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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from house Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast on Josh

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Speaker 1: Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and Jerry. This is

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Speaker 1: stuff you should know about Toward Grades. Uh never heard

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Speaker 1: of these little guys, and now they have shot into

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Speaker 1: the top five alongside the octopus and uh, what's the

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Speaker 1: other one that I jellyfish? Jellyfish. These little dudes. Want

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Speaker 1: to hug them. I might be hugging them right now,

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Speaker 1: you could well, probably not, probably not, But I love them.

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Speaker 1: They're cute them, they're tiny that not hardly anybody knows

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Speaker 1: what they are. I would say they're I would say

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Speaker 1: of people listening, do not know what this is? Really?

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Speaker 1: So I was under the US and that they were

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Speaker 1: kind of a big hit on the internet within the

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Speaker 1: last couple of years. Well, I'm not happy to that stuff.

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Speaker 1: So maybe, okay, it might have been a part of

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Speaker 1: a meme. I don't know what political meme. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: think I think tart grades had a had a moment.

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Speaker 1: But it turns out that they they've been around for

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Speaker 1: much longer than the Internet. Yeah, yeah, hundreds of millions

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Speaker 1: of years. Yeah, somewhere around the neighborhood of six hundred

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Speaker 1: million years, which would make them Precambrian explosion, which makes

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Speaker 1: them really old PC. Yeah, so before we get into that,

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Speaker 1: let's tell you what we're talking about. A tart of

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Speaker 1: grade also known as a water bear. Cute name. This

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Speaker 1: is my favorite moss piglet um pigmy rhinoceros pigmy armadillo.

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Speaker 1: I don't like armadillos ever since our lepers episode. UM.

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Speaker 1: They are a little tiny micro scopic animals, animals, multicellular

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Speaker 1: animals that UM reproduce sexually. In a lot of cases

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Speaker 1: that UM are well, they're animals. They're not just like,

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Speaker 1: they're not bacteria and that viruses. They're not bugs. They're

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Speaker 1: very very small. They get to be about a half

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Speaker 1: to one millimeter in size depending on the species. And UM.

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Speaker 1: They're also super cute depending on your view of things. Yes,

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Speaker 1: first thing you should do, if you're at home or

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Speaker 1: if you're not driving, let's say, is pull at your

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Speaker 1: phone or your or your desktop, pull out your desktop

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Speaker 1: and look up charted grade and just look at a

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Speaker 1: little picture of it, and you know, so you know

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Speaker 1: what we're talking about. UM, if you ask me. People

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Speaker 1: liking it to a panda bear. I don't quite get that,

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Speaker 1: although the have Have Have you seen the picture of the

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Speaker 1: one on its back? No, I don't think I did.

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Speaker 1: Very cute. Looks like you just wants to maratches a

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Speaker 1: little belly. But it looks to me like if moth

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Speaker 1: caterpillar and a naked mole rat and unholy union. That

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Speaker 1: was awesome. That was the best analogy of that. That's

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Speaker 1: kind of what looks like to me, um holy, I think, yeah,

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Speaker 1: they managed to do it somehow. Tells uh the name

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Speaker 1: tarte grade is from Latin and it actually means slow walker,

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Speaker 1: which is cute in and of itself, and that supposedly

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Speaker 1: was named by um. This Italian scientists named Lazaro Spitzani.

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Speaker 1: Tell him the name of his book. I love this name.

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Speaker 1: His book was Oh boy, Opa scorely de Fistia and Nimala.

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Speaker 1: The bield not bad, not bad. You didn't raise your

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Speaker 1: your fingers though, that's right. But he named this guy

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Speaker 1: he found this well, he didn't discover it. Apparently before him.

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Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy three, a German pastor name Johan all

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Speaker 1: Goes from gets Uh discovered it. But he is the

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Speaker 1: one Spottsani is the one who named it uh, which

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Speaker 1: means slow stepper. Yeah. And the reason he called it

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Speaker 1: that is because if you look under a microscope at

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Speaker 1: all the stuff, which was all the rage in the

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Speaker 1: late eighteenth century, look at all this stuff. After why

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Speaker 1: was his name Anton von Leavin hook Am I saying

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Speaker 1: that correctly? I don't remember. I'm pretty sure. Um. After

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Speaker 1: he started to invent microscopes, and they there you spread,

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Speaker 1: people started looking at what was in debris and rain gutters.

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Speaker 1: The added water to it, and they found that when

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Speaker 1: you add water to stuff that was just dried up

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Speaker 1: dust and a rain gutter, all of a sudden you

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Speaker 1: saw that there was a bunch of things that came

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Speaker 1: to life. And most of those things move around really

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Speaker 1: really fast, just starting about like, oh, it's over here,

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Speaker 1: let's go over there. I want to go over there.

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Speaker 1: They have like very short engine spans, right tartar grades

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Speaker 1: lumber about. They kind of fall and flip over a

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Speaker 1: lot as they're climbing over like pieces of dust and

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Speaker 1: other particles. Um. And they move much more slowly and

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Speaker 1: and I guess deliberately compared to their other microscopic friends

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Speaker 1: in the in the rain got or debris, so that's

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Speaker 1: where they got their name. Um. They have eight legs,

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Speaker 1: a little little short, little stubby legs right into their

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Speaker 1: rear legs are inverted right, so they're facing forward instead

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Speaker 1: of backward, and they face backwards. They face backwards instead

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Speaker 1: of forward. And all their legs have little claws at

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Speaker 1: the end right for climbing, for climbing, and the first

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Speaker 1: three pairs of legs are used for swimming. The back

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Speaker 1: are you're used for climbing only in rudder work the

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Speaker 1: front with battle and they steer with the rear they

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Speaker 1: make dream hands. Uh. And what are they climbing over? Well,

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Speaker 1: it depends. You can find them all over the place, um,

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Speaker 1: but mainly if they're on dry land, they're they're living

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Speaker 1: in moss, fallen leaves, um, stuff that you would find

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Speaker 1: in a gutter lichen. Yeah, yeah, things that typically um

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Speaker 1: have moisture in them because water bears tartar grades UM

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Speaker 1: survive when they're surrounded by moisture. Right when they're amid moisture, freshwater,

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Speaker 1: salt water doesn't matter, No, it doesn't inventil the kind

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Speaker 1: of course. Right. So there they apparently originated in the

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Speaker 1: sea because the species of tartar grades that are marine

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Speaker 1: based are the least evolved, I guess you'd put it. Then, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you've got freshwater ones, and then you've got ones that

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Speaker 1: are terrestrial that you can find on land, and those

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Speaker 1: are the ones that live in lichens and moss and

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Speaker 1: stuff like that. Um, and all of them again are

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Speaker 1: part of this branch of the family tree that's its

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Speaker 1: own phylum. Tarta grata is a phylum. And this article

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Speaker 1: makes the point that, um, if you look at humans,

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Speaker 1: where where we share a phylum Cordata with like snakes

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Speaker 1: and um, every other vertebrate on Earth. Right, these guys

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Speaker 1: have their own file there, in their own club. They

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Speaker 1: really are. So that says two things. That they're a

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Speaker 1: very ancient line and that there's a ton of them,

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Speaker 1: a lot of them. Yeah. And there are there's water

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Speaker 1: bears everywhere. Yeah, and we mentioned that they're animals. And

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Speaker 1: if you look at a picture, it's probably from them all.

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Speaker 1: Not probably, it's definitely from a microscope. And so you

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Speaker 1: know you think that again like it's just some sort

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Speaker 1: of bacteria or something, um, but it's not. It is

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Speaker 1: an animal. It has a brain as a nervous system,

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Speaker 1: It has a little stomach and little tiny intestines, has

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Speaker 1: a little tiny anus, little tiny esophagus, and uh, they

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Speaker 1: don't have heart and lungs or veins. Because I was

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Speaker 1: gonna say open source, they are open uh hemail, as

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Speaker 1: the lady on the internet said, which means that gas

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Speaker 1: exchange and nutrient exchange happens because every cell in the

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Speaker 1: tartar grades body is touching the the interior body cavity.

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Speaker 1: So as food and air goes through the mouth and

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Speaker 1: out his tiny venus, right, Um, those nutrients and those

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Speaker 1: gases get to get passed into the cells that get

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Speaker 1: pass that that it passes by. Yeah, it's like a

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Speaker 1: studio apartment. It's actually extremely efficient. Sure. So they're about

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Speaker 1: a thousand species or more of tartar grades um. Six

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Speaker 1: hundred or so on land, about three hundred marine and

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Speaker 1: about a hundred in the fresh water. Um. They lay eggs,

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Speaker 1: some of them have sex, some of them don't. Some

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Speaker 1: of them self fertilize. Yeah, that's pretty interesting stuff. Else,

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Speaker 1: they eat the fluids of plants or they some of

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Speaker 1: them are carnivores. Yeah, the fluids of animals. There's always

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Speaker 1: got to be fluid. Yeah, they have like a piercing

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Speaker 1: mouth part. I believe that can pierce cell wall and

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Speaker 1: just suck the fluids and proteins and stuff out of

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Speaker 1: a cell. And depending on the species that cell, maybe

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Speaker 1: plant based, or it may be animal based, including other

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Speaker 1: tartar grades, which is decidedly less cute cannibalism. Sure so,

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Speaker 1: if you're sitting there right now and you're thinking, I

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Speaker 1: don't see how this rivals and octopus, these are just tiny,

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Speaker 1: little maybe kind of cute, but tiny little animals. What's

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Speaker 1: the big whoop? Uh? Right after this break, we'll tell

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Speaker 1: you what the big wholp is. All Right, we're back

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Speaker 1: with the big whoop about tartar grades. Despite the size

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Speaker 1: of these things, how big were they? Again? Uh? In

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Speaker 1: a if you look at a magazine article, they're about

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Speaker 1: half the size of a period at the end of

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Speaker 1: a sentence. That's a what's a magazine? No? No, that's true,

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Speaker 1: you say that, but it's true. That's a good way

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Speaker 1: to put it though. So they're that tiny, and they

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Speaker 1: are one of the toughest, most resilient creatures on the

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Speaker 1: planet Earth. Period they're probably the most resilient animal or

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Speaker 1: organism on Earth. Amazing. All right, let's talk about it.

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Speaker 1: Let's talk about temperature. Yeah, they like it that like

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Speaker 1: seventy degrees and nothing else. Right, So, well, what's weird

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Speaker 1: is there's this longstanding tradition and biology of trying to

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Speaker 1: kill tartar grades under really not so conditions. Let's see

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Speaker 1: what these little guy can take. Basically, I'm not quite

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Speaker 1: sure how it started, but somebody figured out um fairly

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Speaker 1: fairly early on that they could withstand amazingly cold temperatures. Right,

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Speaker 1: so we're talking like down to basically absolute zero, a

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Speaker 1: couple just a couple of degrees above absolute zero. And

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Speaker 1: to understand how crazy that anything could survive at absolute zero.

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Speaker 1: That's where like atomic movement based ceases, because absolute zero

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Speaker 1: there's no movement of atoms or molecules any longer, right,

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Speaker 1: because that's what he does. Heat energies the movement of

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Speaker 1: atoms and molecules, so cold, by contrast, is the cessation

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Speaker 1: or the lesser movement of atoms. Right, we're talking negative

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Speaker 1: to seventy two celsius negative fahrenheit. So targe grades have

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Speaker 1: been kept at that temperature for twenty hours and then

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Speaker 1: thought out and they said that's what you got. You

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Speaker 1: got a tickto this is great. I think I fell

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Speaker 1: the fly on my shoulder. Uh yeah, seemingly unharmed. Um.

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Speaker 1: They put them on ice uh at negative two hundred

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Speaker 1: celsius and not absolute zero, but they've iced them down

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Speaker 1: for years in a row, thought them out. They were

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Speaker 1: right back to normal. Amazing. Then on the other side,

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Speaker 1: they've exposed them to extraordinarily hot temperatures like a hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty degrees celsius and um, we should say so

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Speaker 1: the fact that they're surviving that's like, wow, fifty degrees celsius.

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Speaker 1: That's hot. Absolute zero, that's cold. The reason why it's

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Speaker 1: so incredibly just mind boggling that Tarte grades can survive

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Speaker 1: this and still be animals is that they appear to

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Speaker 1: be the only life that can survive these conditions. The

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Speaker 1: reason why is if you freeze and your multicellular your

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Speaker 1: cells are liable to freeze themselves, and there's gonna be

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Speaker 1: all sorts of cellular damage when the ice crystals form

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Speaker 1: in your cells, they're gonna rupture yourselves because ice expands

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Speaker 1: when it freezes. Right. It's also less to yes, we

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Speaker 1: did a frostbite frost. So the fact that they can

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Speaker 1: come back to life after being exposed to these really

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Speaker 1: cold temperatures means that they've got something going on that's

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Speaker 1: keeping their cells from rupturing. Science has no idea why.

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Speaker 1: On the other hand, with heat, tremendous heat. When you

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Speaker 1: are you expose a cell to a hundred and fifty

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Speaker 1: egrees celsius, which is above the boiling point of water,

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Speaker 1: right you are, your proteins are gonna unfold and pool

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Speaker 1: and coagulate and be totally useless. So you can't come

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Speaker 1: back to life because all of the processes and the

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Speaker 1: building blocks of life are useless in your body, and

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Speaker 1: you would have to start from scratch, which is tough

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Speaker 1: to catch up to when you're trying to to come

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Speaker 1: back alive from being exposed to high temperatures. Tarte grades

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Speaker 1: do it all right. So they flash freeze them, They

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Speaker 1: freeze them for years, They boil them, they try and

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Speaker 1: smash them to the tune of fifty eight hundred pounds

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Speaker 1: per square inch of pressure. And the Tartar grade was like,

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Speaker 1: bring it, yeah, no problem. And we're talking about pressures

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Speaker 1: that are six times greater than the greatest pressures found

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Speaker 1: anywhere on Earth. And they withstand it. Uh, they blasted them.

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Speaker 1: They tried to suffocate them. They prepped tiny little hands

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Speaker 1: around their throat. They put on tiny black gloves first

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Speaker 1: so they didn't leave any of it. Now, they tried

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Speaker 1: to suffocate him with carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide,

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Speaker 1: nitrogen UM. They've shot them with gamma raise what the

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Speaker 1: X rays. Yeah, they found there was a French study

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Speaker 1: that found that um. It took five hundred and seventy

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Speaker 1: thousand room Gin's I think that's how you say it

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Speaker 1: to kill fifty of the tartar grades in a sample

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Speaker 1: but still lived. And that's five hundred and seventy thousand.

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Speaker 1: It takes five hundred to kill a human, but it

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Speaker 1: took five hundred and seventy thousand to kill half, just

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Speaker 1: half of the tartar grades in a sample. Yeah, they

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Speaker 1: shot them up into space and I think about half

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Speaker 1: of those lived, right, So they literally, like he said,

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Speaker 1: they're trying to come up with newer and more creative

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Speaker 1: ways to kill these things. And the tartar grades take

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Speaker 1: all comers basically. And there they have a couple of mechanisms. Again,

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Speaker 1: science is trying to figure out one how their cells

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Speaker 1: keep from freezing in a way that they would rupture

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Speaker 1: or how their proteins keep from unfolding. But like that

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Speaker 1: kind of radiation exposure should do all sorts of horrible things.

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Speaker 1: You should go listen to our radiation sickness episode. That

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Speaker 1: was a good one, But it should do all sorts

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Speaker 1: of horrible things, like break up the n A. But

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Speaker 1: apparently they have some sort of mechanism to prevent this

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Speaker 1: from happening, right while they have a mechanism to stitch

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Speaker 1: it back together. And apparently they also produce a protein

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Speaker 1: called de s up that UH acts as a shield

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Speaker 1: that wraps itself around DNA and and basically shields the

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Speaker 1: DNA from radiation exposure to begin with. So um, they

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Speaker 1: have all these these natural processes, but they also have

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Speaker 1: passive processes as well that that include basically like going

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Speaker 1: into a state of suspended animation depending on the conditions. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there are two things called um uh an oxybiosis and cryptobiosis.

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Speaker 1: Those are two of the three states where these things live. Um.

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Speaker 1: The other one is just the active state, which is

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Speaker 1: just a regular living normal charter grade. That's where they're

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Speaker 1: doing all their daily life basically, which I don't think

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Speaker 1: we mentioned. You know, there's not a lot to that part. No,

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Speaker 1: And apparently researchers are like, we have no idea what

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Speaker 1: role they play in ecosis. Yeah, that's kind of what

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Speaker 1: I was wondering, Like, they're indestructible. They're gonna be the

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Speaker 1: only thing left maybe after our nuclear annihilation or global

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Speaker 1: warming has wiped us off the face of the earth. Uh,

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Speaker 1: but why nobody knows? Who knows? Maybe they're going to

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Speaker 1: grow up and be big boys one day. Well No,

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Speaker 1: that's a really great question though, because if you think

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Speaker 1: about it, you're like, why would these things be able

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Speaker 1: to withstand pressure six times greater than what's present on Earth,

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Speaker 1: or radiation like you would never find on Earth, or

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Speaker 1: temperatures like you would never doesn't make any sense until

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Speaker 1: you stop and think, like, there doesn't have to be

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Speaker 1: a reason. It could just be that they have strategies

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Speaker 1: that they used to defend themselves against certain conditions on

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Speaker 1: Earth that are just just totally unrelatedly, also happened to

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Speaker 1: cover these other conditions that we humans try to launch

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Speaker 1: them into that a tartar grade would never would never

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Speaker 1: evolve to take on. But they can still withstand it.

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Speaker 1: Like you asked the tartar grade and They're like, We're

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Speaker 1: just trying to survive dude, right, Like, why you have

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Speaker 1: to lay a purpose on it? What's with your hangups?

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Speaker 1: So the first one I mentioned, the an oxybiosis set

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Speaker 1: s whim. If you like starve them of oxygen, they

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Speaker 1: will puff up, uh in a little ball and stay

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Speaker 1: that way. Basically, Yeah, I guess they lose their ability

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Speaker 1: to um regulate fluid transmission in and out of their cells,

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Speaker 1: and fluid rushes in and they puff up and they

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Speaker 1: can stay that way I think for a few days,

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Speaker 1: and then after that they die. But not bad. A

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Speaker 1: few days of being completely saturated with water not bad. Uh.

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Speaker 1: The other one that's really amazing though, is a cryptobiosis.

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Speaker 1: So uh, we said that they do need this water. Um.

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Speaker 1: If they doesn't mean they have to live in the water,

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Speaker 1: but they need water. Um. But if this water eventually

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Speaker 1: goes away and you dry them up, they pull in

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Speaker 1: their feet, they pull in their head, and they basically

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Speaker 1: stop metabolizing. They go into this weird state of suspended

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Speaker 1: animation where they say, all right, I'm I'm basically you

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Speaker 1: think I'm dead. By all accounts, I look like I

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Speaker 1: would be dead, but I'm not and it's called a

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Speaker 1: ton state to you in yeah, or tune. I think

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Speaker 1: it might be tuned because it was it's short for

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Speaker 1: um tune conform. It's got a it's a German word

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Speaker 1: with an oom lot over the oh. So wouldn't it

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Speaker 1: be a two? Well, it's like turn trench in form,

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Speaker 1: tune in form. But I'm gonna call it a ton state.

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Speaker 1: Uh Okay, So this this ton state or tuned state,

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Speaker 1: that's how I'm going to say it. Uh. Their metabolism

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Speaker 1: solows down to like point zero five percent of its

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Speaker 1: normal rate. Right. And there was a researcher in the

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Speaker 1: forties in Italy who said that she revived a sample

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Speaker 1: of tartar grades from a sample of dry moss that

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Speaker 1: had been collected like a hundred and twenty years before. Well,

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Speaker 1: apparently no one's ever recreated that one, but they have

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Speaker 1: found that a tartar grade can survive in this teen

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Speaker 1: state for at least thirty two years. Some Japanese researchers

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Speaker 1: took moss that was collected from Antarctica in three and

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Speaker 1: in two thousand and fifteen, they opened up the sample

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Speaker 1: and where they rehydrated it, and they found that some

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Speaker 1: tartar grades came alive. It's almost like it freeze, dries

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Speaker 1: itself and just needs to have, you know, add water.

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Speaker 1: And they're like, all right, what what happened over the

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Speaker 1: last thirty years? Right exactly? This president The thing is, though,

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Speaker 1: is if something dries out, it loses it's of its water,

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Speaker 1: it's moisture from its body. I think, Okay, if something

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Speaker 1: drives out like that, like your DNA needs water to

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Speaker 1: If DNA stays dry, it starts to deteriorate pretty quickly.

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Speaker 1: So again, nothing is supposed to be able to survive

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Speaker 1: thirty years of that state, right. Um, So this has

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Speaker 1: just got researchers puzzled as well, like how are they

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Speaker 1: doing this kind of thing? Apparently they have um proteins

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Speaker 1: that helped stitch DNA back together, So I guess they

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Speaker 1: start to come out of the tune state and one

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Speaker 1: of the first things they do is stitch back this

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Speaker 1: their d n A they get up the little sew machine. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well there's this one dude, and we'll take a break

335
00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:16,200
Speaker 1: and talk about his a seeming obsession, uh with these

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00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:39,920
Speaker 1: little fellows right after this. Alright, so if you want

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00:21:40,119 --> 00:21:43,040
Speaker 1: to know everything, you want, need to know about a

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Speaker 1: charter grade, you should sit down and have coffee with

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Speaker 1: unc Chapel Hill Coatar. Heels uh with this? Is he

340
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Speaker 1: a professor? He's just he's a prof Thomas Boothby. This

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00:21:58,640 --> 00:22:02,480
Speaker 1: dude seems like he go to like every article I

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Speaker 1: read featured him as the main uh Interviewee. Well, he

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Speaker 1: likes to talk tartar grade. He does. He has a

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Speaker 1: button that he wears all the time. Said, asked me

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Speaker 1: about tartar grade. People like what, Uh so, Yeah, I don't,

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Speaker 1: I don't. I'm sure it's not an obsession. But he

347
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Speaker 1: is stricken with him as I am. And Um, he's

348
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Speaker 1: trying to figure out like how and why they're able

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Speaker 1: to do all these amazing things. Um, probably more on

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Speaker 1: the how than the why. He's why. He seems to

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Speaker 1: do a lot of I don't know. He leaves that

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Speaker 1: to the philosophy professors. Yeah, exactly so what Thomas Boothby

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Speaker 1: made his name not in the way that he would

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Speaker 1: necessarily like when he was leading a team I think

355
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Speaker 1: in two thousand fourteen, maybe maybe two fift that that

356
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Speaker 1: did a genetic scan of a species of water bears

357
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Speaker 1: and found some really surprising results, Right, they found that

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Speaker 1: something like seventeen percent and change of genes in the

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00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:15,240
Speaker 1: water bears were associated with other things like fungi, bacteria, viruses,

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Speaker 1: that they had all these DNA stitched up with theirs,

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Speaker 1: and that the the assumption was that that was how

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Speaker 1: the Tarte grades were able to do all these amazing

363
00:23:26,119 --> 00:23:28,800
Speaker 1: things and survive in all these ways because they were

364
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Speaker 1: borrowing talents and traits and characteristics of unicellular life and

365
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Speaker 1: non living life like viruses, and that that's how they

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Speaker 1: were able to to survive these extreme conditions. Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: it's uh, the kind of ended up being a watch.

368
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Speaker 1: Like he got really excited and thought, oh my gosh,

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Speaker 1: they've got all this stuff, but it turns out they

370
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Speaker 1: were just contaminated through poor experimentation. They they assumed that

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Speaker 1: there was lateral gene transfer that was going on. It

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Speaker 1: turns out that yeah, they had a contaminated sample. And

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Speaker 1: hats off to Thomas S. Boothby because he's not like, Okay,

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna go hide for the next decade like he's

375
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,360
Speaker 1: he was like, Hey, it happens. It's science, man. We've

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Speaker 1: gotten increasingly sophisticated machines and the increasingly sophisticated machines found

377
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Speaker 1: that our sample is contaminated. Let's get back to work.

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Speaker 1: So the Japanese researchers that follow up on a different

379
00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:28,520
Speaker 1: type of tarted grade one of the hardiest around um

380
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Speaker 1: Resuma tourists pantasma. Basically, I was hoping that's what it was,

381
00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:42,040
Speaker 1: but it was like ramas odious, very natus. Here it

382
00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:46,120
Speaker 1: comes this, uh, and that's one of the hardiest of all.

383
00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:49,800
Speaker 1: It's a land species. Um, the land are much more hardier.

384
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Speaker 1: I think we already said that, right, And well there's

385
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Speaker 1: your why, Chuck that one of the reasons why these

386
00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:59,720
Speaker 1: the land um species have have evolved is because they

387
00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,960
Speaker 1: have too They don't have these stable conditions that the

388
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:07,040
Speaker 1: marine and aquatic ones do. Right. Yeah, So, um, they

389
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Speaker 1: tested the res ramas odious are very an odous species,

390
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:16,000
Speaker 1: and they found that they had about one percent of

391
00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:20,600
Speaker 1: foreign genes involved in them, which is about normal because

392
00:25:20,640 --> 00:25:23,800
Speaker 1: lateral gene transfer can happen at that rate. It's just

393
00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:27,640
Speaker 1: sort of average. All right. So, like you said, he

394
00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:30,400
Speaker 1: held us head high and said, all right, no big deal.

395
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:32,560
Speaker 1: We're going to continue to search for the reasons why

396
00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:35,480
Speaker 1: these little dudes are so hardy. One of the things

397
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:39,240
Speaker 1: that they found that was pretty unique is um ice

398
00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:41,320
Speaker 1: is a big deal. And we talked a little bit

399
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,280
Speaker 1: a few minutes ago harkening back to the frost bite

400
00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:47,679
Speaker 1: where ice crystals form inside a cell, tearing apart that DNA.

401
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,600
Speaker 1: And there are some animals that make an anti fee

402
00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:55,000
Speaker 1: freeze like protein like fish. Some fish do that to

403
00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:57,520
Speaker 1: keep it from freezing. And they thought, well, maybe the

404
00:25:57,560 --> 00:25:59,919
Speaker 1: chart grade is doing that, and they don't think it is.

405
00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:03,679
Speaker 1: They think it can just handle it basically a right, like,

406
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:06,800
Speaker 1: maybe it's just freezing the outside of the cells and

407
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,880
Speaker 1: not the inside like some weird mechanism they don't understand.

408
00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:12,600
Speaker 1: But it's definitely not producing in any freeze like some

409
00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,320
Speaker 1: of these fish are. It's just like, bring bring it on,

410
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,159
Speaker 1: little ice. I can take it. I can take that problem.

411
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:22,120
Speaker 1: And again with radiation exposure they have they've they've been

412
00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:25,120
Speaker 1: found to have proteins that shield DNA and the ability

413
00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:29,440
Speaker 1: to stitch DNA back together. Right, Yeah, so you got

414
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:33,760
Speaker 1: that covered. Yeah, And I think you alluded to it earlier. Um,

415
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,359
Speaker 1: it may not be the case of the Tartar grade

416
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:40,000
Speaker 1: has all these different things to survive these environments, but

417
00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:43,439
Speaker 1: maybe two or three little tricks that are just you

418
00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:47,040
Speaker 1: can apply to different ways of survival. So it's not

419
00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:52,040
Speaker 1: like they're evolving to go fly through space colonize new plants.

420
00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:54,800
Speaker 1: That's a question that a lot of people come up

421
00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:56,920
Speaker 1: with once they learn about tartar grades, is like, well,

422
00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,040
Speaker 1: wait a minute, are these things like aliens? Did they

423
00:26:59,080 --> 00:27:02,199
Speaker 1: come on an ast roid and basically gets spread like

424
00:27:02,320 --> 00:27:06,959
Speaker 1: seed here on Earth? Um, they could survive space, some

425
00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:10,639
Speaker 1: of them could conceivably, but um, they would burn up

426
00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:14,360
Speaker 1: on re entry, so probably not. So were they on

427
00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:17,880
Speaker 1: on the back of an asteroid, they would, Yeah, they'd

428
00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:20,560
Speaker 1: burn up because fire apparently can kill a charter grade

429
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,480
Speaker 1: I guess. Yeah. And those space experiments, they were inside

430
00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,760
Speaker 1: the satellite, inside the capsule, protected from re entry until

431
00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:31,480
Speaker 1: they were out in space, and then they were exposed

432
00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:34,720
Speaker 1: to solar radiation and then they were put back in

433
00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:38,080
Speaker 1: the capsule and brought back to Earth and sound. Yeah. So,

434
00:27:38,160 --> 00:27:40,720
Speaker 1: like the thing he found in common was with the

435
00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:44,400
Speaker 1: heat and the cold, the common length there is an

436
00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:47,880
Speaker 1: ability to repair DNA, and so maybe that's the sort

437
00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:52,280
Speaker 1: of common denominator here. They're just good at it, and

438
00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:53,800
Speaker 1: they're good at it because they have to be or

439
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: else they wouldn't be around. Yeah, they were forced into it. Yeah,

440
00:27:58,720 --> 00:28:02,159
Speaker 1: it's a pretty nihilistic you. I like it. There is

441
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:05,000
Speaker 1: another thing that stood out to me. I just love

442
00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:09,120
Speaker 1: so um. At the pressures they can withstand, the fatty

443
00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:14,040
Speaker 1: membranes of their cells should be as solid as cold butter,

444
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:19,040
Speaker 1: and again should stop functioning at those pressures, or should

445
00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:24,320
Speaker 1: kill them. They bounce back solid as cold butter. Yeah,

446
00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:27,480
Speaker 1: I mean think about it. Like, normally, fatty membranes that

447
00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:31,200
Speaker 1: make up cells, they're basically in a liquid state cold butter.

448
00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:34,280
Speaker 1: That's not good for cellular function. Yeah. It's also not

449
00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:36,159
Speaker 1: good when they give it to you at a restaurant,

450
00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:38,480
Speaker 1: I know, to put on the bread. You know the

451
00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:41,280
Speaker 1: key to that stick it under your arm. Well, I

452
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:44,520
Speaker 1: just hold it in my hands, and you want you're

453
00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:46,360
Speaker 1: gonna want to get greedy and try to do two

454
00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:49,680
Speaker 1: it once, don't. It slows it down more than it

455
00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:52,800
Speaker 1: longer than it takes to do two separately. And then

456
00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:54,600
Speaker 1: you got butter on your hands. No, No, I mean

457
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:58,240
Speaker 1: you get the little foil rap kind. Oh I'm talking

458
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:01,120
Speaker 1: about I served you a dish with cold you leave. Yeah,

459
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:04,480
Speaker 1: I'm talking about like a you know, a real restaurant

460
00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:06,800
Speaker 1: that just has butter in a dish. That's That's what

461
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:09,120
Speaker 1: I'm saying. You leave that restaurant. That's not a real

462
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:13,040
Speaker 1: restaurant if somebody, somebody's not paying attention to detail or

463
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:16,320
Speaker 1: even the worst or the little cold butter balls that

464
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:19,560
Speaker 1: they've scooped, and it's just took that in your cheek

465
00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:24,480
Speaker 1: and it's not spreadable. It's useless. Yeah, it just rolls

466
00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:26,640
Speaker 1: around when you try to put it in a nerf gun.

467
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:29,600
Speaker 1: I never heard, man, have you seen those things lately?

468
00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:32,040
Speaker 1: By the way, I was watching the kid's chair on

469
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:35,120
Speaker 1: the other day and try not to get to like

470
00:29:36,480 --> 00:29:40,160
Speaker 1: hysterical about stuff. But the nerf guns these days, they're

471
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 1: they're like assault weapons. I guess I do. Like so

472
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:48,800
Speaker 1: it doesn't count, Yeah, I know, but it's I don't know.

473
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:52,640
Speaker 1: It's clearly made me think, like, huh, well, they're clearly

474
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:56,400
Speaker 1: indoctrinating young children as young as possible. You like this

475
00:29:56,440 --> 00:30:01,800
Speaker 1: nerve gun, you're gonna love anyway? Uh Wow, that took

476
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:03,600
Speaker 1: a weird turn at the end, Yeah, didn't it. If

477
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,080
Speaker 1: you want to know more about tarte grades or guns,

478
00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:08,200
Speaker 1: you can type those words into the search part how

479
00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:10,880
Speaker 1: stuff works dot com and since I said, whatever, it's

480
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 1: time for listener mail, I'm gonna call this Aaron Sorkin rebuttal.

481
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,720
Speaker 1: This from Mark Frost. Hey, guys, had a comment to

482
00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:24,440
Speaker 1: about Chuck's professed dislike of Aaron Sorkin. Was that you

483
00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:27,040
Speaker 1: I thought that was me? That was me? Did you?

484
00:30:27,360 --> 00:30:30,720
Speaker 1: Did you gang up? Yeah? Okay? My wife and I

485
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:32,640
Speaker 1: are definitely fans, But I want to put a different

486
00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:34,920
Speaker 1: perspective out there for you to consider. I don't think

487
00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:38,280
Speaker 1: anyone is supposed to consider his writing to be conversational.

488
00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:41,840
Speaker 1: I would kind of liken it to a musical or

489
00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,840
Speaker 1: the place of Shakespeare, and he says, I'm not equating

490
00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:48,760
Speaker 1: Shakespeare with Sorkin. Musicals aren't how people talk. Shakespeare was

491
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:52,560
Speaker 1: definitely not representing how people talk. Back then, uh, for

492
00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:56,160
Speaker 1: Willie the Sheik, it was a poetic language filled with

493
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:59,120
Speaker 1: metaphors that turns a lot of people off even today.

494
00:30:59,480 --> 00:31:01,920
Speaker 1: But like with musicals, it's a stylized way of showing

495
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:05,360
Speaker 1: what people are feeling and thinking. Realizing that, yes, people

496
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:07,360
Speaker 1: don't talk that way actually makes me enjoy it more.

497
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,000
Speaker 1: In some ways, it makes things more compact, and that

498
00:31:11,120 --> 00:31:14,040
Speaker 1: it can express feelings ideas more quickly. We can often

499
00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:17,720
Speaker 1: do so with more do so more entertainingly. Uh as

500
00:31:17,760 --> 00:31:19,680
Speaker 1: the people are way more quick witted than you would

501
00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:22,480
Speaker 1: be in real life. But suspending your disbelief makes it

502
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:24,760
Speaker 1: enjoyable for me, at least. I think that's the problem

503
00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:29,320
Speaker 1: I have with it. It it prevents me from suspending disbelief. Yeah,

504
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,440
Speaker 1: me too. I definitely like to Steve Jobs movie, which

505
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:35,120
Speaker 1: we both liked. Right. You liked it, okay, I did.

506
00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:39,080
Speaker 1: I actually liked how clearly artificial the construction of it was.

507
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:41,360
Speaker 1: It seemed very much like a play in several acts.

508
00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,560
Speaker 1: I agree with you there, sir. I did not feel

509
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:45,520
Speaker 1: like anything that was attempting to show real events or

510
00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:48,480
Speaker 1: real sequences, but rather to condense a lot of what

511
00:31:48,560 --> 00:31:52,720
Speaker 1: happened during periods of his life into specific scenes. I

512
00:31:53,040 --> 00:31:55,640
Speaker 1: agree with all that. Then those scenes packed in the

513
00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:59,360
Speaker 1: drama emotions from the time they had. Uh. We also

514
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:05,480
Speaker 1: just finished news Room, News news Room, and love that anyway.

515
00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:08,480
Speaker 1: People are always up in their own opinions, um, and

516
00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:11,080
Speaker 1: I tend to agree with most of your film thoughts,

517
00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:14,520
Speaker 1: just not this one. I love both your show and

518
00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:18,280
Speaker 1: you guys will continue to do so. That is Mark Frost.

519
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:23,440
Speaker 1: Thanks Mark. That was very well well written, well thought out. Thanks. Yeah,

520
00:32:23,480 --> 00:32:26,240
Speaker 1: I get it. People love Aaron Sarkin. Yeah, I love

521
00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:28,640
Speaker 1: all that West Wing and stuff like that. Have you

522
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:32,720
Speaker 1: seen The Night Manager? No? What is that man? Where

523
00:32:32,720 --> 00:32:36,920
Speaker 1: do they hear about that? Everywhere? The John Lacarre adaptation

524
00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:45,600
Speaker 1: with m oh Dr House and uh, actually it's really good.

525
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,280
Speaker 1: Is it a movie? It's like a sixth part mini series.

526
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:51,600
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I like this. It's very good. Check it out.

527
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:54,320
Speaker 1: You will like it a lot. Promise. All right, that's

528
00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:57,520
Speaker 1: got Josh is guaranteed. You also said it like Soyland.

529
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:01,680
Speaker 1: I didn't say that, did I? Okay, I'm just kidding.

530
00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:03,640
Speaker 1: You thought you were making me think I was losing

531
00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:05,920
Speaker 1: my mind. If you want to get in touch with

532
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:07,640
Speaker 1: Chuck and me, you can tweet to us s Y

533
00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:10,480
Speaker 1: s K podcast or Josh I'm Clark, Facebook us at

534
00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:13,360
Speaker 1: Charles W. Chuck Bryant, or Stuff you Should Know, Send

535
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:15,720
Speaker 1: us an emails the Stuff podcast at how stuff Works

536
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:17,440
Speaker 1: dot com. Hit us up at her home on the

537
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:24,400
Speaker 1: web Stuff you Should Know dot com for more on

538
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:26,960
Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff

539
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:38,120
Speaker 1: Works dot com