1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 2: I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It is time for Unearthed, 5 00:00:18,800 --> 00:00:21,200 Speaker 1: this time for the episode that's just going to close 6 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:24,560 Speaker 1: out the last three months of twenty twenty three, even 7 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: though it is now twenty twenty four. If you're new 8 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:30,720 Speaker 1: to the show, this is when a few times a 9 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:32,560 Speaker 1: year we take a look at things that have been 10 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:37,199 Speaker 1: literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. So 11 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:41,440 Speaker 1: this is October, November, and December of twenty twenty three. 12 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:43,160 Speaker 2: We will be kicking. 13 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:45,760 Speaker 1: Off with a whole whole lot of updates to prior 14 00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: episodes of the show, including some updates on things that 15 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:49,760 Speaker 1: have come up. 16 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:50,960 Speaker 2: On Unearthed before. 17 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:55,600 Speaker 1: We also in today's episode have some things that were 18 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: dug up in the garden, and some edibles and potables 19 00:00:59,520 --> 00:01:04,200 Speaker 1: which are not the garden, and some books and letters. 20 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:07,360 Speaker 1: And then on Wednesday we'll have some other perennial favorites 21 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:08,960 Speaker 1: like shipwrecks and artwork. 22 00:01:10,959 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 2: Those will all be next time. 23 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:15,919 Speaker 1: So back in twenty fourteen, we did a full episode 24 00:01:15,959 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 1: on Stone Hinge after non invasive imaging revealed a lot 25 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:23,920 Speaker 1: of previously unknown monuments and other structures under the surface there. 26 00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: Of course, there has been other research at the site 27 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:29,920 Speaker 1: since then, some of which we have covered on subsequent 28 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: installments of Onearthed. This year, one team is focused on 29 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:37,399 Speaker 1: Stone eighty, which is known as the Altarstone, leading to 30 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:40,680 Speaker 1: a paper published in the Journal of Archaeological Science titled 31 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:45,199 Speaker 1: the Stonehenge Alterstone was probably not sourced from the old 32 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: red sandstone of the Anglo Welsh basin time to broaden 33 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:53,560 Speaker 1: our geographic and stratigraphic horizons. That whole thing is the 34 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: paper's title. 35 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 2: It is. 36 00:01:56,400 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 1: It amuses me as a title because it is just 37 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 1: structurally dissimilar from a lot of paper titles. You don't 38 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: usually have a complete sentence followed by a complete sentence 39 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:13,720 Speaker 1: question as the title of the paper. They're borrowing from 40 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:15,120 Speaker 1: old school title style. 41 00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 2: Yeah, kind of. 42 00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:20,960 Speaker 1: So in this paper, researchers used several methods to analyze 43 00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:26,639 Speaker 1: the altstone, and this included optical petrography, X ray fluorescence 44 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: and scanning, electron microscope and energy dispersive X ray spectography, 45 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:36,440 Speaker 1: and they found that this stone has a higher barium 46 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: content than most of the other stones at the site, 47 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:43,640 Speaker 1: and then, as that paper title suggests, the stone was 48 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:48,440 Speaker 1: believed to have originated from the Anglo Welsh Basin. There 49 00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,680 Speaker 1: are some stones from that basin that have a similar 50 00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: barium content to the ultrastone, but those do not have 51 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: the same mineral content as the altarstone, so they're kind 52 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:04,000 Speaker 1: of not an exact match. This suggests that this stone 53 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:07,960 Speaker 1: may have come from somewhere else, possibly farther north in Britain, 54 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,680 Speaker 1: and possibly from sandstone deposits that are younger than this 55 00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:16,800 Speaker 1: roughly four hundred million year old Old Red Sandstone formation 56 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:21,079 Speaker 1: of West Wales. I did not realize how challenging Old 57 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:26,800 Speaker 1: Red Sandstone was going to be to say, to shift 58 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:29,919 Speaker 1: gears and expand on, something we briefly mentioned in our 59 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:34,120 Speaker 1: recent two parter on indigenous writer Mourning Dove. Research into 60 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: fossilized footprints in White Sands National Park in New Mexico 61 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:41,200 Speaker 1: has been ongoing over the last couple of years. In 62 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: twenty twenty one, a paper titled evidence of humans in 63 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,400 Speaker 1: North America during the Last Glacial Maximum was published in 64 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:52,200 Speaker 1: the journal Science, and it described these footprints as having 65 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:56,000 Speaker 1: been made between twenty one thousand and twenty three thousand 66 00:03:56,120 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: years ago, So this twenty twenty one research was controversy 67 00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:04,800 Speaker 1: for a few reasons. Within the field of archaeology, one 68 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:08,680 Speaker 1: of the prevailing hypotheses about the arrival of humans in 69 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: the Americas is known as Clovis First, and that's basically 70 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:16,159 Speaker 1: that the culture known as the Clovis people was the 71 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:20,159 Speaker 1: first to inhabit North America and that started roughly thirteen 72 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 1: thousand years ago. So there was already archaeological research suggesting 73 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: that humans were in the Americas before that point, but 74 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:32,800 Speaker 1: this ten thousand year difference between thirteen thousand years and 75 00:04:33,040 --> 00:04:35,960 Speaker 1: twenty three thousand years from this paper that seemed really dramatic. 76 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:41,279 Speaker 1: There were also archaeologists who expressed some skepticism about the 77 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:46,000 Speaker 1: conclusions because this research was based on radiocarbon dating of 78 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:51,479 Speaker 1: aquatic plant seeds in what is now rock but had 79 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:55,839 Speaker 1: been a lake bed, So if the seeds had absorbed 80 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,719 Speaker 1: carbon from the water, that could have thrown off the 81 00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:03,320 Speaker 1: app accuracy of this carbon dating. In addition to that, 82 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:07,160 Speaker 1: indigenous scholars and critics pointed out that this research and 83 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:11,239 Speaker 1: the reporting around it didn't really acknowledge any connection between 84 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:15,400 Speaker 1: these footprints and the indigenous peoples of North America. Although 85 00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,000 Speaker 1: the National Park Service's news release described the research as 86 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: done quote in connection with the Park's Native American partners, 87 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:26,320 Speaker 1: this wasn't reflected in the text of the paper or 88 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: in reporting from major news outlets like The New York Times. 89 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:33,480 Speaker 1: There wasn't a suggestion that these footprints were made by 90 00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:37,039 Speaker 1: the ancestors of Indigenous people living today, or that the 91 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:41,920 Speaker 1: results affirmed indigenous nations own histories about how long they've 92 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:45,720 Speaker 1: been on the continents. The Pony Tribe member Nick Martin, 93 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:49,200 Speaker 1: writing for High Country News, described it this way, quote 94 00:05:49,560 --> 00:05:53,279 Speaker 1: anyone who read only mainstream coverage would walk away without 95 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:57,200 Speaker 1: a clue that this is actually an indigenous story, not 96 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: merely a triumphant discovery of capital science. Not a single 97 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:08,800 Speaker 1: Indigenous citizen, historian, elder, storyholder, biologist, geneticist, or archaeologist was 98 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:12,240 Speaker 1: quoted in the piece, nor did the word indigenous or 99 00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: native appear once. Martin also cited cremate archaeologist Paulette Stevens, 100 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:23,120 Speaker 1: whose book The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Western Hemisphere details 101 00:06:23,279 --> 00:06:27,239 Speaker 1: archaeological sites that date back farther than twenty three thousand years, 102 00:06:27,279 --> 00:06:30,799 Speaker 1: sometimes much farther. But a lot of this news reporting 103 00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:36,440 Speaker 1: really made the newly published papers conclusions sounds almost unprecedented. 104 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 1: New research published in October supports the conclusions from the 105 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: twenty twenty one paper, this time using carbon dating of 106 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: ancient pollen greens, as well as a technique called optically 107 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:51,719 Speaker 1: stimulated luminescence which estimates the age of the courts in 108 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: the sediment layers. This research was again published in the 109 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 1: journal Science under the title Independent age Estimates Resolve the 110 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:04,440 Speaker 1: controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands. There have 111 00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: been archaeologists who have pointed out that seeds, pollen, and 112 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: quartz luminescence all have downsides for use in dating. But 113 00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:15,760 Speaker 1: now there are three different sources of data, all pointing 114 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 1: to the same basic time period. So this paper's acknowledgments 115 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: begin quote. Science is a way of knowing, and we 116 00:07:23,400 --> 00:07:26,600 Speaker 1: acknowledge that there are many ways of knowing. Therefore, we 117 00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:31,320 Speaker 1: deeply appreciate the perspectives, cultural practices, and oral histories of 118 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:34,720 Speaker 1: the tribes and pueblos whose homeland is in southern New Mexico. 119 00:07:35,720 --> 00:07:39,560 Speaker 1: This time around, The New York Times quoted Edward Jolie, 120 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:42,400 Speaker 1: who is an enrolled citizen of the Muskogee Creek Nation 121 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:47,520 Speaker 1: of Oklahoma and also has Oglala Lakota ancestry. Jolly said, 122 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:50,120 Speaker 1: in part quote, it's another one of those we told 123 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:52,680 Speaker 1: you so. A lot of Natives have said, We've always 124 00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: been here. NPR also quoted Julie as saying, quote, given 125 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: that the vast majority of archaeology in the Americas is 126 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:05,679 Speaker 1: the archaeology of Native Americans, it's particularly significant that Native voices, 127 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: Indigenous voices have become more prominent and more accepted. So 128 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 1: I feel like this is a step forward from the 129 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: first paper and how it is reported on, but I 130 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: still would not call this like a collaborative or indigenous 131 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: led project. Right moving on, we did an episode on 132 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:30,240 Speaker 1: the nineteen eighteen flu pandemic in twenty fourteen, and then 133 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:34,000 Speaker 1: again a year into the COVID nineteen pandemic. We revisited 134 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:36,520 Speaker 1: that topic through the lens of what we had all 135 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: been living through. One of the things we mentioned in 136 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:42,280 Speaker 1: both of those episodes was that the nineteen eighteen flu 137 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:48,119 Speaker 1: pandemic disproportionately killed young, otherwise healthy people, unlike many infectious 138 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:50,400 Speaker 1: diseases that are more likely to be fatal to the 139 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:53,880 Speaker 1: very old, the very young, and people who have illnesses 140 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:58,320 Speaker 1: or certain disabilities. That's been a widely repeated description of 141 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:02,079 Speaker 1: the nineteen eighteen pandemic, but research published in the Proceedings 142 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:05,880 Speaker 1: of the National Academy of Sciences in October calls that 143 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: into question. So this research was based on analysis of 144 00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: the skeletons of three hundred and sixty nine people from 145 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:19,000 Speaker 1: the Hammontode Documented Osteological Collection in Cleveland, Ohio. The researchers 146 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: divided the bones that they were examining into a control 147 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 1: group people who had died before the pandemic, and then 148 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:29,800 Speaker 1: the group that died during the pandemic. The skeleton's shin 149 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: bones were examined for lesions that would indicate some kind 150 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:39,720 Speaker 1: of environmental, social, or nutritional stress. The researchers concluded that 151 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:42,760 Speaker 1: the people who had active lesions were to use their 152 00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:46,439 Speaker 1: terminology frail, and that they were more likely to die 153 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:50,200 Speaker 1: during the pandemic. They concluded that there wasn't clear evidence 154 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:53,920 Speaker 1: that the nineteen eighteen flu disproportionately killed young, healthy people. 155 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 1: It was true that the people who cared for patients 156 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 1: during the flu and reported their deaths saw lot more 157 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:04,480 Speaker 1: young adults dying than during other disease outbreaks, but according 158 00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:09,240 Speaker 1: to this research, pre existing medical conditions and socioeconomic factors 159 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: played a role in their deaths. In other words, they 160 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: may have been young, but they were not necessarily healthy. 161 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:19,719 Speaker 1: There are some limits to this research though. The skeletons 162 00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:22,920 Speaker 1: in the Hammontide collection are all from people who died 163 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:26,719 Speaker 1: in Cleveland. Most of them died in places like prisons, 164 00:10:26,840 --> 00:10:31,160 Speaker 1: charity hospitals, poorhouses, and tuberculosis clinics, and then their bodies 165 00:10:31,200 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: were unclaimed, So that's a very specific population of people. 166 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:39,040 Speaker 1: It is not really clear whether these results would apply 167 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:42,960 Speaker 1: to the population more broadly. And this also doesn't really 168 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: explain why the nineteen eighteen flu was disproportionately more lethal 169 00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:52,959 Speaker 1: among young adults compared to other epidemics, because people do 170 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:56,560 Speaker 1: tend to develop more conditions that can place more stress 171 00:10:56,600 --> 00:11:00,760 Speaker 1: on their bodies as they get older. A side note, 172 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,720 Speaker 1: this collection has come up on the show before it 173 00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:05,000 Speaker 1: was developed by carl A. 174 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 2: Hammon and Thomas W. Todd. 175 00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: Past podcast subject W. Montague Cobb studied under Todd at 176 00:11:11,640 --> 00:11:15,680 Speaker 1: Western Reserve University and worked with this collection. We will 177 00:11:15,679 --> 00:11:17,839 Speaker 1: take a quick sponsor break and then we will come 178 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:30,680 Speaker 1: back for a few more updates. In twenty eleven, prior 179 00:11:30,760 --> 00:11:33,200 Speaker 1: hosts of the show did an episode on the nineteen 180 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:37,160 Speaker 1: eleven Triangle shirtwaist factory fire, which killed almost one hundred 181 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:40,120 Speaker 1: and fifty workers, most of them young women in New 182 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:44,280 Speaker 1: York City. There was not much to commemorate this fire 183 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:46,760 Speaker 1: until October of last. 184 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 2: Year, when a new memorial. 185 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:50,640 Speaker 1: Was dedicated at the site where the fire took place. 186 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 1: This memorial has text in English, Yiddish, and Italian, which 187 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 1: are the languages that were spoken by the workers who 188 00:11:57,880 --> 00:12:01,560 Speaker 1: died there. And then there's also a stainless steel ribbon 189 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:05,120 Speaker 1: mounted about twelve feet above the sidewalk on two sides 190 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:09,160 Speaker 1: of the building. Those ribbons list the names of one 191 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:11,199 Speaker 1: hundred and forty six victims of the fire, and the 192 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: names are cut through the steel, so they reflect on 193 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:18,079 Speaker 1: this dark panel that's below that. As I understand it, 194 00:12:18,120 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: I think there's a second part of this memorial that 195 00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 1: is still in the works. 196 00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:23,200 Speaker 2: Moving on. 197 00:12:23,559 --> 00:12:26,320 Speaker 1: In autumn of twenty twenty two, we talked about the 198 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: discovery of an iron folding chair that was found in 199 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:33,040 Speaker 1: a burial site. This chair dates back to the sixth century, 200 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:35,600 Speaker 1: and at the time it was removed from the site 201 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:38,520 Speaker 1: as part of a whole block of soil. It has 202 00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:42,800 Speaker 1: now been fully excavated from that block. The Bavarian State 203 00:12:42,880 --> 00:12:46,679 Speaker 1: Office for Monument Preservation conducted the excavation as well as 204 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:49,240 Speaker 1: an analysis of the chair, which found that it had 205 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:55,520 Speaker 1: previously undetected brass inlays as decoration. When we first talked 206 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:58,040 Speaker 1: about this chair, it was believed to have been buried 207 00:12:58,160 --> 00:13:00,559 Speaker 1: as a mark of status for the person it was 208 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:04,320 Speaker 1: buried with, or maybe a mark of political office. That 209 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:07,120 Speaker 1: continues to be true. This is a woman's burial site 210 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:08,680 Speaker 1: and we don't really know much about her, but she 211 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:12,200 Speaker 1: seems to have been very high status. Also, this chair, 212 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:15,559 Speaker 1: it just looks like an iron frame if you look 213 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,600 Speaker 1: at pictures of it, kind of an X shaped iron frame. 214 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:22,559 Speaker 1: The seat has not survived until today, but there are 215 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:25,760 Speaker 1: traces left on the iron that suggest it was made 216 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:29,600 Speaker 1: from animal fur. In April of twenty sixteen, we did 217 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:33,880 Speaker 1: an episode on Denmark's early history and the Yellingstones. These 218 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:36,400 Speaker 1: runestones were part of research that was published in the 219 00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:40,920 Speaker 1: journal Antiquity this past fall. This research used three D 220 00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:44,200 Speaker 1: scanning to study the inscriptions on the Yelling Stone and 221 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:47,479 Speaker 1: another set of runestones called the rov Noon two Stones. 222 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:53,400 Speaker 1: Both sets of runestones mention a woman called Thyral. The 223 00:13:53,520 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 1: Yellingstones were raised by King Harold Bluetooth to commemorate his parents, 224 00:13:57,880 --> 00:14:01,160 Speaker 1: Gorm and Thyrus, so we know who that Thira is, 225 00:14:01,679 --> 00:14:04,480 Speaker 1: but it wasn't clear whether the Thiram mentioned and the 226 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:09,480 Speaker 1: rabnuns two stones was the same person. The team's analysis 227 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:12,720 Speaker 1: of the stones, shapes and carving techniques suggest that the 228 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:16,800 Speaker 1: same person carved at least one each of the Yelling 229 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 1: Stones and the rabnunj two stones, so they concluded that 230 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: the thire mentioned and the two different stones were probably 231 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:26,720 Speaker 1: the same person. If that is the case, then she 232 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:31,080 Speaker 1: was mentioned more than any other person in runestones from 233 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:34,240 Speaker 1: Viking Age Denmark, meaning that she was probably very powerful 234 00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: and important. So last time we did an earst, we 235 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:40,520 Speaker 1: talked about the discovery that more than one thousand items 236 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:44,320 Speaker 1: were missing from the collection of the British Museum. As 237 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:47,160 Speaker 1: of reporting in mid December, only about three hundred and 238 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: fifty of them had been recovered. Nearly all of the 239 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:54,280 Speaker 1: recovered items came from the antiquities dealer who first warned 240 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:57,280 Speaker 1: the museum that items were being stolen back in twenty 241 00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,280 Speaker 1: twenty one. There were also an the other three hundred 242 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: and fifty items in the museum's collection that were discovered 243 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:09,640 Speaker 1: to be missing gold mounts or gemstones. It's likely that 244 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:13,320 Speaker 1: most of those will not be recovered because they were sold. 245 00:15:13,640 --> 00:15:16,240 Speaker 1: In case of the gold mounts were just melted down 246 00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:20,520 Speaker 1: and sold as scrap. Next, the Cern Giant made an 247 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:24,000 Speaker 1: appearance on Unearthed in July of twenty twenty one. That is, 248 00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:27,080 Speaker 1: the enormous chalk figure of a naked man carrying a 249 00:15:27,120 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 1: knotted club on a hillside in Dorset, England. At the time, 250 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:34,160 Speaker 1: researchers were trying to figure out how old it was, 251 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:39,720 Speaker 1: and that research wound up involving microscopic snails. These researchers 252 00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:42,720 Speaker 1: estimated that the oldest chalk layers dated to between the 253 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,200 Speaker 1: years seven hundred and eleven hundred. They did not find 254 00:15:46,240 --> 00:15:49,440 Speaker 1: evidence to suggest who made the figure, why, or what 255 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:54,160 Speaker 1: it is meant to represent. New research published last year 256 00:15:54,320 --> 00:15:57,640 Speaker 1: builds on that earlier study and suggests some answers to 257 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: those questions. The team included that the giant marked a 258 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,800 Speaker 1: muster site for the armies of King Alfred and was 259 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:10,560 Speaker 1: originally meant to represent the mythical figure of Hercules, and 260 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:14,960 Speaker 1: then later on monkst that Cern Abbess reinterpreted it as 261 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:20,280 Speaker 1: a representation of Saint Edwold Alfred lived in the ninth century, 262 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:22,920 Speaker 1: which aligns with that earlier research on the age of 263 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:27,720 Speaker 1: the chalklayers and researchers pointed out several similarities between classical 264 00:16:27,760 --> 00:16:32,200 Speaker 1: depictions of Hercules and the Cern giant, including the knotted club, 265 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:35,840 Speaker 1: his nakedness, and the fact that Hercules was often depicted 266 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 1: in motion and that chalk figure looks like he's walking. 267 00:16:40,040 --> 00:16:43,520 Speaker 1: They described various written references to Hercules in the early 268 00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:47,320 Speaker 1: Middle Ages, and they pointed out how CERN's location, proximity 269 00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:51,560 Speaker 1: to water and shelter, and proximity to known Viking rating 270 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:54,920 Speaker 1: sites made it an ideal muster point for an army, 271 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:57,840 Speaker 1: as is the case a lot of the time. A 272 00:16:57,840 --> 00:16:59,880 Speaker 1: lot of the reports on this research made it so 273 00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:04,119 Speaker 1: like this is the conclusive solving of a mystery. This 274 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:07,719 Speaker 1: is really, as the paper itself makes clear, a possible 275 00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:12,360 Speaker 1: explanation based on available evidence and the words of Thomas Morcombe, 276 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:14,560 Speaker 1: a researcher at the University of Oslo, in one of 277 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:18,040 Speaker 1: the paper's articles, quote, I think we found a compelling 278 00:17:18,119 --> 00:17:21,240 Speaker 1: narrative that fits the giant into the local landscape and 279 00:17:21,320 --> 00:17:25,119 Speaker 1: history better than ever before, changing him from an isolated 280 00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:30,000 Speaker 1: mystery to an active participant in the local community and culture. Also, 281 00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:33,440 Speaker 1: I realized after I wrote this entire piece that it's 282 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:36,720 Speaker 1: technically something I should have saved for the first Unearthed 283 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 1: installment of twenty twenty four. But oh well, no one 284 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:43,959 Speaker 1: really cares. You're going to unearthed jail, which I have 285 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: to now build. Thanks a lot, Tracy. In November, the 286 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:53,160 Speaker 1: US MEANT unveiled a new quarter featuring past podcast subject 287 00:17:53,160 --> 00:17:57,000 Speaker 1: Maria tallchief that was part of the American Women Quarters program. 288 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:00,480 Speaker 1: These quarters all feature the head of George Washington shown 289 00:18:00,480 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 1: in profile on the obverse, with the women on the reverse. 290 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 1: Tall Chiefs coin shows her in a balletic leap with 291 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:10,760 Speaker 1: both her English and Osage names, with her O Sage 292 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:16,440 Speaker 1: name written in Osage orthography. Past podcast subject Nina Otero 293 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:19,400 Speaker 1: Warren was also featured on one of these quarters back 294 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,840 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty two, which I did not know about 295 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 1: until just now. Forthcoming quarters that are planned through twenty 296 00:18:26,560 --> 00:18:29,879 Speaker 1: twenty five include past subjects Mary Edwards Walker, I To 297 00:18:29,960 --> 00:18:34,600 Speaker 1: b Wells, and Juliette Gordon Lowe, and in our last update, 298 00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:38,160 Speaker 1: the n C Wyeth illustration that somebody bought for four 299 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:41,160 Speaker 1: dollars at a Savers in New Hampshire, which we talked 300 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:44,720 Speaker 1: about in our previous installment of Unearthed, continued to make 301 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,640 Speaker 1: news in Q four. It sold at auction for one 302 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:52,359 Speaker 1: hundred and ninety one thousand dollars in September, but the 303 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,200 Speaker 1: buyer never paid the auction house and the seller had 304 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,920 Speaker 1: to reclaim it. But in December the illustration was scx 305 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,720 Speaker 1: specfully sold to a private buyer for more than one 306 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: hundred thousand dollars. Moving on, we have three fines that 307 00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:11,440 Speaker 1: were found out in the garden. First, a metal detectorist 308 00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:16,240 Speaker 1: found some bronze discs in a newly harvested carrot field 309 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: in northeastern Switzerland over the summer and notified archaeologists about them. 310 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:25,000 Speaker 1: They then worked with the landowner to get permission to 311 00:19:25,119 --> 00:19:28,200 Speaker 1: cut a block of soil out of this carrot field 312 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: and take it to the lab, where they wound up 313 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:35,000 Speaker 1: finding more of these discs, along with two spiral finger 314 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:37,880 Speaker 1: rings and more than one hundred amber beads that were 315 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:40,560 Speaker 1: so tiny they had to be picked out of the 316 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: soil with sweezers. The discs were probably part of a 317 00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:48,400 Speaker 1: necklace and the team also found some gold spirals separate 318 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:51,560 Speaker 1: from those finger rings that might have been spacers in 319 00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:53,880 Speaker 1: between the discs when it was worn as a necklace. 320 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:58,280 Speaker 1: All this dates back to about fifteen hundred BCE. They 321 00:19:58,320 --> 00:20:02,359 Speaker 1: also found some things that were jewelry, including a beaver tooth, 322 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:05,240 Speaker 1: a bear tooth, and a shark tooth, as well as 323 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:09,080 Speaker 1: bits of ore in crystal, an arrowhead, and an ammonite fossil. 324 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:13,800 Speaker 1: It's possible that they and the necklace were all intentionally buried. 325 00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:18,160 Speaker 1: An article in Smithsonian Magazine describes them as possibly someone's 326 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,200 Speaker 1: collection of curiosities or things that were worn together as 327 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:26,439 Speaker 1: a protective amulet. Next, a family on the island of 328 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,280 Speaker 1: Yomferland in southern Norway was using a metal detector to 329 00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:32,640 Speaker 1: try to find a lost ear ring in their garden 330 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:37,000 Speaker 1: when they instead found two ninth century broaches under a tree. 331 00:20:37,760 --> 00:20:39,240 Speaker 2: One was oval. 332 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:42,760 Speaker 1: Shaped and was a style that was often worn as 333 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:45,480 Speaker 1: part of a pair, but the other one is not 334 00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:48,720 Speaker 1: the match to that one. It is circular and matches 335 00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: a style that was known to have been used in 336 00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:55,320 Speaker 1: Denmark sometime around seven eighty to eight fifty CE. It 337 00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 1: is possible that these items came from a burial site, 338 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:01,600 Speaker 1: and that the map to the oval pen, along with 339 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:05,240 Speaker 1: other grave goods or possibly remains, they might be found 340 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:09,280 Speaker 1: with some further excavation. According to an article in artnet News, 341 00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:14,360 Speaker 1: this is the earliest conclusive evidence that Jomfrelun was actually 342 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:18,359 Speaker 1: settled in the ninth century. This last one, before we 343 00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:20,840 Speaker 1: take a break, starts out in a garden, but then 344 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:24,800 Speaker 1: moves beyond it. The National Museums of Scotland published work 345 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:28,240 Speaker 1: in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 346 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:32,040 Speaker 1: in November detailing discoveries that were made back in the 347 00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:36,280 Speaker 1: nineteen fifties and sixties. The first was in nineteen fifty two, 348 00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:39,600 Speaker 1: when a schoolboy in Fife was assigned to dig potatoes 349 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:43,439 Speaker 1: in the school garden as a punishment. In addition to 350 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: the potatoes, he found a four thousand year old Egyptian 351 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:50,800 Speaker 1: statue head made from sandstone. The statue head was sent 352 00:21:50,840 --> 00:21:53,359 Speaker 1: to the Royal Scottish Museum, which is now the National 353 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,199 Speaker 1: Museums of Scotland, and at the time people thought this 354 00:21:56,320 --> 00:22:00,560 Speaker 1: was a really unexpected but isolated find. They seemed to 355 00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:02,919 Speaker 1: have kind of gone, wow, that's weird, and then moved on. 356 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:09,240 Speaker 1: This school was located at a historic building called Melville House, 357 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:13,680 Speaker 1: and in nineteen sixty six another student there was vaulting 358 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:18,000 Speaker 1: during pe class and landed on part of a bronze 359 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:20,679 Speaker 1: votive statue of an APIs bowl that was sticking out 360 00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:24,879 Speaker 1: of the ground. And what was really just a wild coincidence, 361 00:22:25,040 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: the teacher who was supervising this pe class was the 362 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:31,000 Speaker 1: boy that had dug up the sandstone head out of 363 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:35,240 Speaker 1: the ground in nineteen fifty two. He apparently left the 364 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:40,080 Speaker 1: school with this statuette, which was never recovered. The school 365 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:44,400 Speaker 1: eventually closed and the Fife Regional Council purchased Melville House 366 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:47,720 Speaker 1: to use as a residential school for children with behavioral 367 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:51,080 Speaker 1: issues who had been convicted of a crime. In nineteen 368 00:22:51,119 --> 00:22:54,439 Speaker 1: eighty four, a group of teens took yet another find 369 00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,960 Speaker 1: to the National Museum of Scotland, this time an ancient 370 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:01,919 Speaker 1: Egyptian figurine of a man made from bronze. It was 371 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:04,639 Speaker 1: at this point where people were like, Okay, something's going 372 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:07,040 Speaker 1: on here, what's under the Melville School. 373 00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 2: Yeah. 374 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:13,159 Speaker 1: After finally getting some more specific information about exactly where 375 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: this statue had been found, the museum did a more 376 00:23:16,680 --> 00:23:20,840 Speaker 1: thorough investigation and they found a number of other Egyptian 377 00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:25,400 Speaker 1: objects buried there. The Crown claimed the figurine and other 378 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:28,960 Speaker 1: finds from the former school site as a treasure trove. 379 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,800 Speaker 1: They are now in the museum's collections, and this seems 380 00:23:32,840 --> 00:23:36,520 Speaker 1: to be the only collection of Egyptian objects to be 381 00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 1: declared a treasure trove in Scotland. It's not entirely clear 382 00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:44,879 Speaker 1: where these objects came from or why they were buried 383 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:49,200 Speaker 1: at Melville House, but one possibility is at Alexander Lord Balgoni, 384 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: who had inherited the property, acquired them during a visit 385 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,240 Speaker 1: to Egypt in eighteen fifty six. He took that trip 386 00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:58,560 Speaker 1: to try to improve his health, but he died of 387 00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:03,359 Speaker 1: tuberculosis in eighteen fifty seven. It's possible that his relatives 388 00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: buried these things because the memories of him they invoked 389 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,920 Speaker 1: were painful, or because they thought they were cursed, which 390 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: was a commonly held superstition in Britain in the nineteenth century. 391 00:24:14,119 --> 00:24:17,440 Speaker 1: Now that superstition was not held only in Britain, obviously, 392 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:20,200 Speaker 1: but that was sort of a thing that a lot 393 00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:24,280 Speaker 1: of non Egyptian people thought about things that had been 394 00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:29,400 Speaker 1: brought out of Egyptian teams will take a quick sponsor 395 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:42,639 Speaker 1: break before we talk about edibles and potables. Next, we 396 00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:48,200 Speaker 1: have some edibles and potables. First, research using dental calculus 397 00:24:48,359 --> 00:24:51,720 Speaker 1: or tartar suggests that people in a lot of western 398 00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:56,560 Speaker 1: Europe regularly used seaweed as a food source for thousands 399 00:24:56,600 --> 00:25:00,800 Speaker 1: of years. Researchers evaluated samples from the tea the seventy 400 00:25:00,840 --> 00:25:05,120 Speaker 1: four People taken from twenty eight archaeological sites. Those sites 401 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:09,080 Speaker 1: stretched from southern Spain to northern Scotland, and they found 402 00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:13,520 Speaker 1: evidence that people made seaweed, pond weed, and other similar 403 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:17,280 Speaker 1: aquatic plants a regular part of their diets from roughly 404 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:22,439 Speaker 1: sixty four hundred BCEE to the twelfth century SAE. This 405 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:25,520 Speaker 1: is interesting because while seaweed is part of the cuisine 406 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:28,760 Speaker 1: in other parts of the world, especially parts of Asia, 407 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:31,760 Speaker 1: it has not been as associated with food from Europe 408 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:35,960 Speaker 1: in the modern era, at least until very recently. Instead, 409 00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: most archaeological evidence suggested that Europeans were using seaweed and 410 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:44,280 Speaker 1: similar plants to make things like fertilizer and fuel. It 411 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,320 Speaker 1: seems that by the eighteenth century, most people in Europe 412 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,320 Speaker 1: saw seaweed as something to be eaten only in times 413 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:54,199 Speaker 1: of famine, not as an everyday staple. Yeah, unless I 414 00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:56,920 Speaker 1: missed it, I don't think this paper speculated on why 415 00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 1: seaweed fell out of favor as a food source. I 416 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,240 Speaker 1: found that interesting, especially since now you can go buy 417 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:08,600 Speaker 1: some real expensive seaweed chips or whatever in that truthday 418 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,960 Speaker 1: agriculture would be my guess. But uh, this is what 419 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:15,880 Speaker 1: that makes this next one kind of like tangentially related 420 00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:19,119 Speaker 1: because next, according to research published in the Proceedings of 421 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:23,240 Speaker 1: the National Academy of Sciences, early farmers who settled on 422 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:26,359 Speaker 1: the Baltic coast about six thousand years ago may have 423 00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:30,960 Speaker 1: included fish in their diets. This research involved studying the 424 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:34,119 Speaker 1: fat residues and pottery fragments, and about half of the 425 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:38,920 Speaker 1: fragments belonging to early farmers contained residues from fish. This 426 00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:42,119 Speaker 1: probably doesn't sound all that surprising, since fish would have 427 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,840 Speaker 1: been an available food source, but previous research examining prehistoric 428 00:26:46,880 --> 00:26:50,520 Speaker 1: cooking pots has suggested that people in Britain, Spain, France, 429 00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: and Portugal stopped fishing once they started farming, and this 430 00:26:54,680 --> 00:26:59,320 Speaker 1: included people living in coastal areas. But this research suggested 431 00:26:59,320 --> 00:27:02,160 Speaker 1: that farmers who arrived on the coast stretching from what's 432 00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:07,000 Speaker 1: now western Denmark to southern Finland, instead learned fishing techniques 433 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:10,399 Speaker 1: from hunter gatherers who were already living there. In the 434 00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,720 Speaker 1: words of Professor Oliver Craig, director of the bio Arc 435 00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:17,160 Speaker 1: Lab at the University of York, quote, while this might 436 00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:21,040 Speaker 1: seem like an obvious and logical strategy, it is insignificant 437 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:25,200 Speaker 1: contrast to virtually all other early Neolithic sites that are 438 00:27:25,240 --> 00:27:28,639 Speaker 1: located in coastal areas where we see no evidence that 439 00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:32,600 Speaker 1: they made use of marine resources. Craig also noted that 440 00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:35,560 Speaker 1: there did not seem to be a lot of intermarriage 441 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:39,040 Speaker 1: between the two groups between like the newcomer farmers and 442 00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:42,359 Speaker 1: the existing hunter gatherers, and that might have provided some 443 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,280 Speaker 1: kind of explanation for why this community kind of adopted 444 00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:50,800 Speaker 1: fishing when other coastal farming communities did not. Another surprising 445 00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:53,639 Speaker 1: find they thought was that about five percent of the 446 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:58,800 Speaker 1: hunter gatherer community's pots contained dairy residues, suggesting they had 447 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:02,280 Speaker 1: some kind of access to dairy prior to transitioning to 448 00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:08,360 Speaker 1: farming and presumably keeping domesticated animals that produce milk. Moving on, 449 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:12,160 Speaker 1: researchers in Puerto Rico have used plant DNA extracted from 450 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,280 Speaker 1: copper LTEs to study the diets of two pre Columbian 451 00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:20,880 Speaker 1: Caribbean communities, the Hikoid culture and the Saladoid culture. The copproltes, 452 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:25,399 Speaker 1: which are basically mummified poop, suggest that both communities ate 453 00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:29,400 Speaker 1: a diverse variety of foods, including sweet potatoes both wild 454 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:34,600 Speaker 1: and domesticated, peanuts, peppers, papaya, and maize. There was also 455 00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:38,440 Speaker 1: evidence of the consumption of edible fungus, including Judla cooce, 456 00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: which grows on corn. The team also found residues from 457 00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:45,640 Speaker 1: two plants that might not be thought of as food. 458 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:50,320 Speaker 1: Those were tobacco and cotton. The team proposed several possible 459 00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,280 Speaker 1: explanations for why these people would have had tobacco and 460 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:57,360 Speaker 1: cotton and their feces like they may have chewed tobacco 461 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:01,000 Speaker 1: or added it to food for medicinal or victual reasons, 462 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,840 Speaker 1: or the residues may be a side effect of crushing 463 00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:09,560 Speaker 1: and inhaling tobacco. The cotton may have come from grinding 464 00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:13,719 Speaker 1: cotton seeds for oil, or from wetting strands of cotton 465 00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:16,600 Speaker 1: in the mouth while using the cotton for weaving or 466 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:20,800 Speaker 1: other crafts. Although a number of chronicles have described people 467 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:24,160 Speaker 1: in the Caribbean using cassava as a staple food. There 468 00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:28,240 Speaker 1: wasn't evidence of that in these samples. It's possible that 469 00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:31,440 Speaker 1: the steps needed to process cassava root into an edible 470 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:34,400 Speaker 1: food degraded its DNA to the point that it could 471 00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:37,719 Speaker 1: no longer be detected in these copper lights, or it 472 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:41,040 Speaker 1: may have been eaten more seasonally, and these samples were 473 00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:43,880 Speaker 1: produced at the wrong time of year. There's a lot 474 00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:47,120 Speaker 1: of pounding and grinding and drying involved in that process, 475 00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,680 Speaker 1: and so the idea was maybe there just wasn't a 476 00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:54,360 Speaker 1: lot of DNA left, especially after all these centuries have passed. 477 00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:58,160 Speaker 1: So aside from the fact that copper lights can only 478 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:02,720 Speaker 1: show what a person was eating during one relatively small 479 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:06,920 Speaker 1: window of time, this research also involved comparing the DNA 480 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:11,280 Speaker 1: from the copper lights to contemporary plant DNA, so it's 481 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:14,440 Speaker 1: possible that there was also DNA from other plants that 482 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:19,040 Speaker 1: just isn't in this modern database. The team also compared 483 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:22,800 Speaker 1: the copper lights to feces from modern people living in Mexico, Peru, 484 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:26,440 Speaker 1: and the United States, which suggested that present day hunter 485 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 1: gatherers had a similar diet to those living in pre 486 00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:33,640 Speaker 1: Columbian Puerto Rico. And to close off the edible and potables, 487 00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:37,240 Speaker 1: we have two finds that are related to wine. The 488 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: first is five thousand year old wine discovered at the 489 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:46,520 Speaker 1: tomb of merit Neath and Abidas, Egypt. Archaeologists found hundreds 490 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,640 Speaker 1: of wine jars, many of them still intact and some 491 00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:52,960 Speaker 1: of them still sealed. Some of the vessels also contained 492 00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: well preserved grape seeds. Queen Merrit Knith lived during Egypt's 493 00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:01,560 Speaker 1: first dynasty, and according to recas searchers, the wine and 494 00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:04,320 Speaker 1: other grave goods found in this tomb suggests that she 495 00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:08,640 Speaker 1: may have been Egypt's first pharaoh. She was definitely a 496 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:13,440 Speaker 1: powerful woman. Abidas was Egypt's first royal cemetery, and Meret 497 00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:16,000 Speaker 1: Neith is the only woman known to have her own 498 00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: monumental tomb there. This tomb is part of a complex 499 00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:22,360 Speaker 1: that also includes the tombs of forty one of the 500 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:26,280 Speaker 1: queen's servants and courtiers, and inscriptions in the tomb complex 501 00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: state that merret Neath was responsible for central government offices, 502 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:35,440 Speaker 1: including the treasury. Beyond that, though we currently know very 503 00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: little about her or her life. Yeah, there's I would 504 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,040 Speaker 1: say it's not conclusively agreed that she could have been 505 00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:44,800 Speaker 1: Egypt's first pharaoh. There some that are like, well, clearly 506 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: she was very powerful, but like not to the point 507 00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:47,320 Speaker 1: of being a pharaoh. 508 00:31:48,360 --> 00:31:48,600 Speaker 2: Uh. 509 00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,600 Speaker 1: This tomb has also raised some questions around the idea 510 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:55,440 Speaker 1: of human sacrifice and the burials of Egyptian royals during 511 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 1: the First Dynasty. So in a lot of tombs that 512 00:31:58,120 --> 00:32:01,280 Speaker 1: we know about, it appears that the rule retainers were 513 00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:04,120 Speaker 1: killed and buried along with them to serve them in 514 00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: the afterlife. But in this tomb, the tombs of the 515 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:10,360 Speaker 1: servants and the courtiers seem to have been built at 516 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:14,560 Speaker 1: different times over a longer period, so not all. 517 00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:16,040 Speaker 2: At once when she was in tombs. 518 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:18,640 Speaker 1: So it suggests more that, you know, perhaps people died 519 00:32:18,680 --> 00:32:21,520 Speaker 1: of other causes and then were entombed, or something else 520 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,000 Speaker 1: was going on. Our other wine discovery is a Roman 521 00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:28,400 Speaker 1: era winery found along a river in southern France that 522 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:31,640 Speaker 1: happened during excavations for a parking lot at a factory. 523 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:35,080 Speaker 1: This winery is nearly two thousand years old, with a 524 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:39,160 Speaker 1: raised platform for pressing grapes flanked by basins to collect 525 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: the juice. There's also a three room building that was 526 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,520 Speaker 1: probably used for fermentation and storage. The floors still have 527 00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: impressions from the large vessels that would have been used 528 00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:50,960 Speaker 1: to store the wine. 529 00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:52,200 Speaker 2: And now we. 530 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:56,560 Speaker 1: Will close out today's episode with books and letters. First, 531 00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:00,320 Speaker 1: a box of undelivered letters from the Seven Years War 532 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:03,400 Speaker 1: has been in the UK's National Archives and they were 533 00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:06,400 Speaker 1: opened and read for the first time in twenty twenty three. 534 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,880 Speaker 1: This was three stacks of letters, tied and ribbon, most 535 00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:13,360 Speaker 1: of them sealed with wax, and they were addressed to 536 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:17,840 Speaker 1: men serving aboard the French warship Galatee. The ship was 537 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:20,640 Speaker 1: captured by the British in seventeen fifty eight and the 538 00:33:20,680 --> 00:33:25,440 Speaker 1: French postal administration tried to direct these letters to various ports, 539 00:33:25,480 --> 00:33:27,800 Speaker 1: sort of hoping to catch up with the ship before 540 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: learning of the ship's capture. The letters were ultimately intercepted 541 00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:36,480 Speaker 1: and confiscated. This work was spearheaded by Renault Moriau, who 542 00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:39,000 Speaker 1: was working on a book and got permission to open 543 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,960 Speaker 1: the letters. About a quarter of the men stationed aboard 544 00:33:41,960 --> 00:33:44,960 Speaker 1: the Galatei had a letter in this collection, and more 545 00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,960 Speaker 1: than half of the letters were signed by women. Some 546 00:33:48,120 --> 00:33:50,880 Speaker 1: letters were written by the women themselves and others were 547 00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:54,680 Speaker 1: written by scribes. Many turned out to mostly be love 548 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:58,920 Speaker 1: letters written by the men's wives or fiancees or companions. 549 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:02,920 Speaker 1: Others were from parents or siblings. Some of them sort 550 00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:08,720 Speaker 1: of chronicle some drama over several letters sent by different people. 551 00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:13,640 Speaker 1: This next one came to us from listener Megan, who 552 00:34:13,680 --> 00:34:16,000 Speaker 1: sent us a link about the discovery of a three 553 00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:20,960 Speaker 1: hundred and eighteen year old Scottish Bible in Iowa. Kathy Magruder, 554 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,960 Speaker 1: who runs a bookstore in Indianola, was going through the 555 00:34:25,120 --> 00:34:28,080 Speaker 1: library and a retirement home in Des Moines when she 556 00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:31,600 Speaker 1: found this bible. The retirement home had realized that there 557 00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:33,440 Speaker 1: were a lot of books in their library that were 558 00:34:33,480 --> 00:34:36,400 Speaker 1: never being checked out, and they had given Magruder the 559 00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:39,240 Speaker 1: opportunity to just go through them and make an offer 560 00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:42,240 Speaker 1: on any of them that she might want. The title 561 00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:44,880 Speaker 1: page of this bible said that it had been printed 562 00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:48,480 Speaker 1: in sixteen oh five, which Magruder quickly realized could not 563 00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,759 Speaker 1: be true since it was a King James Bible and 564 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:55,360 Speaker 1: that edition of the Bible was first printed in sixteen eleven. 565 00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:59,280 Speaker 1: After further research and consulting with a rare books expert, 566 00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:02,160 Speaker 1: she learned that the title page had a known misprint 567 00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,600 Speaker 1: and that it was from seventeen oh five, not sixteen 568 00:35:05,640 --> 00:35:09,040 Speaker 1: oh five. According to news reports, the Bible was also 569 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:13,120 Speaker 1: printed without oversight from the church. That would have been illegal. 570 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:16,880 Speaker 1: It's really not clear at this point how the Bible 571 00:35:16,960 --> 00:35:20,319 Speaker 1: wound up in the library at the retirement home. None 572 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:23,840 Speaker 1: of the Holmes residents have shared the names of the 573 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:26,719 Speaker 1: people that are mentioned in a family history that was 574 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:30,720 Speaker 1: included among the pages of the Bible. Magruder ultimately sold 575 00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:35,200 Speaker 1: this Bible to another Indianola resident. Our last letter find 576 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:39,120 Speaker 1: is a bit of a journey. In twenty thirteen, archaeological 577 00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:42,719 Speaker 1: curator Sarah Rivers Coofield found a silk bustle dress at 578 00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:46,480 Speaker 1: an antique mall in Maine. After buying it and getting 579 00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:50,080 Speaker 1: it home, she found a concealed pocket, one that seemed 580 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:52,880 Speaker 1: a lot harder to get at than typical pockets in 581 00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:56,640 Speaker 1: Victorian era ad dresses. Once she got into that pocket, 582 00:35:56,719 --> 00:35:59,800 Speaker 1: she found a couple of pieces of paper. The notes 583 00:35:59,840 --> 00:36:02,120 Speaker 1: on the paper seemed to be written in some kind 584 00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:08,560 Speaker 1: of code, saying things like spring wilderness, lining one reading novice. 585 00:36:09,239 --> 00:36:12,160 Speaker 1: There were also lines in a different color that seemed 586 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:14,960 Speaker 1: like they were checking off each line of code, as 587 00:36:14,960 --> 00:36:17,160 Speaker 1: well as some notes in the margin that looked like 588 00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:22,759 Speaker 1: times of day, like ten PM. Obviously this was intriguing. Yeah, 589 00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:24,719 Speaker 1: she posted about this in her blog and she said 590 00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:27,879 Speaker 1: it was quote in case there's some decoding prodigy out 591 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:32,040 Speaker 1: there looking for a project. People figured out pretty quickly 592 00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:34,319 Speaker 1: that this seemed like it had to be some kind 593 00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:38,520 Speaker 1: of telegraph code, and then eventually Wayne Chan, and analyst 594 00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:41,880 Speaker 1: with the Center for Earth Observation Science at the University 595 00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:44,480 Speaker 1: of Manitoba, made the connection that it was. 596 00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:45,440 Speaker 2: A weather code. 597 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:50,680 Speaker 1: Eventually, a librarian at Noah's Central Library in Silver Spring, Maryland, 598 00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:54,319 Speaker 1: sent Chan a pdf of a weather codebook published by 599 00:36:54,360 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: the USDA Weather Bureau in eighteen ninety two. With that 600 00:36:58,320 --> 00:37:01,239 Speaker 1: as a starting point, Chan finally figured out that this 601 00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:03,279 Speaker 1: was a code that had been used by the Army 602 00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:07,200 Speaker 1: Signal Service Corps, which eventually became the National Weather Service. 603 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:10,200 Speaker 1: We talked about the evolution of the Signal Service Corps 604 00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:14,000 Speaker 1: in our twenty sixteen episode on the Schoolhouse Blizzard. The 605 00:37:14,080 --> 00:37:17,840 Speaker 1: string of words were the station location, followed by code 606 00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:22,719 Speaker 1: words for temperature and barometric pressure, dew point, precipitation and 607 00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:27,880 Speaker 1: wind direction, cloud cover and wind velocity, and sunset observations. 608 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:31,680 Speaker 1: Chan's work on this was printed in the journal Cryptologia. 609 00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:36,200 Speaker 1: There is still some mystery around these papers, though it 610 00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:39,080 Speaker 1: seems like they were written by somebody working with the 611 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:42,279 Speaker 1: Signal Service Corps in eighteen eighty eight. The codes on 612 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:46,680 Speaker 1: those papers align with specific observations that are on record 613 00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:49,920 Speaker 1: from May of that year, but there's also a label 614 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,040 Speaker 1: sewn into the dress that has the name Bennett. There 615 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,560 Speaker 1: were women on the clerical staff at the Service Corps 616 00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:58,920 Speaker 1: DC office, but none of those women were named Bennett. 617 00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:03,040 Speaker 1: There was a man named Maitland Bennett, and it's possible 618 00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,560 Speaker 1: that his wife helped him in his work, but she 619 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:09,840 Speaker 1: would have been about eight months pregnant when these notations 620 00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:14,839 Speaker 1: were made. It is not totally impossible that this dress 621 00:38:14,880 --> 00:38:17,400 Speaker 1: could have been worn by somebody who was eight months pregnant, 622 00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,800 Speaker 1: kind of depending on how she was carrying, and whether 623 00:38:20,880 --> 00:38:23,160 Speaker 1: the dress had all of its boning in, and like 624 00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:25,000 Speaker 1: what kind of maternity course that she might have had 625 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:27,600 Speaker 1: on at the same time. Though this is a really 626 00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:33,080 Speaker 1: fitted garment, it doesn't seem necessarily likely that somebody eight 627 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:36,880 Speaker 1: months pregnant could have been wearing it. So there's just 628 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:41,560 Speaker 1: some question marks that I was sent the blog right 629 00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:43,160 Speaker 1: up about the dress to Holly, and I was like, Holly, 630 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:45,440 Speaker 1: do you think somebody's eight months pregnant could have worn it? 631 00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:50,520 Speaker 1: And I was like, yeah, yeah, it might not have 632 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:56,080 Speaker 1: been the most common, but yeah, but yeah, it wouldn't 633 00:38:56,120 --> 00:38:58,719 Speaker 1: have certainly been comfortable looking at it through today's eyes, 634 00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:02,640 Speaker 1: But we also have seen so many examples of evidence 635 00:39:02,640 --> 00:39:07,439 Speaker 1: of women wearing very uncomfortable things to today's eyes. Yeah, 636 00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:10,400 Speaker 1: it's there is material in the dress that could have 637 00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:15,480 Speaker 1: been like let out to an extent. But like as 638 00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:20,000 Speaker 1: it is sort of shown on the blog, it the 639 00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,440 Speaker 1: shape does it looks like it would have been at 640 00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:28,120 Speaker 1: best very uncomfortable for most people unless it were worn 641 00:39:28,239 --> 00:39:29,839 Speaker 1: differently than in the photographs. 642 00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:30,959 Speaker 2: I think, does that make sense? 643 00:39:31,239 --> 00:39:32,920 Speaker 1: Yes, I think it would have been worn differently than 644 00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:36,640 Speaker 1: in the photographs. Yeah, because I think if she carried low, 645 00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:40,040 Speaker 1: she absolutely could have been wearing it. Yeah, it just 646 00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:44,080 Speaker 1: is a matter of where the waistline sat before her 647 00:39:44,120 --> 00:39:47,919 Speaker 1: baby bump protruded. So it could have because we looked 648 00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:50,160 Speaker 1: at some pictures of women who were wearing very similar 649 00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:53,919 Speaker 1: garments when they were obviously pretty pregnant. Yeah, but it's 650 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,960 Speaker 1: like it's a complete crapshoot. You don't know, we don't 651 00:39:58,000 --> 00:39:59,680 Speaker 1: know what she looked like when she was pregnant, so 652 00:39:59,719 --> 00:40:03,319 Speaker 1: there's no additional info. Yeah, some of the some of 653 00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:05,920 Speaker 1: the articles that I'd liked, she definitely couldn't have. And 654 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:07,920 Speaker 1: I was like, I don't think that's really how like 655 00:40:08,080 --> 00:40:11,719 Speaker 1: Victorian our addresses worked like they there's a lot of 656 00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:15,960 Speaker 1: material there to work with, sort of depending on somebody's body. Oh, 657 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:18,719 Speaker 1: they are like secret compartments in some of them that 658 00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:22,759 Speaker 1: can move around and shift stuff out and expand and contract. 659 00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:25,880 Speaker 1: We talk about that forever. But that is it for 660 00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:28,560 Speaker 1: today on on Earth. And we'll have, of course more 661 00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:31,440 Speaker 1: next time, as Tracy promised at the top, Yeah, do 662 00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:34,040 Speaker 1: you have listener mail. In the meantime, I have two 663 00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:40,400 Speaker 1: quick things today. They are both following our episode on 664 00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:45,200 Speaker 1: the the Great English Sparrow War, and we talked about 665 00:40:45,719 --> 00:40:50,120 Speaker 1: a commitment in North America to like rename all the 666 00:40:50,160 --> 00:40:54,319 Speaker 1: common names of birds that are named after people or 667 00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,719 Speaker 1: are otherwise exclusionary. And I said, I was not sure 668 00:40:57,760 --> 00:41:01,120 Speaker 1: if there was a similar movie meant in the names 669 00:41:01,120 --> 00:41:03,120 Speaker 1: of other animals. To be very clear, what I was 670 00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:09,719 Speaker 1: trying to say was like another organization definitively saying we 671 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:13,759 Speaker 1: are renaming all the names. I definitely know that there are, 672 00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:16,799 Speaker 1: like our various individual animals that have been renamed, and 673 00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:20,560 Speaker 1: like other calls for renaming, but like, I don't know 674 00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:23,600 Speaker 1: if like another organization that has said we are doing 675 00:41:23,640 --> 00:41:25,960 Speaker 1: this in a broad way across all of the names. 676 00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:29,680 Speaker 1: So we got a couple of emails. One is from 677 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,480 Speaker 1: Kiki who said Happy New Year. Was such a joy 678 00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:34,600 Speaker 1: to return to work and have almost two whole weeks 679 00:41:34,640 --> 00:41:37,200 Speaker 1: of backlog to listen to. I was enthralled with the 680 00:41:37,239 --> 00:41:41,320 Speaker 1: English sparrow war and extremely excited when the Starlings were mentioned. 681 00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:44,160 Speaker 1: There have been lots of other names updated names in 682 00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:47,880 Speaker 1: the last decade, ish insects, implants, and places think military 683 00:41:47,880 --> 00:41:51,239 Speaker 1: installations in Mountain Denali. There are two articles that talk 684 00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:55,200 Speaker 1: about renaming for cultural reasons instead of just discovering species 685 00:41:55,239 --> 00:41:58,279 Speaker 1: twice so. The first of these links is to a 686 00:41:58,360 --> 00:42:05,040 Speaker 1: Smithsonian article about renaming what is now called the spongy moth. 687 00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:09,359 Speaker 1: This article is actually from before that renaming. It is 688 00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,279 Speaker 1: for a moth that was previously named a slur for 689 00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:14,560 Speaker 1: the Romany people. 690 00:42:15,560 --> 00:42:18,440 Speaker 2: The other is an article. 691 00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:22,759 Speaker 1: From Scientific American that is about a call in New 692 00:42:22,840 --> 00:42:27,239 Speaker 1: Zealand to make changes to animal names and then the 693 00:42:27,239 --> 00:42:29,720 Speaker 1: email goes on to say, obviously it's an ongoing issue, 694 00:42:29,719 --> 00:42:31,720 Speaker 1: but we are so much farther than we were. Please 695 00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:35,200 Speaker 1: find attached a picture of my new coworker, obviously doing 696 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:36,919 Speaker 1: a great job at bookkeeping. 697 00:42:37,120 --> 00:42:39,040 Speaker 2: Thanks Kiki. 698 00:42:39,239 --> 00:42:44,240 Speaker 1: The new co worker is a very very cute puppy 699 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:48,080 Speaker 1: dog in a gray bed looks so exciting to be 700 00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:48,600 Speaker 1: at work. 701 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:54,080 Speaker 2: And the way of lying down in. 702 00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:56,200 Speaker 1: Just the laziest way possible, in the way that I 703 00:42:56,239 --> 00:42:59,439 Speaker 1: always envy my cats when I am working and they 704 00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:02,839 Speaker 1: are sleeping in the most comfortable looking positions. Oh, there's 705 00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:05,560 Speaker 1: such jerks about it too. They're like, oh work really, 706 00:43:05,760 --> 00:43:08,759 Speaker 1: look they are. Opel has started doing a thing where 707 00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:10,680 Speaker 1: she yells at me and what she wants me to 708 00:43:10,680 --> 00:43:13,760 Speaker 1: do is come back to bed, and I'm like, I'm working, ople, 709 00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:17,160 Speaker 1: I cannot come back to bed. So the other email 710 00:43:17,160 --> 00:43:19,560 Speaker 1: we got was from Rachel. Rachel said, Hi, Tracy and Holly. 711 00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:22,120 Speaker 1: As usual, I'm a week behind with a podcast. However, today, 712 00:43:22,160 --> 00:43:24,440 Speaker 1: when listening to the behind the scenes for the English 713 00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:26,920 Speaker 1: Sparrow episode, Tracy mentioned that she knew there was a 714 00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:29,680 Speaker 1: move to rename birds that were named after people. She 715 00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:31,280 Speaker 1: also mentioned that she didn't know if it was happening 716 00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:33,520 Speaker 1: to any other animals. Here's a link to a recent 717 00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:36,120 Speaker 1: New York Times article the answer to that question. Hope 718 00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:38,719 Speaker 1: you haven't received this numerous times already. Thanks for all 719 00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:40,640 Speaker 1: you do. I learned so much for the shows over 720 00:43:40,719 --> 00:43:43,480 Speaker 1: the many years I've been listening, Rachel. Thank you, Rachel. 721 00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:46,480 Speaker 1: No one had sent this article to me, so this 722 00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:50,840 Speaker 1: article is a little bit different. It is about a 723 00:43:50,880 --> 00:43:54,000 Speaker 1: call to look at the scientific names. Like we had 724 00:43:54,040 --> 00:43:58,600 Speaker 1: been talking mostly about common names, but these are like 725 00:43:58,719 --> 00:44:03,760 Speaker 1: the scientific enus and species names named. 726 00:44:03,520 --> 00:44:06,400 Speaker 2: After in this case Hitler. 727 00:44:07,239 --> 00:44:11,960 Speaker 1: And there's actually been a whole big back and forth, 728 00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:16,520 Speaker 1: some of it after that episode was recorded about the 729 00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:24,640 Speaker 1: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, which oversees a lot of 730 00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:30,359 Speaker 1: this internationally, basically saying it would be really disruptive if 731 00:44:31,160 --> 00:44:34,280 Speaker 1: we just renamed all of this this stuff for cultural reasons, 732 00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:37,640 Speaker 1: and then other people saying no, it really wouldn't be. 733 00:44:37,960 --> 00:44:42,440 Speaker 1: So this is obviously still ongoing, So thank you very 734 00:44:42,520 --> 00:44:46,680 Speaker 1: much Rachel and Kekey for these emails. If you would 735 00:44:46,719 --> 00:44:48,680 Speaker 1: like to send us a note about this or any 736 00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:52,600 Speaker 1: other podcast or history podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and 737 00:44:52,719 --> 00:44:57,360 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app, 738 00:44:57,480 --> 00:45:05,680 Speaker 1: or wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff 739 00:45:05,680 --> 00:45:08,440 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 740 00:45:08,760 --> 00:45:13,399 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 741 00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:15,520 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.