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Speaker 1: Hey, Happy Saturday, everybody. I hope your day is great.

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Speaker 1: Our network has another new show to announce. It is

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Speaker 1: Modern Rules with Stephanie Rule. Stephanie is an anchor at

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Speaker 1: MSNBC and this show invites a small number of guests

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Speaker 1: to join her in candid conversation, often about a contentious

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Speaker 1: topic that the participants don't necessarily agree on and keeping

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Speaker 1: with that theme, today's classic goes back to John Harvey Kellogg,

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Speaker 1: whose opinions and practices were contentious when he was living

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Speaker 1: and continue to be so today. Whenever we share this

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Speaker 1: episode on our social media today, there is often a

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Speaker 1: lively discussion about everything from wellness to pseudoscience, to religion,

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Speaker 1: to circumcision and everything in between. So stay tuned at

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Speaker 1: the end of the episode for a little peek at

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Speaker 1: Modern Rules. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I am Tracy Wilson and

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Speaker 1: I'm Holly fry So a note before we begin this.

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Speaker 1: Some of John Harvey Kellogg's thought was about the sexual

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Speaker 1: health of adults, so if you are listening with young children,

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Speaker 1: be aware there is going to be some talk about

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Speaker 1: sex and some sexual terminology in this episode. Yeah, a

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Speaker 1: little bit of anatomy that you may or may not

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Speaker 1: have covered yet. Can I tell you a story, por favour.

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Speaker 1: I used to be a massage therapist, like a legitimate

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Speaker 1: massage therapist. I had a license and all that, and

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Speaker 1: I was getting ready to start my first full time

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Speaker 1: job at a spa. And this was the spa was

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Speaker 1: like the kind of place up in the mountains where

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Speaker 1: you would go and you would get three health food

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Speaker 1: meals a day and in addition to your massages, there

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Speaker 1: were day hikes and nutritional counseling and uh and that

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Speaker 1: sort of thing. Like it was a very health spa. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the kind of place where there was such a focus

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Speaker 1: on healthy eating that people would routinely ask the maintenance

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Speaker 1: guy and they could smuggle if he could smuggle some

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Speaker 1: hamburgers for them. Um. So, the night before my first

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Speaker 1: day of work there, I was staying at this condo

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Speaker 1: that had cable, and I hadn't had a TV at

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Speaker 1: all for about four years, so of course I turned

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Speaker 1: it on and what was on was coincidentally The Road

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Speaker 1: to Wellville, which is based on a book by TC Boyle.

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Speaker 1: Yes have you ever seen this or read this? Yes,

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Speaker 1: and yes, but it's been quite some time on both. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a fictionalized comedy about John Harvey Kellogg. And in

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Speaker 1: the movie, everybody is at this spa to get better,

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Speaker 1: and there's a lot of stuff going on that just

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Speaker 1: seems really cuckoo, from weird electrical therapies to a hyper

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Speaker 1: strict focus on never ever ever masturbating. It's absolutely fictional,

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Speaker 1: but the Battle Creek Sanitarium was a real place run

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Speaker 1: by John Harvey Kellogg, who was a real guy, and

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Speaker 1: it had its share of weirdness, which is what we're

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Speaker 1: going to talk about today. It's almost one of those

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Speaker 1: things where you're like, why did you fictionalize this? I know,

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Speaker 1: funny weird as it is. That's sort of like Stone Mountain, Georgia.

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Speaker 1: They really didn't need to make up all kinds of

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Speaker 1: craziness about Stone Mountain for thirty Rock because it's got

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Speaker 1: its own craziness right there. Um. So also this is you,

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Speaker 1: thank some part to a listener request from Palace. We

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Speaker 1: are going to talk about John Harvey Kellogg and the

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Speaker 1: Sanitarium at Battle Creek today. So John hard Fee Kellogg

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Speaker 1: was born in Tyrone, Michigan, on February eighteen fifty two,

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Speaker 1: and his parents were John Preston and and Kellogg. He

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Speaker 1: was one of sixteen it's one six sixteen children, which

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Speaker 1: included five from his father's first marriage. They were all

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Speaker 1: devout Seventh Day Adventists, and they moved to Battle Creek, Michigan,

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Speaker 1: which was at that point the home of the Seventh

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Speaker 1: Day Advertist Church. When John was young, his father owned

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Speaker 1: a broom factory there and all of the children worked

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Speaker 1: in it as soon as they were of legal age

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Speaker 1: to do so. When John got older, he worked as

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Speaker 1: a printer's devil, which is kind of a gopher slash

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Speaker 1: apprentice type role at a Seventh Day Adventist publishing house.

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Speaker 1: His interest in medicine and health reform probably started there

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Speaker 1: because of the materials they were printing. Ellen White, who

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Speaker 1: was co founder of the Seventh day Adventists, had begun

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Speaker 1: to write extensively about health and wellness. A core Seventh

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Speaker 1: Day Adventist belief is that people's bodies are the temples

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Speaker 1: of the Holy Spirit, so they should be treated well

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Speaker 1: and kept healthy through clean living and healthful behaviors, and

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Speaker 1: people should avoid quote unclean foods and tobacco and alcohol.

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Speaker 1: When he was sixteen, he worked for a little while

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Speaker 1: as a teacher, although some kind of respiratory trouble ended

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Speaker 1: his teaching work and caused him to return to studying.

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Speaker 1: John's father did not really see a lot of reason

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Speaker 1: to educate his children. He believed that the Second Coming

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Speaker 1: was imminent and that would have been a waste of time.

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Speaker 1: So many of his siblings never finished high school, and

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Speaker 1: in spite of that, John got his d from Bellevue

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Speaker 1: Hospital Medical College in eighteen seventy five UH. For scattered

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Speaker 1: years between eighteen eighty three and nineteen eleven, he also

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Speaker 1: studied in Europe UH and continued his education in surgery

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Speaker 1: and medicine there. His goal in all the study was

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Speaker 1: really to be a good doctor and a good surgeon,

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Speaker 1: and he was. He was a successful doctor and a

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Speaker 1: very respected surgeon, and he continued to practice surgery until

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Speaker 1: he was in his seventies. He also founded Battle Creek College,

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Speaker 1: which later became part of Andrews University, and he served

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Speaker 1: as its first president. He was also an advocate of

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Speaker 1: health outreach for the poor and needy. He believed that

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Speaker 1: all Christian institutions should work with the poor in their

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Speaker 1: local area, and he also believed that Seventh Day Adventists

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Speaker 1: were in particular called to work as medical missionaries. He

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Speaker 1: was part of the Adventists creation of a medical mission

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Speaker 1: in Chicago, the closest major city to Battle Creek at

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Speaker 1: the time Detroit was much smaller than and that was

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Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety three, uh and that medical mission became

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Speaker 1: a model for other missions in Chicago and elsewhere. The

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Speaker 1: goal was to see to both the physical and spiritual

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Speaker 1: health of the city's poorest residence. On February eighteen seventy nine,

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Speaker 1: he married Ella E. Eaton, and they lived in a

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Speaker 1: fifty room home in Battle Creek. That sounds enormous, it does. Indeed,

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Speaker 1: they really needed all that room because together they fostered

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Speaker 1: about forty children and legally adopted seven of them. They

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Speaker 1: had no biological children because allegedly, as it just seems

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Speaker 1: to be a running theme with every topic that I picked,

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Speaker 1: their marriage was chased and never consummated. You do have

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Speaker 1: bad luck with that, And I don't know if it's

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Speaker 1: bad luck, it's just it's just funny because you pick

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Speaker 1: things not knowing that, and it always comes up in

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Speaker 1: the research. Yeah, I just keep picking people to talk

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Speaker 1: about and then it turns out that that person, by

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Speaker 1: coincidence has a chased marriage. Yes, how a chase marriage

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Speaker 1: and practice celibacy for their whole life. Uh. And although

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Speaker 1: some of his children were black, John was actually a

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Speaker 1: proponent of the eugenics movement and founded the Race Betterment

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Speaker 1: Foundation in nineteen eleven to pursue ideas of racial purity,

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Speaker 1: which I think is a little startling because you think

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Speaker 1: about all of his sort of seeming good works and outreach. Well,

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Speaker 1: there were really a lot of people during those years

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Speaker 1: who were active in the eugenics movement who uh that

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Speaker 1: their activity sort of tarnishes all of the other good

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Speaker 1: works that they did by having been part of this movement.

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Speaker 1: That is, at the time was not looked at with

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Speaker 1: quite the level of horror as it is today like today,

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Speaker 1: that whole idea is really upsetting. Um, it was. That

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Speaker 1: was not really the that's the thought at the time period.

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Speaker 1: And there's late eighteen hundred, early nine hundred years and

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Speaker 1: one of the Race Betterment Foundations objectives at the time

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Speaker 1: was to start a eugenic registry so that they could

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Speaker 1: ensure racial purity, so yes, that's that's another It sounds

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Speaker 1: so alien and unsettling, but at the time it was

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Speaker 1: a pretty common right. There were a lot of people

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Speaker 1: who I think otherwise were ahead of their time and

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Speaker 1: what they were thinking about. And then also participated in

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Speaker 1: the eugenics movement, which becomes startling to people. Yeah, um,

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Speaker 1: so that that's sort of the the basics of who

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Speaker 1: this person was. A big part of his life was

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Speaker 1: his philosophy on health, and you hear a lot about

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Speaker 1: his very more extreme views. When you hear about John

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Speaker 1: Harvey Kellogg, it becomes really easy to write him off

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Speaker 1: as this kind of weirdo quack since a lot of

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Speaker 1: his practices were way apart from mainstream thought at the time.

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Speaker 1: They definitely don't hold up to scientific scrutiny now, and

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Speaker 1: some of them were kind of scientifically questionable even at

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Speaker 1: the time. Um. But in spite of that, he was

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Speaker 1: really always on the lookout for medical evidence that his

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Speaker 1: theories were actually effective, and he did seemed to question

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Speaker 1: his beliefs pretty regularly. He would he would advocate something,

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Speaker 1: and then when it turned out that that was not

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Speaker 1: a good idea and he had proof of that, he

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Speaker 1: would turn away from it and advocate something else. So

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Speaker 1: it was kind of a quest for the newest and

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Speaker 1: best knowledge, and sometimes it didn't pan out, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: it did. Right. Uh, there's also the context to consider

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Speaker 1: in the world of medicine at the time, pasteurization and

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Speaker 1: the germ theory of disease were really only starting to

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Speaker 1: gain a mainstream acceptance. Diseases still spread rapidly because of

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Speaker 1: a lack of basic hygiene, and a lot of quote

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Speaker 1: medicines were patent medicines that had no real medical value.

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Speaker 1: Cocaine and laudanum were being used medicinally. So Kellogg's focus

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Speaker 1: on preventive care and healthy living was really groundbreaking in

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Speaker 1: a lot of ways. As we said before, he was

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Speaker 1: a trained and respected doctor, and a lot of what

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Speaker 1: he believe, eaved and wrote about MESH is pretty well

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Speaker 1: with common sense health beliefs today, or at least mainstream

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Speaker 1: natural health ideas. He advocated healthy eating, exercise, vegetarianism, and

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Speaker 1: low calorie diets. Uh, there's last two you could sort

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Speaker 1: of argue either way for but in the field of

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Speaker 1: holistic health there pretty much staples at this point, and

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Speaker 1: we have all kinds of documentations of these ideas for

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Speaker 1: almost seventy years, Kellogg edited a magazine called Good Health.

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Speaker 1: It was originally a Seventh Day advent. This publication called

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Speaker 1: Health Reformer, and in this he would publish his philosophies.

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Speaker 1: He also wrote many, many books on health and healthy living,

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Speaker 1: and much of this material is actually in public domain now,

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Speaker 1: so you can find a lot of his books online

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Speaker 1: for free. He was really ahead of the curve on

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Speaker 1: some of the health ideas that we take for granted today.

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Speaker 1: He was an ardent believer that the American diet included

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Speaker 1: more protein than people really needed, and that people should

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Speaker 1: bathe more often than once a week. He that really

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Speaker 1: wanted people to wear less restrictive, more breathable clothing than

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Speaker 1: they generally did in the nineteenth century. He was also

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Speaker 1: an anti smoking advocate, long before mainstream culture was ever

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Speaker 1: thinking of smoking is hazardous, and he correctly concluded the

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Speaker 1: smoking is bad for the heart. Uh from tobacco is

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Speaker 1: m or how tobacco kills. He says tobacco in its

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Speaker 1: various forms is one of the most mischievous of all drugs.

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Speaker 1: There is perhaps no other drug which injures the body

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Speaker 1: in so many ways and so universally as does tobacco.

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Speaker 1: Some drugs offer a small degree of compensation for the

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Speaker 1: evil effects which they produce, but tobacco has not a

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Speaker 1: single redeeming feature and gives nothing in return for the

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Speaker 1: one point five billion dollars which it costs the nation annually,

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Speaker 1: besides the one thousand lives which it probably destroys. So

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Speaker 1: that's a pretty startlingly modern for He also wrote about

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Speaker 1: the dangers of sitting, which is something that's really been

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Speaker 1: increasingly as a't in medical literature in the past few years.

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Speaker 1: From the simple life in a nutshell, one need not

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Speaker 1: to generate physically because his occupation is sedentary. Always sit erect,

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Speaker 1: with chest held high, and the small the back supported,

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Speaker 1: sit as little as possible. Standing in lying are more

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Speaker 1: natural and healthful positions than sitting. One may exercise while

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Speaker 1: sitting at work by deep breathing and by stiffening the

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Speaker 1: muscles of verse one limb a few seconds than the other.

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Speaker 1: All the muscles in the body may be exercised this way. Again,

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Speaker 1: still going on today like that's well, and I stand

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Speaker 1: up desk movement, the standing dust thing is just yeah.

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Speaker 1: I hear more and more people talking about their standing

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Speaker 1: desks and I think it's only been maybe in the

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Speaker 1: last five years that that suddenly you're seeing more and

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Speaker 1: more research about how how terrible not just the fact

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Speaker 1: that people are not exercising, but the sedentary time that

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Speaker 1: they're spending sitting yet during during the work day. Kellogg

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Speaker 1: also had a huge focus on food, and he developed

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Speaker 1: up or refined a number of health foods, including peanut butter,

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Speaker 1: soy milk, substitutes for coffee and tea, and breakfast cereals,

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Speaker 1: although his brother really did a lot of the legwork

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Speaker 1: on that one. He also believed in a concept called

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Speaker 1: biologic living, which combined a near vegan diet along with

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Speaker 1: other choices in a person's lifestyle. Also from The Simple

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Speaker 1: Life in a Nutshell, he wrote about this as live

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Speaker 1: out of doors. Do your work under the trees instead

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Speaker 1: of behind doors and opaque walls. Dig in the garden,

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Speaker 1: explore the woods and hills, follow the brooks, watch the

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Speaker 1: squirrels and their gambles, and learn the songs of the birds.

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Speaker 1: Bikes up a sleeping portrait balcony, and so taken outing

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Speaker 1: all night long and every night, and don't move inside

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Speaker 1: when the frost comes Outdoor sleeping is the best life

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Speaker 1: preserver ever known. Simple Life in a Nutshell is a

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Speaker 1: good way to get an overall sense of his health philosophies,

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Speaker 1: and it goes on to outline all kinds of dietary

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Speaker 1: and lifestyle recommendations. It covers food, exercise, personal hygienes, leap clothing,

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Speaker 1: mental hygiene, and some additional suggestions. They start off pretty

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Speaker 1: common sense, although maybe not science based, like eating only

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Speaker 1: natural foods, avoiding meats, eating eggs only in moderation, avoiding

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Speaker 1: cow's milk and animal fats, emphasizes getting the fat your

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Speaker 1: body needs from olives and nuts instead. He also goes

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Speaker 1: on to recommend that people avoid quote poison containing foods

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Speaker 1: which are coffee, tea, chocolate, and cocoa, and he recommends

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Speaker 1: that people get completely rid of all condiments and spicy foods.

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Speaker 1: At this is where in that particular synopsis of sort

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Speaker 1: of what his health believes, where he starts to lose me.

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Speaker 1: At this point of it's uh, yeah, I'm just saying

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Speaker 1: I made a cup of coffee and a travel cup

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Speaker 1: so I could take it in the shower with me

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Speaker 1: this morning. Yes, I'm definitely going to have hard time

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Speaker 1: embracing this cop right, even though I recognize that this

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Speaker 1: is probably it would be extremely helpful, but it would

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Speaker 1: also involve for me at least a loss of some

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Speaker 1: quality of life. His mental hygiene ideas included not worrying

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Speaker 1: or becoming self centered, practicing self control, taking a vacation

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Speaker 1: when you start dreaming about work, and avoiding patent medicines,

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Speaker 1: as well as avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and drugs, which is

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Speaker 1: all pretty common sense. Uh, kind of advice to to

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Speaker 1: go buy. So you know, so far we've talked about

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Speaker 1: a lot of stuff that's pretty reasonable. If maybe a

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Speaker 1: little more restrictive and bland, then we would like um. Hey.

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Speaker 1: He also for a while was pushing the idea that

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Speaker 1: people should fletcherize their food, which is just to to

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Speaker 1: it until it became sort of a goofy mask that

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Speaker 1: would go down your throat on its own. Um. This

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Speaker 1: idea came from Horace Fletcher, known as the Great Masticator,

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Speaker 1: and that's where the two each byte thirty two times

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Speaker 1: rule comes from. So this is an example of where

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Speaker 1: when evidence started to suggest that maybe that was not

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Speaker 1: the best idea, John Harvey Kellogg changed his point of view. Um.

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Speaker 1: He moved away of recommending that people fletcherize their food

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Speaker 1: once he determined that that much chewing was basically pulverizing

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Speaker 1: the food's fiber into uselessness. So you were denying yourself

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Speaker 1: the benefits of fibrous foods Uh. From his New York

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Speaker 1: Times obituary, there's a quote an authority on water therapy.

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Speaker 1: He was the discoverer of the therapeutic value of the

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Speaker 1: electric light and inventor of the electric light bath. He

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Speaker 1: was also the discoverer of the sine soidal current. So

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Speaker 1: this was the point in the world of John Harvey

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Speaker 1: Kellogg's health beliefs, That is, it starts to kind of

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Speaker 1: nudge into the Okay, notcher what's going on there. This

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Speaker 1: is clearly something that people would have known what it

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Speaker 1: was about, because it was in his obituary when it

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Speaker 1: was printed. But at this point they're far enough out

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Speaker 1: of the mainstream thought that I had to go look

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Speaker 1: up what they were. Um. The electric light bath was

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Speaker 1: a device that you would sit in. It enclosed everything

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Speaker 1: but your head, and inside of it were lots and

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Speaker 1: lots of light bulbs and clusters that were that were

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Speaker 1: direct that at different parts of your body. He built

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Speaker 1: one and used it by his own counts, so who

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Speaker 1: knows if this number is inflated in fifty cases. He

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Speaker 1: wrote in the book Light Therapeutics about his precursors using

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Speaker 1: light to basically cure everything, but he wrote about mostly

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Speaker 1: using it in short treatments to draw blood into the skin,

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Speaker 1: saying that doing so would treat kidney disease, diabetes, rheumatic diseases, anemia,

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Speaker 1: and other diseases. He also advocated the use of the

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Speaker 1: light bath as a preventive measure and people who had

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Speaker 1: sedentary lifestyles, calling it quote the best substitute for muscular activity.

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Speaker 1: And the sinus soidal current was a high frequency, oscillating

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Speaker 1: electrical current that would make muscles contract without causing pain,

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Speaker 1: and he used this to make a device meant to

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Speaker 1: exercise the muscles without having to actually move, which is

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Speaker 1: the thing that people are still trying to do today. Right.

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Speaker 1: Both of these things have analogs that are in actual

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Speaker 1: medical use today, like light their p first seasonal effective

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Speaker 1: disorder um and electrical stimulation that's used in some physical therapies,

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Speaker 1: but neither of them today are in sort of the

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Speaker 1: widespread cure all everyone should do this fashion of of

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Speaker 1: what Kellogg was advocating, and additionally a lot of his

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Speaker 1: health practices were focused on the bowel. There were lots

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Speaker 1: and lots of enemas and colonic irrigations in his approach

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Speaker 1: to health and wellness. That all the stuff with the

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Speaker 1: enemas and the colon and all of that, it comes

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Speaker 1: up over and over and is one of the things

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Speaker 1: that starts to mark John Harvey Kellogg is kind of

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Speaker 1: maybe a little bit off base in terms of what

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Speaker 1: he advocated, and there are still people to advocate for those, yes,

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Speaker 1: but it's not like a widespread accepted medical approach to

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Speaker 1: treating conditions the way that Kellogg was advocating for. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he was probably he was pretty much giving everyone who

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Speaker 1: came to the sanitarium anema's all time as a course

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Speaker 1: of general health and wellness. So sometimes when you will

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Speaker 1: see in a like some kind of quack doctor in

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Speaker 1: a movie he was saying, oh you should you need

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Speaker 1: an enema, that it is absolutely a call back to him.

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Speaker 1: He was also into electrical electro therapy and vibrational therapy,

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Speaker 1: and again both of these do have some uses today,

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Speaker 1: but he was pretty much advocating them in broad widespread

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Speaker 1: use on everyone. Often and he had some very restrictive

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Speaker 1: views on sex. Uh. It was in his mind barely

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Speaker 1: acceptable even within marriage and then only very infrequently. It

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Speaker 1: was certainly unacceptable outside of marriage. And he was very,

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Speaker 1: very very focused on people not masturbating ever. H He

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Speaker 1: blamed masturbation for everything from poor posture to cancer. He

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Speaker 1: was in favor of circumcision without anesthetic for boys, and

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Speaker 1: the application of carbolic acid to the clitter is for

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Speaker 1: girls as an anti masturbation tool. Yes, y yikes, is

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Speaker 1: exactly what I was thinking. I just I'm sure listeners

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Speaker 1: like me are um feeling tense right at the moment.

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Speaker 1: So John Harvey Kellogg put all of these beliefs into

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Speaker 1: active practice at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, also known as

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Speaker 1: The Sand, where he became the chief physician in eighteen

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Speaker 1: seventy six when he was only twenty four. He also

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Speaker 1: opened a second sanitarium in Miami Springs, Florida, in ye.

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Speaker 1: The Sand had been originally opened in eighteen sixty six

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Speaker 1: as the Western Health Reform Institute, which was a health

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Speaker 1: facility based on Seventh Day Adventist beliefs and practices. The

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Speaker 1: idea was to treat illnesses naturally and to encourage people

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Speaker 1: into preventative wellness practices. So its heart was in the

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Speaker 1: right place for sure, really, especially considering the state of

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Speaker 1: medicine at the time, and it wasn't really all that

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Speaker 1: successful before and got there. There wasn't an official medical

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Speaker 1: staff and it housed only about twenty patients when John

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Speaker 1: came on board, so one of the first things that

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Speaker 1: he did was to hire a staff of doctors and nurses.

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Speaker 1: He set about trying to attract a clientele, and his

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Speaker 1: target market was primarily made up of people who had

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Speaker 1: things we might think of today as stress related illnesses,

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Speaker 1: so Harry businessmen experiencing things like exhaustion and chronic indigestion.

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Speaker 1: A lot of what went on at the sand were

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Speaker 1: common sense wellness practices like eating healthy, if extremely bland food,

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Speaker 1: exercising and abstaining from alcohol and tobacco uh, and a

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Speaker 1: lot of the things that you'd also think of when

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Speaker 1: you hear the word SPA, like massages and nice relaxing baths.

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Speaker 1: But it also had all kinds of the electrical and

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Speaker 1: vibrational treatments that like we talked about earlier, lots and

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Speaker 1: lots of electric light therapies and enemas and all the

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Speaker 1: other sorts of things that are sort of regarded as

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Speaker 1: quackery today, and it ended up becoming a retreat for

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Speaker 1: the rich and really famous people actually visited the Sand

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Speaker 1: to take the cure, including John D. Rockefeller, Amelia Earhart

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Speaker 1: sojourn Or Truth, and Mary Todd Lincoln. A fire destroyed

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Speaker 1: part of the Sanitarium in nineteen o two, including all

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Speaker 1: of the main building, but it was eventually rebuilt. In

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Speaker 1: nineteen o three. John's relationship with the Church became strained

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Speaker 1: after he published a book that didn't entirely mesh with

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Speaker 1: the Adventist doctrine. He ultimately split from the church, and

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Speaker 1: he set up the Sanitarium as an independent entity with

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Speaker 1: its own board, making a nondenominational institution. The Sand reached

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Speaker 1: its height of popularity in nineteen o six. That year,

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Speaker 1: it received seven thousand guests and employed eighteen hundred staff.

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Speaker 1: It continued to operate until the Great Depression, when financial

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Speaker 1: circumstances forced John to sell it after sixty seven years.

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Speaker 1: And today's preponderance of breakfast cereals is thanks in part

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Speaker 1: to the Sand, where the biologic diet was so boring

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Speaker 1: and monotonous that John was constantly looking for alternative is

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Speaker 1: that fit the philosophical criteria but also offered variety. While

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Speaker 1: John was the staff physician at the sand his brother

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Speaker 1: will Keith Kellogg, also known as w K Kellogg, managed

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Speaker 1: the sanitarium, handling the books, the supplies, the general maintenance,

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Speaker 1: all of that kind of stuff. So while John was

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Speaker 1: seeing to the medical end of things, w K was

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Speaker 1: handling pretty much all of the day to day running

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Speaker 1: of the place. The administration. Yes, and their relationship wasn't

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Speaker 1: always on the best of terms. John could be a

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Speaker 1: taskmaster and w K worked really long hours for very

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Speaker 1: little pay, allegedly seven days a week with no vacations

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Speaker 1: for seven years, which is interesting because it seems to

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Speaker 1: contradict his brother John's writings, which say to observe the

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Speaker 1: sabbath without working at all, and he advocates for taking

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Speaker 1: a vacation when you start to dream about work, So

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Speaker 1: assumably yes, he Presumably if w K had been working

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Speaker 1: seven days a week for his taskmaster brother for seven

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Speaker 1: years in a vacation, he's probably dreaming about work often,

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Speaker 1: probably horrible nightmares and stress. So yeah, John's seemed to

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Speaker 1: be like you all should do this unless you are me,

415
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Speaker 1: unless you are my brother, one of the two of

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00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:11,919
Speaker 1: us working diligently to make sure the rest of you

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Speaker 1: do things. Yes, it's a little unclear exactly which of

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Speaker 1: the Kellogg brothers really invented wheat flakes, which were a

419
00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:22,160
Speaker 1: wheat based version of what we think of as corn

420
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Speaker 1: flakes today. That happened in and as is the case

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Speaker 1: in quite a number of inventions, John claimed the idea

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Speaker 1: for how to make these wheat flakes came to him

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Speaker 1: in a dream. We've had that come up in several podcasts.

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Speaker 1: But according to other sources, John had given w K

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Speaker 1: this easy to digest but very disgusting to eat wheat

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Speaker 1: paste and told him to try to make something good

427
00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:49,040
Speaker 1: out of it. W K left a batch of it

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00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:52,000
Speaker 1: out overnight where it started to dry out, and when

429
00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,119
Speaker 1: he came in in the morning, he rolled what was

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00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:56,320
Speaker 1: left through rollers and then baked it and it was

431
00:24:56,359 --> 00:25:01,120
Speaker 1: actually pretty good, and they named it Granos. This wasn't

432
00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:05,560
Speaker 1: the first ever breakfast cereal. It's pre date. It's predated

433
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:09,600
Speaker 1: by Granula, which was created by James Caleb Jackson that

434
00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:13,199
Speaker 1: was made from Graham flour and it was not really delicious,

435
00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:16,440
Speaker 1: so it did not take off once it was introduced.

436
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,359
Speaker 1: John also made a cereal made of corn meal and

437
00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:23,320
Speaker 1: oatmeal biscuits which were then ground, named Granula, and they

438
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,240
Speaker 1: actually got sued and they had to rename it Granola. Yes,

439
00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:28,840
Speaker 1: it probably was not as smartest idea to make a

440
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:30,760
Speaker 1: thing that was like your competitors thing in the name

441
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,320
Speaker 1: of the same thing, because then you might get sued.

442
00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:38,280
Speaker 1: It was also predated by shredded wheat, which was invented

443
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:42,280
Speaker 1: by Henry D. Perky of Colorado in eighteen three. He

444
00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:45,320
Speaker 1: had promised to sell John a shredding machine which he

445
00:25:45,359 --> 00:25:46,920
Speaker 1: was going to use to make his own shredded wheat,

446
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,080
Speaker 1: but he never delivered, which is one of the things

447
00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,200
Speaker 1: that led to this experimentation of making cereals from other

448
00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:56,560
Speaker 1: foods and Will and John started Santita's Food Company in

449
00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:00,560
Speaker 1: to sell their cereal. In their first or, they sold

450
00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:04,240
Speaker 1: more than one hundred thousand pounds of granose. Their factory,

451
00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:06,480
Speaker 1: as it was called, was actually a barn on the

452
00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,720
Speaker 1: grounds of the sand They brought out corn flakes in

453
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,840
Speaker 1: and the profit margin was huge and as people figured

454
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,720
Speaker 1: this out, suddenly there were a lot of competitors one

455
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:20,200
Speaker 1: was C. W. Post, who founded what became the Post

456
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:24,480
Speaker 1: Cereal Company, who was a former sanitarium patient, and Post

457
00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:28,119
Speaker 1: distributed a pamphlet called The Road to Wellville with his cereals.

458
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:31,120
Speaker 1: The novel in later movie got their name from that pamphlet.

459
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:34,439
Speaker 1: Posts earliest products were Post Them, which was a coffee

460
00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,000
Speaker 1: substitute made from cereal, which giuse me a little bit

461
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,080
Speaker 1: of a chin scratch to go, I would try that,

462
00:26:39,840 --> 00:26:44,960
Speaker 1: and grape nuts. Grape nuts still survived today. John was

463
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,240
Speaker 1: really reluctant to promote the sale of these cereals. He

464
00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:50,919
Speaker 1: was afraid that it was going to somehow reflect badly

465
00:26:51,080 --> 00:26:53,479
Speaker 1: on the sand. So his brother did it all on

466
00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:56,479
Speaker 1: his own, putting together a marketing campaign that included everything

467
00:26:56,520 --> 00:26:59,280
Speaker 1: from door to door taste tests to big window displays,

468
00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,240
Speaker 1: and in eighteen ninety, while John was abroad, Will actually

469
00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:05,760
Speaker 1: went ahead and built a factory to replace the barn,

470
00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:09,760
Speaker 1: which John made him pay fifty dollars for After he returned.

471
00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:13,000
Speaker 1: Will also took advantage of one of John's trips abroad

472
00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:15,719
Speaker 1: to add sugar to corn flakes, which of course deepened

473
00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:18,199
Speaker 1: the divide between them. Yes, John, of course was not

474
00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:22,600
Speaker 1: in favor of adding sugar to anything. Um, they did

475
00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:25,159
Speaker 1: kind of men things a little bit. They established the

476
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:28,679
Speaker 1: Battle Creek Toasted corn Flake Company in nineteen oh six.

477
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,200
Speaker 1: Will owned a third of it and John owned the

478
00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:35,040
Speaker 1: other two thirds. The employees were mostly paid in stock

479
00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:38,280
Speaker 1: because John was not a general a generous person when

480
00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:42,080
Speaker 1: it came to giving other people money. So, once again

481
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:45,000
Speaker 1: employing this sort of quick while he's not looking strategy,

482
00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:48,520
Speaker 1: Will would quietly buy up the employees stock that they

483
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:51,720
Speaker 1: were being paid in while John was away. So he eventually,

484
00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,720
Speaker 1: through doing this, gained a controlling share in the company

485
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,440
Speaker 1: and was able to basically kick his brother out of it.

486
00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:01,760
Speaker 1: That's quite a sibling reallyation ship. Yeah, they did not

487
00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:06,359
Speaker 1: seem to have the most loving and supportive uh feeling

488
00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:10,320
Speaker 1: between them. Yeah. The Kellogg serial story goes on from there.

489
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,800
Speaker 1: But long story short, the Kellogg Company became a juggernaut.

490
00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:16,399
Speaker 1: It was doing good business by the twenties, so by

491
00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:19,320
Speaker 1: the time the Great Depression took hold, people were thinking

492
00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,399
Speaker 1: of cereals as daily staples, and while the idea of

493
00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:26,119
Speaker 1: a health spa had become a completely frivolous expense. Uh.

494
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:32,200
Speaker 1: The Kellogg Company thus became this huge institution of provisions,

495
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:37,520
Speaker 1: but John unfortunately mostly became considered something of a joke. Yeah,

496
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:41,120
Speaker 1: his wife Ella died in ninety John himself had wanted

497
00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:43,000
Speaker 1: to live to be a hundred, but he died on

498
00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:46,520
Speaker 1: December fourteenth three in Battle Creek at the age of

499
00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:56,440
Speaker 1: His cause of death was pneumonia. Thank you so much

500
00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:59,400
Speaker 1: for joining us on this Saturday. If you have heard

501
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:01,720
Speaker 1: an e mail address or Facebook you are l or

502
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,640
Speaker 1: something similar over the course of today's episode, since it

503
00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:07,080
Speaker 1: is from the archive that might be out of date. Now,

504
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,680
Speaker 1: you can email us at History podcast at how stuff

505
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:12,640
Speaker 1: Works dot com, and you can find us all over

506
00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,160
Speaker 1: social media at missed in History, and you can subscribe

507
00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:19,320
Speaker 1: to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcast, the I

508
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,520
Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts.

509
00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:28,840
Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in hisstory classes a production of I

510
00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:31,960
Speaker 1: Heart Radios How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my

511
00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or

512
00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:43,800
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows. We are living

513
00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,120
Speaker 1: in complicated times. It feels like there's a whole new

514
00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:49,800
Speaker 1: set of rules, but nobody knows where the actual lines

515
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,960
Speaker 1: are drawn. And for cable news, social media and Yes

516
00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:56,080
Speaker 1: podcast filling the void with words. It seems like there's

517
00:29:56,160 --> 00:29:59,880
Speaker 1: less of an actual conversation. I'm Stephanie Rule, MSNBC anchor,

518
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:02,200
Speaker 1: an NBC News correspondent, and I want to tell you

519
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:06,400
Speaker 1: about my new podcast, Modern Rules. On this season of

520
00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:09,080
Speaker 1: Modern Rules, I'm going to be spending time unpacking the

521
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:13,040
Speaker 1: harrius of today's topics, from privilege and political correctness to

522
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:16,840
Speaker 1: me to masculinity a moral leadership. I've had some of

523
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:20,360
Speaker 1: the smartest, most thoughtful people I know joined me in real,

524
00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:23,840
Speaker 1: candid conversations, people like my friend Questlove, who joins me

525
00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:28,360
Speaker 1: to discuss political correctness, masculinity. All right, so look the

526
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,800
Speaker 1: same way that Black Lives Matter has a secret ellipsus

527
00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:33,680
Speaker 1: at the end of that sentence, you know, missing the

528
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:37,880
Speaker 1: word too. I realized that I'm gonna hear hashtag speak

529
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,440
Speaker 1: so well. An actress author activists Amber Tamberlin to talk

530
00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:43,920
Speaker 1: about the me too movement. I'm not gonna sit and

531
00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:46,280
Speaker 1: spend time trying to think about how to help men

532
00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:49,920
Speaker 1: rehabilitate themselves. They need to do that work. Digital activist

533
00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:53,400
Speaker 1: for Shad Robinson, who brings interesting perspective on social media

534
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:57,040
Speaker 1: and moral leadership. Had the white woman not exposed it.

535
00:30:57,360 --> 00:31:00,520
Speaker 1: We would have never actually even had the story where

536
00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,680
Speaker 1: Howard Chelton had to go on air and talk about

537
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:07,239
Speaker 1: he was forced to do the right thing. And just

538
00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:09,120
Speaker 1: to show you what I mean when I say we're

539
00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:12,360
Speaker 1: gonna get real, I am bringing on my mom Louise

540
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:15,720
Speaker 1: Rule talk about all things feminists. They seem to think

541
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:17,200
Speaker 1: they have to push it, push it, push it, and

542
00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:18,800
Speaker 1: you don't have to push it. I like people to

543
00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:20,960
Speaker 1: open the doors. I like people to say I look nice,

544
00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:25,360
Speaker 1: that's not an insult. For the next eight weeks, you're

545
00:31:25,360 --> 00:31:27,959
Speaker 1: going to get into topics that are not always comfortable,

546
00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:30,920
Speaker 1: but they're always compelling. I hope he'll join me this

547
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:34,360
Speaker 1: season for Modern Rules. Listen and subscribe to my new podcast,

548
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:37,160
Speaker 1: Modern Rules on Apple Podcast, the I Heart Radio app,

549
00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:38,760
Speaker 1: or wherever you get your podcast