1 00:00:03,440 --> 00:00:12,080 Speaker 1: This is an I heart original. William Chaloner was raving. 2 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:16,759 Speaker 1: His face was slick with sweat, his eyes were rolling. 3 00:00:17,440 --> 00:00:20,320 Speaker 1: He ripped off his clothes, literally tore them to pieces, 4 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:24,119 Speaker 1: and ran stark naked around the ward At midnight, the 5 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: warder's managed to catch and find him hand and foot, 6 00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 1: and confine him to his bed, where he was now 7 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: being taunted by the devil himself, crouched in the corner 8 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: of his cell, laughing and hissing at it. Don't don't 9 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,800 Speaker 1: let him take me. I pray you good, sir, please? 10 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:52,000 Speaker 1: Or was he the sinews of his roguedy, money being 11 00:00:52,040 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 1: gone to and his pretended services all blasted, he had 12 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: little hopes left, and, being of a very cowardly nature, 13 00:01:01,480 --> 00:01:04,840 Speaker 1: the apprehension of what he might come to struck him 14 00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:08,040 Speaker 1: into a fit of sickness, and wrought so strong upon 15 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:12,640 Speaker 1: his brain that he was sometimes delirious, in which fits 16 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:16,039 Speaker 1: he was continually raving that the devil was come for him. 17 00:01:16,120 --> 00:01:21,440 Speaker 1: In such frightful whimsies these intervals of lunacy, he endeavored 18 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:23,920 Speaker 1: to improve to a height sufficient to put off his 19 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:32,800 Speaker 1: approaching trial, counterfeiting the madman as well he could. Chowner 20 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 1: could have been faking it. After all, Faking it was 21 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,959 Speaker 1: something that he was very, very good at, but he 22 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:42,920 Speaker 1: also might not have been. When Chowner had arrived at 23 00:01:42,959 --> 00:01:45,920 Speaker 1: Newgate in October of the previous year, he was confident 24 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:48,240 Speaker 1: that he could figure a way out of this jam. 25 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:51,880 Speaker 1: But Chowner didn't know what he was up against. When 26 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,280 Speaker 1: he arrived there, he made very light of the matter, 27 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 1: bragging he had a trick left yet, But when he 28 00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:00,639 Speaker 1: heard how many witnesses came in against him, he began 29 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:07,600 Speaker 1: to droop. Challenger had by now spent months in Newgate, filthy, 30 00:02:07,840 --> 00:02:12,799 Speaker 1: disgusting Newgate, and without the money that had bullied him 31 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:18,800 Speaker 1: through his last into Newgate, things were bleak. It was winter, 32 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:22,920 Speaker 1: cold and wet, and the walls wet with damp. He 33 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:26,639 Speaker 1: slept on straw covering a bare board. He couldn't afford 34 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:30,440 Speaker 1: to send out for nicer or even palatable food, and 35 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:34,160 Speaker 1: he was drinking the filthy, disease riddled water that everyone 36 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:38,720 Speaker 1: else was. And in that time he'd seen his hopes 37 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:42,720 Speaker 1: extinguished one after the other, until all he was left 38 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:47,440 Speaker 1: with was the dark fact of his impending death. It 39 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 1: was enough to send someone mad, but in all honesty, 40 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: it didn't matter whether Challenger was really suffering a mental 41 00:02:55,360 --> 00:02:58,480 Speaker 1: health episode. It's not like there's an insanity plea in 42 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:02,440 Speaker 1: the seventeenth century. For one thing and for another time 43 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:10,720 Speaker 1: for William Challoner was running out, but alas all would 44 00:03:10,760 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 1: not do, the sessions came in which his long concealed 45 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:19,320 Speaker 1: villainies were to be laid open to the world, and justice, 46 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 1: which often had attempted as had often been baffled by him, 47 00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:27,400 Speaker 1: was now ready with her iron hands to break in 48 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:34,200 Speaker 1: two pieces for I Heart Radio, I'm Linda Rodriguez mccrabie, 49 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 1: and this is Newton's Law. Episode eight, our final episode 50 00:03:42,200 --> 00:04:31,719 Speaker 1: cashed out You're Act one Chaloner's defense. While Chaloner wasted 51 00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: away in Newgate, Isaac Newton was busy. Challenger's trial would 52 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:40,520 Speaker 1: take place at the next sessions, although when exactly that 53 00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: would be was uncertain, but Newton needed the time to 54 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:48,560 Speaker 1: make sure that his case against Challenger was rock solid. 55 00:04:49,720 --> 00:04:53,839 Speaker 1: Newton spent the first few months of deep in the 56 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:57,880 Speaker 1: Challenger case, collecting the depositions of scores of witnesses who 57 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:01,960 Speaker 1: could testify that they had seemed Challenger plying as terrible 58 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:06,599 Speaker 1: craft and crucially, Newton made sure that these witnesses weren't 59 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,200 Speaker 1: going to do a runner or get cold feet when 60 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,960 Speaker 1: the sessions came around. Tom Levinson, author of Newton and 61 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,240 Speaker 1: the Counterfeiter, One of the things I think Newton learns 62 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 1: from this first defeat is that he has to arrest 63 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:23,920 Speaker 1: and confine the people who have the goods on Challenger 64 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 1: and offer them, you know, whatever it takes to get 65 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,000 Speaker 1: them to tell the story he wanted to hear about 66 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:32,880 Speaker 1: Challenger and not let him get away. You get to 67 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:37,480 Speaker 1: a position where challengers techniques could could influence them. Newton's 68 00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:40,720 Speaker 1: principal informant was Thomas Carter, the man who had been 69 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:44,359 Speaker 1: in with Challenger on the mult ticket scam. Carter knew 70 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: that giving the warden all the information he could was 71 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:49,960 Speaker 1: his only chance of making it out of Newgate alive. 72 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:53,599 Speaker 1: That all his hopes lay in giving Newton everything he 73 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:58,520 Speaker 1: needed to hang Challenger. I can produce another to justify 74 00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,640 Speaker 1: besides myself, and I believe I can produce some of 75 00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: his work all this which he has said, I can 76 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:08,320 Speaker 1: bring good witness to justify it. I humbly lay myself 77 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:11,039 Speaker 1: at your honest fate, hoping your honest favor as I 78 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:15,360 Speaker 1: shall endeavor to deserve it. Carter became Newton's man on 79 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:19,240 Speaker 1: the inside, and he connected Newton with a bunch of informants. 80 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:23,240 Speaker 1: And one of the things Newton did was put informants 81 00:06:23,279 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 1: and spies basically next to Chaloner in the cells. And 82 00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:28,960 Speaker 1: Chaloner was clever enough to know that this was likely 83 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:32,280 Speaker 1: to happen, so he basically disdained the first couple that 84 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: Newton put in and and sort of diagnosed them as 85 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:39,320 Speaker 1: potential spies. But Newton just kept putting people in, and 86 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: finally Chaloner actually began to speak more openly to one 87 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:48,240 Speaker 1: of Newton's agents, John Ignacious Lawson, was a former doctor 88 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:52,320 Speaker 1: turned coiner who was desperate to be abuse. Lawson told 89 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:54,840 Speaker 1: Newton that he was starving and that since he had 90 00:06:54,839 --> 00:06:57,919 Speaker 1: been locked up, some of his past confederates had stolen 91 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:00,520 Speaker 1: all of his money and property and are of one 92 00:07:00,520 --> 00:07:03,440 Speaker 1: of his children to death and sent the rest of begging. 93 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:08,479 Speaker 1: Lawson was the perfect spy. He and Chaloner had never 94 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,800 Speaker 1: worked together, so that meant that Challenger wasn't worried that 95 00:07:11,920 --> 00:07:15,840 Speaker 1: Lawson could testify against him directly. Lawson was able to 96 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: get close to Challeoner, even sleeping in the same cell. 97 00:07:19,720 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 1: Lawson was later tried for coining in October, but he 98 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:28,720 Speaker 1: got off on a technicality a matter of jurisdiction or 99 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:31,880 Speaker 1: and this seems like it's more likely a matter of 100 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:37,520 Speaker 1: past usefulness. Lawson told Newton who Challenger was worried would 101 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: testify against him. Carter, of course, and his wife Catherine, 102 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:46,000 Speaker 1: and the Holloways, but also some new names. This gave 103 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:50,840 Speaker 1: Newton more people to find to testify against Challenger. Lawson 104 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:53,440 Speaker 1: was also the one who told Newton that Challenger was 105 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:58,760 Speaker 1: quote feigning madness in order to delay his trial. William Chandoner, 106 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:01,400 Speaker 1: being my chamber mate, owned to me that when the 107 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:04,240 Speaker 1: sessions came, and if he found himself in danger, he 108 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: would pretend himself sick. Challoner obviously didn't know that Lawson 109 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:13,720 Speaker 1: was telling Newton everything, but even if he had, there 110 00:08:13,760 --> 00:08:16,840 Speaker 1: was probably little he could have done to save himself. 111 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:19,840 Speaker 1: He didn't even really know what he was being charged with, 112 00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: and he had little idea of who else beyond Thomas 113 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: Carter and Thomas Holloway. Isaac Newton might be bringing his witness. 114 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,120 Speaker 1: Like most people awaiting trial at Newgate, Challoner would have 115 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: been conducting his own defense. At this time, people accused 116 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: of most crimes were not permitted a defense lawyer. The 117 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:41,920 Speaker 1: only exception was in cases of high treason, which technically 118 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 1: counterfeiting was this was to curb abuse of the charge 119 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 1: by the sovereign, but counterfeiting wasn't that type of high treason. Evidently, 120 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: so coiners and clippers still didn't get defense lawyers. So 121 00:08:54,040 --> 00:09:02,040 Speaker 1: Chaloner was grasping at straws. Channer wrote to Secretary of 122 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:04,880 Speaker 1: State James Vernon and too Newton to claim that the 123 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: whole malt ticket scam was Carter's plot to ensnare Chander 124 00:09:09,559 --> 00:09:14,760 Speaker 1: in some quote mischief. What's more, Carter, he said, was 125 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:18,520 Speaker 1: nothing more than a rogue and a criminal. For I 126 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 1: have such a man to be evidence against me that 127 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:24,200 Speaker 1: will not stick at anything, to swear to get his 128 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:28,760 Speaker 1: own liberty. He was once taken for coining and stealing 129 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 1: horses and put him warrick gail. He has been six 130 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:35,680 Speaker 1: times in the pillory in London and one in the 131 00:09:35,760 --> 00:09:41,800 Speaker 1: country for forgery and perjury. He robbed his master and 132 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:45,520 Speaker 1: was put in the counter and got out in woman's clothes. 133 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:50,000 Speaker 1: He has gone by several names. He has been in 134 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:55,480 Speaker 1: most gails in England. I discovered and convicted him of 135 00:09:55,559 --> 00:09:59,520 Speaker 1: forgery but he got out of jail, so I know 136 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:03,920 Speaker 1: he will do me all the hurt he can. Challenger 137 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: tried to appeal directly to Newton, the man he saw 138 00:10:07,679 --> 00:10:11,000 Speaker 1: as both the author of all of his sufferings and 139 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: the only person who could end them. I beg you 140 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: will not continue your displeasure against me, for I have 141 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:26,199 Speaker 1: suffered very much. I wholly throw myself upon your great goodness. 142 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:32,760 Speaker 1: I m, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant. His 143 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:37,400 Speaker 1: letters to Newton were increasingly desperate, increasingly willing to give 144 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:42,760 Speaker 1: up whatever he could to save himself. Sir, in obedience 145 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:46,199 Speaker 1: to your worship, I will give you the best account 146 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: I can remember. God shall be glad to do any 147 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,200 Speaker 1: service to the government that is in my power. If 148 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 1: I intended to have anything to do in counterfeiting of 149 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,360 Speaker 1: mult tickets, then I des God all my team. I 150 00:11:01,520 --> 00:11:06,400 Speaker 1: never received my soul. I have been guilty of no 151 00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:10,280 Speaker 1: crime these six years. If he ever said that he 152 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:15,000 Speaker 1: could engrave plates and make coin, well that was jest. 153 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 1: It was a joke. That whole thing in front of Parliament, 154 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 1: accusing the Mint of corruption. He'd been forced to testify honest, 155 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:26,079 Speaker 1: and this whole mult ticket scam. This was obviously worked 156 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:28,360 Speaker 1: up by that David Davis to get money out of 157 00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:33,280 Speaker 1: the government. Oh, for God's sake, do not for suspicions 158 00:11:33,320 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: and suggestions seem real truth. And so let me go 159 00:11:37,559 --> 00:11:42,040 Speaker 1: murthered out of the world. Oh, let your great goodness 160 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: be known to the world by being merciful to me. 161 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:51,840 Speaker 1: Chalder's mental state was clearly deteriorating by the time he 162 00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 1: wrote to Justice Raylton, the local magistrates supervising the case. 163 00:11:55,920 --> 00:11:59,560 Speaker 1: He said, I am so very ill, I cannot hold 164 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:07,600 Speaker 1: my Newton of course, never responded to any of Challenger's letters. 165 00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:10,920 Speaker 1: Why would he. He had all that he needed. The 166 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:15,200 Speaker 1: rope wound from the testimonies of so many people was 167 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:20,000 Speaker 1: around Challenger's neck already, It just needed a good tightening. 168 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:31,400 Speaker 1: On March one, the Grand Jury met at the guild Hall, 169 00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:33,840 Speaker 1: the sort of city hall for the city of London. 170 00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:37,240 Speaker 1: This was a hearing to determine whether the indictments against 171 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: Challengers should go ahead and to give Challenger a chance 172 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 1: to plead. He might have been surprised to learn then 173 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:48,480 Speaker 1: and there that he was being charged with three counts 174 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:52,560 Speaker 1: of counterfeiting offenses dating back seven years and not as 175 00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:57,160 Speaker 1: he thought the Malt lottery ticket scam. At first he 176 00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 1: refused to speak a last ditch effort to lay his trial, 177 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:04,800 Speaker 1: then he claimed he had been mad these last three weeks, 178 00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:09,920 Speaker 1: to which a worthy justice on the bench made answer 179 00:13:10,280 --> 00:13:13,880 Speaker 1: that to his knowledge, he had been so for as 180 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:19,880 Speaker 1: many years. Challenger eventually pleaded not guilty. His trial took 181 00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: place just a few hours later, this time at the 182 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 1: Old Bailey, the open air courtroom attached to Newgate. The 183 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:31,760 Speaker 1: judge south Field Level was infamously ruthless and corrupt, and 184 00:13:31,880 --> 00:13:35,320 Speaker 1: was no believer in innocent until proven guilty, which, to 185 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:38,040 Speaker 1: be fair, wasn't really a thing back then. From the 186 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:42,520 Speaker 1: moment Challenger was described as notorious by the judge, he 187 00:13:42,640 --> 00:13:45,040 Speaker 1: must have known things were not going to go well. 188 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:49,520 Speaker 1: He was put upon his trial, wherein there were a 189 00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: whole cloud of witnesses against him. Also, William Chalon told 190 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:59,720 Speaker 1: me that he intended as more late offenses. Once swore 191 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:02,920 Speaker 1: that she had seen him make some thousand pistols, and 192 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: I told him he would come to be hanged for 193 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:07,400 Speaker 1: it as price. One another that she had seen him 194 00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 1: do the like by guineas Helena would give Thomas Twin 195 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:14,000 Speaker 1: that he knew him to have made abundance of money 196 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,200 Speaker 1: of all sorts. I could be saved something very bright 197 00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:22,080 Speaker 1: lined before him, which look a plate. In short, the 198 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:25,520 Speaker 1: evidence was very plain and positive to all which he 199 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: made but an indifferent defense, but was very saucy in 200 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 1: the court, affronting mister record a diverse times. Challoner's trial 201 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,520 Speaker 1: probably didn't last more than half an hour. We know 202 00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: that he would have had only his own word to 203 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:51,720 Speaker 1: defend himself. That he would have stood at the bar, 204 00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:54,680 Speaker 1: the cold march air at his back, facing the judge 205 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:58,000 Speaker 1: and jury on a raised platform in front of him. 206 00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:01,200 Speaker 1: But he would have stood as whit nous after witness. 207 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: Some people he'd once have called friends would place the 208 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:08,560 Speaker 1: dies and the molds in his hands where the pewter 209 00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:13,000 Speaker 1: shillings or the gilded guineas, and they would say they 210 00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:19,400 Speaker 1: saw him do it. He was innocent. He said he 211 00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:28,960 Speaker 1: was set up. The court did not agree. Act two. 212 00:15:29,760 --> 00:15:41,360 Speaker 1: The end, Challoner didn't take his sentencing well. All those 213 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 1: times he had slipped through the iron fingers of justice, 214 00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:49,880 Speaker 1: he probably couldn't believe that this was it. After his condemnation, 215 00:15:50,120 --> 00:15:54,760 Speaker 1: he was continually crying out. He struggled and flunked about 216 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: for life like a whale struck with a harping iron, 217 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:01,160 Speaker 1: so that the warrant for his exit ution being signed, 218 00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: he was amongst the number appointed to die. When that 219 00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,920 Speaker 1: fatal story reached his ears, he bellowed and ruled worse 220 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:16,240 Speaker 1: than an Irish woman at a funeral. Nothing but murder, murder, 221 00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:21,800 Speaker 1: murder was to be heard from him. Nothing could be 222 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:24,880 Speaker 1: thought on to make him take that patiently which he 223 00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:29,960 Speaker 1: must embrace, whether he would or no. And indeed a 224 00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: man who makes new conscience in his life may well 225 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:46,760 Speaker 1: tremble at the approaches of death. Newton received one last 226 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:51,600 Speaker 1: desperate letter from Chaloner just two days before his execution. 227 00:16:56,640 --> 00:17:00,920 Speaker 1: Oh dear sir, nobody can say of me but you. 228 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,520 Speaker 1: Chaloner had crossed Isaac Newton. He had insulted him, He 229 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:08,520 Speaker 1: had insulted the crown. Oh God, my god, I shall 230 00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:12,960 Speaker 1: be murdered unless you saved me. Newton rarely forgave, and 231 00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:16,119 Speaker 1: he damn sure I didn't forget. Oh I hope God 232 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,440 Speaker 1: will move your heart with mercy and pity to do 233 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:25,399 Speaker 1: this thing for me. Newton never wrote back. You're near murdered, 234 00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: humble servant, w Challoner. The night before Chaloner was strung 235 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: up on the tyburn tree. The sexton of St. Sepulchro 236 00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:50,000 Speaker 1: Without Newgate, the church just outside Newgate's walls, ring a 237 00:17:50,080 --> 00:17:52,800 Speaker 1: handbell under his window and the windows of the others 238 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:55,840 Speaker 1: faded to die the next day. As he rang the bell, 239 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:59,520 Speaker 1: he repeated the same poem that hundreds of other condemned 240 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:03,359 Speaker 1: people had heard before this night. All you that in 241 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:08,200 Speaker 1: the condemned hold, do lie, prepare you for to morrow 242 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:13,520 Speaker 1: you shall die. Watch all and pray. The hour is 243 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:20,600 Speaker 1: drawing near that you before the Almighty must appear. Examine 244 00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:25,600 Speaker 1: well yourself and time repent that you may not to 245 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:33,200 Speaker 1: eternal flames be set. And when Saint Sepica's bell tomorrow tones, 246 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:45,200 Speaker 1: the Lord above have mercy on your soul. Chaloner probably 247 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:48,959 Speaker 1: didn't sleep. At noon the next day the morning bells 248 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:52,520 Speaker 1: of St. Sepulchro Raine, Chaloner was ushered into the Condemned 249 00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:56,240 Speaker 1: room at Newgate, where his iron shackles were removed and 250 00:18:56,520 --> 00:19:02,240 Speaker 1: hands bound the simple rope. He was in haggard, probably 251 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 1: coughing and undoubtedly itching with lice. Shortly afternoon, Jowner left 252 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:10,720 Speaker 1: Newgate Prison for the last time. He was bundled into 253 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,240 Speaker 1: an open sled dragged by a horse, open so that 254 00:19:14,400 --> 00:19:18,720 Speaker 1: everyone could see him and shame him. The procession paused 255 00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:23,160 Speaker 1: at Saint Seppel. First, the vicar was obligated to once 256 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: again remind them and everyone else watching that they were 257 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 1: about to die. All good people, pray heartily unto God 258 00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:38,200 Speaker 1: for these poor sinners who are now going to their death, 259 00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:43,159 Speaker 1: for whom this great bell doth toe. You that are 260 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:49,199 Speaker 1: condemned to die, repent with lamentable tears, Ask mercy of 261 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:54,359 Speaker 1: the Lord for the salvation of your own souls. Lord, 262 00:19:54,480 --> 00:20:04,080 Speaker 1: have mercy upon you, Christ, have mercy upon you. This 263 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:08,480 Speaker 1: was the atmosphere that the authorities wanted, This solemnity, this 264 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: quaking terror, this public shame. This was what was supposed 265 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,919 Speaker 1: to keep other people from attempting the same crimes. What 266 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:22,920 Speaker 1: they got, however, was often more like a carnival. As 267 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:26,240 Speaker 1: Chaloner and his fellow condemned made their way through the 268 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: city to the Tyburn Tree, people lined the streets and 269 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,960 Speaker 1: hung from the windows. Some people threw things at the 270 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: passing procession, although what they threw depended on the crime. 271 00:20:38,119 --> 00:20:41,240 Speaker 1: When they convicted, were well liked, women blew kisses, and 272 00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:44,640 Speaker 1: according to one contemporary writer, many of the condemned were 273 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:47,320 Speaker 1: quote on good terms with the mom and jokes were 274 00:20:47,359 --> 00:20:49,760 Speaker 1: exchanged between the men who were going to be hanged 275 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:53,560 Speaker 1: and the men who deserved to be pickpockets and thieves 276 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:57,560 Speaker 1: bide their trade throughout the crowds, even as the example 277 00:20:57,640 --> 00:20:59,720 Speaker 1: of what could happen to them if they were caught 278 00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: processed a pact. He's going to use bush gold MESA challenger, however, 279 00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:12,640 Speaker 1: was probably not catching kisses or joking. Counterfeiters were often 280 00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:16,600 Speaker 1: among the most reviled of criminals. People hated them for 281 00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:20,480 Speaker 1: making life difficult for everyone else and for undermining trust 282 00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 1: in the currency and the economy. He'd have been cursed 283 00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: at hit with mud and rotten food or worse. Though 284 00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:35,440 Speaker 1: the Tyburn Tree was less than three miles from Newgate, 285 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,600 Speaker 1: it took the procession more than two hours to reach it, 286 00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:41,959 Speaker 1: owing to the crowds and to that final stop at 287 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:50,160 Speaker 1: the pub nearest the tree for one last point, Hey hey, 288 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:57,680 Speaker 1: hey game. An even larger crowd awaited the notorious Challenger 289 00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:01,160 Speaker 1: when he arrived at the tree. Luckiest were those who 290 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:05,840 Speaker 1: rented pews and benches nearest the scaffold. Everyone else had 291 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:09,119 Speaker 1: to stand on tiptoe to witness the hanging. The Tiber 292 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:13,240 Speaker 1: and Triple tree, three horizontal beams eighteen feet in the air, 293 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:17,520 Speaker 1: was capable of executing twenty four prisoners all at once, 294 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,119 Speaker 1: but it rarely had so many that you deserve you 295 00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:25,359 Speaker 1: black hearted filling. It's unknown how many others were executed 296 00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:29,080 Speaker 1: the day Challenger was, although he wasn't alone. When the 297 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:32,080 Speaker 1: moment came. The Challenger stood before the tree and the 298 00:22:32,119 --> 00:22:40,680 Speaker 1: crowd's hands bound, still proclaiming his innocence. Kill them longer, 299 00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: I am innocent, Lord, to have mercy upon you, Christ, 300 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:50,240 Speaker 1: have mercy upon you murdered, but perjury. I need justice 301 00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: and pretense of law. And by the warden of the 302 00:22:54,720 --> 00:23:01,200 Speaker 1: mint himself, you know that Challenger didn't get away with it, 303 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:04,639 Speaker 1: and you know already that Isaac Newton wasn't there to 304 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:10,199 Speaker 1: watch him, haye, but that anonymous biographer was. Within weeks 305 00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:13,480 Speaker 1: of Challenger's execution, the pamphlet was printed and being sold 306 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:17,240 Speaker 1: on the same streets which Chaloner had only lately sold 307 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:23,919 Speaker 1: his counterfeit coins. It concluded, thus lived and thus died, 308 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:27,080 Speaker 1: A man who had he squared his talent by the 309 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:31,080 Speaker 1: rules of justice and integrity, might have been useful to 310 00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:35,399 Speaker 1: the Commonwealth. But as he followed only the Dictates of 311 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:51,119 Speaker 1: Vice was as a rotten member cut off epilogue money 312 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:59,960 Speaker 1: for nothing. So can I get points of London Pride please, 313 00:24:01,119 --> 00:24:03,920 Speaker 1: and I will come over here and pay with my 314 00:24:05,560 --> 00:24:19,200 Speaker 1: Apple pet. Yeah, okay, I put my past code in here. 315 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:26,720 Speaker 1: There we go, just like magic, wonderful. Thank you so 316 00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:31,719 Speaker 1: so much. Okay. So I am just bought my point 317 00:24:31,920 --> 00:24:35,760 Speaker 1: at the Devereaux, which is a very historic pub in 318 00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:41,000 Speaker 1: central London. Um. This used to be the Grecian coffee House, 319 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,960 Speaker 1: which was where Isaac Newton, Samuel Peeps so many other 320 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:50,679 Speaker 1: people would come um to chat about royal society stuff. 321 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 1: So I'm also sitting in the Isaac Newton booth, and 322 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,399 Speaker 1: I've got a great picture here of Isaac Newton on 323 00:24:56,440 --> 00:25:00,280 Speaker 1: the wall. We've got some some paintings of him and 324 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:04,960 Speaker 1: his telescope. This is definitely a place that's dedicated to Newton. 325 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:09,200 Speaker 1: Here at this pub, there aren't newspapers on the table. 326 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: There's pamphlets, mostly because everybody's reading stuff on their phone. 327 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:16,200 Speaker 1: And the thing that I just paid with this digital 328 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,280 Speaker 1: representation of the money in my bank account, that would 329 00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:24,000 Speaker 1: just be bonkers to the seventeenth century coffee lever or pubgoer. 330 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:27,560 Speaker 1: But that's all the stuff on the surface, because lots 331 00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:35,240 Speaker 1: of other things haven't changed. Those questions about money, about 332 00:25:35,280 --> 00:25:38,359 Speaker 1: the kinds of things that could be money, whether it's 333 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:41,879 Speaker 1: bits of hand hammered metal with the King's head on them, 334 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:46,679 Speaker 1: or paper or lotto tickets, those ideas coalesced into the 335 00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,440 Speaker 1: utterly bizarre fact that I can use my phone to 336 00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 1: pay for my points or my dishes of coffee. Can 337 00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:57,080 Speaker 1: you tell that that was like my first time doing it, 338 00:25:57,119 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 1: because now I genuinely don't know what my actual waldy 339 00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:04,680 Speaker 1: exists for anyway, A big theme of this podcast has 340 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:08,080 Speaker 1: been that money is only valuable because we all agree, 341 00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:12,679 Speaker 1: all believe that it has value. We thought gold and 342 00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:16,159 Speaker 1: silver had value, then it does, so it made sense 343 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:20,040 Speaker 1: to use that as a medium of exchange. Then we 344 00:26:20,119 --> 00:26:22,359 Speaker 1: believe that the word of the government was actually enough. 345 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:26,240 Speaker 1: In three FDR took the US off the gold standard, 346 00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:29,840 Speaker 1: two years after Britain had already done the same. But 347 00:26:29,920 --> 00:26:33,159 Speaker 1: the fact that US money is backed not by a 348 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:36,920 Speaker 1: random precious metal, but by a governmental guarantee that's what's 349 00:26:36,920 --> 00:26:39,879 Speaker 1: called fiat currency, is part of the reason that people 350 00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:44,920 Speaker 1: have recently been talking about a trillion dollar coin, a 351 00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,639 Speaker 1: one trillion dollar coin, a gazillion dollar debt limit, removing 352 00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:52,280 Speaker 1: Congress from the equation. Those are among democrats proposed solutions 353 00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:55,960 Speaker 1: to the debt ceiling standoff. The idea is that the 354 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:58,880 Speaker 1: US is once again about to hit its debt ceiling. 355 00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:01,800 Speaker 1: Now remember the national debt thing we invented back in 356 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:05,880 Speaker 1: episode two, and by we I mean English Parliament. Anyway, 357 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:08,560 Speaker 1: the US reaching its debt ceiling the amount of money 358 00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:11,119 Speaker 1: that it's allowed to borrow to keep the lights on. 359 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:17,840 Speaker 1: This happens a bit. The conflict happens when Congress refuses 360 00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:22,399 Speaker 1: to raise the debt ceiling. Then government shutdown ensues. But 361 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:28,400 Speaker 1: the Treasury Secretary can theoretically solve that. Janet Yellen could 362 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: bypass Congress an issue a single one trillion dollar coin 363 00:27:33,080 --> 00:27:36,080 Speaker 1: made from platinum. She would then deposit it in the 364 00:27:36,119 --> 00:27:39,080 Speaker 1: Federal Reserve just like it's a real account, and thus 365 00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: provide the country with enough money to pay its bills, 366 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:47,439 Speaker 1: no more borrowing necessary. As an one coin that is 367 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: worth more than the GDPs of Greece, Colombia, Poland a 368 00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:56,560 Speaker 1: whole bunch of other countries, a coin that is essentially performing, 369 00:27:56,920 --> 00:28:02,560 Speaker 1: albeit legally the same trick that Challenge did making money 370 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: from nothing. As of this recording, Yellen hasn't and the 371 00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:12,000 Speaker 1: Biden administration very probably won't meant that coin, although the 372 00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:17,359 Speaker 1: deadlock in Congress is certainly making this idea more appealing now. 373 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:20,200 Speaker 1: Another reason that we're talking about the trillion dollar coin, 374 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:23,920 Speaker 1: beyond the marre fact that because of the currency it's possible, 375 00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:27,639 Speaker 1: is that other thing that was becoming important in Newton's time, 376 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: mass media. The trillion dollar coin idea was floated by 377 00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,760 Speaker 1: the White House privately back in two thousand and eleven, 378 00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:37,240 Speaker 1: but it wouldn't really be a thing now if it 379 00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:41,480 Speaker 1: hadn't been given air on multiple platforms. Paul Krugman, in 380 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:44,840 Speaker 1: an opinion for The New York Times Bloomberg Podcasts, declaring 381 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:48,880 Speaker 1: it's not a joke hashtag meant the coin, among many others, 382 00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,920 Speaker 1: that these kinds of debates about monetary policy shouldn't just 383 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:57,160 Speaker 1: happen amongst the bunch of old, rich white dudes who 384 00:28:57,160 --> 00:29:01,920 Speaker 1: make the policy most definitely has it's antecedents and pamphlets 385 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:05,960 Speaker 1: like Peter Bondo's humble suggestions to the Money Here's the 386 00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:08,360 Speaker 1: money coin with the m O canal to be made 387 00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,960 Speaker 1: exactly a long and William Chaloner's proposals to fix the 388 00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:16,320 Speaker 1: coins now England have been more grieved with clipton counterfeit money. 389 00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:22,280 Speaker 1: So yeah, more oxygen for good ideas and boo, more 390 00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:27,280 Speaker 1: oxygen for bad ones. So this trillion dollar coin is 391 00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 1: it a good idea or a bad idea? Janet Yellen 392 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,280 Speaker 1: certainly thinks it's a bad idea. She said so. And 393 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:37,960 Speaker 1: if your entire currency is based on trust, magic ng 394 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:41,320 Speaker 1: money out of literally nothing doesn't do much to shore 395 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,880 Speaker 1: up that trust. It doesn't help the inflation situation, and 396 00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:49,600 Speaker 1: it also rather uncomfortably blurs the lines between monetary policy, 397 00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:53,840 Speaker 1: which is meant to be independent of politics, and fiscal policy, 398 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:57,600 Speaker 1: which is laid out by elected politicians. On the other hand, 399 00:29:58,080 --> 00:30:00,920 Speaker 1: if anyone wants to get that old counterfeit forged fired up, 400 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:08,960 Speaker 1: now is the time. All this talk about trust and 401 00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:13,440 Speaker 1: made up coins and national debt has me thinking, what 402 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:17,720 Speaker 1: if you don't want to trust the government anymore? Could 403 00:30:17,760 --> 00:30:20,840 Speaker 1: something else be money even if it's not backed by 404 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: that governmental guarantee. How about a bunch of code? How 405 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:34,480 Speaker 1: about cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrencies are exciting because they're decentralized not tied 406 00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:36,800 Speaker 1: to or controlled by a government or a central bank. 407 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:41,000 Speaker 1: The first cryptocurrencies started appearing in the mid nine es, 408 00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:43,760 Speaker 1: but e cashed had a hard time getting off the 409 00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,760 Speaker 1: ground because you can be all, this is money, trust 410 00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:50,680 Speaker 1: us people, but people won't unless they have a compelling 411 00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:54,960 Speaker 1: reason to. And then came Bitcoin, which solved one of 412 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:59,880 Speaker 1: the main problems of digital currency, making it trustable face. 413 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:04,000 Speaker 1: Bitcoin uses blockchain, which is a huge chain linked database 414 00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:08,320 Speaker 1: that acts as a ledger of transactions proof of value. Notably, 415 00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:10,400 Speaker 1: blockchain can be used for any data really, not just 416 00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:14,440 Speaker 1: financial services. The database is maintained by many different people, 417 00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:18,400 Speaker 1: so there's no central agency that monitors or controls it. 418 00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:25,440 Speaker 1: And it's open, transparent, immutable, but it's not completely bulletproof. 419 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:30,520 Speaker 1: As WILLIAMS. Chaloner recognized back in stur Si, a big 420 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,880 Speaker 1: seismic change in the landscape of really important stuff like 421 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:37,480 Speaker 1: money is also going to throw up new opportunities for 422 00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:43,160 Speaker 1: exploiting that landscape. Tom Levinson and when you do something 423 00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,320 Speaker 1: new in the world of finance, some people will understand 424 00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:50,560 Speaker 1: it better than others. Unscrupulous people who understand it well 425 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:54,360 Speaker 1: will take advantage of those others. When it's something really new, 426 00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:57,360 Speaker 1: and interesting. Um. Not even the people who think they 427 00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,680 Speaker 1: know with the best you know, will grasp all the assibilities, 428 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:05,840 Speaker 1: including the negative possibilities, the unintended consequences. And that's something 429 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:10,200 Speaker 1: that recurs over and over again. Challenger forged bank notes 430 00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: and lottery tickets because these were new, weird, untried things 431 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:19,640 Speaker 1: and he could, and some modern day challengers are basically 432 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:24,480 Speaker 1: doing the same thing. Consider the story of one Coin. 433 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:30,360 Speaker 1: Back in one Coin was going to be bigger than Bitcoin. 434 00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:34,120 Speaker 1: Founder Ruga Ignatova, from the stage at Wembley Arena in 435 00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:38,560 Speaker 1: North London to thousands of hyped up investors, promised that 436 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: it would be. This network was created to become and 437 00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:48,240 Speaker 1: to fuel the growth of one coin, which I strongly 438 00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:54,920 Speaker 1: believe will be the number one cryptocurrency worldwide. What one 439 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:59,920 Speaker 1: coin actually was was a massive multi level marketing scan 440 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:04,600 Speaker 1: them better known as a Ponzi scheme. One coin didn't 441 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:08,240 Speaker 1: have what Bitcoin did, a blockchain, and without it, the 442 00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:12,440 Speaker 1: numbers the quote value of those one coins were meaningless. 443 00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:15,280 Speaker 1: One coin itself could say it was worth whatever they 444 00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:17,720 Speaker 1: wanted it to be. Now, no one knew this, though, 445 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:21,520 Speaker 1: so people invested in it. Lots of people Exactly how 446 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:23,760 Speaker 1: much money one Coin took in It's hard to say. 447 00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:27,080 Speaker 1: Some reports say four billion euros. Authors put it as 448 00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:31,880 Speaker 1: high as fifteen billion euros. This was money from regular people, 449 00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:34,560 Speaker 1: people who thought they were making a wise investment in 450 00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:39,560 Speaker 1: an up and coming market. On October two, thousand seventeen, 451 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:44,200 Speaker 1: doctor Rugia Ignatova boarded a flight from Sophia, Bulgaria to Athens, 452 00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: and that was the last anyone saw or heard of 453 00:33:49,440 --> 00:33:54,120 Speaker 1: her or the billions of euros she stole. Again. Kaig 454 00:33:54,160 --> 00:33:58,360 Speaker 1: Natova more or less got away with it. Where is 455 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:03,480 Speaker 1: Isaac Newton when you need him him? All? Right? Well, 456 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:08,239 Speaker 1: Newton might have sniffed out this kind of fraud or 457 00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:11,279 Speaker 1: he might have gotten caught up in it, just like 458 00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,359 Speaker 1: he did back in seventeen twenty. So what made one 459 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,200 Speaker 1: Coin plausible, what made people think it was real, is 460 00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:20,000 Speaker 1: because the idea of making a lot of money very 461 00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:24,520 Speaker 1: quickly is always appealing, but also because of the financial 462 00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:29,480 Speaker 1: instruments that were emerging in Newton's time. And Newton may 463 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:33,440 Speaker 1: have really understood the principles of things like representational money 464 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:37,840 Speaker 1: and speculation, but that didn't stop him from getting burned 465 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:42,000 Speaker 1: and what would be called the south Sea Bubble, so 466 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:45,759 Speaker 1: a bubble is when an asset or commodity suddenly spikes 467 00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:49,120 Speaker 1: in value far above its quote real value. That's the 468 00:34:49,239 --> 00:34:55,160 Speaker 1: bubble inflating, and then justice suddenly pops value plummeting. I 469 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:59,760 Speaker 1: think the dot com bubble or housing. Why bubbles happen 470 00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:02,719 Speaker 1: is a big part of behavioral economics, but suffice to 471 00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,080 Speaker 1: say they're hard to predict and even harder to ride out. 472 00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:10,719 Speaker 1: The south Sea Bubble did have approximate cause, however. In 473 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:13,960 Speaker 1: seventeen twenty, the House of Lords gave the south Sea Company, 474 00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,480 Speaker 1: a joint stock company, a monopoly on trade with South 475 00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:20,799 Speaker 1: America in exchange for seven million pounds to finance a 476 00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:25,440 Speaker 1: war with you guessed it, France. The money also went 477 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:27,799 Speaker 1: to underwrite the National Debt, that thing that had just 478 00:35:27,840 --> 00:35:30,440 Speaker 1: been created in sixteen ninety four with the Bank of England. 479 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:35,680 Speaker 1: Overnight shares in the south Sea Company exploded in value. 480 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,520 Speaker 1: I think, like the whole game stop situation, but Poland, 481 00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:42,560 Speaker 1: the national debt and a bunch of literal big wigs, 482 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:46,680 Speaker 1: and you've got the idea. Tom Levinson explains, the bubble 483 00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:51,200 Speaker 1: was just this huge social and cultural carnival for a while, 484 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:56,319 Speaker 1: and people went money and the fabulous cartoons and satirical 485 00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,560 Speaker 1: poems and nasty moralistic plays and all this the center 486 00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:05,080 Speaker 1: around this way. Greed and money mania took over England 487 00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:08,560 Speaker 1: at the time, but lots of people got snared in it. 488 00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:12,800 Speaker 1: The problem was the south Sea Company wasn't really doing 489 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:19,080 Speaker 1: any actual trading, and soon the bubble popped. The richest 490 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:21,800 Speaker 1: man in England, to Duke to Portland, lost his shirt 491 00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:25,680 Speaker 1: and ultimately his life to speculations in Sausia bubble. And 492 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:29,239 Speaker 1: to me, the most striking thing is that, you know, 493 00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:32,520 Speaker 1: the one person in Europe you could count on to 494 00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:37,840 Speaker 1: understand the underlying mathematics of the financial transaction being proposed 495 00:36:37,840 --> 00:36:41,319 Speaker 1: in Sausia bubble, person who really really knew, you know, 496 00:36:42,160 --> 00:36:45,400 Speaker 1: how to calculate that. Yeah, in fact, the things that 497 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:48,440 Speaker 1: were happening to south Sea stock were just unsustainable. That 498 00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:52,080 Speaker 1: man was Isaac Newton, and he lost a ton in 499 00:36:52,120 --> 00:36:55,160 Speaker 1: the bubble. He too got caught in the emotions of 500 00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: the moment and the desire for wealth in the most 501 00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:02,080 Speaker 1: in some ways personally humilia eating way. You know, he 502 00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:04,440 Speaker 1: had had investments in the south Sea Company from for 503 00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:08,640 Speaker 1: many years before and it made a good tidy, respectable 504 00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,279 Speaker 1: profit on it. And when the bubble started inflating in 505 00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:16,160 Speaker 1: UH in the spring of seventeen. He looked at his 506 00:37:16,239 --> 00:37:18,520 Speaker 1: growing profit and said, you know, I've made enough money 507 00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:22,680 Speaker 1: and sold well the share. But the bubble continued to 508 00:37:22,719 --> 00:37:25,120 Speaker 1: expand and it went to more than double the price 509 00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:28,799 Speaker 1: to be sold his shares. That and that apparently drove 510 00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:32,279 Speaker 1: Newton bunkers. So he went back in at the very 511 00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:35,200 Speaker 1: top of the market. And he kept buying for another 512 00:37:35,239 --> 00:37:38,399 Speaker 1: two months as the market hovered near its top. And 513 00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:41,120 Speaker 1: you know, his last purchase of South Seas shares was 514 00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:44,279 Speaker 1: like two weeks before the crash and uh and he 515 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,400 Speaker 1: lost tens of thousands of pounds, which is millions of 516 00:37:47,480 --> 00:37:52,040 Speaker 1: pounds in twenty one century money. Now, don't be too 517 00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:55,239 Speaker 1: sad for poor Newton. He wasn't left destitute. He still 518 00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:57,920 Speaker 1: had a very good gig with the Royal Mint, although 519 00:37:57,920 --> 00:38:03,160 Speaker 1: he was no longer the warden. Not long after Challenger's execution, 520 00:38:03,320 --> 00:38:07,600 Speaker 1: Thomas Neil, the useless master of the Mint, died. Newton, 521 00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,640 Speaker 1: who had basically done his job and more during the recoinage, 522 00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:16,400 Speaker 1: was offered the position he started on Christmas Day. No 523 00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:20,439 Speaker 1: more catching for him, although he probably didn't mind. Though 524 00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:24,480 Speaker 1: the two positions were on similar levels of authority and salary. 525 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,480 Speaker 1: The master also took a fee for every pound of 526 00:38:27,480 --> 00:38:31,040 Speaker 1: metal coined at the mint. Newton had done that for years, 527 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,640 Speaker 1: squirreling it away in besting some doing very well for himself, 528 00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:39,520 Speaker 1: but obviously losing his shirt was pretty irritating. He apparently 529 00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:42,440 Speaker 1: said to his niece, who he was very close to, 530 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,360 Speaker 1: and you know, I can predict the motions of the 531 00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:48,719 Speaker 1: heavenly bodies, but not the madness of crowds, madness of 532 00:38:48,719 --> 00:38:50,680 Speaker 1: the people. I think it's the word. And you know 533 00:38:50,719 --> 00:38:53,160 Speaker 1: what's funny about that quote is, of course he was 534 00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:55,520 Speaker 1: one of the people. He couldn't predict his own madness, 535 00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:58,400 Speaker 1: but that was what so galled him. He lost control. 536 00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:02,760 Speaker 1: You know, this famously tight le wound and regid personality 537 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:06,920 Speaker 1: lost his reasoning mind around money for a while. But 538 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:11,200 Speaker 1: the whole speculation thing, the money being made handover fist, 539 00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:16,560 Speaker 1: the growing economy that had some other attendant effects. Now 540 00:39:16,680 --> 00:39:20,200 Speaker 1: this isn't exactly causal or linear, but here's some of 541 00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:24,520 Speaker 1: what was happening. People, thanks to these exciting financial instruments, 542 00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:29,440 Speaker 1: had more money. More money meant quite literally more problems. 543 00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:32,600 Speaker 1: The more stuff and property people had, the more, they 544 00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:35,319 Speaker 1: wanted to protect it and others wanted to steal it. 545 00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:41,319 Speaker 1: In the years after Newton was running his operations, it 546 00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:44,200 Speaker 1: was clear that something more needed to be done to 547 00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:49,320 Speaker 1: deter crime, especially property crime. But as we've said over 548 00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:53,520 Speaker 1: and over, there was no agency charged with dealing with crime. 549 00:39:54,160 --> 00:39:57,440 Speaker 1: So what's the eighteenth century lawmaker to do in the 550 00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:01,400 Speaker 1: face of rising property crime? Lee Goal Historian Harry Potter 551 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:05,600 Speaker 1: explains that was when you really got the growth of 552 00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:14,040 Speaker 1: capital punishment being used routinely for minor property offenses. Because 553 00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:17,600 Speaker 1: John John Rotfron some sixteen nineties said that the sole 554 00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:21,719 Speaker 1: end of government is the preservation of property, and property 555 00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:26,880 Speaker 1: was undefended already a significant number of crimes were punishable 556 00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:30,239 Speaker 1: by death. Counterfeiting obviously one of them. But after the 557 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:34,600 Speaker 1: Waltham Black Act of seventeen twenty three, upwards of two 558 00:40:35,040 --> 00:40:41,800 Speaker 1: hundred offenses such a pickpocketing, shoplifting, arson attempting, arson poaching 559 00:40:42,640 --> 00:40:47,120 Speaker 1: all became capital offenses. But even with all those new 560 00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:51,200 Speaker 1: capital crimes, through the nineteenth century, counterfeiting was one of 561 00:40:51,239 --> 00:40:54,680 Speaker 1: the top reasons people were executed in England and Wales 562 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,560 Speaker 1: between eighteen o five and eighteen eighteen. One out of 563 00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:03,680 Speaker 1: every five executed criminals was a convicted forger or counterfeiter. 564 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:07,759 Speaker 1: That stature shot up to one out of three in 565 00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:12,360 Speaker 1: London and the adjoining Middlesex County. The act was repealed 566 00:41:12,360 --> 00:41:14,840 Speaker 1: about a century later, after it was clear that the 567 00:41:14,880 --> 00:41:18,960 Speaker 1: threat of death didn't actually do much to deter crime. Policeman, 568 00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:24,920 Speaker 1: on their hand, could be helpful, maybe maybe not. For 569 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:28,680 Speaker 1: all Isaac Newton's great work and stamping out counterfeit coins, 570 00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:32,320 Speaker 1: fake coin makers didn't just suddenly stop production because Isaac 571 00:41:32,320 --> 00:41:36,200 Speaker 1: Newton was on the case. Capital punishment didn't work. Policing 572 00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:40,080 Speaker 1: only sort of worked. Counterfeiting isn't called the second oldest 573 00:41:40,080 --> 00:41:45,879 Speaker 1: profession for nothing. Back in two thousand seventeen, we all 574 00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:48,759 Speaker 1: of us living in Britain, we're supposed to trade in 575 00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:52,760 Speaker 1: our old one pound coins. These coins had been around 576 00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:57,680 Speaker 1: since and they read around the edges decas at Taman, 577 00:41:58,360 --> 00:42:01,279 Speaker 1: But that decoration and a safe guard had evidently not 578 00:42:01,719 --> 00:42:04,800 Speaker 1: been enough. The reason we needed new coins was because, 579 00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:08,640 Speaker 1: according to an audit in two thousand fourteen, as much 580 00:42:08,680 --> 00:42:14,440 Speaker 1: as three of the coins in circulation were fakes. The 581 00:42:14,480 --> 00:42:17,440 Speaker 1: new twelve sided one pound coin is the most secure 582 00:42:17,480 --> 00:42:20,560 Speaker 1: coin in the world. It has a number of features 583 00:42:20,560 --> 00:42:23,719 Speaker 1: that make it much more difficult to counterfeit. It has 584 00:42:23,719 --> 00:42:27,000 Speaker 1: a bimetallic composition of two colors, with a gold color 585 00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:30,319 Speaker 1: nickel brass outer and a silver colored nickel plated inner. 586 00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:33,920 Speaker 1: It has a latent image on the front. The changes 587 00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:36,680 Speaker 1: from a pound symbol to the number one when the 588 00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:40,960 Speaker 1: coin is seen from different angles. The coins design reflects 589 00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:46,719 Speaker 1: United Kingdom's heritage and superb craftsmanship. The new high tech 590 00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:52,520 Speaker 1: coin was meant to be impossible to fake, except it wasn't. 591 00:42:53,320 --> 00:42:55,960 Speaker 1: Within a year of the coin's release, reports of fake 592 00:42:56,120 --> 00:43:00,640 Speaker 1: twelve sided coins began circulating. These figs were less detailed, 593 00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:03,879 Speaker 1: less precise than the real thing, but they did the trick. 594 00:43:03,920 --> 00:43:06,120 Speaker 1: It almost didn't matter if they were real or not, 595 00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:09,160 Speaker 1: as long as they were being traded. Now. There was 596 00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,560 Speaker 1: no warden of the Royal Mint at the time of 597 00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:14,520 Speaker 1: that recoinage. I don't know. Maybe if there had been, 598 00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:17,360 Speaker 1: I wouldn't still have a few worthless old pound coins 599 00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:20,919 Speaker 1: jangling and change cups. The job that Newton had done 600 00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:27,520 Speaker 1: so admirably was actually dissolved in eighty nine. Newton lived 601 00:43:27,560 --> 00:43:30,000 Speaker 1: in London and remained Master of the Mint until the 602 00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:33,520 Speaker 1: year he died. Seventy seven. He had been knighted by 603 00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:37,520 Speaker 1: Queen Anne back in seventeen o five, not surprisingly for 604 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:40,640 Speaker 1: his services to science or the Mint, but just because 605 00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:44,600 Speaker 1: of contemporary politics. By the way, that's why we didn't 606 00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,879 Speaker 1: refer to him as Sir Isaac, because he wasn't one yet. 607 00:43:48,920 --> 00:43:53,040 Speaker 1: He was buried at Westminster Abbey alongside kings and queens 608 00:43:53,080 --> 00:43:57,160 Speaker 1: and martyrs and heroes, the great and the good. Newton's 609 00:43:57,239 --> 00:44:01,600 Speaker 1: legacy as a scientist or that didn't actually exist until 610 00:44:01,640 --> 00:44:05,000 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty three, by the way, has far outshined his 611 00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:09,399 Speaker 1: legacy as the able administrator of the mentor even as 612 00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:14,000 Speaker 1: the bane of London's counterfeiting games. It's the scientist Newton 613 00:44:14,040 --> 00:44:18,719 Speaker 1: whose statue stands well hunches really in the courtyard of 614 00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:21,520 Speaker 1: the British Library, and whose portrait hangs in the Newton 615 00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:25,359 Speaker 1: Corner at the Devereaux Pub with his prisons and telescope 616 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,919 Speaker 1: and apple. It's that Newton who appeared on the one 617 00:44:28,920 --> 00:44:33,560 Speaker 1: pound note, in big curly wig atop his head, the 618 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:39,160 Speaker 1: Principia open on his lap. Currency acts as symbolic representation 619 00:44:39,760 --> 00:44:43,719 Speaker 1: not only of monetary value, but also social values. It 620 00:44:43,760 --> 00:44:46,719 Speaker 1: tells a story about the people who use it. That's 621 00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:49,719 Speaker 1: why we put pictures on it. Newton's portrait on the 622 00:44:49,719 --> 00:44:53,400 Speaker 1: one pound note, traded for pints of beer and dishes 623 00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:56,960 Speaker 1: of coffee stashed in purses and wallets dropped in the streets, 624 00:44:57,600 --> 00:45:01,919 Speaker 1: further cemented his legacy as a sign tist. In two 625 00:45:01,920 --> 00:45:06,319 Speaker 1: thousand seventeen, the Royal Mint commemorated Sir Isaac Newton's three 626 00:45:06,640 --> 00:45:10,800 Speaker 1: d and seventy fifth birthday with, of course, a coin, 627 00:45:11,239 --> 00:45:14,960 Speaker 1: and once again it was Newton the scientist, not Newton 628 00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:17,480 Speaker 1: the cop or Newton the master of the mint who 629 00:45:17,560 --> 00:45:21,640 Speaker 1: was represented. Now, I know you can't fit a life 630 00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:25,080 Speaker 1: on a coin, but still maybe a coin is a 631 00:45:25,120 --> 00:45:27,320 Speaker 1: fitting testament to a man who not only laid the 632 00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:30,760 Speaker 1: groundwork for how we understand our universe, but who also 633 00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:37,279 Speaker 1: rescued English money from clippers and coiners. The coin piece, 634 00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:40,879 Speaker 1: featuring a map of the solar system, was never circulated, 635 00:45:41,440 --> 00:45:43,399 Speaker 1: but you can still buy it on one of those 636 00:45:43,440 --> 00:45:48,400 Speaker 1: collector websites or eBay for well a lot more than 637 00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:56,080 Speaker 1: fifty bents. Just make sure it's the real deal. Newton's 638 00:45:56,160 --> 00:45:58,960 Speaker 1: Law is a production of I Heart Radio. It's written 639 00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:02,920 Speaker 1: and hosted by me Linda Rodriguez, mcrabbie. Our senior producer 640 00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:07,080 Speaker 1: is Ryan Murdoch. Our producer is Emily Marina. Our executive 641 00:46:07,080 --> 00:46:11,279 Speaker 1: producer is Jason English. Original music by Alee McCoy with 642 00:46:11,440 --> 00:46:15,239 Speaker 1: editing help from Mary Do, Sound design and mixing by 643 00:46:15,360 --> 00:46:20,160 Speaker 1: Jeremy Thall, Research and fact checking by me and Joscelyn Sears. 644 00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:24,160 Speaker 1: Our show logo is designed by Lucy Quintanilla. Big thanks 645 00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:28,480 Speaker 1: to our voice actors throughout the series, Keith Plumbing, Mark McDonald, 646 00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:32,960 Speaker 1: Robert Jack Paul Tinto, Ruthie Stevens, Emma Falcons and our 647 00:46:33,120 --> 00:46:39,800 Speaker 1: favorite street urchins Austin Rodriguez mcgraby and Edwin Rodriguez mcgraby. 648 00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:43,120 Speaker 1: I got the Pots as always special thanks to our 649 00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:47,239 Speaker 1: experts Chris Barker, Dr. Patricia farre, Tom Levinson, Joe ed 650 00:46:47,320 --> 00:46:51,120 Speaker 1: Raymond and Harry Potter. Special thanks to mangest Hate Cadur, 651 00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:56,239 Speaker 1: Fineflex Sound Studios and the Modern Royal Mint. If you 652 00:46:56,440 --> 00:47:00,440 Speaker 1: enjoyed Newton's Law, please leave us a rating and a comment. 653 00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:03,839 Speaker 1: You might also enjoy other I Heart originals such as 654 00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:09,160 Speaker 1: Black Cowboys and Operation Midnight. Climax. In our next I 655 00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:13,120 Speaker 1: Heard original series will transport you to the nineties. The 656 00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:17,719 Speaker 1: nineties nineties to find out what happened when the world's 657 00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:22,320 Speaker 1: biggest movie star took over a small town in Idaho. 658 00:47:22,760 --> 00:47:25,160 Speaker 1: Keep an eye out for Haleywood on the I Heart 659 00:47:25,239 --> 00:47:29,000 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you find your favorite shows. 660 00:47:29,560 --> 00:47:30,560 Speaker 1: And thanks for listening.