WEBVTT - All Eyes on Gilead

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<v Speaker 1>I'm Carol Masser and I'm Jason Kelly. It's time for

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<v Speaker 1>this week's cover story. In January, just as the world

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<v Speaker 1>noticed the coronavirus, Carol scientists at Gilead Sciences, they began

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<v Speaker 1>ordering enormous quantities of seventy or so raw ingredients needed

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<v Speaker 1>to mass produce a drug that had languished in their

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<v Speaker 1>lab for years. It's called rim desiviere. It is indeed

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<v Speaker 1>Jason and they had initially developed from deseivere back in

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<v Speaker 1>two thousand nine for hepatitis SEE, but ended up opting

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<v Speaker 1>for more promising drugs instead. So rim de severe was

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<v Speaker 1>then used to treat ebolip, but then the outbreak faded.

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<v Speaker 1>The drug had also shown unusual promise against a wide

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<v Speaker 1>variety of coronaviruses. In a May one, rim desivie was

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<v Speaker 1>authorized for emergency use by the FDA. Making the drug

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<v Speaker 1>is a months long process, requiring about twenty five chemical

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<v Speaker 1>steps in the production process. Had those scientists not ordered

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<v Speaker 1>those raw materials back in January, we wouldn't have the

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<v Speaker 1>treatment ready for use right now. Talk about planning a haad.

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead plans to donate the first one and a half

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<v Speaker 1>million vial enough for roughly two hundred thousand patients. It's

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<v Speaker 1>also important to note that not everyone agrees with that price.

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<v Speaker 1>This is the story of rim Desevere, perhaps the first

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<v Speaker 1>hopeful news of the pandemic. It's also an example of foresight, preparedness,

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<v Speaker 1>and competence in a time when the world could use

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<v Speaker 1>a little more of each. All eyes on gilead emergency

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<v Speaker 1>approval of the anti viral drug rim desevere is the

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<v Speaker 1>first good news of this pandemic. Gilead Sciences took extraordinary

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<v Speaker 1>steps to get ready for the moment. By Robert Langreth.

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<v Speaker 1>Last New Year's Eve, Thomas Chillar, vice President for Discovery

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<v Speaker 1>Virology at Gilead Sciences, received a disturbing email from a

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<v Speaker 1>top infectious diseases expert at the University of Virginia. The

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<v Speaker 1>researcher had been working with Chilar on a plan to

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<v Speaker 1>test the Gilead drug rim desevere as a treatment for

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<v Speaker 1>Middle East respiratory syndrome, a deadly disease caused by a coronavirus.

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<v Speaker 1>Mirrors had been flaring up from time to time in

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<v Speaker 1>Saudi Arabia and elsewhere since. But this email was about

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<v Speaker 1>something more ominous. There were cases of pneumonia suddenly emerging

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<v Speaker 1>in Wuhan, China watched this one. The virologist warned it

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<v Speaker 1>might be a new coronavirus. Rim desevere was one of

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<v Speaker 1>the few experimental medicines that had shown promise in lab

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<v Speaker 1>studies against a wide variety of coronaviruses. Like the rest

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<v Speaker 1>of the world, Guilliad knew next to nothing about this

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<v Speaker 1>new one. The World Health Organization hadn't yet confirmed there

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<v Speaker 1>was a sustained human to human spread, and the extent

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<v Speaker 1>of the outbreak in Wuhan wouldn't become clear for weeks.

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<v Speaker 1>Nobody knew at that point whether it would become a pandemic,

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<v Speaker 1>but Gilead started planning on the assumption it could within weeks.

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<v Speaker 1>Chief executive Officer Daniel O'Day formed a task force to

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<v Speaker 1>study how to test room desevere and if it worked,

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<v Speaker 1>mass produce it. Even by the exacting standards of pharmaceuticals,

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<v Speaker 1>rim desevere is tricky to produce. The months long process

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<v Speaker 1>in involves seventy raw materials, reagents, and catalysts. The resulting

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<v Speaker 1>active pharmaceutical agent, or a p I, is a white

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<v Speaker 1>powder one point one grams of which constitutes a single

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<v Speaker 1>ten day course of treatment. Rim desevie is administered intravenously,

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<v Speaker 1>which introduces additional complexity into the manufacturing. The powder must

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<v Speaker 1>be dissolved into a solution and then placed into glass

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<v Speaker 1>vials under sterile conditions. Thanks to its work on Ebola,

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead already had a small supply of rom desevie on hand.

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<v Speaker 1>Sitting in cold storage in Switzerland and California were enough

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<v Speaker 1>thirty million liter vials of the drug to treat five

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<v Speaker 1>thousand people, which made it possible to begin human trials

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<v Speaker 1>in the US, China and elsewhere. In a factory in Edmonton, Alberta,

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead also had one of the bulk powder, perhaps enough

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<v Speaker 1>to treat ninety thousand patients. To fill enough rom desevere

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<v Speaker 1>of vials to treat millions in a pandemic, however, would

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<v Speaker 1>require a metric ton or more of the bulk drug.

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<v Speaker 1>Giliad didn't have close to that and still doesn't, so

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<v Speaker 1>back in January, it ordered more than a dozen of

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<v Speaker 1>the most crucial starting materials and reagents from suppliers in China,

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<v Speaker 1>Europe and elsewhere. Giliad also helped its contractors locate sufficient

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<v Speaker 1>supplies of compounds needed to make those starting materials. There

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<v Speaker 1>haven't been a lot of stories of foresight and preparedness

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<v Speaker 1>in this pandemic. This is one after a big trial

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<v Speaker 1>sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,

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<v Speaker 1>Rimdesevie was authorized on May first for emergency use on

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<v Speaker 1>COVID nineteen, the disease caused by the new coronavirus. Anthony Fauci,

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<v Speaker 1>the director of the n I a i D, has

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<v Speaker 1>likened the trial of rimdessevie to the first big trial

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<v Speaker 1>of a z T. The first drug for HIV as

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<v Speaker 1>a z T was. Rimdesevie is being authorized for wide

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<v Speaker 1>use before it's fully clear how effective it will be.

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<v Speaker 1>Preliminary data from the one thousand sixty person trial show

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<v Speaker 1>the medicine sped recovery in the most serious cases of

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<v Speaker 1>COVID nineteen by about four days. Full details haven't been published,

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<v Speaker 1>and a smaller trial in China didn't find a benefit.

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<v Speaker 1>The Food and Drug Administration, in granting the emergency authorization

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<v Speaker 1>didn't allow Gilead to claim the drug is safe and

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<v Speaker 1>effective for COVID nineteen. The agency said only that it's

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<v Speaker 1>reasonable to believe the medicine may help. It is not

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<v Speaker 1>a cure, O'Day says, it is a first step, but

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<v Speaker 1>it is an important first step. Many additional drugs and

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<v Speaker 1>vaccines will probably be needed to stop the pandemic, he says.

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead itself is working on an easier to administer inhaled

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<v Speaker 1>form of rim desevere that might be useful for less

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<v Speaker 1>severe cases. But with few other medicines available and the

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<v Speaker 1>number of COVID nineteen cases continuing to grow steadily about

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<v Speaker 1>four point three million cases and two d ninety thousand

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<v Speaker 1>deaths at press time, the drug is likely to be

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<v Speaker 1>in high demand until a better treatment or a vaccine

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<v Speaker 1>is available. Guilliad plans to donate the first one and

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<v Speaker 1>a half million vials, enough for roughly two hundred thousand patients.

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<v Speaker 1>The number depends on the dosage. The Emergency Use authorization

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<v Speaker 1>allows both the ten day course of treatment for patients

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<v Speaker 1>on ventilators and a five day course for those not

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<v Speaker 1>on ventilators. Those will be delivered this spring. By the fall,

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<v Speaker 1>a much larger supply should start to become available, and

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead is also working with other unnamed companies to bring

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<v Speaker 1>new factories online overseas. The question is can Gilead make

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<v Speaker 1>enough of it for the whole world. Gilead, based in

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<v Speaker 1>Foster City, California, is the most successful maker of anti

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<v Speaker 1>viral drugs in history. The company was founded in seven

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<v Speaker 1>and early on its chemists invented the influenza drug tamiflu.

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<v Speaker 1>In the two thousands, it started packaging multiple powerful anti

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<v Speaker 1>HIV medicines into simple, once a day pills, replacing complicated

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<v Speaker 1>multi pill regimens. It came mount with Sivaldi, a breakthrough

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<v Speaker 1>drug for hepatitis C. The news was overshadowed initially by

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<v Speaker 1>a fereer over the price one thousand dollars a pill.

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<v Speaker 1>As cheaper competing drugs hit the market, gileads hepse revenue declined.

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<v Speaker 1>Wall Street hasn't cared for that and has pressured Gilead

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<v Speaker 1>to expand beyond antivirals into faster growing arenas such as

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<v Speaker 1>cancer treatments. Until January, there wasn't much reason for a

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<v Speaker 1>drug company to work on coronaviruses. For years, they were

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<v Speaker 1>considered mere nuisances, responsible mostly for many common colds. The

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<v Speaker 1>first deadly human disease caused by a coronavirus, severe acute

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<v Speaker 1>respiratory syndrome or STARS, was stopped in two thousand three

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<v Speaker 1>before it gained a significant foothold in the human population.

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<v Speaker 1>The next deadly coronavirus MERS didn't spread efficiently in humans.

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<v Speaker 1>The virus that causes COVID nineteen is more closely related

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<v Speaker 1>to STARS, so much so that its official designation is STARS.

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<v Speaker 1>C o v two, a precursor to rim desevie, was

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<v Speaker 1>developed in two thousand nine by Gilead chemists hunting for

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<v Speaker 1>hepatitis C drugs. It was difficult to administer, however, and

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead had more promising drugs for HEPSEY in pill form,

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<v Speaker 1>so it mostly sat on the shelf for several years.

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<v Speaker 1>But in studying the compound, Gilead scientists showed in the

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<v Speaker 1>test tube that it could slow the replication of a

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<v Speaker 1>broad number of viruses. During the Ebola outbreak in West

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<v Speaker 1>Africa in twenty fourteen, Gilead put together a team of

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<v Speaker 1>scientists to look at whether any of its existing drugs

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<v Speaker 1>could help treat it or other emerging viruses. Rimdsevie quickly

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<v Speaker 1>moved to the top of the list by mid twenty fifteen.

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<v Speaker 1>Working with government scientists, Gilead had shown the drug worked

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<v Speaker 1>against ebola in laboratory animals and begun human safety trials,

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<v Speaker 1>but by the time rim desevie was ready for human

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<v Speaker 1>efficacy trials, the Ebola outbreak was fading. During the same period,

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<v Speaker 1>Gilead was invited to participate in a government sponsored consort

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<v Speaker 1>sham of academic researchers working on possible drugs for emerging viruses.

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<v Speaker 1>Two virologists in this group, Mark Dennison of Vanderbilt University

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<v Speaker 1>Medical Center and Ralph Barrack of the University of North

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<v Speaker 1>Carolina at Chapel Hill, had worked together on coronaviruses for years.

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<v Speaker 1>Barrick first warned about the potential for them to cause

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<v Speaker 1>significant human disease back in the late nineteen nineties. Dennison

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<v Speaker 1>was skeptical the Gilead compounds would do much, but when

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<v Speaker 1>he tested an analog of room desevere against a mouse

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<v Speaker 1>coronavirus in his lab, it worked. Over the next few years,

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<v Speaker 1>Barrick and his UNC colleague Timothy Shean tested the drug

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<v Speaker 1>against stars virus, mers virus, and numerous other bat coronaviruses.

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<v Speaker 1>Room desevie worked better than almost any other drug they tried.

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<v Speaker 1>Every virus we tested it on. It had a very

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<v Speaker 1>high potency and efficacy, Dennison recalls. In eighteen, another Ebola

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<v Speaker 1>outbreak flared up in the Congo, giving Gilead an opportunity

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<v Speaker 1>to finally test rimmed severe in people with a bola.

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<v Speaker 1>It didn't work, but the trials proved one thing, the

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<v Speaker 1>drug was safe. Gilead was figuring out what to do

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<v Speaker 1>with the compound next, says Chilar, when COVID nineteen came along.

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<v Speaker 1>Ken Kent, Gilead's vice president in charge of chemical development

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<v Speaker 1>and manufacturing, compares drug manufacturing to baking giant quantities of

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<v Speaker 1>a very complicated bread. You have to perform all the

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<v Speaker 1>right steps in precisely the right sequence. And just as

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<v Speaker 1>a baker needs a particular flower to make a signature bread,

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<v Speaker 1>a pharmaceutical chemist must have sufficient quantities of all the

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<v Speaker 1>right ingredients on hand. If you have to wait for

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<v Speaker 1>the wheat to grow, Kent says, it's going to take

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<v Speaker 1>a while. Kent joined Gilead in the late nineteen eighties.

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<v Speaker 1>He was employee number eight and has been involved in

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<v Speaker 1>one way or another with many of its anti viral hits,

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<v Speaker 1>including tamiflu, Sivaldi, and true Vada, a big selling provylactic

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<v Speaker 1>HIV drug combination, and today he's in charge of producing

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<v Speaker 1>the active ingredients for all of Gilead's small molecule drugs.

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<v Speaker 1>That's industry jargon for pills and other medicines made through

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<v Speaker 1>traditional chemistry as opposed to d NA or protein based concoctions,

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<v Speaker 1>which are produced using genetic engineering and browed inside living cells.

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<v Speaker 1>While ramdesvie isn't a pill, it is a smaller molecule.

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<v Speaker 1>In mid January, Kent got a call from Reza ole I,

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<v Speaker 1>senior vice president for Gilead's pharmaceutical operations, telling him the

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<v Speaker 1>company would need to make large quantities of room desevere

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<v Speaker 1>to fight the novel coronavirus. Kent immediately started calculating how

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<v Speaker 1>long that would take. We had to move quick, because

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<v Speaker 1>the one thing you can't buy is time, he says.

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<v Speaker 1>When you have long linear chemical synthesis that has to

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<v Speaker 1>be done sequentially A to B to see, that's time

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<v Speaker 1>you just can't get back. Depending on how you count,

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<v Speaker 1>there are about twenty five chemical steps in the production process.

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<v Speaker 1>Most drugs require a out half that number. Some of

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<v Speaker 1>the steps are more delicate than others. An early one

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<v Speaker 1>uses a reagent so flammable it will spontaneously combust if

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<v Speaker 1>exposed to air. Another involves a poison called trimethyl sillill cyanide.

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<v Speaker 1>If you get it on your body, you better get

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<v Speaker 1>yourself to the hospital really quick, says Howard University chemist

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<v Speaker 1>Joseph Fortunac, who has analyzed the rim deseivie manufacturing process,

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<v Speaker 1>and you still might not survive. Kent estimated that without

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<v Speaker 1>improvements in the process, it would take nine to twelve

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<v Speaker 1>months to make a batch of rim desevere from scratch.

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<v Speaker 1>That included a few months for suppliers scattered around the

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<v Speaker 1>world to make the wrong ingredients, six months for Gilead

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<v Speaker 1>to assemble those ingredients into the precious powder, and a

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<v Speaker 1>final month to finish and package the drug at the

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<v Speaker 1>filling plant in Laverne, California. This calculation led Kent and

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<v Speaker 1>Olei to brief O'Day on the need to order more

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<v Speaker 1>raw ingredients and other supplies right away to prevent bottlenecks.

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<v Speaker 1>O'Day signed off immediately, Kent says. At the same time,

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<v Speaker 1>Can't assembled a team of twenty chemists who started working

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<v Speaker 1>on ways to speed up the manufacturing process on both

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<v Speaker 1>the rimdessevere powder made in Edmonton, and the starter chemicals

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<v Speaker 1>made by Gilad's contractors. Eventually, they instituted tweaks that reduced

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<v Speaker 1>the time to manufacture the drug to six months. On

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<v Speaker 1>February second, Giliad flew the powder left over from its

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<v Speaker 1>Zibola effort, one hundred kilograms packed in high density polyurethane

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<v Speaker 1>drums with tamper evident seals, from Edmonton to Laverne. At

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<v Speaker 1>the filling plant, the powder was mixed with sterile water

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<v Speaker 1>and excipiens, substances that enhance the powder's solubility in reaction vessels,

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<v Speaker 1>then passed through another filtration step to insure sterility. An

0:13:43.559 --> 0:13:47.079
<v Speaker 1>automated filling machine put it in vials. After two weeks

0:13:47.080 --> 0:13:51.480
<v Speaker 1>of sterility testing, labels were prepared and checked. The Edmonton

0:13:51.520 --> 0:13:54.079
<v Speaker 1>plant also had enough raw materials to start on another

0:13:54.120 --> 0:13:58.520
<v Speaker 1>batch of powder in its glass lined steel reactors. This batch,

0:13:58.760 --> 0:14:01.560
<v Speaker 1>enough for at least thirty thous and patients, was completed

0:14:01.559 --> 0:14:04.960
<v Speaker 1>by early April, Soon after, the massive order of supplies

0:14:05.000 --> 0:14:08.199
<v Speaker 1>Gilead had placed in January started to arrive by plane,

0:14:08.600 --> 0:14:11.839
<v Speaker 1>allowing workers to start producing far larger batches of the drug.

0:14:12.559 --> 0:14:15.480
<v Speaker 1>Those will begin shipping to the California filling plant in June.

0:14:15.520 --> 0:14:19.840
<v Speaker 1>Gilliad says a contract manufacturer in Iowa will also start

0:14:19.880 --> 0:14:22.600
<v Speaker 1>releasing batches of rim de severe in August, and the

0:14:22.600 --> 0:14:25.120
<v Speaker 1>company has begun to assemble a consortium of chemical and

0:14:25.120 --> 0:14:29.840
<v Speaker 1>pharmaceutical manufacturers in India, Pakistan and elsewhere to help supply

0:14:29.920 --> 0:14:34.400
<v Speaker 1>the rest of the world. The U s Department of

0:14:34.440 --> 0:14:37.720
<v Speaker 1>Health and Human Services recently announced that six hundred and

0:14:37.800 --> 0:14:40.120
<v Speaker 1>seven thousand of the initial one and a half million

0:14:40.240 --> 0:14:44.160
<v Speaker 1>vials of rim desevere will be distributed domestically, enough for

0:14:44.240 --> 0:14:47.720
<v Speaker 1>about seventy eight thousand patients. That leaves enough of the

0:14:47.760 --> 0:14:51.920
<v Speaker 1>drug for about one fifteen thousand non US patients. If

0:14:51.960 --> 0:14:54.400
<v Speaker 1>the pandemic is still raging when the supply of donated

0:14:54.440 --> 0:14:57.800
<v Speaker 1>drugs runs out, and if vaccines or better treatments still

0:14:57.800 --> 0:15:01.120
<v Speaker 1>aren't available, there will be a fury debate about the price.

0:15:01.800 --> 0:15:04.480
<v Speaker 1>Gilliad says it's spent fifty million dollars on the drug

0:15:04.520 --> 0:15:06.800
<v Speaker 1>in the first quarter of the year and could spend

0:15:06.800 --> 0:15:10.400
<v Speaker 1>as much as one billion dollars by year end, mostly

0:15:10.480 --> 0:15:15.720
<v Speaker 1>on manufacturing, but also potentially on additional clinical trials. O'Day

0:15:15.760 --> 0:15:18.280
<v Speaker 1>says that Gilead is committed to making sure the medicine

0:15:18.320 --> 0:15:21.600
<v Speaker 1>is accessible and affordable to patients around the world, and

0:15:21.600 --> 0:15:23.960
<v Speaker 1>that it's simply too soon to talk about the price.

0:15:24.720 --> 0:15:28.440
<v Speaker 1>Wall Street doesn't think so. Analysts are already pressing him

0:15:28.480 --> 0:15:31.240
<v Speaker 1>on how his company will make money from rim desevere.

0:15:31.640 --> 0:15:35.280
<v Speaker 1>What is special about covid. Jeffrey Porges, an analyst at

0:15:35.280 --> 0:15:38.760
<v Speaker 1>the investment bank SVB Leering, asked O'Day on an April

0:15:38.840 --> 0:15:42.200
<v Speaker 1>thirtie earnings call. Should we assume the returns are going

0:15:42.240 --> 0:15:44.400
<v Speaker 1>to be similar to the returns you have generated in

0:15:44.480 --> 0:15:48.320
<v Speaker 1>other parts of the business. Porges later explains that he

0:15:48.440 --> 0:15:51.080
<v Speaker 1>views a pandemic as exactly the time a drug breakthrough

0:15:51.160 --> 0:15:54.640
<v Speaker 1>should pay off big. The fiftie medicine for blood pressure

0:15:54.680 --> 0:15:56.920
<v Speaker 1>we are allowing them to make a profit on, But

0:15:57.040 --> 0:15:59.520
<v Speaker 1>protecting the world from a pandemic, you can't make a

0:15:59.520 --> 0:16:02.480
<v Speaker 1>profit on that, He asks, It is crazy. It should

0:16:02.520 --> 0:16:06.280
<v Speaker 1>be the opposite. Other analysts have estimated the price could

0:16:06.320 --> 0:16:09.200
<v Speaker 1>be three thousand dollars to five thousand dollars per treatment,

0:16:09.560 --> 0:16:11.800
<v Speaker 1>in line with other new drugs to treat infections and

0:16:11.880 --> 0:16:15.760
<v Speaker 1>hospitalized patients. At that price, rim desevere could generate one

0:16:15.800 --> 0:16:19.040
<v Speaker 1>billion dollars or more in annual sales if it ends

0:16:19.080 --> 0:16:22.200
<v Speaker 1>up being used by hundreds of thousands of people. While

0:16:22.240 --> 0:16:25.280
<v Speaker 1>the drug is complicated to make, it won't necessarily be

0:16:25.360 --> 0:16:28.760
<v Speaker 1>expensive to produce on a per person basis once production

0:16:28.840 --> 0:16:33.120
<v Speaker 1>is scaled up and manufacturing efficiencies are maximized. In April,

0:16:33.200 --> 0:16:37.320
<v Speaker 1>scientists at the University of Liverpool and Howard University estimated

0:16:37.320 --> 0:16:40.560
<v Speaker 1>that Generics manufacturers could produce rim desevere for just nine

0:16:40.600 --> 0:16:43.480
<v Speaker 1>dollars per dose, according to a study published in the

0:16:43.560 --> 0:16:47.880
<v Speaker 1>Journal of Virus Eradication. Gilead's shares are up twenty two

0:16:47.920 --> 0:16:51.240
<v Speaker 1>percent this year, and investors expect the company will eventually

0:16:51.280 --> 0:16:54.640
<v Speaker 1>earn a return on its most high profile drug, assuming

0:16:54.640 --> 0:16:58.440
<v Speaker 1>the drug is still needed. At the same time, activists

0:16:58.480 --> 0:17:01.040
<v Speaker 1>pushing for a low cost are pointing out the government's

0:17:01.120 --> 0:17:05.000
<v Speaker 1>key role in identifying rim Desevere's potential for treating coronaviruses.

0:17:05.720 --> 0:17:08.440
<v Speaker 1>Public Citizens says the US government has spent at least

0:17:08.680 --> 0:17:12.080
<v Speaker 1>seventy point five million dollars funding research on the possible

0:17:12.160 --> 0:17:15.520
<v Speaker 1>uses of the drug. In the best case scenario that

0:17:15.600 --> 0:17:19.359
<v Speaker 1>everyone is hoping for vaccines now in early trials will

0:17:19.359 --> 0:17:23.040
<v Speaker 1>work well halt the viruses spread and render drugs like

0:17:23.119 --> 0:17:27.960
<v Speaker 1>rim desevere largely obsolete. Even if that happens, Gillyad's pricing

0:17:28.000 --> 0:17:31.680
<v Speaker 1>decision on rim desevere may have a lasting impact. As

0:17:31.720 --> 0:17:34.320
<v Speaker 1>the first drug in a new category, it may set

0:17:34.320 --> 0:17:38.560
<v Speaker 1>a precedent for other COVID nineteen treatments. The coronavirus has

0:17:38.600 --> 0:17:42.880
<v Speaker 1>already caused untold economic damage, leading to the highest US

0:17:42.960 --> 0:17:46.520
<v Speaker 1>unemployment rate since the Great Depression, and the virus looks

0:17:46.560 --> 0:17:50.000
<v Speaker 1>like it isn't going away. Vaccines and drugs for COVID

0:17:50.080 --> 0:17:53.760
<v Speaker 1>nineteen may be needed for years to come. We could

0:17:53.800 --> 0:17:56.560
<v Speaker 1>spend years asking how much society is willing to pay

0:17:56.600 --> 0:18:01.959
<v Speaker 1>for a cure. With Susan Burfield, be sure to check

0:18:02.000 --> 0:18:04.040
<v Speaker 1>out the cover story and more in the Kerney Siol

0:18:04.040 --> 0:18:07.359
<v Speaker 1>Bloomberg Business Week magazine. It's on newsstands, on the Bloomberg

0:18:07.480 --> 0:18:10.240
<v Speaker 1>and online at Bloomberg dot com. I'm Carol Nasser and

0:18:10.280 --> 0:18:13.320
<v Speaker 1>I'm Jason Kelly, and check us out every day on

0:18:13.560 --> 0:18:17.400
<v Speaker 1>the radio two to six pm Wall Street Time wherever

0:18:17.520 --> 0:18:20.480
<v Speaker 1>you listen to Bloomberg Radio. Also check out our podcast

0:18:20.680 --> 0:18:23.720
<v Speaker 1>you can get that wherever you get your podcasts. This

0:18:23.880 --> 0:18:24.520
<v Speaker 1>is Bloomberg