week? Another thing

666
00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:11,200
Speaker 1: I was really excited about was that they looked at

667
00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:13,680
Speaker 1: an exo planet. It's only been like twenty something years

668
00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:16,440
Speaker 1: since we were even sure that there were a lot

669
00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:19,400
Speaker 1: of exo planets. For most of the existence of the

670
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:23,320
Speaker 1: human race, we didn't know whether our solar system was unusual,

671
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:26,480
Speaker 1: whether we were the only ones with planets whether planets

672
00:33:26,560 --> 00:33:29,479
Speaker 1: themselves were rare in the universe. Now, because of tests

673
00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:33,920
Speaker 1: and lots of other observatories, we have catalogs of thousands

674
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:36,560
Speaker 1: of exoplanets, and we moved now to the next phase.

675
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,960
Speaker 1: It's not about discovering exoplanets and how many are there.

676
00:33:40,160 --> 00:33:44,480
Speaker 1: It's about looking for signs of life on those exo planets,

677
00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:49,120
Speaker 1: looking for biosignatures. Can we without even going to those

678
00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: exo planets, figure out what is happening on the surface,

679
00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:56,480
Speaker 1: understand what is in the atmosphere, maybe even tell what

680
00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:59,560
Speaker 1: the weather is like on those planets. That's pretty cool.

681
00:33:59,600 --> 00:34:01,840
Speaker 1: So we can use the same telescope that's sort of

682
00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:05,040
Speaker 1: looking out into the wide view of the universe. We

683
00:34:05,120 --> 00:34:07,000
Speaker 1: can also use it to the like, can we focus

684
00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:10,000
Speaker 1: it on particular planets. We're just catching images of these

685
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:13,799
Speaker 1: planets along the way. We can focus it on these planets. Absolutely.

686
00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:16,279
Speaker 1: This thing is really good at tracking, and so we

687
00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:18,279
Speaker 1: can point to wherever we want to and we can

688
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:21,200
Speaker 1: look specifically at planets we think are good targets. And

689
00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:24,040
Speaker 1: so they released an image from one particular planet called

690
00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:28,360
Speaker 1: WASP nine six B. This is a gas giant planet

691
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:31,920
Speaker 1: orbiting a star about light years from Earth and the

692
00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:36,200
Speaker 1: constellation Phoenix. We've known about this planet for maybe ten years.

693
00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,520
Speaker 1: Mass is like half the mass of Jupiter. But we

694
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:43,120
Speaker 1: haven't known is what's in the atmosphere. And James Web,

695
00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:45,920
Speaker 1: though it's very powerful, isn't powerful enough to give us

696
00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 1: like a picture of the planet from space, as you

697
00:34:48,640 --> 00:34:50,759
Speaker 1: might see if you were orbiting it. Right, that's just

698
00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:53,960
Speaker 1: not something we're capable of yet. It's up. It's too small.

699
00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:56,799
Speaker 1: The planet is too small and too far away. Right,

700
00:34:56,960 --> 00:35:00,400
Speaker 1: this thing is a thousand light years away, and planet

701
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:03,000
Speaker 1: itself is very very small, and it's next to a

702
00:35:03,120 --> 00:35:07,080
Speaker 1: very very bright star. So that's extraordinarily difficult to see

703
00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:10,279
Speaker 1: the planet itself directly. But it can play some really

704
00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:12,839
Speaker 1: clever tricks. It can look at the light from the

705
00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:16,960
Speaker 1: star as it passes through the atmosphere of the planet. Remember,

706
00:35:16,960 --> 00:35:19,360
Speaker 1: the way we know this planet exists is that it

707
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:21,479
Speaker 1: does sort of like a mini eclipse of the star.

708
00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:23,640
Speaker 1: It passes in front of the star and is a

709
00:35:23,760 --> 00:35:26,480
Speaker 1: dip in the light from the star. So when that happens,

710
00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:28,479
Speaker 1: we know the planet is in front of the star,

711
00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:30,239
Speaker 1: and if we look at just the right moment, we

712
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,120
Speaker 1: can see light that passes through the atmosphere of the

713
00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:36,320
Speaker 1: planet before it comes to Earth, and so it's changed

714
00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:39,239
Speaker 1: a little bit by having passed through the atmosphere, and

715
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:42,680
Speaker 1: that tells us what's in that atmosphere because it absorbs

716
00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:45,960
Speaker 1: some frequencies of light and emits in other frequencies. So

717
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:48,160
Speaker 1: I guess you're still looking at the star, but you're

718
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,960
Speaker 1: seeing how this light from the star changes because of

719
00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:53,400
Speaker 1: that planet. So it's sort of an indirect way of

720
00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:56,319
Speaker 1: taking a picture of the planet. Yeah, it's not so

721
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,319
Speaker 1: much a picture of the planet as much as like

722
00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:02,120
Speaker 1: a spectrograph of the atmosphere of the planet, like what

723
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:06,279
Speaker 1: light does the atmosphere emit? But because everything emits at

724
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:09,880
Speaker 1: different frequencies and has its own unique fingerprint, by looking

725
00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:12,239
Speaker 1: at the different colors of light that arrive here on

726
00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:14,279
Speaker 1: Earth when the planet is in front of the star

727
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:18,040
Speaker 1: and when it's not, we can tell what's in that atmosphere.

728
00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:21,560
Speaker 1: And so already they have evidence of water vapor in

729
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,359
Speaker 1: the atmosphere of that planet. So they think what they're

730
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:27,760
Speaker 1: seeing our clouds on that planet, which is pretty amazing.

731
00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:30,240
Speaker 1: You know, we're looking at a cloudy day on WASP.

732
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:35,560
Speaker 1: That's amazing weather forecasting for space. But I guess. The

733
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,680
Speaker 1: idea is that light changes when it goes through water vapor, right,

734
00:36:38,719 --> 00:36:40,879
Speaker 1: and you can see those changes here. Yeah, but it's

735
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:43,560
Speaker 1: not exactly forecasting because we're talking about the weather a

736
00:36:43,640 --> 00:36:46,839
Speaker 1: thousand years ago, right. This light has been traveling from

737
00:36:46,880 --> 00:36:49,560
Speaker 1: that planet for more than a thousand years, so it's

738
00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:52,279
Speaker 1: not very useful for planning your beach vacation. Yeah, that

739
00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:54,440
Speaker 1: wouldn't help at all to know what the weather was

740
00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:56,960
Speaker 1: like a thousand years ago. But it is amazing you

741
00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,480
Speaker 1: cantor to tell what the weather is was like where

742
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:02,439
Speaker 1: is like this planet, right. Yeah, And as we keep

743
00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:06,200
Speaker 1: doing this, we might see exciting things because every different

744
00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:09,880
Speaker 1: molecule and chemical emits different fingerprints. This is how, for example,

745
00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:13,040
Speaker 1: we saw evidence of phosphene in the atmosphere of Venus.

746
00:37:13,120 --> 00:37:14,840
Speaker 1: And now because of James Webb, we can start to

747
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:18,000
Speaker 1: play these kinds of games for all sorts of exoplanets,

748
00:37:18,239 --> 00:37:20,360
Speaker 1: ones that are even closer. You know, we think that

749
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:24,200
Speaker 1: the star that's nearest Us proximates Centauri. It has Earth

750
00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,680
Speaker 1: like planets around it, So we can point this thing

751
00:37:26,719 --> 00:37:28,680
Speaker 1: at all sorts of exoplanets and start to get a

752
00:37:28,719 --> 00:37:31,680
Speaker 1: sense for what's in the atmosphere and understand maybe there

753
00:37:31,719 --> 00:37:34,960
Speaker 1: are things in those atmospheres that we imagine can only

754
00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:39,560
Speaker 1: be made by life. That would be very exciting, pretty cool.

755
00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:41,759
Speaker 1: There would be a bummer if you look at the

756
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:43,919
Speaker 1: planet from the telescope and say, hey, the weather is great,

757
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,160
Speaker 1: let's go over there, and then a thousand year little

758
00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:50,279
Speaker 1: later the weather has changed. Probably the weather is going

759
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:54,120
Speaker 1: to change a thousand years later, unless it's southern California

760
00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:56,920
Speaker 1: where it's just all the same weather time. Yeah, you

761
00:37:56,960 --> 00:37:59,319
Speaker 1: don't even check. There, you go, Maybe what's mighty six

762
00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:04,520
Speaker 1: is the southern California of the universe. Well, let's hope. So,

763
00:38:04,719 --> 00:38:07,319
Speaker 1: all right, then what's another picture that they've released and

764
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:09,359
Speaker 1: what is it telling us about the universe? Another one,

765
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,560
Speaker 1: which is sort of beautiful is the southern Ring Nebula.

766
00:38:12,719 --> 00:38:14,680
Speaker 1: This is something people have been taking pictures of for

767
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:17,640
Speaker 1: a long time just because it's kind of gorgeous and

768
00:38:17,719 --> 00:38:21,359
Speaker 1: it's the leftover shelf from a dying star. Remember that

769
00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:24,239
Speaker 1: stars burned for a very very long time billions of

770
00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:27,120
Speaker 1: years depending on their mass. But they are this delicate

771
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:31,239
Speaker 1: dance between gravity that's squeezing them down and fusion which

772
00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:33,040
Speaker 1: is puffing them up. But near the end of the

773
00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,200
Speaker 1: life cycle is the temperature climbs. Fusion starts to win

774
00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:38,560
Speaker 1: that battle, and it puffs up the outer layers of

775
00:38:38,560 --> 00:38:42,160
Speaker 1: the star and eventually blows them out really really far.

776
00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:45,440
Speaker 1: And this is probably what's going to happen to our star.

777
00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:47,799
Speaker 1: And so at the heart it leaves this core of

778
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:51,480
Speaker 1: very hot metals that were produced by fusion inside the

779
00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:55,280
Speaker 1: star as a white dwarf. This glowing dot at the center,

780
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:59,600
Speaker 1: this enormous explosion, this planetary nebula created from the outer

781
00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:03,920
Speaker 1: shell of the star. So these are smaller types of nebulas, right,

782
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,400
Speaker 1: I mean, nebula just means like a cloud of stuff

783
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:09,640
Speaker 1: in space. But this one came from just one star. Yeah,

784
00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:11,840
Speaker 1: this is just from one storm, and the size of

785
00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:14,200
Speaker 1: it depends on when it blew up. If you watched

786
00:39:14,239 --> 00:39:17,320
Speaker 1: over thousands of years, you would see these things grow

787
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,799
Speaker 1: as the stuff is moving away from the center of

788
00:39:20,840 --> 00:39:23,680
Speaker 1: the dead star. Of course, because we can't watch over

789
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,799
Speaker 1: thousands of years, we just get sort of one snapshot.

790
00:39:27,320 --> 00:39:29,920
Speaker 1: But just like with other examples, we can look around

791
00:39:29,960 --> 00:39:32,799
Speaker 1: and see stars at various stages doing this. Ones that

792
00:39:32,840 --> 00:39:35,120
Speaker 1: have just blown up, one sort in the process, of

793
00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:37,560
Speaker 1: ones that might soon blow up, and what does that

794
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:39,920
Speaker 1: tell us, I guess about these stars? Is it helping

795
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:42,200
Speaker 1: us and I figure out when it blows up or

796
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,080
Speaker 1: how it blows up? Yeah, you know, we don't really

797
00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:47,480
Speaker 1: understand the in nerds of stars very well. Even our

798
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:49,680
Speaker 1: own son is a bit of a mystery to us.

799
00:39:49,840 --> 00:39:53,200
Speaker 1: How that works, the conduits of plasma that are inside

800
00:39:53,280 --> 00:39:56,680
Speaker 1: those tubes, how they generated magnetic fields. We have some models,

801
00:39:56,840 --> 00:39:59,200
Speaker 1: but we'd like to understand better. And so seeing the

802
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,080
Speaker 1: stars sort of like erupt and vomit its innerance all

803
00:40:02,120 --> 00:40:05,000
Speaker 1: over its neighborhood helps us understand of sort of what

804
00:40:05,040 --> 00:40:08,120
Speaker 1: was going on because we couldn't see inside stars before,

805
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:10,719
Speaker 1: but now those insides are sort of everywhere. And in

806
00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:12,880
Speaker 1: the same way that we can understand what is in

807
00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:16,759
Speaker 1: the atmosphere of that exoplanet, we could also understand what

808
00:40:16,920 --> 00:40:21,520
Speaker 1: compounds what chemicals are in this planetary nebula, because different

809
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:25,160
Speaker 1: chemicals glow at different frequencies. And so if you look

810
00:40:25,160 --> 00:40:27,560
Speaker 1: at this picture, for example, we can see this like

811
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:30,480
Speaker 1: a blue portion in the inner part and it's orange

812
00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:34,120
Speaker 1: on the outside. That's colorized, right, James Webb seas and

813
00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:36,799
Speaker 1: the I R. So these aren't literal colors. You could

814
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,040
Speaker 1: see with your eyeball if you were nearer this nebula yourself.

815
00:40:40,040 --> 00:40:43,160
Speaker 1: The colors do mean something that different colors tell us

816
00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:45,520
Speaker 1: that there are different frequencies of light that are coming

817
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:48,000
Speaker 1: from this nebula. So the orange and the outside is

818
00:40:48,040 --> 00:40:50,959
Speaker 1: mostly due to like molecular hydrogen, and the inner part

819
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:55,040
Speaker 1: comes from hotter ionized gas. We can also see that

820
00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:57,440
Speaker 1: they're like holes in this nebula. The things from the

821
00:40:57,440 --> 00:40:59,520
Speaker 1: inner part of the star have like shot through it,

822
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:02,799
Speaker 1: creating these holes where they're like beaming out to the

823
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:05,800
Speaker 1: rest of the universe. So it's quite dramatic, and scientists

824
00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:09,480
Speaker 1: can compare this new detailed image again to their models

825
00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:11,719
Speaker 1: for what they think happens at the end of the

826
00:41:11,760 --> 00:41:14,680
Speaker 1: life cycle of a star. It sort of sounds like

827
00:41:14,719 --> 00:41:17,000
Speaker 1: a lot of these early pictures they're standing out. We're

828
00:41:17,080 --> 00:41:19,319
Speaker 1: just kind of like upgrade pictures of things we had

829
00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:22,239
Speaker 1: seen before, but now we can to illustrate how much

830
00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:24,480
Speaker 1: better this telescope is. It shows this kind of the

831
00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:27,120
Speaker 1: same pictures we took before, but much more higher resolution

832
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:29,840
Speaker 1: and with more detail. Yeah, absolutely all of these pictures

833
00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:32,640
Speaker 1: that we're seeing in this first trons from James Webb

834
00:41:32,680 --> 00:41:36,480
Speaker 1: are things we have seen before with Hubble, but just faster, better, deeper,

835
00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:38,080
Speaker 1: And I think maybe the idea was to sort of

836
00:41:38,120 --> 00:41:40,839
Speaker 1: see how much better the telescope is. But also what's

837
00:41:40,880 --> 00:41:43,000
Speaker 1: interesting about the telescope is that it let's just see

838
00:41:43,040 --> 00:41:46,000
Speaker 1: things that we couldn't see before, right, things way out

839
00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:48,440
Speaker 1: there in the universe. Yes, because James Webb is so

840
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:51,760
Speaker 1: much more sensitive, you can see things which were so faint,

841
00:41:52,080 --> 00:41:54,839
Speaker 1: so read that we couldn't see them before. All right,

842
00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:57,200
Speaker 1: so let's get into what those things are and what

843
00:41:57,239 --> 00:41:59,960
Speaker 1: they can tell us about the early universe. But first

844
00:42:00,040 --> 00:42:14,919
Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. All right, we're talking about

845
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,760
Speaker 1: the new images from the James Webb Space Telescope and Daniel.

846
00:42:18,840 --> 00:42:22,640
Speaker 1: So far we have spine on babies, we have rubber

847
00:42:22,760 --> 00:42:28,000
Speaker 1: necking galactic accidents, we have predicting or not predicting the

848
00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,239
Speaker 1: weather in other planets, and also looking at the death

849
00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:33,919
Speaker 1: of stars. That's right. But maybe the most exciting one

850
00:42:34,160 --> 00:42:36,560
Speaker 1: is the new deep field. Deep field is just when

851
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:38,760
Speaker 1: you point the telescope at a part of the sky

852
00:42:38,960 --> 00:42:42,400
Speaker 1: where you think there's like nothing, we don't really see anything.

853
00:42:42,680 --> 00:42:44,680
Speaker 1: It sort of looks like a blank spot. This is

854
00:42:44,719 --> 00:42:46,719
Speaker 1: made famous by Hubble when they pointed it for like

855
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:48,879
Speaker 1: a few weeks at a spot in the sky where

856
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:51,600
Speaker 1: they couldn't see anything, and they just collected data for

857
00:42:51,640 --> 00:42:53,680
Speaker 1: like twenty three days. When they looked at it, they

858
00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:58,000
Speaker 1: saw so many galaxies, galaxies that were too faint, too

859
00:42:58,040 --> 00:43:01,040
Speaker 1: distant for them to see before. And now James Webb

860
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:03,160
Speaker 1: can do the same kind of thing. But because it's

861
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:05,960
Speaker 1: so much more sensitive and because it sees in the

862
00:43:05,960 --> 00:43:09,560
Speaker 1: i R, you can see even deeper, even fainter galaxies

863
00:43:09,760 --> 00:43:11,640
Speaker 1: more easily. Right, I guess it's kind of like when

864
00:43:11,640 --> 00:43:13,200
Speaker 1: you look out into the night sky, Like if you

865
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,440
Speaker 1: step outside on a clear night and you see a

866
00:43:15,480 --> 00:43:17,759
Speaker 1: bunch of stars. You see a bunch of places where

867
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:20,719
Speaker 1: there aren't any stars. The only reason you're seeing black

868
00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:23,279
Speaker 1: there is because your eyeballs are not good enough to

869
00:43:23,320 --> 00:43:26,280
Speaker 1: see that what's there. Right exactly, there's basically a galaxy

870
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:29,400
Speaker 1: in every direction if you go far enough. It just

871
00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,719
Speaker 1: might be that those galaxies are so far away that

872
00:43:32,760 --> 00:43:35,840
Speaker 1: you're not getting very many of their photons, even if

873
00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:39,000
Speaker 1: they're really bright where they are, they're sending those photons

874
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:42,319
Speaker 1: in every direction. So the further your eyeball is from

875
00:43:42,360 --> 00:43:45,440
Speaker 1: that galaxy, the smaller the fraction of all the photons

876
00:43:45,440 --> 00:43:47,480
Speaker 1: that's shooting out are going to land on your eyeball,

877
00:43:47,840 --> 00:43:49,799
Speaker 1: and so the longer you have to look before you

878
00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:52,799
Speaker 1: get one of those photons. So the bigger your eyeball is,

879
00:43:52,880 --> 00:43:55,920
Speaker 1: or in this case your telescope, the fainter the galaxy

880
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,960
Speaker 1: that you can see. Remember that James Webb is much bigger,

881
00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:02,560
Speaker 1: has this huge or for collecting light, and you can

882
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:05,279
Speaker 1: see in the infrared some of these galaxies are so

883
00:44:05,320 --> 00:44:08,279
Speaker 1: far away that their light is red shifted out of

884
00:44:08,360 --> 00:44:11,120
Speaker 1: Hubble's vision. So they pointed this thing at a spot

885
00:44:11,160 --> 00:44:14,759
Speaker 1: in the sky and just for twelve hours gathered light

886
00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:17,480
Speaker 1: and they came up with this incredible picture. And this

887
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:19,440
Speaker 1: is something again that Hubble has looked at in the

888
00:44:19,480 --> 00:44:21,960
Speaker 1: past and James Webb is now looking at. And you

889
00:44:21,960 --> 00:44:25,200
Speaker 1: can compare these two pictures. It's really incredible because every

890
00:44:25,239 --> 00:44:27,640
Speaker 1: galaxy that's there in Hubble you can also see in

891
00:44:27,680 --> 00:44:30,680
Speaker 1: the James Webb picture. But now it's crisp, it's clear,

892
00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:33,120
Speaker 1: you can see definition, you can see edges, you can

893
00:44:33,120 --> 00:44:35,640
Speaker 1: see features, you can see stuff happening you didn't know about.

894
00:44:36,160 --> 00:44:39,040
Speaker 1: Plus you can see all sorts of new galaxies in

895
00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:42,360
Speaker 1: the background. These red galaxies, which we didn't even know

896
00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:45,160
Speaker 1: we're there until now. Yeah, because I guess you know,

897
00:44:45,200 --> 00:44:47,759
Speaker 1: space is mostly empty, but if you go out far

898
00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:50,799
Speaker 1: enough in any direction, you're gonna probably hit something right

899
00:44:50,840 --> 00:44:54,360
Speaker 1: at least in the observable universe, which is pretty big. Absolutely,

900
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,920
Speaker 1: And this is just taking the tiniest lights of the universe.

901
00:44:56,920 --> 00:44:59,560
Speaker 1: The fraction of the sky that it's seeing is one

902
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:03,839
Speaker 1: twenty five millions of the sky, right, So to find

903
00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:07,239
Speaker 1: the whole sky in a twenty five million pixels, this

904
00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:09,279
Speaker 1: is just looking at one of them. Yeah, Like, if

905
00:45:09,320 --> 00:45:11,880
Speaker 1: you zoom into one pixel of the night sky that

906
00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:15,120
Speaker 1: you see outside, you're gonna see a bazillion galaxies just

907
00:45:15,160 --> 00:45:17,520
Speaker 1: in that little pixel, just in that little pixel, and

908
00:45:17,560 --> 00:45:21,040
Speaker 1: the size of that pixel millions of the night sky

909
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:23,600
Speaker 1: is the size of a grain of sand held at

910
00:45:23,719 --> 00:45:26,480
Speaker 1: arms length. So we're really talking about a tiny little

911
00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:29,680
Speaker 1: bit of the sky and it's filled with galaxies, all

912
00:45:29,719 --> 00:45:32,239
Speaker 1: sorts of exciting things happening. Yeah, it's pretty amazing. I

913
00:45:32,239 --> 00:45:34,000
Speaker 1: think when you first see that picture, you're like, Okay,

914
00:45:34,040 --> 00:45:36,879
Speaker 1: it's another picture of space when you know glowy things

915
00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:39,120
Speaker 1: in it. But if you sort of look closer and

916
00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:40,960
Speaker 1: you think about it like each one of those little

917
00:45:40,960 --> 00:45:44,720
Speaker 1: tiny gloy things is an entire galaxy, right with hundreds

918
00:45:44,760 --> 00:45:46,840
Speaker 1: of millions of stars in it, like the like a

919
00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:49,719
Speaker 1: whole milky way in that little block. Yeah, exactly. These

920
00:45:49,719 --> 00:45:53,000
Speaker 1: are galaxies from a long long time ago, far far away,

921
00:45:53,280 --> 00:45:55,279
Speaker 1: so they could have, you know, their own politics and

922
00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:57,439
Speaker 1: their own star wars and all sorts of stuff could

923
00:45:57,440 --> 00:46:00,840
Speaker 1: be going on. Each one is hundreds of billions of stars.

924
00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:03,279
Speaker 1: So it really gives you a sense for the incredible

925
00:46:03,360 --> 00:46:06,640
Speaker 1: vastness of space. When people say space is vast, they're

926
00:46:06,680 --> 00:46:09,200
Speaker 1: suggesting it's empty, but you know, it's fast, but it's

927
00:46:09,239 --> 00:46:13,280
Speaker 1: also chalk full of galaxies. It's just incredible how many

928
00:46:13,280 --> 00:46:16,239
Speaker 1: of these things there are. There really is like no

929
00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:19,840
Speaker 1: blank sky out there. There were some regions in space

930
00:46:20,120 --> 00:46:22,600
Speaker 1: that we used to call Lloyd's because there was less

931
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:25,440
Speaker 1: stuff there than in other spots. But now that we

932
00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:27,640
Speaker 1: look at them, we see, oh, they're just less dense

933
00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:31,000
Speaker 1: than other spots. And James Webb can see into those

934
00:46:31,080 --> 00:46:33,680
Speaker 1: voids and show us what is there. Yeah, I can

935
00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:36,880
Speaker 1: imagine if you had like super duper better eyeballs in

936
00:46:36,920 --> 00:46:39,200
Speaker 1: your head, you know, once I could collect a lot

937
00:46:39,239 --> 00:46:41,279
Speaker 1: of light, you know, if you step outside at night,

938
00:46:41,360 --> 00:46:44,000
Speaker 1: you probably see the whole sky lit up right with

939
00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:47,600
Speaker 1: Brazilian galaxies and tiny thoughts everywhere. It would almost be

940
00:46:47,640 --> 00:46:50,080
Speaker 1: like almost daylight. I wonder. Yeah, And the reason the

941
00:46:50,160 --> 00:46:52,920
Speaker 1: nice sky is not like catastrophically bright, it's not like

942
00:46:53,040 --> 00:46:56,279
Speaker 1: blindingly bright, is because the universe is expanding, so we're

943
00:46:56,320 --> 00:46:58,399
Speaker 1: only seeing a fraction of it. And of course it's

944
00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:02,080
Speaker 1: also red shifted. But you're right, there's galaxies in every direction,

945
00:47:02,360 --> 00:47:04,120
Speaker 1: and we can do more than just like be a

946
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:06,239
Speaker 1: gog at the beauty of this. We can do some

947
00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:10,360
Speaker 1: science with this. We're talking earlier about understanding the structure

948
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:12,760
Speaker 1: of galaxies and how they form. This is the best

949
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:16,200
Speaker 1: way to see the oldest galaxies, Galaxies that we haven't

950
00:47:16,239 --> 00:47:20,040
Speaker 1: seen before, galaxies that were so red that were the

951
00:47:20,239 --> 00:47:24,319
Speaker 1: edge of the Hubble's ability to understand them. How far

952
00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:26,080
Speaker 1: back in time can we see now with the new

953
00:47:26,160 --> 00:47:30,320
Speaker 1: James Webb telescope, we can see just past thirteen billion

954
00:47:30,640 --> 00:47:34,680
Speaker 1: years right, you know, the universe is like almost fourteen

955
00:47:34,760 --> 00:47:38,480
Speaker 1: billion years old, so we're seeing really far back in time.

956
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,640
Speaker 1: We're seeing some of the first galaxies formed, and we

957
00:47:41,680 --> 00:47:45,200
Speaker 1: still don't really understand exactly what happened. We talked about

958
00:47:45,239 --> 00:47:47,960
Speaker 1: the dark ages of the universe on the podcast, this

959
00:47:48,120 --> 00:47:52,120
Speaker 1: time between when hydrogen became neutral and stars started to

960
00:47:52,200 --> 00:47:55,920
Speaker 1: form and then how galaxies came together from that, and

961
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:59,279
Speaker 1: that's a process we'd really like to understand, but we

962
00:47:59,320 --> 00:48:01,239
Speaker 1: haven't been able to because we haven't been able to

963
00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:05,120
Speaker 1: see those galaxies There were too faint for us to spot.

964
00:48:05,320 --> 00:48:07,600
Speaker 1: How far back could Huble look But we didn't really

965
00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:10,680
Speaker 1: know because we saw some really read some very faint

966
00:48:10,719 --> 00:48:14,200
Speaker 1: galaxies that we thought maybe we're super duper old. There

967
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:17,240
Speaker 1: were a couple of candidates that were around thirteen billion

968
00:48:17,320 --> 00:48:20,200
Speaker 1: light years, just a few though, But the problem was

969
00:48:20,239 --> 00:48:23,000
Speaker 1: there was a lot of uncertainty in aging them. Because

970
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:26,200
Speaker 1: you age these things by measuring their red shift, by saying,

971
00:48:26,280 --> 00:48:29,000
Speaker 1: here's the spectrum, and we see how much it's shifted.

972
00:48:29,080 --> 00:48:31,680
Speaker 1: Its dread shifted a lot. You're missing parts of the spectrum.

973
00:48:31,920 --> 00:48:35,000
Speaker 1: So there's a lot of uncertainty in those red shift measurements.

974
00:48:35,160 --> 00:48:37,480
Speaker 1: But James Webb can look at those same galaxies and

975
00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:39,920
Speaker 1: because it can see deeper in the i R, it

976
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:42,359
Speaker 1: sees more of the spectrum and we'll get a more

977
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:46,319
Speaker 1: accurate estimate of those ages. So Hubble has seen a

978
00:48:46,360 --> 00:48:50,600
Speaker 1: few galaxies which seem around thirteen billion years old, but

979
00:48:50,640 --> 00:48:53,399
Speaker 1: they're very uncertain. James Webb will see more of them

980
00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:56,279
Speaker 1: and will be able to better measure their ages more

981
00:48:56,280 --> 00:48:59,520
Speaker 1: to more precisely. While thirteen million out of the fourteen

982
00:48:59,560 --> 00:49:02,600
Speaker 1: million of the universe, that is almost the whole thing.

983
00:49:02,719 --> 00:49:05,360
Speaker 1: I wonder is there a limit to how much, how old,

984
00:49:05,440 --> 00:49:07,120
Speaker 1: or how far back in time we can see with

985
00:49:07,239 --> 00:49:09,520
Speaker 1: a telescope. But the limit, of course is the cosmic

986
00:49:09,560 --> 00:49:13,640
Speaker 1: microwave background radiation. That is the oldest light in the universe.

987
00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:17,399
Speaker 1: Beyond that, everything was just sort of opaque, so light

988
00:49:17,480 --> 00:49:21,400
Speaker 1: that was created before that has been reabsorbed. So the

989
00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:24,480
Speaker 1: oldest light flying around the universe is about three eighty

990
00:49:24,560 --> 00:49:27,120
Speaker 1: thousand years after the Big Bang. We can see that

991
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:29,879
Speaker 1: now because that was everywhere in the universe, so it's

992
00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:32,520
Speaker 1: always arriving here on Earth in the same way these

993
00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:35,280
Speaker 1: oldest life from the oldest galaxies has always been arriving

994
00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:37,359
Speaker 1: here on Earth. We just haven't been able to see

995
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:40,239
Speaker 1: it until recently. But is there a limit to how

996
00:49:40,280 --> 00:49:43,160
Speaker 1: far back that James Webb telescope can see, like, you know,

997
00:49:43,320 --> 00:49:45,840
Speaker 1: thirteen and a half billion years ago or something, or

998
00:49:45,880 --> 00:49:47,799
Speaker 1: can it see all the way back to the you know,

999
00:49:47,960 --> 00:49:51,240
Speaker 1: the when universe first became transparent. It's not a fixed

1000
00:49:51,239 --> 00:49:54,480
Speaker 1: limits determined by like the depth of the infrared light

1001
00:49:54,520 --> 00:49:57,360
Speaker 1: that he can see, and so the Origin Space telescope

1002
00:49:57,360 --> 00:50:00,399
Speaker 1: will see even further. But there's not like a crisp edge.

1003
00:50:00,640 --> 00:50:03,279
Speaker 1: It depends on where an object is, how fast it's

1004
00:50:03,320 --> 00:50:06,120
Speaker 1: moving away from us, and how bright it is inherently,

1005
00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:09,360
Speaker 1: so it's not a crisp number. But it's around thirteen

1006
00:50:09,360 --> 00:50:12,759
Speaker 1: billion years old. Wow, Still, it's pretty impressive. I mean,

1007
00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:14,720
Speaker 1: you're seeing kind of the universe when it was only

1008
00:50:14,760 --> 00:50:17,040
Speaker 1: a billion years old? Was it very different back then?

1009
00:50:17,239 --> 00:50:19,520
Speaker 1: Can you can you tell that it was really different? Well,

1010
00:50:19,520 --> 00:50:21,440
Speaker 1: that's what they're going to be able to begin studying

1011
00:50:21,719 --> 00:50:24,160
Speaker 1: because we didn't know, for example, like we're there big

1012
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:27,120
Speaker 1: galaxies already. We think that there might already have been

1013
00:50:27,239 --> 00:50:30,640
Speaker 1: supermassive black holes when the universe was only a billion

1014
00:50:30,719 --> 00:50:34,160
Speaker 1: years old. We don't understand how those form. So seeing

1015
00:50:34,160 --> 00:50:37,200
Speaker 1: those galaxies like in action, we might get a sense

1016
00:50:37,239 --> 00:50:39,160
Speaker 1: for what happened. How did you get such a big

1017
00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:42,640
Speaker 1: black hole where their primordial black holes that seeded these

1018
00:50:42,680 --> 00:50:46,400
Speaker 1: super galaxies? Was there some process where galaxies gathered together

1019
00:50:46,480 --> 00:50:49,759
Speaker 1: faster than we can currently understand. It's not something we

1020
00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:52,560
Speaker 1: know now. You know, each of these like really distant galaxies,

1021
00:50:52,640 --> 00:50:54,360
Speaker 1: we see them brighter, we see more of them, but

1022
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:57,640
Speaker 1: we also see their structure. You know, I'm really far

1023
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:00,480
Speaker 1: galaxy for example, that was like just three by three

1024
00:51:00,480 --> 00:51:04,120
Speaker 1: pixels in Hubble is now like eight by eight pixels

1025
00:51:04,160 --> 00:51:06,960
Speaker 1: in James Webb. So you can get much more idea

1026
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:10,000
Speaker 1: for like the shape of these things, where they already spirals,

1027
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:12,359
Speaker 1: where they all sort of like really irregular, and then

1028
00:51:12,360 --> 00:51:15,080
Speaker 1: they came together later into spirals. These the kind of

1029
00:51:15,160 --> 00:51:17,480
Speaker 1: questions that we can start to ask and to answer

1030
00:51:17,840 --> 00:51:20,640
Speaker 1: now that we have pictures of what happened back then. Cool,

1031
00:51:20,680 --> 00:51:22,920
Speaker 1: and we might be even be able to see galaxies

1032
00:51:23,080 --> 00:51:25,799
Speaker 1: forming right like we could we maybe see so far

1033
00:51:25,840 --> 00:51:28,600
Speaker 1: back that there aren't even any galaxies. We might we

1034
00:51:28,640 --> 00:51:31,560
Speaker 1: know that the first stars formed after those dark ages.

1035
00:51:31,560 --> 00:51:34,000
Speaker 1: We think it was a few hundred million years after

1036
00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:36,920
Speaker 1: the beginning of the universe, and so we might be

1037
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:39,759
Speaker 1: lucky enough to see some of those to resolve some

1038
00:51:39,840 --> 00:51:42,960
Speaker 1: of those stars in these very distant galaxies. But it's

1039
00:51:42,960 --> 00:51:46,279
Speaker 1: at the real edge of even James Webb's capability, so

1040
00:51:46,360 --> 00:51:50,040
Speaker 1: the Origins telescope will be even better suited for specifically

1041
00:51:50,080 --> 00:51:52,080
Speaker 1: that kind of question. The cool thing about this deep

1042
00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:54,280
Speaker 1: field is not only you're seeing really really old stuff,

1043
00:51:54,280 --> 00:51:57,600
Speaker 1: you're also seeing the stuff between us and that old stuff.

1044
00:51:57,960 --> 00:52:00,200
Speaker 1: And something you can see in this deep field something

1045
00:52:00,239 --> 00:52:02,560
Speaker 1: we talk about in the podcast all the time, which

1046
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:05,360
Speaker 1: is gravitational lensing. A lot of the galaxies in this

1047
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:08,799
Speaker 1: image looks smear and stretched and kind of weird, and

1048
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:12,400
Speaker 1: that's because there's a lot of mass between us and

1049
00:52:12,560 --> 00:52:16,960
Speaker 1: those galaxies, and that mass bends space, and so as

1050
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,319
Speaker 1: the light from those galaxies is coming towards Earth, it

1051
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:22,359
Speaker 1: gets distorted. But it's not just visible mass that we're

1052
00:52:22,360 --> 00:52:26,680
Speaker 1: talking about. We're looking at dark matter gravitational lensing. This

1053
00:52:26,760 --> 00:52:29,840
Speaker 1: is lensing from a huge gravitational cluster between us and

1054
00:52:29,840 --> 00:52:34,200
Speaker 1: the background galaxies, and that gravitational cluster is mostly dark matters.

1055
00:52:34,239 --> 00:52:36,239
Speaker 1: When you look at this image, you are looking very

1056
00:52:36,280 --> 00:52:39,399
Speaker 1: directly at the effects of dark matter, sort of like

1057
00:52:39,640 --> 00:52:43,120
Speaker 1: you're seeing a lens in space. It's as close as

1058
00:52:43,160 --> 00:52:46,040
Speaker 1: we can get to seeing dark matter. Yeah, you can

1059
00:52:46,040 --> 00:52:48,400
Speaker 1: see it. I think in that first picture that President

1060
00:52:48,480 --> 00:52:50,920
Speaker 1: Biden released, you can see there's a bit of a

1061
00:52:50,920 --> 00:52:53,120
Speaker 1: distortion or like a fish i effect in the middle.

1062
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:55,000
Speaker 1: But I thought they said that was because there's some

1063
00:52:55,080 --> 00:52:57,920
Speaker 1: galaxies that we're in the middle, not because of dark matter. Yeah, well,

1064
00:52:58,040 --> 00:53:01,880
Speaker 1: galaxies have dark matter in the most galaxies are mostly

1065
00:53:02,120 --> 00:53:04,760
Speaker 1: dark matter, and so it's because of this huge cluster

1066
00:53:04,840 --> 00:53:07,160
Speaker 1: of galaxies that are about like five billion light years

1067
00:53:07,200 --> 00:53:09,960
Speaker 1: away and that's mostly dark matter. So most of the

1068
00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:13,400
Speaker 1: lensing comes from dark matter. So it's just gonna let

1069
00:53:13,440 --> 00:53:15,880
Speaker 1: us study dark matter better. We want to know where

1070
00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:17,719
Speaker 1: the dark matter is, and the best way to do

1071
00:53:17,760 --> 00:53:20,160
Speaker 1: that is to see its effect on light, to use

1072
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:22,680
Speaker 1: strong lensing and weak lensing to get a map of

1073
00:53:22,680 --> 00:53:24,440
Speaker 1: where the dark matter is in the universe, and that

1074
00:53:24,480 --> 00:53:26,680
Speaker 1: will help us understand how it was made and where

1075
00:53:26,680 --> 00:53:29,400
Speaker 1: it is and where it's going, and what it's temperature is.

1076
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:32,000
Speaker 1: It won't help us understand things like is it met

1077
00:53:32,040 --> 00:53:34,840
Speaker 1: out of particles and how many different kinds of particles,

1078
00:53:34,880 --> 00:53:37,440
Speaker 1: not very directly, but it'll give us a better map

1079
00:53:37,480 --> 00:53:39,919
Speaker 1: for where the dark matter is in the universe, which

1080
00:53:39,960 --> 00:53:41,880
Speaker 1: is helpful. Yeah, which might tell you a bit of

1081
00:53:41,920 --> 00:53:45,040
Speaker 1: how it was formed, right or and where it came from. Yeah. Absolutely,

1082
00:53:45,040 --> 00:53:46,760
Speaker 1: I wonder if it could also be like a nuisance,

1083
00:53:46,840 --> 00:53:48,840
Speaker 1: Like if you're trying to look at a cool I

1084
00:53:48,840 --> 00:53:52,160
Speaker 1: don't know, nebulow or galaxy crash somewhere, but it's all

1085
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:55,160
Speaker 1: distorted because some dark matter that's in the middle. You're like, oh,

1086
00:53:55,560 --> 00:53:58,560
Speaker 1: if I could just wipe that dark matter off my lens. Yeah,

1087
00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:01,239
Speaker 1: that's true because if you don't know exactly how much

1088
00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:04,040
Speaker 1: dark matter there is, you don't exactly know how the

1089
00:54:04,120 --> 00:54:07,160
Speaker 1: lensing is happening, so it's hard to reverse it. Yeah,

1090
00:54:07,280 --> 00:54:10,000
Speaker 1: that does add some uncertainty, like the universe has a

1091
00:54:10,040 --> 00:54:13,520
Speaker 1: little bit of myopia the dark matter. Yeah, And speaking

1092
00:54:13,520 --> 00:54:17,239
Speaker 1: of myopia, the next day after the first release, they

1093
00:54:17,280 --> 00:54:20,080
Speaker 1: also showed us a picture of Jupiter from the James

1094
00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:23,400
Speaker 1: web Space Telescope. Because James Webb cannot only look at

1095
00:54:23,440 --> 00:54:25,719
Speaker 1: really really distant things, it can also look at things

1096
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:30,000
Speaker 1: in our solar system. What does that like focal range

1097
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:32,919
Speaker 1: from like right next door to us to the edge

1098
00:54:32,920 --> 00:54:35,760
Speaker 1: of the universe. And actually the biggest challenge for seeing

1099
00:54:35,760 --> 00:54:38,239
Speaker 1: things in our solar system is being able to track them.

1100
00:54:38,520 --> 00:54:41,320
Speaker 1: Really distant things are easy to track because they're very slow,

1101
00:54:41,719 --> 00:54:44,440
Speaker 1: but close by things tend to move pretty fast. So

1102
00:54:44,640 --> 00:54:47,000
Speaker 1: they've designed James Webb to be able to track Mars,

1103
00:54:47,080 --> 00:54:50,000
Speaker 1: to keep an eye on Mars so that it could

1104
00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:54,480
Speaker 1: image it. And Mars moves like thirty milli arc seconds

1105
00:54:54,480 --> 00:54:57,800
Speaker 1: per second, and James Webb can actually do twice as fast.

1106
00:54:58,080 --> 00:55:00,239
Speaker 1: They get a sense for like what that means. That's

1107
00:55:00,239 --> 00:55:03,120
Speaker 1: like trying to photograph a turtle that's crawling when it's

1108
00:55:03,120 --> 00:55:06,400
Speaker 1: a mile away from you. It's not moving super duper fast, right,

1109
00:55:06,480 --> 00:55:09,680
Speaker 1: James Webb is not like panning zooming around, but it's

1110
00:55:09,719 --> 00:55:12,279
Speaker 1: capable of tracking those objects, and so it can do

1111
00:55:12,360 --> 00:55:15,560
Speaker 1: things like take pictures on the rings of Jupiter which

1112
00:55:15,560 --> 00:55:18,000
Speaker 1: are invisible to the naked eye and even the fairly

1113
00:55:18,000 --> 00:55:20,759
Speaker 1: powerful telescopes from Earth, but Hubble can see them. And

1114
00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:23,600
Speaker 1: it can also do things like look at the geysers

1115
00:55:23,640 --> 00:55:25,960
Speaker 1: on the moons of Saturn to see what it's spraying

1116
00:55:25,960 --> 00:55:28,239
Speaker 1: out into the universe. Wow, what kind of detail can

1117
00:55:28,280 --> 00:55:30,800
Speaker 1: you get? Like I wonder if you can see, for example,

1118
00:55:30,880 --> 00:55:34,239
Speaker 1: the Mars rovers on the surface or is that way

1119
00:55:34,280 --> 00:55:36,600
Speaker 1: too small. I'm more excited about seeing what's going on

1120
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:38,880
Speaker 1: on those moons of Saturn and Jupiter that might have

1121
00:55:38,960 --> 00:55:43,200
Speaker 1: like underground oceans. You know, maybe there's some aliens spraying

1122
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:46,719
Speaker 1: out messages in terms of geysers, and James will help

1123
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:50,160
Speaker 1: us capture those pictures, right right, interesting, Although if you

1124
00:55:50,160 --> 00:55:52,600
Speaker 1: take a picture of the Mars rovers it's like the

1125
00:55:52,640 --> 00:55:57,240
Speaker 1: world's most expensive selfie, which is a record in itself,

1126
00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:01,280
Speaker 1: but so gorgeous it's worth it. The the world's longest

1127
00:56:01,280 --> 00:56:05,000
Speaker 1: selfie stick. All right, Well, these are some amazing new

1128
00:56:05,040 --> 00:56:07,960
Speaker 1: pictures that we've gone from the James Webb Space Telescope.

1129
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:09,719
Speaker 1: And this is just the beginning. This is just like

1130
00:56:09,760 --> 00:56:12,799
Speaker 1: the first pictures they took with the camera. Right, these

1131
00:56:12,840 --> 00:56:15,479
Speaker 1: are just the first five. There's so many more to come,

1132
00:56:15,520 --> 00:56:18,280
Speaker 1: and we think they'll be about twenty years of science

1133
00:56:18,320 --> 00:56:22,279
Speaker 1: operation for this telescope, So it's really the beginning of

1134
00:56:22,280 --> 00:56:25,400
Speaker 1: a new era of astronomy. We're going to discover things

1135
00:56:25,520 --> 00:56:28,960
Speaker 1: we can't even imagine. Why don't we make more of

1136
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:31,880
Speaker 1: them and put them out there in space? Wouldn't that

1137
00:56:31,880 --> 00:56:35,920
Speaker 1: be better twice as good? I totally agree, And so

1138
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:38,880
Speaker 1: we have a program for four news space telescopes we

1139
00:56:38,960 --> 00:56:41,839
Speaker 1: hope to launch in the twenty thirties, which will give

1140
00:56:41,880 --> 00:56:44,719
Speaker 1: us all sorts of new amazing eyeballs to look even

1141
00:56:44,760 --> 00:56:47,480
Speaker 1: deeper into the universe to study exo planets, to study

1142
00:56:47,520 --> 00:56:51,200
Speaker 1: the first galaxies, to understand everything that's out there. Yeah,

1143
00:56:51,680 --> 00:56:53,600
Speaker 1: very cool, and so a shout out to the James

1144
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:58,319
Speaker 1: Webb Space Telescope team, including Alexander Lockwood we interviewed here

1145
00:56:58,360 --> 00:57:01,279
Speaker 1: on the podcast about the telescope and who is also

1146
00:57:01,360 --> 00:57:04,000
Speaker 1: the star of the PhD movies. We hope you enjoyed that.

1147
00:57:04,520 --> 00:57:15,640
Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us, see you next time. Thanks for listening,

1148
00:57:15,680 --> 00:57:18,400
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

1149
00:57:18,440 --> 00:57:21,920
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from

1150
00:57:21,960 --> 00:57:25,680
Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

1151
00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:29,960
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Ye