1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:05,800 Speaker 1: in history today. Heads up that you also might hear 3 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:09,760 Speaker 1: two different hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson. With that said, 4 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:13,399 Speaker 1: on with the show. Welcome to this Day in History 5 00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:15,960 Speaker 1: Class from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the 6 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. It's the 7 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:20,439 Speaker 1: show where we explore the past one day at a 8 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:28,000 Speaker 1: time with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:30,680 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and 10 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:35,360 Speaker 1: it's November ten. A mob of white supremacists overthrew the 11 00:00:35,400 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: democratically elected government of Wilmington, North Carolina on this day. 12 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:42,720 Speaker 1: In this whole incident happened after the end of the 13 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:47,239 Speaker 1: post Civil War reconstruction. Two parties in North Carolina had 14 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:49,919 Speaker 1: banded together to form a coalition came to be known 15 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:53,920 Speaker 1: as Fusion politics. These were the Republicans and the Populists, 16 00:00:53,920 --> 00:00:57,040 Speaker 1: who were also known as the People's Party. Both parties 17 00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:00,640 Speaker 1: knew that individually they didn't have enough political power or 18 00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 1: enough voters to try to unseat the Democrats, and the 19 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: Democrats at that time were mainly made up of wealthy people, 20 00:01:06,520 --> 00:01:09,200 Speaker 1: many of them former slave owners who had also worked 21 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:12,840 Speaker 1: against the civil rights gains of reconstruction and implemented jem 22 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 1: Crow segregation. But together the Republicans and the populist thought 23 00:01:17,240 --> 00:01:19,679 Speaker 1: they had a chance of getting enough voters to work 24 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:24,279 Speaker 1: towards their common goals. Where they had the same ambitions, 25 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:28,280 Speaker 1: they could work together to accomplish it, and in eighteen nineties, 26 00:01:28,319 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: six Fusion candidates won every statewide election in North Carolina. 27 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: They completely supplanted the Democrats. After the election, the state 28 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:41,039 Speaker 1: House included thirty nine populists, fifty four Republicans, and twenty 29 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,960 Speaker 1: four Democrats, and the state Senate included twenty five populists, 30 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:50,400 Speaker 1: eighteen Republicans and seven Democrats. The Democrats obviously were highly 31 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: upset by this turn of events, and a lot of 32 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,160 Speaker 1: them were also explicitly racist in their review that black 33 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: people should not be in office. Wilmington's specifically, was the 34 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,440 Speaker 1: state's largest city. It had a majority black population, and 35 00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:07,640 Speaker 1: on March seven, the city of Wilmington's elected a majority 36 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:11,960 Speaker 1: Republican board of Aldermen that included three black men. This 37 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: new board of Alderman then elected Silas P. Wright, who 38 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:19,160 Speaker 1: was a white Republican, as the mayor. The incumbent Democrats 39 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:22,880 Speaker 1: in Wilmington's refused to vacate their seats, and they argued 40 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: this all the way up to the Supreme Court. Once 41 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 1: they had lost their Democrats went on a campaign in 42 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: North Carolina to tried to retake political power. This included 43 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:36,280 Speaker 1: a campaign of racist disinformation that painted the black population, 44 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:40,000 Speaker 1: specifically black men, as violent and dangerous, and they got 45 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:43,320 Speaker 1: some help in this from Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia, 46 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:46,919 Speaker 1: who made a widely publicized speech in which she branded 47 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,920 Speaker 1: black men as rapists and white men as weak for 48 00:02:50,040 --> 00:02:53,640 Speaker 1: failing to defend their women from them. Alex Manly, who 49 00:02:53,720 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: was the editor of Wilmington's black newspaper, the Wilmington Daily Record, 50 00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:00,400 Speaker 1: published a rebuttal to this that became a talking point 51 00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:04,280 Speaker 1: among white supremacists, who demanded that his newspaper be shut 52 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:07,080 Speaker 1: down and that he'd be run out of town. In 53 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: response to all of these factors, a group of white 54 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:13,160 Speaker 1: business owners and other prominent white citizens turned their focus 55 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:16,239 Speaker 1: in Wilmington's to election day of eight and this was 56 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:20,200 Speaker 1: a conspiracy to take control of the municipal government. There 57 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:23,120 Speaker 1: were multiple people in on this plot, including two sets 58 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:25,200 Speaker 1: of ring leaders, who were known as the Secret Nine 59 00:03:25,200 --> 00:03:27,840 Speaker 1: and the Group of Six. One of the ring leaders 60 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:30,560 Speaker 1: was named Alfred Moore Waddell, and he gave a speech 61 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: the night before the election, in which he said to 62 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:35,920 Speaker 1: the gathered crowd, quote, you are Anglo Saxon's. You are 63 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:39,040 Speaker 1: armed and prepared, and you will do your duty. Be 64 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:42,440 Speaker 1: ready at a moment's noticed. Go to the polls tomorrow. 65 00:03:42,880 --> 00:03:46,120 Speaker 1: If you find the negro out voting, tell him to 66 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 1: leave the polls, and if he refuses, kill him. Shoot 67 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 1: him down in his tracks. We shall win tomorrow if 68 00:03:52,320 --> 00:03:55,320 Speaker 1: we have to do it with guns. Armed white men 69 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:58,400 Speaker 1: patrolled the streets on election day in Wilmington's, trying to 70 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:02,440 Speaker 1: scare black voters away the polls while encouraging in quotation 71 00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:05,280 Speaker 1: marks the white voters to get out and vote. On 72 00:04:05,360 --> 00:04:08,080 Speaker 1: November ninth, the day after the election, white leaders in 73 00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: Wilmington's published a White Declaration of Independence, and they summoned 74 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: the Committee of Colored Citizens and ordered them to go 75 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: run alex Manly out of town. And then on the tenth, 76 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: having not heard back on whether that had been accomplished, 77 00:04:21,920 --> 00:04:26,200 Speaker 1: they formed an armed mob. They burned down the newspaper office, 78 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:29,760 Speaker 1: they ran elected leaders out of town. Thousands of black 79 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:33,600 Speaker 1: residents of Wilmington's fled, some of them hiding in graveyards 80 00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:37,479 Speaker 1: are being sheltered by sympathetic white neighbors. The death toll 81 00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:40,360 Speaker 1: in all of this is unclear. Estimates are as high 82 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:43,440 Speaker 1: as a hundred black citizens killed, with many more injured. 83 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: A few white men were injured, one critically, and none 84 00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:49,479 Speaker 1: of them were killed. This had a huge effect on 85 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:53,040 Speaker 1: Wilmington's and on North Carolina. Many of the black population 86 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:57,719 Speaker 1: of Wilmington's moved elsewhere. Democrats retook both Wilmington's and the 87 00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:00,719 Speaker 1: state legislature and then had single party troll of North 88 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:04,560 Speaker 1: Carolina for decades. You can learn a whole lot more 89 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: about this and the stuff you missed in History Class 90 00:05:06,960 --> 00:05:10,680 Speaker 1: episodes on the Wilmington's Que. Of those are from January 91 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:15,160 Speaker 1: fifteenth and seventeen eighteen. Thanks very much to K. C. P. 92 00:05:15,279 --> 00:05:17,839 Speaker 1: Graham and Chandler Mains for their audio work on this show. 93 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:20,480 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on 94 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, and We're rerailed to get your podcasts, 95 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,159 Speaker 1: and you can tune in tomorrow for the end of 96 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:37,760 Speaker 1: a war. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and Welcome to This 97 00:05:37,839 --> 00:05:41,000 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a podcast where we rip out 98 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:50,680 Speaker 1: a page from the history books every day. The day 99 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:56,400 Speaker 1: was November nine, a battle broke out in Surabaya, Indonesia, 100 00:05:56,560 --> 00:06:01,600 Speaker 1: between Indonesians who supported independence in British in British Indian forces. 101 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:05,080 Speaker 1: Though the Battle of Surabaya resulted in the death of 102 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: thousands of Indonesians, it was an important struggle in the 103 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:12,599 Speaker 1: Indonesian National Revolution and is commemorated as a Day of 104 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:17,800 Speaker 1: Heroism in Indonesia. By the mid twentieth century, Indonesia had 105 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: largely been under Dutch rule for three centuries, but during 106 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 1: World War Two, Japan invaded and occupied the Dutch East Indies, 107 00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:30,159 Speaker 1: ending Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia and stirring support for 108 00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:35,320 Speaker 1: Indonesian nationalism. Movements seeking independence from Dutch rule had been 109 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:39,040 Speaker 1: active since the early nineteen hundreds, but the Japanese encouraged 110 00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:42,480 Speaker 1: Indonesian independence to gain support in their war effort and 111 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:44,720 Speaker 1: broke down the infrastructure that the Dutch had built in 112 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:49,560 Speaker 1: the colony. The Japanese even provided Indonesians with military training. 113 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:53,680 Speaker 1: In September of nineteen forty four, the Prime Minister of 114 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 1: Japan promised the Dutch East Indies its independence in the future. 115 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: After Japan surrendered in World War Two in August of 116 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:04,720 Speaker 1: nineteen forty, the Dutch planned on re establishing their role 117 00:07:04,760 --> 00:07:08,080 Speaker 1: in Indonesia, and British forces were ordered to the area 118 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: to prepare Indonesia for the return of the Dutch, but 119 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:15,640 Speaker 1: Indonesian nationalists took the chance to proclaim Indonesia's independence and 120 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: Sucardino and Mohammad Hata became president and vice president of 121 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: the new state. As news of the independence declaration spread 122 00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:26,640 Speaker 1: across the Indonesian islands, more people began to support the 123 00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:31,320 Speaker 1: idea of a revolution. The Japanese had supplied Indonesian nationalists 124 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:35,440 Speaker 1: with weapons. As Allied troops moved into Indonesia and the Japanese, 125 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,960 Speaker 1: Dutch and British attempted to assert their dominance, a diplomatic 126 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: and armed struggle ensued. On September nineteenth, nineteen, Dutch internees 127 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: raised the Dutch flag at the Hotel Yamato and Surabaya, 128 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: East Java, with the support of the Japanese. This inflamed 129 00:07:52,280 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 1: tensions with Indonesian nationalists, who ripped the blue stripe off 130 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,559 Speaker 1: of the Dutch flag at the hotel. British troops arrived 131 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:02,800 Speaker 1: in sarah Bya with a small Dutch military contingent in October, 132 00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: aiming to take weapons from the Japanese and Indonesians and 133 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:10,040 Speaker 1: send Japanese troops back to Japan, but the Indonesians did 134 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: not hand over their weapons. Fighting broke out between Indonesians, Dutch, 135 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:19,280 Speaker 1: and Eurasians. On October, around six thousand British Indian troops 136 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 1: under the command of Brigadier aw S. Malaby entered Surabaya. 137 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:27,360 Speaker 1: They were sent in to evacuate European internees, and Malaby 138 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 1: made an agreement that the British would not ask Indonesian 139 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:32,920 Speaker 1: troops to hand over their weapons and that British Indian 140 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:35,560 Speaker 1: troops would stay within an a hundred meter perimeter of 141 00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:40,240 Speaker 1: the harbor, but they occupied key places across Surabaya, and 142 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:44,880 Speaker 1: on October, Jakarta based General Hawthorne organized an air drop 143 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:51,000 Speaker 1: of leaflets that demanded Surabayas forces surrendered their weapons. Indonesians 144 00:08:51,080 --> 00:08:55,600 Speaker 1: armed with bamboo spears, Molotov cocktails, pistols, and semi automatic 145 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:59,720 Speaker 1: machine guns went up against the British troops in Surabaya. 146 00:09:00,120 --> 00:09:03,080 Speaker 1: The President, vice President and Defense Minister flew into the 147 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:07,920 Speaker 1: city and they negotiated a ceasefire, but fighting continued anyway, 148 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:11,040 Speaker 1: and Brigadier Malibi was killed in the confusion on October. 149 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:15,760 Speaker 1: At that point, the British decided to take Surabaya by force. 150 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: They sent in more forces, tanks, warships, and armed aircraft. 151 00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:24,240 Speaker 1: On November nine, the British warned the Indonesians that a 152 00:09:24,320 --> 00:09:27,320 Speaker 1: full scale assault would commence if they did not surrender. 153 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: The next day, the British began to attack the city, 154 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:34,600 Speaker 1: and over the next couple of weeks, thousands of people died, 155 00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:39,119 Speaker 1: were injured, or fled the city. Though the Indonesians resisted, 156 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 1: they lost the battle. Still, the Battle of Surabaya demonstrated 157 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 1: the strength of the republican resistance in Indonesia, and the 158 00:09:46,960 --> 00:09:50,840 Speaker 1: Indonesian National Revolution ended in nineteen forty nine, with the 159 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:57,080 Speaker 1: Netherlands recognizing Indonesian sovereignty over the United States of Indonesia. Today, 160 00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: November ten is celebrated as Heroes Day in Indonesia. Uh 161 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: I'm Eves Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little 162 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. Feel free 163 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:10,800 Speaker 1: to share your thoughts or your innermost feelings with us 164 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:15,319 Speaker 1: and with other listeners. On social media at t d 165 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:19,360 Speaker 1: I h C Podcast, or if you want to get 166 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 1: a little more fancy, you can send us an email 167 00:10:21,840 --> 00:10:26,480 Speaker 1: at this Day at I heart media dot com. Thanks 168 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:28,160 Speaker 1: for listening and we'll see you tomorrow