WEBVTT - How the Hygiene Hypothesis Works 0:00:00.480 --> 0:00:02.720 Hello there, it's me Josh, and I just wanted to 0:00:02.800 --> 0:00:06.720 let you know, people living in Minneapolis or with access 0:00:06.760 --> 0:00:09.399 to Minneapolis, I'm going to be in your city doing 0:00:09.440 --> 0:00:12.280 my solo show, The End of the World or How 0:00:12.320 --> 0:00:15.600 I Learned to Start Worrying and Love Humanity. It's a 0:00:15.640 --> 0:00:20.160 gas and it's pretty interesting too. So in June I'll 0:00:20.200 --> 0:00:23.400 be at the Parkway Theater in Minneapolis, and the next 0:00:23.480 --> 0:00:26.520 night I'll be at the Miracle Theater in Washington, d C. 0:00:27.480 --> 0:00:30.560 So come see me. Go to the Miracle Theater dot 0:00:30.560 --> 0:00:35.240 com or the Parkway Theater dot com for tickets. Welcome 0:00:35.280 --> 0:00:37.520 to Stuff You Should Know, a production of I Heart 0:00:37.600 --> 0:00:46.000 Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. 0:00:46.040 --> 0:00:50.000 I'm justus Chuck. There's Jerry Stuff you should know. You 0:00:50.159 --> 0:00:57.720 Jerk brad Oh, Jerry's back from vacation. Hello, Jerry, welcome back. 0:00:57.800 --> 0:01:02.520 Welcome back, Miss Rolling. You don't look any different. You're 0:01:02.560 --> 0:01:05.760 rolling your eyes at Josh. That means everything is normal. Normal. 0:01:05.800 --> 0:01:09.200 I thought you might be sun kissed, but she's nodding 0:01:09.240 --> 0:01:12.800 though she just wrote down helped me on the side. 0:01:12.880 --> 0:01:15.880 I saw that. I'm sure everybody heard the paper. Russell too, 0:01:16.400 --> 0:01:19.199 I have an announcement real quick if you don't mind. 0:01:20.959 --> 0:01:24.560 The Bryant's are back in the Cat Game. Got two kittens. 0:01:24.560 --> 0:01:29.600 Oh congratulations, thanks The cat Game. Yeah, the kiddie game 0:01:29.640 --> 0:01:34.040 where the cats name uh Luna and leave on and 0:01:34.080 --> 0:01:36.560 they You know, we've been planning this for a while 0:01:37.200 --> 0:01:39.720 since we lost our cats, but we had the house renovation. 0:01:39.760 --> 0:01:41.840 It was like, that makes no sense to get two 0:01:41.880 --> 0:01:44.640 cats in a rental house and move them. So then 0:01:44.680 --> 0:01:46.679 we waited, and then we were like, well, we're going 0:01:46.720 --> 0:01:49.360 out of town on vacation for Memorial Day, so let's 0:01:49.400 --> 0:01:52.800 wait after that. And we did. And I woke up 0:01:52.800 --> 0:01:55.040 on Sunday and looked at the calendar and I said, 0:01:55.200 --> 0:01:58.960 it's a cat day. Cat Day. So I went to 0:01:59.000 --> 0:02:04.200 the Humane Society. But Anna got to eight month old kittens. Siblings, Oh, 0:02:04.280 --> 0:02:07.040 matching cats. Boy and a girl wants a Luna is 0:02:07.080 --> 0:02:10.800 a girl and she's black and uh Levin is black 0:02:10.840 --> 0:02:14.280 and white, both short hair, which we're gonna try and 0:02:14.320 --> 0:02:17.680 recreate Lauren and the Wizard a little bit, you know 0:02:17.760 --> 0:02:22.440 that whole thing. Well rules that you have established, Well, 0:02:22.440 --> 0:02:25.080 we're gonna get a Tabby and another main coon because 0:02:25.080 --> 0:02:27.359 we really love those. But you're in a different direction. 0:02:27.440 --> 0:02:29.840 That's just like, you know what, you know, these are kittens, 0:02:29.840 --> 0:02:32.000 they're great, they need a home. Let's take them home. Well, 0:02:32.040 --> 0:02:34.400 you know what, dude, congratulations, thanks, it's been a lot 0:02:34.400 --> 0:02:38.400 of fun. Best wishes to the best of lifetime with 0:02:38.960 --> 0:02:43.400 Luna and LEVI. Well, you start at my age with cats. 0:02:43.520 --> 0:02:45.560 I was like, you know, this maybe one of the 0:02:45.639 --> 0:02:48.560 last bears. And Emily was like, stop, I know, I 0:02:48.560 --> 0:02:52.040 think it's don't even go there, stop doing mass you mean. 0:02:52.080 --> 0:02:53.800 And I have a friend who's a neighbor and she 0:02:54.000 --> 0:02:56.640 was like, you know, we're like, hold your dog. And 0:02:56.680 --> 0:02:59.960 she's like, oh, she's like three, so we'll probably pass. 0:03:00.000 --> 0:03:03.000 Said about the same time. I was like, why why 0:03:03.120 --> 0:03:05.280 would you say that out loud? Well, if these cats 0:03:05.320 --> 0:03:07.760 live a nice, healthy, longish life, they will see me 0:03:07.800 --> 0:03:11.800 into my mid sixties and see Ruby through high school. 0:03:12.680 --> 0:03:18.600 That's cute. That is that parts cute? So si um, 0:03:18.680 --> 0:03:22.880 so it's good that you're getting these kiddies for Ruby. 0:03:22.919 --> 0:03:25.200 In part for Ruby, I'm sure it's largely for you 0:03:25.240 --> 0:03:28.360 guys too. Yeah, it's for all of us. But she's 0:03:28.400 --> 0:03:31.760 going to run around growing up being exposed to cats. 0:03:31.760 --> 0:03:34.520 Are they going to be indoor outdoor cats. No, strictly indoor. 0:03:34.600 --> 0:03:38.080 Strictly indoor, they live longer. Still not judging, but no, 0:03:38.160 --> 0:03:42.880 it's fine, keep your cats. They kill fewer birds too, yes, um, 0:03:42.920 --> 0:03:45.000 but the fact that she's going to be exposed to 0:03:45.080 --> 0:03:48.680 cats is a big leg up for her. Yeah. And 0:03:48.720 --> 0:03:50.960 the fact that she was being licked in the mouth 0:03:51.080 --> 0:03:53.880 by dogs from the moment she was born. Yep, that's 0:03:53.880 --> 0:04:00.360 true too. But dogs cats different animals, true, which means yes, 0:04:00.640 --> 0:04:04.480 veried microbe, varied spit. And we're gonna get into why 0:04:04.840 --> 0:04:09.400 we're saying all this stuff soon enough. Just hold your horses, everybody, 0:04:09.440 --> 0:04:13.640 But um, what we're talking about is the hygiene hypothesis today. Yeah, 0:04:13.680 --> 0:04:16.560 and this is sort of the then diagram of several 0:04:16.720 --> 0:04:21.840 past episodes, including are some really good ones on allergies, 0:04:22.240 --> 0:04:25.039 the the immune system? Did we do one on the 0:04:25.040 --> 0:04:27.680 immune system? Either that or just the microbiome? Like, we 0:04:27.800 --> 0:04:30.200 definitely did that, but they may have been three, but 0:04:30.240 --> 0:04:33.480 if not, at least those two. And the hookworms episode, sure, 0:04:33.800 --> 0:04:39.440 yeah Southerners lazy and dumb right, Nope, it was hookworm. Um, yeah, 0:04:39.440 --> 0:04:41.480 we did do some good ones, but this is like, yeah, 0:04:41.520 --> 0:04:43.200 this is the stuff you should know A way is 0:04:43.240 --> 0:04:45.839 where we talk about all the stuff that has to 0:04:45.920 --> 0:04:49.640 do with the larger issue before we ever do larger issue. Yeah. 0:04:49.640 --> 0:04:51.360 And if you listen to the show for a long time, 0:04:51.440 --> 0:04:58.160 you're you're getting a pretty robust education. Yeah, and a 0:04:58.160 --> 0:05:02.680 lot of silliness. Yeah. So um, let's stop the silliness here. 0:05:04.200 --> 0:05:08.120 So uh, if you didn't realize, it's already prepared to 0:05:08.160 --> 0:05:11.520 have your socks knocked off. But we in the developed 0:05:11.680 --> 0:05:17.839 and rapidly developing world, right, Um, I'm just scanning my memory. 0:05:17.880 --> 0:05:21.880 That's the right term, correct, I think? So Okay, um 0:05:21.960 --> 0:05:26.279 our suffering what's known as an immunity crisis, like a 0:05:26.320 --> 0:05:29.160 massive one, the likes of which has probably never been 0:05:29.200 --> 0:05:33.280 seen before in human history. And it's happening at the 0:05:33.320 --> 0:05:35.840 snap of a finger, the blink of an eye, the 0:05:36.480 --> 0:05:40.000 pop of a spit bubble, right like that fast in 0:05:40.080 --> 0:05:43.320 evolutionary terms. To be fair, Josh just said that because 0:05:43.320 --> 0:05:45.440 I popped the spit bubble in his mouth while he 0:05:45.520 --> 0:05:48.880 was talking. That's sort of one of my chores. I 0:05:48.960 --> 0:05:53.280 got some stats between ninety and the year two thousand 0:05:53.480 --> 0:05:56.800 rates of hay fever, eczema, asthma, and type one diabetes, 0:05:57.240 --> 0:06:01.240 and he's all have to do with immune dysfunction, uh 0:06:01.400 --> 0:06:06.480 sort of three D and developed and developing countries since 0:06:06.560 --> 0:06:10.560 nineteen yep, between fifty and two thousand, and children born 0:06:10.560 --> 0:06:13.719 in the UK in nineteen seventy were twice as likely 0:06:13.960 --> 0:06:19.160 to get XIMA than those born in nineteen and there. 0:06:19.240 --> 0:06:21.440 I mean, there are tons of stats we could keep reading, 0:06:21.440 --> 0:06:23.640 but all of this flies in the face of what 0:06:23.680 --> 0:06:26.599 you would think would be happening, which is, as we 0:06:26.720 --> 0:06:30.280 get you know, more medically advanced and our world gets 0:06:30.279 --> 0:06:33.400 more sanitized, sure like everything, people should be getting sick 0:06:33.480 --> 0:06:37.160 less and have more robust immune systems, and the complete 0:06:37.160 --> 0:06:40.320 opposite is happening. Yeah, and it really has been confounding 0:06:40.360 --> 0:06:42.800 people because there's a couple of factors, or there's a 0:06:42.800 --> 0:06:45.200 couple of things here that this evidence is screaming. Number 0:06:45.200 --> 0:06:48.200 one is happening really fast. Number two is happening in 0:06:48.240 --> 0:06:53.279 a distinct part of the world, right, the developed world. Um. 0:06:53.320 --> 0:06:58.880 But it's also happening over time too, in the same places. Yeah. 0:06:58.920 --> 0:07:01.440 But the first one is hapening so fast that rules 0:07:01.480 --> 0:07:05.839 out genetics because genetics doesn't operate that fast. No, no, 0:07:06.160 --> 0:07:10.480 and um, so it's clearly environmental. That's what everybody's settled 0:07:10.520 --> 0:07:14.400 on and um again, it was confounding everybody for a 0:07:14.520 --> 0:07:17.520 very long time. And then in nine there are a 0:07:17.560 --> 0:07:20.120 lot of people who tried to explain this. And in 0:07:20.240 --> 0:07:24.480 ninety nine there was an British epidemiologist named I think 0:07:24.720 --> 0:07:30.160 you pronounced his last name is Strahan? Oh, really Strachen Stratching, 0:07:31.040 --> 0:07:35.760 the Kraaken name, or Michael Strahan, one of the two, 0:07:35.920 --> 0:07:38.360 one of those or Michael Shannon. Let's throw him in 0:07:38.360 --> 0:07:42.240 the mix. Two. Man, he's good. So David Stratching, I'm 0:07:42.280 --> 0:07:47.400 just going with that, um he. He and some colleagues 0:07:47.680 --> 0:07:50.840 released a very short paper in the British Medical Journal 0:07:50.840 --> 0:07:55.119 in nine and it said, we think we might actually 0:07:55.200 --> 0:07:58.240 have this figured out. What's going on beyond behind this 0:07:58.400 --> 0:08:02.760 confounding immune of the crisis, Why everyone's bodies are turning 0:08:02.800 --> 0:08:07.120 on themselves, whether immune systems are going haywire and crazy. Um, 0:08:07.480 --> 0:08:11.240 we think it's because things are too clean actually right. 0:08:11.920 --> 0:08:14.240 And he didn't actually use the term, but the word 0:08:14.320 --> 0:08:17.520 hygiene was in the title of the paper. But right 0:08:17.600 --> 0:08:19.920 after that people said, I like the way you're thinking. 0:08:20.120 --> 0:08:22.760 We're gonna call what you're talking about the hygiene hypothesis, 0:08:23.240 --> 0:08:27.560 but first explain to us what you're talking about stretching, right, 0:08:27.640 --> 0:08:30.080 I mean basically he was saying that if you're a 0:08:30.120 --> 0:08:33.520 little baby that's born and raised up through your early 0:08:34.080 --> 0:08:39.760 very important uh immunity developing years to about age four 0:08:39.960 --> 0:08:43.280 the most important. Yeah. So, uh, if if you were 0:08:44.320 --> 0:08:48.040 cleaning everything too much and slathering everything in hand sanitizer 0:08:48.679 --> 0:08:51.600 and keeping your child inside in a in a protective, 0:08:52.000 --> 0:08:55.880 clean play place, then they are not being exposed to 0:08:56.000 --> 0:08:59.560 the they're too clean, not being exposed to the germs 0:08:59.600 --> 0:09:02.160 that they need to develop a robust immune system. Right. 0:09:02.640 --> 0:09:06.120 That was his interpretation of some evidence. The actual study 0:09:06.160 --> 0:09:08.160 that the paper was based on. It was a study 0:09:08.200 --> 0:09:12.360 he carried out of I think seventeen thousand British households 0:09:12.840 --> 0:09:16.120 kids in particular. Yeah, and he found that kids born 0:09:16.280 --> 0:09:24.400 into smaller families had a higher chance of developing allergies 0:09:24.440 --> 0:09:29.200 as they grew older compared to kids born into larger families. Yeah, 0:09:29.240 --> 0:09:33.120 which is supported his theory, right, which is that because 0:09:33.160 --> 0:09:35.440 there's more people in a family, there are more people 0:09:35.480 --> 0:09:39.640 bringing germs into the home, exposing the little kid to 0:09:39.720 --> 0:09:44.800 the germs um more frequently at an earlier age, and 0:09:44.920 --> 0:09:51.600 that those germs somehow protect us from developing allergies later on. 0:09:52.120 --> 0:09:54.160 That's that was the basis of we have to say 0:09:54.200 --> 0:09:56.880 the original hygiene hypothesis because a lot of people don't 0:09:56.880 --> 0:09:59.840 know it, but it's changed dramatically since then. Yeah, and 0:10:00.000 --> 0:10:03.000 people got on board. It made sense. Um, still kind 0:10:03.000 --> 0:10:06.600 of makes sense in some ways. And uh, it made 0:10:06.640 --> 0:10:08.480 a lot of news, and people really kind of got 0:10:08.520 --> 0:10:13.280 on this train of let's not have any kids or 0:10:13.320 --> 0:10:15.560 just have one, sure, and let's let them roll around 0:10:15.559 --> 0:10:19.720 a dog poop. Right, it did get translated really quickly 0:10:19.760 --> 0:10:23.240 into let's all stop washing our hands because initially the 0:10:23.280 --> 0:10:27.760 thing that was identified was infections. That kids develop infections 0:10:27.800 --> 0:10:33.199 from infectious pathogens, and that being exposed to infections early 0:10:33.240 --> 0:10:37.920 on actually trains the immune system and makes it basically 0:10:37.960 --> 0:10:40.880 bulk up. It makes it gives you a beefy immune 0:10:40.880 --> 0:10:43.440 system later on, and more to the point, a smart one. 0:10:44.040 --> 0:10:47.120 And really we should probably talk about what the immune 0:10:47.120 --> 0:10:50.559 system does to really get home what's stratch And and 0:10:50.679 --> 0:10:53.160 all of his colleagues and everybody in the world was thinking. 0:10:53.240 --> 0:10:55.600 Was actually going on, Yeah, should we take a break 0:10:55.640 --> 0:11:14.960 and talk about a little do a little allergy recap 0:11:21.120 --> 0:11:23.520 all right, so you can refer to our allergy episode 0:11:23.600 --> 0:11:29.080 for the full picture. But um, but here's sort of 0:11:29.080 --> 0:11:32.400 an assessment, an overview, if you will. And that is, 0:11:32.600 --> 0:11:34.960 and I remember when we said this in the initial episode, 0:11:35.000 --> 0:11:39.000 an allergy is basically a mistake. It's a yeah, like, 0:11:39.120 --> 0:11:43.480 there's nothing inherently wrong with dust or pollen. Those things 0:11:43.480 --> 0:11:46.040 are great. They're not actually foreign invaders that are going 0:11:46.120 --> 0:11:48.240 to harm your body. No, there's nothing wrong with dust. 0:11:48.320 --> 0:11:50.719 People avoid dust because they're allergic to it. But it's 0:11:50.720 --> 0:11:53.480 not like dust has some inherent property that gets in 0:11:53.480 --> 0:11:56.200 your nose and makes you sick. You're allergic, Well, it 0:11:56.200 --> 0:11:58.440 makes you allergic, it does, but it doesn't make you sick. 0:11:58.559 --> 0:12:00.400 But it's not the dust's fall, I think, is what 0:12:00.480 --> 0:12:03.000 you're trying to say. It's your stupid immune system's fault. No, 0:12:03.160 --> 0:12:05.880 your immune system says this is a harmful invader, even 0:12:05.920 --> 0:12:08.440 though it's really not. It's pollen or dust or something, 0:12:08.960 --> 0:12:12.760 and let's mount a defense against this. And that is 0:12:12.800 --> 0:12:15.640 what triggers this allergic response, which is, you know, we'll 0:12:15.640 --> 0:12:18.160 govern that in detail, but everyone knows what that is. 0:12:18.200 --> 0:12:20.760 It's in the case of dust and pollen, it's you know, 0:12:21.120 --> 0:12:26.160 sneezing and inflammation in the nose. Yeah, scratchy throat redness, 0:12:26.160 --> 0:12:29.079 maybe a rash, depending on what kind of allergen you're 0:12:29.080 --> 0:12:32.240 talking about. But it's all just a big mistake. Do 0:12:32.360 --> 0:12:36.480 you just made It's really serious, but it's okay. So 0:12:36.520 --> 0:12:40.120 it is a mistake, and this this is why mistakes 0:12:40.160 --> 0:12:45.240 like allergies happen. Okay. The immune system. You're born with 0:12:45.280 --> 0:12:48.400 an immune system that says I'm ready to learn, I'm 0:12:48.440 --> 0:12:53.720 thirsty for knowledge. It's remarkable, right, it actually trains and 0:12:54.000 --> 0:12:57.599 like we said earlier, that first four years are really important. 0:12:58.120 --> 0:13:02.079 It's basically when your immune system learns to recognize what's 0:13:02.080 --> 0:13:05.000 a actual for an invader that I need to defend against, 0:13:05.000 --> 0:13:08.000 a mountain immune response against. And what's just a normal, 0:13:08.400 --> 0:13:11.480 harmless or maybe even friendly microbe in the environment like 0:13:11.559 --> 0:13:15.760 dust or pollen. Such a friendly microbe, right, it really 0:13:15.800 --> 0:13:18.800 has a good personality as far as cat hair it goes. Yeah, 0:13:19.440 --> 0:13:22.400 So what happens is when that immune system meets uh, 0:13:22.559 --> 0:13:27.400 something harmful, truly harmful, it creates an antibody and it's 0:13:27.520 --> 0:13:30.640 very customized. It's not like you said earlier. It's a 0:13:30.720 --> 0:13:33.840 very smart system. It's not just a one size fits 0:13:33.880 --> 0:13:37.439 all deal. Because your body is trying to get very 0:13:37.440 --> 0:13:40.160 specific with how it's going to deal with these invaders 0:13:40.160 --> 0:13:43.200 for the rest of your life. Right. Um, So, when 0:13:43.320 --> 0:13:47.000 when a foreign microbe, friendly or harmful or totally neutral, 0:13:47.120 --> 0:13:51.439 comes into your body, you have a multi layered system 0:13:51.600 --> 0:13:54.920 immune system. It's actually really two layers to tell you 0:13:55.000 --> 0:13:58.400 the truth. There's the innate immune system and then you 0:13:58.480 --> 0:14:01.720 have the adaptive immune system them. And the innate immune 0:14:01.760 --> 0:14:05.079 system is basically that's what you're born with. It's the 0:14:05.200 --> 0:14:09.760 Blaster from Master Blaster okay, okay, which was Blaster. I 0:14:09.760 --> 0:14:12.960 think Blaster was the big like like crushed skull guy 0:14:13.160 --> 0:14:15.520 of course, and then Master was the master the road 0:14:15.559 --> 0:14:19.000 on his shoulders. So Blaster gets his meaty paws on 0:14:19.120 --> 0:14:22.840 a microbe what seems to be a foreign invader, and 0:14:23.160 --> 0:14:26.840 it doesn't matter what it is, Blaster does the same 0:14:26.880 --> 0:14:29.760 thing to it. He crushes them up and eats them 0:14:29.800 --> 0:14:34.600 and digests them and then poops out the the the 0:14:34.760 --> 0:14:38.560 parts of that invader, that microbe that make that microbe 0:14:38.560 --> 0:14:42.000 that microbe um the proteins on the outside of the 0:14:42.040 --> 0:14:45.920 microbe called antigen's okay, and it says, look at this, 0:14:46.120 --> 0:14:49.480 and it shows the adeptive immune system what it's got. Yeah, 0:14:49.560 --> 0:14:52.440 so that innate immunity you're you're born with it, and 0:14:52.480 --> 0:14:55.480 it's it's sort of like, h like mom is going 0:14:55.520 --> 0:14:59.040 to pass on some like cobra coverage almost right, You 0:14:59.080 --> 0:15:03.480 get this like temporary verry insurance that that mom is 0:15:03.840 --> 0:15:05.680 kind enough to pass on, and that covers you for 0:15:05.680 --> 0:15:08.360 a little while while your body is sort of learning 0:15:08.360 --> 0:15:11.680 how to do it on its own. With Master. I'm sorry, 0:15:11.720 --> 0:15:15.160 Blaster sort of leading the way at first. So where 0:15:15.160 --> 0:15:18.920 you left off was it presents it to Master and says, here, 0:15:19.680 --> 0:15:23.320 uh do with this? What you will start learning? Right? 0:15:23.480 --> 0:15:27.400 What is this that I just chewed up? That's two 0:15:27.480 --> 0:15:30.600 John Travoltas in one episode you know that was vide 0:15:30.640 --> 0:15:33.600 Barbarino and what's the other one? I just regular John? 0:15:34.480 --> 0:15:40.480 Why you swee so um? When Blaster spits out these antigens, says, 0:15:40.520 --> 0:15:44.000 what is this? Check it out? Master's job now, Master 0:15:44.120 --> 0:15:48.680 is the adaptive immune system. The second part, This is 0:15:48.720 --> 0:15:54.480 a more nuanced, smarter um selective or supposedly selective part 0:15:54.560 --> 0:15:56.600 of your immune system where it looks at this stuff 0:15:57.000 --> 0:16:00.560 and somehow, some way, I don't understand exactly how it 0:16:00.600 --> 0:16:03.360 does it. Maybe we touched upon it in our immunity episode, 0:16:03.880 --> 0:16:07.840 but the adaptive immune system Master says, Okay, this is 0:16:07.840 --> 0:16:11.120 actually not harmful at all. Don't worry about building in anybody. 0:16:11.160 --> 0:16:12.640 You can forget about that. And as a matter of fact, 0:16:12.680 --> 0:16:14.880 don't forget about it. But the next time you see 0:16:14.920 --> 0:16:17.560 this thing, just let him on through. He's the friendliest 0:16:17.600 --> 0:16:19.640 cat hair you're ever going to meet. Don't kill him 0:16:19.640 --> 0:16:23.000 next time. Yeah, Or if it's an if it's an 0:16:23.160 --> 0:16:27.440 actual foreign invader and everything is going smoothly and correctly, 0:16:27.800 --> 0:16:31.480 then the adaptive immune system is going to say, well, whoa, whoa, 0:16:31.800 --> 0:16:34.960 this is a really dangerous thing you've just presented me with. 0:16:35.560 --> 0:16:38.040 We're going to study its weaknesses and we're going to 0:16:38.240 --> 0:16:42.520 build a molecule that is designed to kill this thing 0:16:42.560 --> 0:16:46.000 with extreme prejudice. Yeah, it turns into Clint Eastwood all 0:16:46.000 --> 0:16:48.880 of a sudden. Yes. Um. While this is going on 0:16:49.160 --> 0:16:54.000 in the background, we should mention that uh blaster has 0:16:54.640 --> 0:16:57.960 already set off the He's basically walled things off with 0:16:58.080 --> 0:17:02.360 an inflammatory response. Yeah, and not like something you know, 0:17:02.560 --> 0:17:05.000 mean that he said to Master, Not that kind of 0:17:05.040 --> 0:17:09.040 inflammatory response, but why are you so short? But regular 0:17:09.480 --> 0:17:12.480 A regular inflammatory response is sort of the big dumb 0:17:12.680 --> 0:17:14.840 guy's way to deal with something. It's like, all right, 0:17:14.880 --> 0:17:16.720 while you figure this out, just let me puff up 0:17:17.200 --> 0:17:20.399 and let me cause a rash or give give you 0:17:20.440 --> 0:17:24.280 a fever or you know. There's all sorts of inflammatory responses. Yeah, 0:17:24.320 --> 0:17:27.160 blasters responsible for what you think of when you think 0:17:27.200 --> 0:17:30.760 of uh an infection. Yeah, you're fighting out like me 0:17:30.840 --> 0:17:34.000 last week. Now, I had that weird virus. Yeah it's gone, 0:17:34.160 --> 0:17:37.480 it's gone. Great, that is weird. It is weird. Um, 0:17:37.520 --> 0:17:39.159 but I had we had Emily and I both had 0:17:39.200 --> 0:17:41.960 all sorts of things weird bumps and lumps and rashes 0:17:42.040 --> 0:17:47.520 and fever. Yeah it was. It was not good. But um, 0:17:47.560 --> 0:17:50.679 so that's the inflammatory response is going on while Master 0:17:50.920 --> 0:17:53.919 is working on his plan rights sort of like a 0:17:53.960 --> 0:17:56.399 first line of defense almost. So we have to so 0:17:56.600 --> 0:17:59.359 Julia Layton put this one together and like we have 0:17:59.520 --> 0:18:03.560 to go or the four the four key components of 0:18:03.600 --> 0:18:09.760 the inflammation response. Okay, okay, you've got calor, dolor, rub or, 0:18:09.920 --> 0:18:12.840 and two more. It sounds like Game of Thrones or something. 0:18:12.880 --> 0:18:17.280 It does. It's heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Yeah, and 0:18:17.320 --> 0:18:18.760 when you put them all together, you're like, yeah, of 0:18:18.840 --> 0:18:21.280 course it's analogy. That's an infection. That's what happens when 0:18:21.359 --> 0:18:24.040 something tries to get my body. Blaster goes and and 0:18:24.160 --> 0:18:26.520 brings this on. Right. Yeah, and man, every time we 0:18:26.520 --> 0:18:28.960 study the immune system, it just blows me away. I 0:18:29.160 --> 0:18:32.560 love it. It's just amazing that humans can do this. Yeah, 0:18:32.920 --> 0:18:36.360 you know so, um yeah, we're not even trying. No, 0:18:36.720 --> 0:18:39.399 we're just sitting around watching Well I'm not watching Thrones. 0:18:39.480 --> 0:18:42.160 But do you watch that? No? Did you? I watched 0:18:42.160 --> 0:18:44.919 the first few seasons and dropped off. Yeah. Apparently you 0:18:45.000 --> 0:18:48.760 pulled out just in time. M according to Reddit, Well, 0:18:48.880 --> 0:18:51.480 I know everyone said one through seven was great. Okay, 0:18:51.560 --> 0:18:53.359 so you did in foresaw seven? Now I saw like 0:18:53.359 --> 0:18:56.800 one through three and then just got confused and went 0:18:56.840 --> 0:19:01.880 to sleep. It was using, Oh yeah, there's a lot 0:19:02.160 --> 0:19:03.879 going on. Yeah, you have to keep up with the 0:19:04.280 --> 0:19:07.360 characters and storylines, and it just got too too much. 0:19:07.400 --> 0:19:09.520 I was just like, yeah, okay, I'm gonna go back 0:19:09.520 --> 0:19:13.239 and watch uh Company again. Right. I can't wait for that. 0:19:13.920 --> 0:19:17.480 I watched um Berry, have you been watching Barry? Now? 0:19:17.520 --> 0:19:19.719 I need I watched a few episodes on a plane 0:19:20.720 --> 0:19:22.639 I started. Yeah, I need to get Emily on the 0:19:22.680 --> 0:19:25.040 on the Berry train. It's very good. It is good. Yeah, 0:19:25.080 --> 0:19:27.760 that's a good show and VP. Of course I need 0:19:27.760 --> 0:19:29.840 to watch the last season of V I'm not on 0:19:29.880 --> 0:19:34.240 that same here, okay, So anyway, slight digression, Keller, Dolor, 0:19:34.400 --> 0:19:38.320 rub Or, and two more Um and Blaster. The innate 0:19:38.560 --> 0:19:42.960 um immune system is basically creating this to to keep 0:19:43.000 --> 0:19:48.679 the infection localized. Wow, the adaptive system Master is figuring 0:19:48.680 --> 0:19:51.360 out what to do and building the anybody. So once 0:19:51.359 --> 0:19:53.760 all this happens, that anybody is released, it goes in 0:19:53.920 --> 0:19:58.880 and destroys the whatever remaining microbes of that foreign invader 0:19:58.880 --> 0:20:03.280 are still around, and the body is saved. And even better, 0:20:03.440 --> 0:20:07.920 somehow your immune system remembers this. Yeah, that's the important part, right, 0:20:08.040 --> 0:20:11.240 so that the next time Blaster comes along and comes 0:20:11.280 --> 0:20:14.160 back with that same that same micro but the same 0:20:14.200 --> 0:20:17.400 kind of microbe. Master says, I know just the thing 0:20:17.480 --> 0:20:19.800 for this guy. We've met him before. We're gonna get 0:20:19.800 --> 0:20:22.359 this anybody over here, and it's going to destroy them 0:20:22.480 --> 0:20:25.080 and the body will just keep coming along with the 0:20:25.119 --> 0:20:32.159 immune system mounting normal um appropriate responses, and your body, 0:20:32.480 --> 0:20:34.920 all your cells are just screaming. Two men enter, one 0:20:34.920 --> 0:20:38.560 man leave the whole time. It's very uh, it's kind 0:20:38.600 --> 0:20:42.359 of disturbing actually under a microscope. Should we talk about 0:20:42.359 --> 0:20:45.960 T cells? Yeah, didn't you say we're quickly going to 0:20:46.040 --> 0:20:48.320 go over the immune system. I mean, we don't have 0:20:48.359 --> 0:20:50.280 to talk about T cells. No, No, I'm just saying 0:20:50.680 --> 0:20:53.359 we've talked about different being quick we talked about them 0:20:53.400 --> 0:20:56.080 a lot in the past. Yeah, but not to this 0:20:56.080 --> 0:20:58.280 this degree, and they actually are pretty important in this 0:20:58.880 --> 0:21:04.639 all right, Well, so remember that blaster the innate immunity. 0:21:05.160 --> 0:21:08.239 Uh dude, Remember any microbe it gets his hands on, 0:21:08.320 --> 0:21:11.400 it does the same thing to Too bad for the microbe. 0:21:11.480 --> 0:21:15.280 So he's going to present that that microbe's antigens to 0:21:15.640 --> 0:21:19.280 these t Helper cells T cells that we've talked about before, 0:21:19.600 --> 0:21:23.400 and they are part of Master's smarter system. And like 0:21:23.480 --> 0:21:25.480 earlier when he said he presents it, what he's really 0:21:25.480 --> 0:21:28.320 doing is presenting to those T helper cells. Right, So 0:21:29.000 --> 0:21:31.680 there's T helper cells that are undifferentiated. There's kind of 0:21:31.680 --> 0:21:33.679 floating a long waiting to be told what to become. 0:21:34.040 --> 0:21:36.879 And then Master says, you turn into some th h 0:21:37.000 --> 0:21:40.480 one cells. Because this is a bacterial or a viral infection. 0:21:40.880 --> 0:21:44.000 Th H one cells are are um specialized to combat 0:21:44.080 --> 0:21:48.359 that kind of microbe or if say it's a hookworm 0:21:48.720 --> 0:21:52.680 infection um they would turn into th H two cells, 0:21:52.880 --> 0:21:56.479 or if it's an allergy or an allergic response, it 0:21:56.520 --> 0:21:59.240 means th H two cells are involved too. And this 0:21:59.320 --> 0:22:03.480 is here the key to the original interpretation of the 0:22:03.560 --> 0:22:07.240 hygiene hypothesis. Yeah, and the th H one it's it's 0:22:07.240 --> 0:22:09.480 sort of a they do a lot of things, but 0:22:09.760 --> 0:22:12.520 th H one generally work on the inside of cells 0:22:12.520 --> 0:22:15.119 and th H two generally work on the outside of cells. 0:22:15.600 --> 0:22:19.840 They sort of split up and they sort of balance 0:22:19.920 --> 0:22:22.600 each other out too. That's a big, big key to Yeah, 0:22:22.680 --> 0:22:24.600 like if there are more th H one cells, there 0:22:24.600 --> 0:22:26.960 will be less th H two and the other way around. Right, 0:22:26.960 --> 0:22:29.720 they kind of regulate one another, or more like more 0:22:29.800 --> 0:22:35.280 to the point, t T regulator cells regulate th H 0:22:35.400 --> 0:22:37.720 one and th H two cells. Yeah, the T REGs, 0:22:37.760 --> 0:22:40.160 which we didn't find out about until like the two 0:22:40.160 --> 0:22:44.000 thousand's right, But if there are this is the point here. 0:22:44.280 --> 0:22:47.080 If there are a lot of th H two cells, 0:22:47.080 --> 0:22:49.879 there's not going to be very many th H one cells, 0:22:49.960 --> 0:22:54.040 and vice versa. And so the original interpretation of the 0:22:54.080 --> 0:22:58.159 hygiene hypothesis was that kids who are not exposed to 0:22:58.440 --> 0:23:02.240 bacterial or viral infecttions early on in life, do not 0:23:02.400 --> 0:23:05.520 have a chance for their immune system to learn what's 0:23:05.560 --> 0:23:08.879 good what's bad. And since their th H one cells 0:23:08.880 --> 0:23:13.560 aren't activated because they're not exposed to pathogens, um, they're 0:23:13.600 --> 0:23:16.840 th H two cells, the ones that are responsible for 0:23:16.880 --> 0:23:20.840 allergic reactions, get to go into hyper drive and being 0:23:21.160 --> 0:23:24.399 responsible for allergic reaction th H two cells kind of 0:23:24.440 --> 0:23:27.720 like a hammer into a hammer, everything looks like a nail. 0:23:28.240 --> 0:23:30.520 So to the th H two cells, everything looks like 0:23:30.520 --> 0:23:33.600 a foreign invader, and so an allergic response is mounted. 0:23:33.840 --> 0:23:38.320 So because the kids th H one cells weren't active enough, 0:23:38.480 --> 0:23:41.560 the th H two cells were overactive, they weren't exposed 0:23:41.600 --> 0:23:45.840 to infections, they developed allergies later in life. That's what 0:23:45.960 --> 0:23:48.600 they thought was the crux of the hygiene hypothesis, and 0:23:48.640 --> 0:23:50.600 that it was all because we're we were living in 0:23:50.640 --> 0:23:54.639 a world as far too clean for our own good. Yeah, 0:23:54.680 --> 0:23:56.680 And you know, there are more studies that they did 0:23:56.720 --> 0:23:59.800