Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff
Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind.
Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb, my name is Julie Douglas,
Speaker 1: and this is a part two. This is In our
Speaker 1: last episode, we talked about wine mammals are amazing. Wine
Speaker 1: prehistoric mammals are so extreme in their form, and then
Speaker 1: we began to explore some of our ten favorite prehistoric mammals,
Speaker 1: ten favorite extreme prehistoric mammals, and we got through about
Speaker 1: three of them. And this episode is the continuation of
Speaker 1: that list. So if you like, go back and listen
Speaker 1: to the other episodes so you'll get an idea of
Speaker 1: how we started rolling on this. But if not, if
Speaker 1: you're you know, if your your iTunes skipped to the
Speaker 1: last episode, don't be afraid to plow forward with this one. Indeed,
Speaker 1: and just to mention it, Extreme Mammals is an exhibit
Speaker 1: that is organized by the American Museum of Natural History,
Speaker 1: and that is what got us into all this craziness
Speaker 1: in the first place, because they have a wonderful exhibit
Speaker 1: detailing these extreme mammals. All right, well, first off, in
Speaker 1: this episode, let's talk about what I assume to be
Speaker 1: your personal favorite, because you've already blogged about it once.
Speaker 1: So UH introduced us to macro Kenia. Ah, yes, macro
Speaker 1: Kenia thin legs, long neck, prehensile snout, about ten ft long,
Speaker 1: and five hundred to one thousand pounds. We think, Uh.
Speaker 1: Technically the macro kenya belonged to a family of ungulates,
Speaker 1: which are hooved animals, and is a distant cousin of
Speaker 1: a horse. Yeah, and it evolved independently in South America
Speaker 1: and uh in the roughly equoin direction here. So now
Speaker 1: those who's I should say, those are three toad who
Speaker 1: feet which are which which are really in a way
Speaker 1: come kind of more like a rhinos. This this is
Speaker 1: one of those creatures that that kind of bleeds over
Speaker 1: into different models because it kind of looks like a
Speaker 1: camel in its basic dimensions. Then it has those three
Speaker 1: toad who feet, they're a little more like a rhino.
Speaker 1: There's a certain horsiness to it. Uh, And mamoth mammothest
Speaker 1: is the big thing because of course it's trunk yes,
Speaker 1: or suspected trunk yes. So if you if you see
Speaker 1: this in the exhibit, um, if you're like me, you
Speaker 1: automatically go to Sesame Street and you begin to think
Speaker 1: about stuff upogus because this is what it looks like.
Speaker 1: In fact, I kind of wanted to pet it. I
Speaker 1: wanted to talk to it. It's amazing, and it is
Speaker 1: sort of a jigsaw puzzle of animals. It's sort of
Speaker 1: like the platypus in the sense that, um, you can
Speaker 1: see you can see the influence of different animals. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's basically the jazz funk um blues fusion of animals,
Speaker 1: I think. And certainly he really does look like snuffle
Speaker 1: up agus. The illustrations we see of in are are
Speaker 1: really cute. Yeah, that long trunk would have been used
Speaker 1: to feed on low lying leaves of grass, but it's
Speaker 1: horse like teeth point to this idea that it would
Speaker 1: have also been chomping on grass. But the weirdest thing
Speaker 1: about this this this guy, is that the nostrils are
Speaker 1: right up on top of the head. And at first
Speaker 1: it was thought that this feature would give the macrocanias
Speaker 1: some sort of aquatic leg up. In other words, they
Speaker 1: could maybe weighed in the water. But more likely it's
Speaker 1: just the ideal position for the kind of hose nose
Speaker 1: sports like. Basically, because people look at it, and you
Speaker 1: might say, well, how do we know that thing had
Speaker 1: an elephants? Now, how do we know I had a
Speaker 1: little trunk going on up there? And it's because of
Speaker 1: the position of those nostrils. Now, I did find reference
Speaker 1: to an older theory that this positioning of the nostrils
Speaker 1: meant that it had its nostrils had lips, which ended
Speaker 1: up not being the theory that everyone's stuck with because
Speaker 1: I mean, you can't even find an artist illustration of
Speaker 1: what that would have looked like. And that's probably just
Speaker 1: as well, because unless maybe Picasso had had illustrated it. See,
Speaker 1: let's turn our attention now to a very very cool
Speaker 1: glyptodont and this is something that is called data chorus. Yeah,
Speaker 1: data chorus is pretty pretty awesome. And I think I
Speaker 1: had a toy of this guy. So and everyone will
Speaker 1: probably recognize this one because it's certainly an outlandish example
Speaker 1: of an extreme mammal because nothing really quite looks like
Speaker 1: it today. First of all, I mean there's shades of it,
Speaker 1: shadows of it in some animals, but nothing quite like this.
Speaker 1: First of all, armored suit. So I'm thinking about tortoise here,
Speaker 1: like a giant tortoise big as a car. Yeah kind
Speaker 1: of yeah, very Armadilla esque in a way, except harder,
Speaker 1: Like you can we have remnants to this thing, and
Speaker 1: like a child can climb underneath it. Um so for starters, Yeah,
Speaker 1: covered with armor and then bony club at the end
Speaker 1: of its tail. That looks like a medieval mace. Yes,
Speaker 1: I saw that, and I was like, that is an
Speaker 1: amazing I mean, you look at that example in nature
Speaker 1: and to know that humans fashion tools that were similar
Speaker 1: is just amazing. Whether or not they had the reference point, Yeah,
Speaker 1: whether or not they had the reference point or not,
Speaker 1: or it just came out of their imagination. That's what
Speaker 1: I think is so cool about this guy. Um. Now,
Speaker 1: a tale like that, of course it raises the instant
Speaker 1: question what did it use it for? Because we look
Speaker 1: at it and west I think, oh, it's a mace.
Speaker 1: I bet he swung that thing around or she I
Speaker 1: keep you in heat. But I'm going back to my
Speaker 1: old childhood. Uh you know, I imagine the mamas males,
Speaker 1: so he or she what we would think, Oh, it
Speaker 1: must have swung that make tail around and just clocked
Speaker 1: enemies left and right while the creature was trying to
Speaker 1: to eat its it. It's vegetation, but it's one of
Speaker 1: those things where we have different theories about what it
Speaker 1: consists of. Yeah, well, there's an idea that it was
Speaker 1: used to thwart would be suitors, right, so you would
Speaker 1: wrestle with your tails and made the victor when the spoils. Right.
Speaker 1: So it's a little bit just like elk locking horns. Right. Um.
Speaker 1: But then there's also the idea that it was used
Speaker 1: as a weapon to try to defend itself and then demolition.
Speaker 1: I'm just kidding. Well, um, I guess I do like
Speaker 1: the idea that is weird as this creature creature looked,
Speaker 1: it was so sexy that it had to literally fight
Speaker 1: suitors off with a spiked club. Well, yeah, so that's
Speaker 1: my interpretation. I like that. Okay. The name actually means
Speaker 1: pestle tail, referring to how if the spikes were removed,
Speaker 1: then the tail would resemble a pistel. So you just
Speaker 1: have to hook it up with a little mortar and
Speaker 1: they can just grind some ancient herbs. Yeah, there you go.
Speaker 1: Oh it's stumping grounds were modern day South America, as
Speaker 1: were most of these ambles. By the way, South America
Speaker 1: seems to be the epicenter of it. Pakistan's got some
Speaker 1: winnerds as well. Mr lived as recently as ten thousand
Speaker 1: years ago, and that's why we have some really great
Speaker 1: fossilized remains of its shell al right. Next on the
Speaker 1: list is is one that I was really amazed, amazed
Speaker 1: by when I was looking at the pictures. There are
Speaker 1: a number of crazy elephants that pop up in your
Speaker 1: in anyone's exploration of prehistoric mammals, and we're gonna get
Speaker 1: to some other crazy ones as well, But this one,
Speaker 1: uh is in a way, it's not that crazy because
Speaker 1: it basically it looks like a modern elephant, but with
Speaker 1: shorter legs, and it would have been a woodland packaderm
Speaker 1: roaming through Europe and Asia. It's about ten feet tall
Speaker 1: three meters. But the Ananochists was really the It could
Speaker 1: have been the ultimate war elephant. Like you just look
Speaker 1: at this thing and you're like, that is a that
Speaker 1: is a born war machine, the Ananarchist, because uh, it
Speaker 1: had ten to thirteen foot long tusks that's three or
Speaker 1: four meters and that is nearly as long as the
Speaker 1: rest of the creatures. So imagine an elephant with just
Speaker 1: enormous tuss tusks that they go out straight, uh, the
Speaker 1: length of its own body. Just javelins of tuts. That's
Speaker 1: what I initially thought of as javelins, and I sort
Speaker 1: of imagined it running and trying to do its little
Speaker 1: Olympic sport or you think it would just like at
Speaker 1: the end of the day, the ananarchists would just have
Speaker 1: to set aside an hour or two just to unskewer
Speaker 1: the creatures. That's the other thing as I imagined, Yeah,
Speaker 1: shish kebab of enemies piled up on these tusks um
Speaker 1: And obviously it would would have been great for sort
Speaker 1: of warfare or fending off other animals, but it also
Speaker 1: would have been really helpful in digging, digging roots up,
Speaker 1: digging plants up. Exactly. Although I feel like, if you're
Speaker 1: this animal, you feel great about everything head on right,
Speaker 1: you feel really protected, but everything else and because it's
Speaker 1: gotta be unwieldy to try to move these tusks around,
Speaker 1: so I would feel very vulnerable in the back. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I realized that with all these I cannot look at
Speaker 1: pictures of prehistoric mammals or dinosaurs without falling back into
Speaker 1: this childhood thinking where I'm like, oh, how would that
Speaker 1: one fight that one I'm playing playing like battle matchmaker
Speaker 1: of each of these, like, oh, what would the what
Speaker 1: would it be like of an an anarchist were to
Speaker 1: actually square off with a triceratops. You know, so, well,
Speaker 1: let's let's go through the other animals and if the
Speaker 1: end of the podcast, let's try to figure out what
Speaker 1: the fantasy square off would be. Although that's pretty good
Speaker 1: right there. Yeah, alright, So the next one I want
Speaker 1: to talk about is a giant giant rodent. Yeah, if
Speaker 1: there is ever a rodent of unusual size or r
Speaker 1: o us, this is the guy. Yeah, telecomus giganticisms. It
Speaker 1: comes from the Late miles An epic about eleven million
Speaker 1: years ago to five million years um Argentina the size
Speaker 1: of a small rhinoceros and could weigh up to pounds. Yeah,
Speaker 1: seven ft long roadent, the largest of the Dino Mayads
Speaker 1: would be terrible mice. Probably the largest rodent ever to
Speaker 1: walk the Earth's I mean the size of a small brhino,
Speaker 1: like like a big hairy hippopotamus. Yeah that is six
Speaker 1: ft long, okay, well six point six inches right, two
Speaker 1: meters long. I mean again, I know that it's a
Speaker 1: sort of anthropomorphosizing that I'm doing, but not really. But really,
Speaker 1: if you look at the rodents that exist right now
Speaker 1: and you try to imagine them, you know, six ft
Speaker 1: six inches long. Yeah, this was just a broot of
Speaker 1: a rodent and uh and one of the more extreme
Speaker 1: examples you can find. And it's a testament to rodents
Speaker 1: that two of them made the list. We have both
Speaker 1: a horned wrath and a giant rat. So there you go. Alright,
Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick break and when we come
Speaker 1: back we will finish this list. We have some some
Speaker 1: more amazing creatures to run through before it's all said
Speaker 1: and done, so stick with us. All right, we're back,
Speaker 1: and we are now moving on to one of my
Speaker 1: all time favorites, just in terms of just sheer weirdness
Speaker 1: that you encounter the first time you crack open up
Speaker 1: an illustrated book of ka stark mammals. I'm talking, of course,
Speaker 1: about old platty flatty belladon uh ten foot high three
Speaker 1: ms um packaderm roamed Europe, Asia Africa, known for his
Speaker 1: shoveled teeth. These are flattened tusks that form a shovel
Speaker 1: like projection from the bottom of their their mouth in
Speaker 1: a way it looks like weird um inverted buck teeth
Speaker 1: coming out and then on top of that a very
Speaker 1: flat trunk. So it's just about the weirdest like drug
Speaker 1: induced idea of an elephant you could possibly think of. Uh,
Speaker 1: And of course it already existed. Um yeah, it's You
Speaker 1: know what is amazing is if you look at a
Speaker 1: picture of a shovel and you look at a picture
Speaker 1: of its mouth and the lower jaw, you see the
Speaker 1: same exact design narrow at the top and then fluting
Speaker 1: out at the bottom and then capped off by two
Speaker 1: squared off insize or teeth. It's amazing. It's like a sport.
Speaker 1: So you look at this guy, you look at these
Speaker 1: shovel teeth tusk rather and you wonder, how does this
Speaker 1: guy live his life? What is this adaptation gaining him?
Speaker 1: And to understand that, you have to realize what kind
Speaker 1: of world, uh platty would have lived in a world
Speaker 1: of grasslands and winding shallow rivers full of plant life.
Speaker 1: So the theory is that the platty would grip the
Speaker 1: plant life between his flattened trunk and those flattened tusks
Speaker 1: after shoveling into it and then then rearing up with
Speaker 1: rip the plants away from the mud and then use
Speaker 1: the trunk to pull it into the mouth. Yeah, there
Speaker 1: was this idea that it was just there just to
Speaker 1: shovel things up. Right, after all, we're talking about a
Speaker 1: creature that's two tons um a lot of food that
Speaker 1: has to be shoveled into it. But those teeth, those
Speaker 1: teeth may have been used as a saw because they're
Speaker 1: they're split down the middle, right. If you look at
Speaker 1: the picture, that's what makes it looks like two teeth.
Speaker 1: The idea is that that's uh, that's where the plant
Speaker 1: material could be captured and then sort of the friction
Speaker 1: of those teeth could then saw it. Yeah. Now this creature, though,
Speaker 1: is again highly specialized, so that also makes them incredibly
Speaker 1: vulnerable to environmental change. I think in the last episode
Speaker 1: of Maybe the Business, example of a shop opens up
Speaker 1: during the height of the bacon baked goods craze and
Speaker 1: is selling bacon flavored doughnuts literally like hotcakes, I guess,
Speaker 1: um selling these like crazy and as long as is
Speaker 1: the fad is really let's baked and flavor everything and
Speaker 1: let's eat bacon flavor donuts. They're gonna make just lots
Speaker 1: and lots of money. But then when that falls out
Speaker 1: of out of favor, when people realize that that's a
Speaker 1: gross way to live your life. Then knowing that business
Speaker 1: is going to fail. Likewise with these guys with platty uh,
Speaker 1: there comes to time when this uh there is just
Speaker 1: not abundant winding shallow rivers full of plant life uh
Speaker 1: too to feast upon, and so the form dies out.
Speaker 1: It's true. So, as we had talked about in in
Speaker 1: the first episode Maths, extinction can happen for a number
Speaker 1: of reasons. It could be and we have seen instances
Speaker 1: of human hunting uh knocking out quite a few creatures,
Speaker 1: but also atmospheric changes. As you just discussed a comment
Speaker 1: hitting there are all sorts of things that an animal
Speaker 1: must be able to adjust you and probably can't do
Speaker 1: so within the limited amount of time that they are
Speaker 1: you know, present, or that particular uh subspecies is present. Yes,
Speaker 1: now we have basically one creature left on our top ten,
Speaker 1: but we have another one that was included as a
Speaker 1: as kind of an honorary mentioned. So we want to
Speaker 1: we want to talk about this creature first we're of
Speaker 1: course talking about the giant sloth. The megathereum, twenty ft
Speaker 1: high six meters, roamed around Bolivian Peru and weighed as
Speaker 1: much as three tons. Yeah. So I mean, can you
Speaker 1: imagine six thousand pounds coming at you, covered in dark hair,
Speaker 1: huge claws, and it could walk on its him legs
Speaker 1: like a bear. Yeah, and he would eat you alive
Speaker 1: if you were a treat swallow you hold you were
Speaker 1: a vegetation on the top of the tree, because this yeah,
Speaker 1: this guy could rear up on those hind legs, use
Speaker 1: those three cloud four ft to grab onto some tree
Speaker 1: limbs and then just start grazing the tree tops if
Speaker 1: they were in the in reach. Yeah, lived as recently
Speaker 1: as eight thousand years ago. In ground slots are members
Speaker 1: of the South American group that Zen Arthur, which contains
Speaker 1: modern tree sloughs, which we've talked about quite a bit,
Speaker 1: and eaters and armadillos. Yeah, it's an incredible specimen. And
Speaker 1: I understand basically just would poop and caves like crazy too. Well,
Speaker 1: you know, poop was quite a topic, you know, when
Speaker 1: we discussed tree slots modern day ones, because as you know,
Speaker 1: they spend about a week up in the tree tops
Speaker 1: and then they come down once week to defecate. It's
Speaker 1: a It's an interesting creature because in in basic form
Speaker 1: and the illustrations that we have with them, based on
Speaker 1: the scut of the skulltal even it's uh, it essentially
Speaker 1: looks like a giant sloth. If you were you were
Speaker 1: to say, hey, I wonder what a giant relative of
Speaker 1: of the modern day slot would look like. This is
Speaker 1: what you would draw. But the way it lived its
Speaker 1: life was was probably rather different. You know. Again, it's
Speaker 1: not climbing up, it's not our boreal obviously, but does
Speaker 1: clause those curled claws, which are sort of a benchmark
Speaker 1: of of sloth are just amazing there. So that's an
Speaker 1: amazing creature. But the final one we're gonna get to
Speaker 1: on this list is is really even more amazing, and
Speaker 1: is is definitely one of like the top examples of
Speaker 1: you know, browsing through illustrations of prehistoric mammals, you see
Speaker 1: this thing and you just you almost cannot believe it.
Speaker 1: Like and when I even when I look at images
Speaker 1: of this creature today, I can understand a little bit
Speaker 1: the mindset of a person that would just completely reject
Speaker 1: all of this science and say there's no way that
Speaker 1: could exist. This is you're just making all this up
Speaker 1: because we're of course talking about the enormous injuries. Otherium,
Speaker 1: which is a rhino like hornless giant horse looking just behemoth.
Speaker 1: It is twenty tons about towns. Uh. It's horse like
Speaker 1: in the neck, I think, and somewhat in the face,
Speaker 1: although it's got a lot of rhino in it and
Speaker 1: evolved from an earlier five ft tall relative called a
Speaker 1: hierro code on which which again and and just in
Speaker 1: when you start looking at all these these evolutionary examples
Speaker 1: and how they tie together, uh, it's always really difficult
Speaker 1: to wrap them our our minds around the periods of
Speaker 1: time that are that are transpiring between these forms. But
Speaker 1: it's it's it's just blows my mind to think that this,
Speaker 1: this enormous giant, this titan, uh, evolved from something that
Speaker 1: was just five ft tall. Well, yeah, and you know
Speaker 1: you're familiar with what we know as the largest land
Speaker 1: mammal now an elephant, Right, that doesn't really blow our mind.
Speaker 1: But if you were to, you know, bundle four of
Speaker 1: those together and come up with this creature, it is
Speaker 1: just enormous elephant vult. This creature it is um. It
Speaker 1: was an herbivore and it lived in the forest of
Speaker 1: Central Asia between thirty four and twenty three million years ago. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's teeth are really cool too. Um. I mean you
Speaker 1: look at it and you barely even notice it as
Speaker 1: the mouth, it's so enormous. But if you were just
Speaker 1: to take a look at its teeth. Uh, it only
Speaker 1: had two front teeth on the top and two below
Speaker 1: in the upper pair pointing down like tusks, and the
Speaker 1: lower pair we're pointing forwards. And it probably also had
Speaker 1: a long, flexible upper lip which allowed it to graze
Speaker 1: twenty six foot treetops. Now, I mean you probably thinking, okay,
Speaker 1: it's huge. It's you know, it's twenty towns forty pounds.
Speaker 1: It's got to shovel a ton of vegetation into it.
Speaker 1: It's an herbivore, so most likely when the environment changed
Speaker 1: and when it didn't have enough to forage, it went
Speaker 1: by the wayside. Um. I mean, you look at a
Speaker 1: creature like that, and that's pretty obvious that that might
Speaker 1: have been the circumstance. Yeah, and this creature lived in
Speaker 1: the Pakistan also China, well, when I go to China
Speaker 1: later this year, I'm going to keep an eye out
Speaker 1: just in case I see one. Um. Well, you've stood
Speaker 1: under a replica of one, so now you're pretty familiar
Speaker 1: with it. And um, you know, anytime I think about
Speaker 1: this creature too, I can't help but think of Stephen
Speaker 1: King's The Mist, which is an awesome novella that he
Speaker 1: did about like this mist rolling in and has all
Speaker 1: these strange creatures roaming about in it. And uh, at
Speaker 1: one point they drive a vehicle under this enormous quadruped.
Speaker 1: It's at least I think it was a quadruped stalking
Speaker 1: across the than the night land here and uh and
Speaker 1: and that one always reminds me of this particular creature. Also,
Speaker 1: the add Ats and Empire strikes Back, the big four
Speaker 1: legged waters, those were supposedly based on this creature as well. Uh,
Speaker 1: that's interesting. I'm trying to think about whether or not
Speaker 1: you could drive a car underneath it. Um, but I
Speaker 1: remember maybe a smart car. Yeah, yeah, I think you
Speaker 1: could because because there are some some illustrations out there
Speaker 1: of like paleontologists standing next to it, as one possibly
Speaker 1: could what that would look like. And it's again just towering,
Speaker 1: just dwarfs us and and really just is just a
Speaker 1: mind blowing thing to think about that these creatures wants
Speaker 1: roam the earth in small, close knit families and now
Speaker 1: they are just part of a n But hey, we're
Speaker 1: the one percent. We're still were still alive, we are
Speaker 1: still a species on this earth. We haven't quite seen
Speaker 1: an end of that yet. So, fellow humans, if you
Speaker 1: have some thoughts on this excellent list that we've put together,
Speaker 1: I'm gonna go and stay it's excellent since I think
Speaker 1: it is. Oh we did? Did you decide on a matchup?
Speaker 1: Are you going with anachus versus t Rex? Well? Um, well, anachis,
Speaker 1: let's see anarchist versus another mammal on our list? That
Speaker 1: would be that that would be ideal, wouldn't I guess
Speaker 1: I might go with mm hmm. This is a tough one.
Speaker 1: You know. I'm not going to put my crania anything
Speaker 1: we have in spiders on this list. And then we
Speaker 1: have some lovers on this list, you know, like like
Speaker 1: old Platty Belladon. I think he was more of a
Speaker 1: lover and I'm not going to put him in there
Speaker 1: against anarchist. So um, I don't know. I think that
Speaker 1: I'm my epigolis a horn to dent. I think that
Speaker 1: that's a smaller, scrappier, yes, extreme mammal, and perhaps it
Speaker 1: could do some damage. Okay, all right, I'd see that.
Speaker 1: I'd play that out with a pair of plastic creatures
Speaker 1: on the living room floor. So, fellow humans, fellow one
Speaker 1: per centers of the mammalian existence, um, let us know
Speaker 1: what you think about this. Uh. Granted, these were our
Speaker 1: personal picks, are the ones that called out to us
Speaker 1: the most. So there are many, many, many so there, Yeah,
Speaker 1: there are many, many more, and there's some that almost
Speaker 1: made the list, especially when you get into the weird
Speaker 1: packet germs. And oh there are a whole bunch of
Speaker 1: Rhinocera Risks relatives that had crazy horns as well, and
Speaker 1: I would have loved to included some of those, but
Speaker 1: but we had to leave him off. So let us
Speaker 1: know what your favorite extreme prehistoric mammal is. We would
Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us online
Speaker 1: in a number of places, because we basically exist online
Speaker 1: for all you know, we don't even exist in the flesh.
Speaker 1: But you can find us at stuff to bow your mind,
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