1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,960 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:07,400 Speaker 1: in history in this episode. They're both good, if I 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:11,920 Speaker 1: do say so myself. On with the show. Hello, Hello, everyone, 5 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:15,440 Speaker 1: Welcome to this day in History class, where we bring 6 00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:26,239 Speaker 1: you a new tidbit from history every day. The day 7 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:32,280 Speaker 1: was April six eight. Dread and Harriet Scott, an enslaved 8 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:35,720 Speaker 1: husband and wife in St. Louis, Missouri, each filed a 9 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:39,960 Speaker 1: petition to get their freedom from slavery. At the time, 10 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:43,600 Speaker 1: pro slavery and anti slavery factions were at odds with 11 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:46,440 Speaker 1: each other, and the federal government was forced to draw 12 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: a line through the nation that separated free areas and 13 00:00:49,080 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: slave areas. Missouri was a slave state, but it did 14 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 1: have laws that if an enslaved person went to a 15 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:59,760 Speaker 1: free state or became free, then that person was forever 16 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 1: sidered free. So there were paths to freedom for people 17 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:07,240 Speaker 1: who were enslaved, even though they were considered the property 18 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:11,600 Speaker 1: of their owners. A Missouri statute allowed a person who 19 00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 1: was wrongfully enslaved to sue for their freedom. Dredd and 20 00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:19,120 Speaker 1: Harriett had spent a considerable amount of time in free territories, 21 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:22,039 Speaker 1: and on this basis they argued that they were being 22 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:26,360 Speaker 1: hailed as slaves wrongfully. I recognized the irony as if 23 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:30,040 Speaker 1: a person could be rightfully enslaved either way. The Scots 24 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:33,560 Speaker 1: sued for their freedom, and though their suit was unsuccessful, 25 00:01:34,040 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: Dread Scott's appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court became 26 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:40,759 Speaker 1: a landmark case and brought the nation closer to Civil war. 27 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: Dredd Scott was born in Virginia around sevent The history 28 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: of Scott's ownership from the time of his birth is fuzzy, 29 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: but it is clear that eventually Peter Blow and Elizabeth 30 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:59,240 Speaker 1: Taylor Blow were Dreads owners. By eighteen thirty, the Blow family, 31 00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:02,480 Speaker 1: in their six ves had moved from Virginia to Alabama 32 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: to St. Louis in Missouri, when they ran a boarding 33 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: house called the Jefferson Hotel. Dread went with the family 34 00:02:09,480 --> 00:02:13,240 Speaker 1: to St. Louis, but soon after they moved, Elizabeth and 35 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: Peter Blow died again. The details are unclear, but Dread 36 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,440 Speaker 1: was sold to doctor John Emerson, an assistant surgeon in 37 00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:25,960 Speaker 1: the U. S. Army. As Emerson traveled to various military posts, 38 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:29,280 Speaker 1: he took Dread with him, even if he was entering 39 00:02:29,320 --> 00:02:33,200 Speaker 1: free territory, and that he did, he went into Illinois 40 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:37,560 Speaker 1: and Wisconsin Territory. By the terms of the Northwest Ordinance 41 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:41,000 Speaker 1: of seventeen eighty seven, slavery was illegal in areas between 42 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: the Mississippi and Ohio River and the Great Lakes, except 43 00:02:44,840 --> 00:02:51,560 Speaker 1: as punishment for crimes. Illinois state constitution also largely prohibited slavery. 44 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:56,120 Speaker 1: In the eighteen twenty Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery north of 45 00:02:56,200 --> 00:03:00,280 Speaker 1: thirty six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude ex supped 46 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:03,919 Speaker 1: within the boundaries of the state of Missouri. The judicial 47 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:07,960 Speaker 1: standard in Missouri was once free, always free, which meant 48 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 1: that enslaved people taken to free areas remained free even 49 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,240 Speaker 1: if they returned to Missouri. It was during his time 50 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 1: with Emerson at Fort Snelling in Wisconsin Territory or modern 51 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,119 Speaker 1: day Minnesota, when he met Harriet Robinson. Dread and Harriet 52 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: married around eighteen thirty six or thirty seven, and they 53 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:32,520 Speaker 1: eventually had two daughters, Eliza and Lizzie. When Emerson and 54 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 1: his wife Irene moved a few different places, Dread and 55 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:40,560 Speaker 1: Harriet were hired out to other people, and after Emerson's death, 56 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: Dread and Harriet were hired out to Samuel Russell, the 57 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: owner of a wholesale grocery. There was a precedent for 58 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,600 Speaker 1: enslaved people suing for their freedom in Missouri based on 59 00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:54,600 Speaker 1: the aforementioned statute, but it wasn't until eighteen forty six 60 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:57,400 Speaker 1: when Dread and Harriet Scott decided to follow the path 61 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 1: other enslaved people had and oiled suits against Irene Emerson 62 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 1: in the St. Louis Circuit Court. Dread might have waited 63 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:09,000 Speaker 1: until this time to file a petition because he was 64 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: unhappy with his family being hired out, because Irene was 65 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:15,680 Speaker 1: planning on selling his family, or because he had offered 66 00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 1: to buy his family's freedom and was turned down. But 67 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:22,160 Speaker 1: what's well documented is that Dread and Harriet filed a 68 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: petition to sue for their freedom based on their residence 69 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,640 Speaker 1: in Free Territory on April six, with the support of 70 00:04:28,680 --> 00:04:32,560 Speaker 1: their minister, John Anderson and the Blow family, which had 71 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:36,280 Speaker 1: become involved in abolition even though they still owned slaves. 72 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:41,680 Speaker 1: John M. Crumb accepted their petition and Irene pleaded not 73 00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:45,839 Speaker 1: guilty to charges of unlawful imprisonment and assault and battery 74 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: on June seven. More than a year after the Scots 75 00:04:50,680 --> 00:04:55,159 Speaker 1: filed their petitions. Irene Emerson won the case, which was 76 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 1: dismissed on the technicality of Dread being unable to prove 77 00:04:58,560 --> 00:05:03,359 Speaker 1: Irene owned him. The judge Alexander Hamilton's granted Dread a 78 00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:06,880 Speaker 1: new trial, and in the second trial on January twelve, 79 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,360 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty the jury ruled that the Scots and their 80 00:05:10,440 --> 00:05:14,120 Speaker 1: daughters were free. Of course, that didn't sit well with 81 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: Irene Emerson, who in eighteen forty eight had put the 82 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:21,839 Speaker 1: Scots in the sheriff's custody. She appealed the case to 83 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:25,679 Speaker 1: the Missouri State Supreme Court, which reversed the lower court's decision. 84 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty two. Dread then sued Irene's brother, John F. A. Sanford, 85 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:36,760 Speaker 1: and lost the suit once again. The issue of slavery 86 00:05:36,839 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: was already a controversial one at the time, but Drett 87 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:43,000 Speaker 1: Scott's subsequent appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court pretty 88 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:46,280 Speaker 1: much set off a time bomb. In the Supreme Court 89 00:05:46,320 --> 00:05:50,159 Speaker 1: case Drett Scott versus Stanford, which began on February eleventh, 90 00:05:50,279 --> 00:05:53,960 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty six, the court rule that free African Americans 91 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,799 Speaker 1: are not citizens and therefore cannot sue in federal court. 92 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:01,559 Speaker 1: It also found that in slaved people had no rights 93 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: and as Scott was a slave, had no right to 94 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:08,159 Speaker 1: suits in federal court. In addition to these major decisions, 95 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: the Court said that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and 96 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: Congress could not stop slavery from spreading into Western territories. 97 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:20,040 Speaker 1: The Scots were eventually sold to the Blow family and freed, 98 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:22,919 Speaker 1: but many of the debates leading up to the Civil 99 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: War regarding the maintenance and spread of slavery centered around 100 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:30,920 Speaker 1: the Dread Scott decision. I'm Eves, Jeff Coote, and hopefully 101 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:33,440 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 102 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:36,599 Speaker 1: did yesterday. And if you'd like to learn more about 103 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: Dread Harriet in their family and the Supreme Court cases, 104 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:42,159 Speaker 1: listen to the two part episode of Stuffy missed in 105 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:47,080 Speaker 1: History class called Dread Scott Versus Stanford. If you have 106 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 1: any burning questions or comments to tell us, you can 107 00:06:50,360 --> 00:06:54,479 Speaker 1: find us on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook at T D 108 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:59,520 Speaker 1: I h C Podcast. Thanks again for listening, and I 109 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: hope you I'm back tomorrow for more delicious morsels of history. 110 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, um, Eves and welcome to this day in 111 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,440 Speaker 1: History class. A show that believes no day in history 112 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:28,840 Speaker 1: is a slow day. The day was April sixth, nineteen seventeen. 113 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: Artists and writer Leonora Carrington was born in England. Carrington's 114 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:40,480 Speaker 1: work incorporated images of domesticity, the occult, fantastical creatures, and 115 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:45,840 Speaker 1: autobiographical references. Carrington was born into an upper class Irish 116 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: Catholic family. Her parents were Marie Moorehead Carrington and Harold Carrington. 117 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:55,360 Speaker 1: Leonora grew up on their estate in Lancashire, England, where 118 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 1: she was surrounded by animals. She also grew up listening 119 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:03,280 Speaker 1: to fairy tales and kilty folklore, but she didn't completely 120 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:05,960 Speaker 1: subscribe to the lifestyle that came with being part of 121 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:09,520 Speaker 1: the upper class. She was rebellious and she was expelled 122 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:13,800 Speaker 1: from convent schools for her behavior. Her parents wanted her 123 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:16,840 Speaker 1: to be a debutante, but she was drawn to art. 124 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: They sent her to study art for a short time 125 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:22,640 Speaker 1: in Florence, Italy, where she was inspired by the sculpture, 126 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:27,040 Speaker 1: architecture and paintings. Though her parents still weren't fans of 127 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 1: her artistic inclinations, she was allowed to continue studying art 128 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,560 Speaker 1: when she returns to England. She went to the Chelsea 129 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:37,440 Speaker 1: School of Arts in London, and in nineteen thirty six 130 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: she enrolled at an academy founded by the French Cubist 131 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:46,600 Speaker 1: painter amadozen Fan. While at the academy, Leonora found inspiration 132 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:50,679 Speaker 1: in a travel memoir written by Alexandra davite Nell, as 133 00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: well as a book Surrealism by Herbert Read. Leonora attended 134 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: the International Exhibition of Surrealism in London, where she found 135 00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: herself drawn to surrealist esthetics. In seven, she met Max Ernst, 136 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: a German artist who was an important figure in the 137 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 1: Data art movement and Surrealism. The two of them fell 138 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:14,680 Speaker 1: in love, and after Ernst and his wife divorced, he 139 00:09:14,880 --> 00:09:19,520 Speaker 1: and Leonora settled in southern France. Leonora became immersed in 140 00:09:19,559 --> 00:09:25,000 Speaker 1: her own surrealist art and began exhibiting internationally. During this period, 141 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:28,400 Speaker 1: she created paintings such as The Meal of Lord Candlestick 142 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:32,120 Speaker 1: and Portrait of Max Ernst, and she published her first 143 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:35,440 Speaker 1: short story, The House of Fear, with artwork and an 144 00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:39,360 Speaker 1: introduction by Ernst. In her early works, she satirized the 145 00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:43,240 Speaker 1: upper class and rejected parts of her own upbringing, but 146 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:46,640 Speaker 1: the onset of World War two disrupted her and Ernst relationship. 147 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:49,839 Speaker 1: He was arrested several times and eventually fled to the 148 00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:55,120 Speaker 1: United States. Leonora left France and went to Spain. There, 149 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:57,520 Speaker 1: Carrington had a nervous breakdown and was put into a 150 00:09:57,559 --> 00:10:01,360 Speaker 1: mental institution. She was subjected to shock treatment, and she 151 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:04,160 Speaker 1: later wrote about her challenges with her mental health in 152 00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:08,439 Speaker 1: the book down below. Once she was released from the institution, 153 00:10:08,840 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: she went to the US and married Mexican diplomat Renato Ledu. 154 00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:15,960 Speaker 1: Their marriage was short lived, in by nineteen forty two, 155 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:19,760 Speaker 1: she had moved to Mexico. There she married Hungarian photographer 156 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:24,040 Speaker 1: Chicki Vice, with whom she had two children. Her time 157 00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:27,000 Speaker 1: in Mexico marked a new phase in her artwork. She 158 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:32,160 Speaker 1: explored spiritualism, Tibetan Buddhism, the Kabbalah, and Celtic myths. She 159 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 1: became close with other surrealists in Mexico, including Romanio's Vado 160 00:10:36,559 --> 00:10:40,679 Speaker 1: and Benjamin Paray, and her artwork continued to reflect her 161 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:46,160 Speaker 1: interests in mysticism, symbolism, and other worldly creatures. She stayed 162 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 1: in Mexico City for the rest of her life, though 163 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: she continued to exhibit internationally and visited the US. Carrington 164 00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:56,200 Speaker 1: died in two thousand and eleven due to complications from pneumonia. 165 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:00,000 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little 166 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,760 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. You can 167 00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:06,680 Speaker 1: keep up with us on social media on Facebook, Twitter, 168 00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: Instagram at t d i h C Podcast. You can 169 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:13,480 Speaker 1: also send us an email at this Day at I 170 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:17,040 Speaker 1: heeart media dot com. Thanks again for listening to the podcast, 171 00:11:17,080 --> 00:11:29,400 Speaker 1: and we'll see you again tomorrow. For more podcasts from 172 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:32,199 Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 173 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:34,000 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.