1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,400 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:16,840 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy P. Wilson. Tracy, I've 4 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:22,560 Speaker 1: been wanting to do an archaeology topic for a while. Yeah, um, 5 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:24,880 Speaker 1: I mean I always like them, but it can be 6 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:27,080 Speaker 1: difficult to pick and choose. But then, through a little 7 00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:31,000 Speaker 1: bit of coincidence, Julio Teo came up three different times 8 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:34,519 Speaker 1: in completely random places. For me, I took this as 9 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:39,440 Speaker 1: a sign sure Like one was in relation literally to 10 00:00:39,720 --> 00:00:44,159 Speaker 1: the Disney movie The Emperor's New Group, which has an 11 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:47,159 Speaker 1: anniversary this year, which is set in Peru, so that 12 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:49,880 Speaker 1: makes sense. One was like, I was watching a completely 13 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:53,199 Speaker 1: different documentary like as my background stuff while I was 14 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: working in the sewing room, and it was about kind 15 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:01,200 Speaker 1: of a more general survey of archaeology and came up 16 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:03,000 Speaker 1: and then I was like looking through things in the 17 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: Great Courses, and then there was a whole discussion of 18 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:10,600 Speaker 1: one of Theo's biggest um and most significant projects, and 19 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,199 Speaker 1: so I was like, Okay, I get it, Universe, It's time. 20 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: Julio Teo, if you've not heard of him, is often 21 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: called some variation of the father of proving archaeology or 22 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: the first Indigenous proving archaeologists are sometimes the first Indigenous 23 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: American archaeologist, and those are well learned names. But as 24 00:01:30,480 --> 00:01:33,560 Speaker 1: I started researching him, because I didn't really know a 25 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:36,880 Speaker 1: lot about him, what really struck me was how his 26 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,760 Speaker 1: work was playing out across this backdrop of constant unrest 27 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:44,399 Speaker 1: and conflict, both for his country and his profession, because 28 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: the two were pretty tightly wound together. And so today 29 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about Teo and his work, but 30 00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:53,520 Speaker 1: two level set, we're not going super deep on the 31 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:57,200 Speaker 1: actual archaeology. Um. That is because they are literal books 32 00:01:57,200 --> 00:01:59,600 Speaker 1: and books and books about any given sight he worked on, 33 00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:04,400 Speaker 1: all of which have their own incredibly complex layers of 34 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 1: nuance and discovery from when Teo worked on them to 35 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: now um and parsing them into a show alongside his 36 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: life story is really outside the scope of this episode, 37 00:02:15,520 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: because I promise you excavating his story is plenty challenging 38 00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:23,440 Speaker 1: on its own. Teo was born on April eleven, eight eight. 39 00:02:24,120 --> 00:02:27,640 Speaker 1: His full name was Julio Cesar Teo Rojas and he 40 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:31,560 Speaker 1: was born in Huaruchery, which is a mountainous province in 41 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:35,560 Speaker 1: Peru's Lima region. His father was actually the mayor of 42 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 1: Huara Cherry. We don't really have a whole lot of 43 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 1: specifics about his early life, but we do know that 44 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:46,640 Speaker 1: his family recognized very early on that he was really smart. Yeah, 45 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:49,640 Speaker 1: so smart that when Julio was twelve, his father took 46 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 1: him on horseback to Lima so that he could be 47 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:56,079 Speaker 1: enrolled at the Calio de Lima to begin formal schooling. 48 00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: This actually took three days to make this journey, and 49 00:02:59,240 --> 00:03:01,920 Speaker 1: his father was aunt staying, so it meant that Julio 50 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:03,800 Speaker 1: was going to be living away from his family for 51 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 1: the first time. His father got him set up, he 52 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:08,960 Speaker 1: arranged for a place for him to live, got him 53 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:12,520 Speaker 1: enrolled in school, and then he headed home and for context, 54 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 1: Julio turned thirteen just ten days after he got to 55 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:20,239 Speaker 1: Lima all by himself. This move had actually been initiated 56 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:23,880 Speaker 1: by his aunt Maria, who worked in Lima at the 57 00:03:23,880 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 1: Presidential Palace as a maid. She had made the case 58 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 1: to Julio's parents that a kid like Julio should really 59 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:32,880 Speaker 1: get a good education, and she convinced them of that 60 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 1: and then started out pretty okay in this arrangement, but 61 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: not long after things got started with his education, Julio's 62 00:03:41,080 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: father died, and that was a fairly sudden and unexpected death, 63 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: and aside from dealing with the grief of losing a parent, 64 00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: this meant that Julio also lost his financial support as 65 00:03:50,840 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: a consequence. His aunt Maria did step in to cover 66 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: the cost of his education, but she couldn't afford to 67 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:01,720 Speaker 1: also pay for his living expenses. So Julio, who literally 68 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: really just a kid still at this time a young 69 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:08,000 Speaker 1: teenager who wanted to stay in Lima and continue his schooling, 70 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: did so by supporting himself, and he did all kinds 71 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:13,720 Speaker 1: of odd jobs to pay for his room and board. 72 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:17,800 Speaker 1: So he would work at the train station carrying people's baggage, 73 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:20,680 Speaker 1: he sold papers on the streets, and he even worked 74 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:23,840 Speaker 1: in a doctor's office as an assistant. He was also 75 00:04:23,920 --> 00:04:27,640 Speaker 1: hired to deliver mail to prove in scholar and politician 76 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:32,039 Speaker 1: Ricardo Palma, Julio had become friends with Palma's son at school, 77 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:35,799 Speaker 1: and Palma had seen in Julio just a lot of potential, 78 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:38,880 Speaker 1: so much so that he became invested in seeing that 79 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,279 Speaker 1: this young man was able to stay afloat. The story 80 00:04:42,320 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: goes that the mail delivery job he hired tail Flour, 81 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,920 Speaker 1: had the second purpose. Palma had Julio deliver his mail 82 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: every day at noon so that the timing would work 83 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:54,320 Speaker 1: out so that Julio was always offered lunch when he 84 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 1: made the delivery, and that way Palma knew that Julio 85 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,280 Speaker 1: was getting a good meal every day. This was not 86 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:02,839 Speaker 1: the only way that Ricardo Palma would prove to be 87 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:07,159 Speaker 1: Julio's benefactor. Just after Teo had enrolled at the University 88 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: of San Marcos, the family helped that he had been 89 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:13,240 Speaker 1: receiving was no longer available. Those funds just dried up, 90 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 1: and his family at this point really kind of thought 91 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: things were over for him in Lima, and they urged 92 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: him to return to Huado Chiri. But it appears that 93 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:24,719 Speaker 1: Palma once again stepped in. Although we should note that 94 00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 1: this story is apocryphal. It's not really documented that this 95 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:31,480 Speaker 1: was Palma's doing, but Julio was, according to some accounts, 96 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:35,360 Speaker 1: hired on Palma's insistence to work in the library the 97 00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:39,599 Speaker 1: Biblioteca Nacion. Now Ricardo Palma was director at this time, 98 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,040 Speaker 1: and he may have actually just created a job for Julio. 99 00:05:43,279 --> 00:05:45,640 Speaker 1: But the important thing was that he was able to 100 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:49,840 Speaker 1: continue his education. So whether that is really what enabled 101 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:52,279 Speaker 1: him to stay in Lima and continue his studies is 102 00:05:52,279 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 1: not clear, but we know he did stay enrolled at 103 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:57,320 Speaker 1: the university and he was working at the Biblioteca. It 104 00:05:57,400 --> 00:05:59,880 Speaker 1: also turned out that his early life in the Peruvian 105 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:03,039 Speaker 1: mountains meant that Julio Teo had a skill that was 106 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,480 Speaker 1: really valuable to one of his college professors, and that's 107 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:10,240 Speaker 1: that he spoke Quechua. Quechua, which is called runa simi 108 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:13,640 Speaker 1: in the Quechuan language, is sometimes described as the most 109 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,000 Speaker 1: spoken indigenous language in the Americas, and it's really a 110 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: group of languages. There are several different varieties spoken today 111 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,840 Speaker 1: by an estimated eight million people. This is all different 112 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: varieties of this language and different geographical locations like Bolivia, Colombia, 113 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:34,240 Speaker 1: and German toa Julio's story in Peru. But all these 114 00:06:34,279 --> 00:06:37,760 Speaker 1: different varieties of Quechua all trace their roots back to 115 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:41,240 Speaker 1: the Inca Empire and even before. Yeah, and when when 116 00:06:41,279 --> 00:06:44,599 Speaker 1: we were um, you know, handing off our our outlines, 117 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:48,400 Speaker 1: Tracey asked me, would you say he's Ketchuan or Quechua, 118 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:51,160 Speaker 1: and The thing is, he never identified that way, at 119 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,919 Speaker 1: least not in his his life as we know it. 120 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 1: That's documented. He always said that he was, and I'm quoting, 121 00:06:57,480 --> 00:07:00,920 Speaker 1: a Mountain Indian. This is an interesting thing that I 122 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 1: have seen some theorization on, but not really UM. I 123 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: know there are some papers written about it, but I 124 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:09,600 Speaker 1: did not dig into those super deep. That some of 125 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:12,200 Speaker 1: this may have been an effort on his part to 126 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: sidesteps some of the racism that would have inherently happened 127 00:07:16,840 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: had he identified that way. Because keep in mind, this 128 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 1: is a kid from a mountain village who is in 129 00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:27,320 Speaker 1: school mostly with very, very privileged kids. So if he 130 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:30,680 Speaker 1: was really like doing the identity of yes, I'm Quechua, 131 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: it may have caused some strife and even later in 132 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 1: his career that could have been problematic as well. So 133 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: for his purposes, he always just said, if someone asked, 134 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,400 Speaker 1: that he was a Mountain Indian. Um. But what's interesting 135 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: is that his knowledge of Quechua was really, really valuable. 136 00:07:46,320 --> 00:07:48,680 Speaker 1: It led one of his professors to ask him to 137 00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 1: assist with some of his linguistics work, and this consequently 138 00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 1: gave Teo his first taste of field studies. Because he 139 00:07:55,440 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: was traveling to various locations to study specific dialects. In 140 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: two Teo entered medical school and he was also promoted 141 00:08:05,040 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: at the Bibliothech and Nacionale, and that promotion was into 142 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: a conservator position. One of his projects in this new 143 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: job was cataloging the anthropological collection, and while he was 144 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: doing this, he came across a book that had been 145 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 1: published in the United States and it included a section 146 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 1: on Trepi nation. He recognized one of the skulls that 147 00:08:27,680 --> 00:08:30,880 Speaker 1: was featured in that section as one that his brother 148 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: had found years before. The skull had been sent to 149 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:37,960 Speaker 1: Lima as part of a program in which the Lima 150 00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:40,840 Speaker 1: government had asked the people of Wyo Chery to gather 151 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:44,200 Speaker 1: these kinds of things. They had not known the purpose 152 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,960 Speaker 1: of the program, but now Julio Teo saw that there 153 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:51,959 Speaker 1: was interest in the study of Peru's culture through history 154 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:56,880 Speaker 1: on a global scale. Yeah. He They had no thought 155 00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:59,120 Speaker 1: that like, oh, this is going to get chipped off 156 00:08:59,160 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: to the United States's for some researcher there to work with. 157 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:04,800 Speaker 1: They were just doing what they were asked to do. 158 00:09:05,679 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: And he came away from this revelatory discovery wanting to 159 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:14,640 Speaker 1: study cultural history himself, and he also resolved to learn English. 160 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: While he had regularly traveled home on school breaks to 161 00:09:17,360 --> 00:09:21,640 Speaker 1: visit his family, those vacations took on a completely different purpose. 162 00:09:21,679 --> 00:09:24,959 Speaker 1: Once Teo had become interested in studying the skulls of 163 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:29,319 Speaker 1: his ancestral home. He started exploring quadra chity on these 164 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 1: vacations with this focus, and sometimes he visited archaeological sites, 165 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:36,200 Speaker 1: and then he began collecting skulls for his own study 166 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:39,880 Speaker 1: of Trepi Nation in historical context. He gave his first 167 00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 1: presentation of his work in this field at the Lima 168 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:46,559 Speaker 1: Geographical Society in May of nineteen o six. Too's timing 169 00:09:46,559 --> 00:09:48,719 Speaker 1: and all of this was for too. It is he 170 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: became interested in studying Peru's cultural history at the same 171 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 1: time that a lot of the Western world outside of 172 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: Peru was also turning its attention to the area. In 173 00:10:00,679 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 1: nineteen o five, the Historical Institute of Peru had been founded, 174 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:07,720 Speaker 1: and just a few months later, the National Historical Museum 175 00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:12,560 Speaker 1: was founded to operate under the Historical Institute's umbrella. Tao's 176 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:16,000 Speaker 1: presentation entrepre Nation took place less than two months before 177 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:19,080 Speaker 1: this new museum opened, and he was still doing his 178 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,400 Speaker 1: medical school coursework during all of this, and he did 179 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:24,440 Speaker 1: this kind of creative thing where he had actually found 180 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:27,880 Speaker 1: ways to blend his research in cultural history with his 181 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:32,320 Speaker 1: medical schooling to him they weren't necessarily separate disciplines. His thesis, 182 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:35,240 Speaker 1: for example, was about syphilis in Peru in the area's 183 00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 1: ancient history, and as he had prepared this thesis, in 184 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: which he had collected skulls to examine them for evidence 185 00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:45,559 Speaker 1: of the disease, he had amassed a really significant collection 186 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:49,679 Speaker 1: because by the time he was ready to present he 187 00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:54,960 Speaker 1: had gathered during his research roughly fifteen thousands skulls and mummies. 188 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,640 Speaker 1: Too's work got a lot of positive attention. Part of 189 00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:02,080 Speaker 1: this was because his mentors really championed it. For example, 190 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: after he presented his thesis, members of the faculty committee 191 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:09,120 Speaker 1: who heard it suggested to government officials that his skull 192 00:11:09,280 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: and mummy collection should be purchased to establish a pathological 193 00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:17,760 Speaker 1: anatomy museum. The government did not follow through with this 194 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:23,079 Speaker 1: plan due to financial limitations. Though Additionally, Ricardo Palma continued 195 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: to assist his career trajectory by introducing Julio and his 196 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:30,840 Speaker 1: work to people who were in positions of power and influence. Yeah, 197 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: particularly when people came to visit from outside of Peru 198 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:37,640 Speaker 1: and if Ricardo Palma met with them, he would be like, Hey, 199 00:11:37,679 --> 00:11:39,240 Speaker 1: do you know about this kid and the work he's doing. 200 00:11:39,240 --> 00:11:42,440 Speaker 1: It's quite amazing. And this was a period when, of 201 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: course Julio Teo's star was on the rise, but at 202 00:11:45,640 --> 00:11:49,000 Speaker 1: the same time the political climate of Peru was extremely volatile. 203 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:51,439 Speaker 1: In the late spring of nineteen o nine, there was 204 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:54,760 Speaker 1: a coup attempt in the ongoing conflict in its aftermath 205 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,000 Speaker 1: made Teo very happy to take advantage of a scholarship 206 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:00,400 Speaker 1: that he was awarded that was intended to supped him 207 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: in study abroad after he had finished his medical degree. 208 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:07,040 Speaker 1: Harvard offered him free tuition, and so he made the 209 00:12:07,080 --> 00:12:09,880 Speaker 1: decision that he would head to Massachusetts for two years 210 00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:12,920 Speaker 1: starting in the fall of nineteen o nine. Teo's time 211 00:12:12,920 --> 00:12:16,400 Speaker 1: at Harvard was spent studying anthropology with some of the 212 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:20,000 Speaker 1: field's best teachers. He was also tutored in English by 213 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:24,839 Speaker 1: one of those academics, who was Roland Burridge Dixon. Teo 214 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 1: used this time to conduct a study of the South 215 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:31,680 Speaker 1: American Aarrowack language, visited remains of Pueblo villages in Arizona 216 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:35,520 Speaker 1: and also became a member of the American Anthropological Association. 217 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:38,880 Speaker 1: After two years of work, Teo had earned a master's 218 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 1: degree in anthropology from Harvard and that collection of skulls 219 00:12:43,679 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 1: that the Peruvian government had passed on, at least some 220 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:50,200 Speaker 1: of it ended up at Harvard. Yeah, he mentioned it 221 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:52,120 Speaker 1: later on in a paper that, oh, these are in 222 00:12:52,160 --> 00:12:54,640 Speaker 1: this museum, and uh, that's kind of the evidence that 223 00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:58,080 Speaker 1: we have that transaction took place. But Teo did not 224 00:12:58,240 --> 00:13:01,640 Speaker 1: return home to Peru after his time in Massachusetts. He 225 00:13:01,720 --> 00:13:04,520 Speaker 1: was granted permission once again through the influence of his 226 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,560 Speaker 1: high powered friends back home, to continue working abroad. His 227 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:12,160 Speaker 1: next stop was England. Through all his life he had 228 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:14,840 Speaker 1: maintained his friendship with the son of Ricardo Palma, who, 229 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 1: confusingly a little bit, was also named Ricardo Palma, and 230 00:13:18,160 --> 00:13:20,120 Speaker 1: the two young men had been part of a lot 231 00:13:20,160 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: of the same study efforts and projects, And when Teo 232 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,080 Speaker 1: went to London, the younger Ricardo Palma, who had also 233 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:30,800 Speaker 1: received a scholarship for study abroad, traveled with him. In London, too, 234 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:35,120 Speaker 1: presented a paper at the eighteenth International Congress of Americanists. 235 00:13:35,559 --> 00:13:38,400 Speaker 1: It's an academic conference that's focused on the study of 236 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 1: the America's that started in eighteen seventy five and continues today. 237 00:13:43,080 --> 00:13:47,040 Speaker 1: That presentation, which once again covered the subject of trepidation 238 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:49,960 Speaker 1: and the skulls from dig sites in Peru, was given 239 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: on May twenty eight of nineteen twelve, and the time 240 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:55,520 Speaker 1: that he spent in London leading up to it he 241 00:13:55,559 --> 00:13:59,280 Speaker 1: worked with English anthropologists he took classes from and with 242 00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: them shared his knowledge of South America. After London, Teo 243 00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:07,640 Speaker 1: continued his travels around Europe, stopping first at the University 244 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,679 Speaker 1: of Berlin and then expanding his studies at the University 245 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: of Paris. The end of nineteen twelve was a really 246 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:17,760 Speaker 1: exciting time for Julio Teo. He returned to London once again, 247 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:21,320 Speaker 1: this time for his wedding. He had met a student 248 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:25,280 Speaker 1: of London University during his time there named Olive Mabel Cheeseman, 249 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:28,360 Speaker 1: and on November twentieth, nineteen twelve, the two were married. 250 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:33,000 Speaker 1: Julio also established a new relationship with Harvard During the 251 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:35,840 Speaker 1: final months of nineteen twelve, he would be paid a 252 00:14:35,960 --> 00:14:38,920 Speaker 1: stipend to continue the work he had been doing before 253 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:43,120 Speaker 1: leaving Peru, but this time he would be sending specimens 254 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,120 Speaker 1: that he found back to Harvard for the collection of 255 00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:50,440 Speaker 1: the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. So nineteen thirteen 256 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,040 Speaker 1: started with a new wife and a new direction for 257 00:14:53,080 --> 00:14:56,280 Speaker 1: his work, and we'll talk about Julio Teo's returned to 258 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,040 Speaker 1: his home country and how his career blossomed from there. 259 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:08,880 Speaker 1: But first we will as for a sponsor break. In 260 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:11,240 Speaker 1: the time that Teo had been away from Peru, a 261 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:13,880 Speaker 1: lot had happened that would impact his field of work. 262 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:18,560 Speaker 1: For one, the Museo de Historia Nacionale had closed after 263 00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,360 Speaker 1: its head, who was German, was dismissed in a scandal 264 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,760 Speaker 1: that accused him of sending artifacts to museums in other 265 00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:29,520 Speaker 1: countries for personal gain. The museum was eventually reopened, this 266 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:32,960 Speaker 1: time with a historian rather than an archaeologist as its director. 267 00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:39,920 Speaker 1: This will become a thing as julio story plays out. Additionally, 268 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:43,239 Speaker 1: Ricardo Palma had retired from his job at the BiblioTech 269 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:47,040 Speaker 1: and Naco now, so one of Teo's strongest advocates just 270 00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:50,000 Speaker 1: did not have the same poll that he had once had. 271 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 1: And as we mentioned earlier, Peru was still in the 272 00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:57,680 Speaker 1: period of political upheaval. Teo, though immediately got to work 273 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:00,280 Speaker 1: once he arrived back in his home country. He arrived 274 00:16:00,280 --> 00:16:03,680 Speaker 1: there in January of nineteen and he traveled with an 275 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: existing expedition to cover a lot of ground, initially visiting 276 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: multiple archaeological sites along the way and writing up a 277 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:13,760 Speaker 1: report of this endeavor in March of that year. And 278 00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,920 Speaker 1: he also used this report to make the case, uh 279 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 1: and this report was published in the papers in Lima 280 00:16:19,240 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: for the public that anthropological science should be used to 281 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 1: examine and interpret all archaeological finds. This was sort of 282 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:30,560 Speaker 1: a way for Teo to establish his own unique expertise 283 00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:33,320 Speaker 1: in the area. There was no one else in Peru 284 00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:35,960 Speaker 1: with the level of experience or education that he had 285 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:39,160 Speaker 1: an anthropology, and so he was sort of saying, Hey, 286 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:42,000 Speaker 1: if we really want to understand our historical record, we 287 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,400 Speaker 1: should make an official project of that nature and then 288 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:47,160 Speaker 1: give that project to an expert. And that expert is me. 289 00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:51,840 Speaker 1: I'm sorry that got me tickled. I mean, he really 290 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:54,800 Speaker 1: was the only person to at this level of schooling, 291 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:59,480 Speaker 1: certainly by this point in Peru and really worldwide. I 292 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: would say he had more education in anthropology at that 293 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:06,480 Speaker 1: point than even most other anthropologists. So he followed that 294 00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:10,560 Speaker 1: publication up with direct action in the matter. Less than 295 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:13,480 Speaker 1: two weeks after his article was published, he reached out 296 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: to Guiermo billing Hurst, who had become Peru's president in 297 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:20,880 Speaker 1: September of nineteen twelve. His proposal was that the Museum 298 00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,679 Speaker 1: to Historica Nascio Now should establish an anthropology section and 299 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:27,280 Speaker 1: that he should be the one to run it. Billing 300 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:30,760 Speaker 1: Hurst degree that was in June of nine, but by 301 00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:35,040 Speaker 1: November of nineteen thirteen, the museum was shut down, and 302 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:38,280 Speaker 1: this was due to feuding between Teo, who wanted to 303 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:42,440 Speaker 1: re establish the museum with a focus on archaeology and anthropology, 304 00:17:42,560 --> 00:17:45,879 Speaker 1: and museum director Emilio Gutierrez, who wanted to focus on 305 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,359 Speaker 1: history as the museum's primary mission. This is one of 306 00:17:49,359 --> 00:17:51,320 Speaker 1: those moments where I'm like, you kind of all want 307 00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:54,480 Speaker 1: the same thing, just from different angles. It's really a 308 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: much of a fight. But it really was that much 309 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,800 Speaker 1: of a fight, as you'll see. In December, Julioteo was 310 00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,240 Speaker 1: a director of a newly established museum by the Peruvian 311 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:06,840 Speaker 1: government that was the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. So 312 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,800 Speaker 1: the National History Museum opened, which you know we've sometimes 313 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 1: referred to by its its Spanish name Museo to historian. 314 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: As you know, Gautierras was still running that museum, so 315 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:19,880 Speaker 1: they kind of had been separated, like given their own 316 00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:23,120 Speaker 1: projects at this point. But even so these two adversaries 317 00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:25,600 Speaker 1: were not really free of one another because both of 318 00:18:25,640 --> 00:18:29,560 Speaker 1: those entities were still housed in the same building. I 319 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:33,080 Speaker 1: feel like they put tape down the floor. It's how 320 00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:35,840 Speaker 1: it feels like. You'd work on your part, you work 321 00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:41,200 Speaker 1: on your boys play nice. So in addition to all 322 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:45,119 Speaker 1: this sort of infighting at the museum, Peru's governmental conflict 323 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: continued during this time, and in early nine fourteen, President 324 00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:52,920 Speaker 1: Gammo Billinghurst was ousted in a coup and replaced as 325 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:57,439 Speaker 1: head of government by Colonel Oscar Binavits that in and 326 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,400 Speaker 1: of itself put to in kind of an unstable position. 327 00:19:00,920 --> 00:19:03,919 Speaker 1: He had been appointed by the ousted president, and the 328 00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: new government did not seem particularly interested in the museum, 329 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:12,399 Speaker 1: archaeology or anthropology at all. To make matters worse, Teo 330 00:19:12,480 --> 00:19:15,200 Speaker 1: then got into a public debate in the press about 331 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,680 Speaker 1: whether history or the science of anthropology was the better 332 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:23,320 Speaker 1: background from which to study archaeological finds. When Teo's argument 333 00:19:23,359 --> 00:19:28,240 Speaker 1: was challenged as being disrespectful to the work of innumerable 334 00:19:28,359 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 1: Peruvian scholars on the subject. He really doubled down and 335 00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:35,200 Speaker 1: talked about his education outside the country. That only hurt 336 00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,960 Speaker 1: his case. The historian that Teo had been having a 337 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,680 Speaker 1: back and forth in the press with was Harassio or Tiaga, 338 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,480 Speaker 1: and he very quickly seized on Too's work outside of 339 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:49,760 Speaker 1: Peru to characterize him as out of touch with Peruvian 340 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:53,879 Speaker 1: scholarship and snooty and not really as well educated as 341 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:58,959 Speaker 1: who believed himself to be. Teo's reputation suffered significantly, and 342 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,440 Speaker 1: by the end of mar to nineteen fifteen he had 343 00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:05,480 Speaker 1: resigned from his position in the museum. Tao was still 344 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: doing work with Harvard during this time, so once he 345 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:11,000 Speaker 1: had closed out his duties at the museum and secured 346 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:14,960 Speaker 1: some additional funding, he planned an expedition south to Nasca 347 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: in search of artifacts that he could send back to Cambridge. 348 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,000 Speaker 1: Teo visited a number of spots along the way, kind 349 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,720 Speaker 1: of taking an indirect route to Nasca, and while he 350 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,680 Speaker 1: may have intended this to be sort of a getaway 351 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:29,320 Speaker 1: from the stresses of his conflicts in the capital city 352 00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:33,639 Speaker 1: of Lima, he just ended up with more problems. As 353 00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:36,480 Speaker 1: he had been working at some dig sites in Nasca. 354 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:40,959 Speaker 1: Questions had arisen about whether Julio Teo had the permits 355 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,720 Speaker 1: to do so, and the possibility that Teo's excavations were 356 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:48,399 Speaker 1: happening without proper paperwork really started to hit the press. 357 00:20:49,040 --> 00:20:51,960 Speaker 1: It turned out that he had not gotten the proper permits, 358 00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:55,680 Speaker 1: and Too's expedition was cut short. By the end of July, 359 00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:58,240 Speaker 1: he was back in Lima. The government ruled that he 360 00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:01,240 Speaker 1: could bring his excavated artific acts back to the capital 361 00:21:01,280 --> 00:21:03,679 Speaker 1: for exhibition, but they could not be shipped out of 362 00:21:03,680 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 1: the country. It seems that Teo did try to make 363 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:09,520 Speaker 1: arrangements to send some of the pieces to Harvard, but 364 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:13,000 Speaker 1: his primary contact at the Peabody Museum died before those 365 00:21:13,119 --> 00:21:16,160 Speaker 1: arrangements could be finalized. Yeah, this is a time when, 366 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,240 Speaker 1: as we discussed a little while ago, there was more 367 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:23,200 Speaker 1: and more interest from outside of Peru happening regarding their 368 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 1: dig sites. There was also a lot of grave robbing happening, 369 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: and they were trying to crack down on it. So 370 00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:30,480 Speaker 1: even though people knew Teo, they were like, you don't 371 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:33,800 Speaker 1: have a permit to do this. We're scared, You're sending 372 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:39,239 Speaker 1: our stuff away, which he was. He was. Yeah. Uh. 373 00:21:39,359 --> 00:21:43,600 Speaker 1: This all unsurprisingly continued to hurt Teo's reputation, which was 374 00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:46,480 Speaker 1: already kind of limping along. But he was by no 375 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: means of pariah, we should say. He had plenty of 376 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 1: supporters remaining, and he was, as a consequence, able to 377 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:55,719 Speaker 1: get his proper permits arranged. And by October of nineteen 378 00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:59,040 Speaker 1: fifteen he was back in Nasca, returning to the excavations 379 00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: that he had started early year. In the year, and 380 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:04,119 Speaker 1: he was also again this reflects that he was not 381 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,160 Speaker 1: really like in the bad guys status you might think. 382 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:10,040 Speaker 1: He was sent by the government to the nineteenth International 383 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:13,239 Speaker 1: Congress of Americanists in Washington, d C. In December of 384 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:15,680 Speaker 1: that year, and while he was there he presented a 385 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:20,640 Speaker 1: paper about Nasca burial practices. If you recall our episode 386 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:23,679 Speaker 1: on the Nasca lines, that particular aspect of the area's 387 00:22:23,720 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: history wouldn't be identified until the nineteen twenties, so more 388 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: than a decade after he was giving this paper. And 389 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:32,480 Speaker 1: while he was in the United States, Julio also arranged 390 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,960 Speaker 1: to take part in an expedition in northern Peru that 391 00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:38,920 Speaker 1: was being sponsored by Harvard The late nineteen teens also 392 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:43,880 Speaker 1: saw Julioteo make a move into politics. In January nineteen seventeen, 393 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:46,600 Speaker 1: he announced his run for a seat in the Chamber 394 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:51,200 Speaker 1: of Deputies, representing Huaro Cherry. The Chamber of Deputies is 395 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,480 Speaker 1: the lower house of the previewing Congress. There By, cameral 396 00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:57,399 Speaker 1: legislature is similar to that of the US, with a 397 00:22:57,480 --> 00:23:00,879 Speaker 1: Senate as the upper house. He won the seat, although 398 00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:03,840 Speaker 1: the election was contested, but when the dust had settled 399 00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:05,960 Speaker 1: he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies and 400 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,080 Speaker 1: he was immediately back in his old conflict with his 401 00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:14,399 Speaker 1: former colleague Emilio Gutierrez. This is kind of a savvy 402 00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:19,240 Speaker 1: move on his part, because as a politician, Teo immediately 403 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 1: proposed legislation that would reorganize Peru's National History Museum and 404 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:27,439 Speaker 1: put the National University of San Marcos in charge of it. 405 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:30,760 Speaker 1: Because he was also working with the university, this would 406 00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,679 Speaker 1: have essentially put Teo in charge of it and in 407 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:36,679 Speaker 1: charge of his rival Gutierrez, who we should note had 408 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 1: plenty of his own supporters in the Chamber to argue 409 00:23:39,320 --> 00:23:43,439 Speaker 1: about this. This ended up becoming a fairly embarrassing series 410 00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:46,720 Speaker 1: of snipes at one another, where Gutierrez claimed that when 411 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:49,480 Speaker 1: Teo resigned from the museum, they found a lot of 412 00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:54,399 Speaker 1: suspicious discrepancies in his records. Teo countered this by suggesting 413 00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:57,520 Speaker 1: that some of the shipments that Gutierrez was making from 414 00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:02,160 Speaker 1: the museum were also suspicious. Were actually investigations initiated through 415 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:06,000 Speaker 1: these allegations, but they turned up nothing. Teo moved on 416 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:08,399 Speaker 1: to other matters, but he would, however, take up this 417 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,600 Speaker 1: cause again during his political career. He kind of would 418 00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: periodically introduce this idea of like, hey, the university should 419 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,560 Speaker 1: be running that. One of the projects to you next 420 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:21,560 Speaker 1: focused on was an excavation at the Warm Valley. He 421 00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:24,800 Speaker 1: asked the rector of the National University of San Marcos 422 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,960 Speaker 1: for funding, and while the university was interested, there was 423 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:31,119 Speaker 1: a problem Too's affiliation with the school was through the 424 00:24:31,160 --> 00:24:34,120 Speaker 1: College of Medicine. Then, to be part of an archaeological 425 00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,480 Speaker 1: expedition that was funded by the school, he needed to 426 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:39,959 Speaker 1: be affiliated with the College of Science or the College 427 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:43,800 Speaker 1: of Letters. So Teo quickly remedied this whole situation by 428 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:47,280 Speaker 1: presenting a doctoral thesis at the College of Letters on 429 00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 1: the use of mummies and ancient art. His expedition plan 430 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:55,000 Speaker 1: was soon accepted and funded, and he started nineteen nineteen 431 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:58,200 Speaker 1: by traveling with a group of students to the Warm Valley. 432 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:02,000 Speaker 1: The various pieces that the group excavated helps see the 433 00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:05,960 Speaker 1: university's Museum of Archaeology, which was founded in the autumn 434 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: of that same year. Also in nineteen nineteen, there was 435 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:16,000 Speaker 1: more political upheaval in Peru. Augusta Bernardino Legiacedo, who had 436 00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:19,000 Speaker 1: been exiled after he was overthrown in nineteen o nine, 437 00:25:19,160 --> 00:25:22,680 Speaker 1: returned to the country and he was elected president. That's 438 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:24,840 Speaker 1: a very short version. There was, of course, a lot 439 00:25:24,840 --> 00:25:28,199 Speaker 1: of conflict over it. Uh Teo was also reelected to 440 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,800 Speaker 1: his seat in the Chamber of Deputies, and once again 441 00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:35,120 Speaker 1: those results were contested before his election was certified. As 442 00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:38,879 Speaker 1: nineteen nineteen drew to a close, Teo was instrumental in 443 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:43,440 Speaker 1: setting up a new museum with Victor Larco Herrera. This 444 00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: is actually different from the Rafael Larco Herrera Archaeological Museum 445 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:52,120 Speaker 1: that was founded several years later. Rafael and Victor were brothers, 446 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:56,680 Speaker 1: and Rafael's son, Rafael Larco Hoyle, established the museum named 447 00:25:56,680 --> 00:26:00,960 Speaker 1: after his father with advice from Victor. So if you 448 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: were confused by the very similar names. That's what's up 449 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:08,720 Speaker 1: with that. But the relationship between Teo and Victor Laco 450 00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:13,600 Speaker 1: Herrera soured really quickly when Victor destroyed a set of 451 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:16,600 Speaker 1: tracings during an argument. Yeah, that would end it for 452 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,880 Speaker 1: an argument, y, I would think. Teo promptly resigned as 453 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:22,879 Speaker 1: museum director and he went back to focusing exclusively on 454 00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,439 Speaker 1: his work at the university, although that too was fraught 455 00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:31,000 Speaker 1: due to conflict with President Ligia. Because of political protests 456 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:34,200 Speaker 1: on campus, the president had fired most of the faculty 457 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:38,040 Speaker 1: and shut the school down. It eventually reopened, but there 458 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:42,000 Speaker 1: were ongoing issues with the government for several years. But 459 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,520 Speaker 1: though Teo seemed to be perpetually embroiled in drama, he 460 00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:49,680 Speaker 1: was also producing some really important work during this time 461 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:52,879 Speaker 1: in his life. He was the first in his field 462 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:56,560 Speaker 1: to argue that Peruvian culture was not simply the result 463 00:26:56,640 --> 00:27:00,080 Speaker 1: of an existing culture relocating to the area, but that 464 00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:03,720 Speaker 1: it had developed on its own. It was also during 465 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: this time that he founded the Peruvian Association for the 466 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:10,160 Speaker 1: Progress of Science, and he used that platform to argue 467 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:14,680 Speaker 1: for university reform. He wanted museums to have better organization 468 00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:17,720 Speaker 1: and guidelines for doing so, and He also felt that 469 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,960 Speaker 1: the education system of the country was falling behind and 470 00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:24,480 Speaker 1: not prioritizing science, and that it needed also to be 471 00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:29,840 Speaker 1: offering education to everyone, not just society's elite families. The 472 00:27:29,920 --> 00:27:33,680 Speaker 1: attention that this movement got once again ignited the feud 473 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:36,679 Speaker 1: between Teo and Emilio Gutierrez, who felt that he had 474 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:40,040 Speaker 1: been personally attacked when his museum was used by Teo 475 00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:45,280 Speaker 1: as a problematic example. In retaliation, Teo made a government 476 00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:48,040 Speaker 1: issue out of the book that Gautierrez had written to 477 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,880 Speaker 1: defend himself. That book had been produced with government funding, 478 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,040 Speaker 1: with the directive that it was supposed to be about 479 00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:56,960 Speaker 1: the history of the National History Museum and not an 480 00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:01,360 Speaker 1: opportunity to grind an axe against Teo. In this instance, 481 00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 1: it was Gautier's reputation that really really suffered. The nineteen 482 00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,919 Speaker 1: twenties continued to be busy for Julio too. He started 483 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: an archaeology magazine through the university called Inca, and also 484 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:19,320 Speaker 1: started actively teaching archaeology, something that just hadn't been possible before, 485 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:23,360 Speaker 1: given that prior to him, the archaeologists in Peru were 486 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:27,200 Speaker 1: foreigners who were there for expeditions and not for teaching jobs. Yeah, 487 00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:31,320 Speaker 1: this really lays like the bedrock foundation for archaeologists in 488 00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: Peru because they just weren't coming from the country before this. 489 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,400 Speaker 1: And he also worked to really trace the histories and 490 00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:42,160 Speaker 1: provenance of various objects that have been discovered in Peru, 491 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:45,280 Speaker 1: some of which had left the country, and his work 492 00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:47,800 Speaker 1: in this area was a bit controversial because it often 493 00:28:47,840 --> 00:28:50,440 Speaker 1: meant that he was having meetings with people that had 494 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,880 Speaker 1: stolen items or had robbed graves and then sold pieces 495 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:59,360 Speaker 1: to private collectors. Obviously that is problematic in a variety 496 00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:03,120 Speaker 1: of ways. It Teo really believed that learning the providence 497 00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:06,840 Speaker 1: and getting this information was important to Peruvian history, so 498 00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:09,720 Speaker 1: to him, it was worthwhile to get that information however 499 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:14,600 Speaker 1: he could. In ur Teo became director of the Peruvian 500 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:18,440 Speaker 1: Museum of Archaeology. This was actually a rename of the 501 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:22,440 Speaker 1: museum that Victor Larco Herrera had once hired Teo to run. 502 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:25,960 Speaker 1: Larco had to sell it and under the new management, 503 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:30,480 Speaker 1: Teo was reinstated. He had also just gotten a position 504 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:34,720 Speaker 1: of professor of anthropology at the National University of San 505 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 1: Marco and the College of Science, So this is a 506 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:39,600 Speaker 1: really good time in his career, and it was also 507 00:29:39,880 --> 00:29:43,680 Speaker 1: during this time that Taribo Mahia Cespy became a student 508 00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,040 Speaker 1: of Teos And if that name is familiar, he was 509 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:50,320 Speaker 1: the first person to study the Nascal lines in depth, 510 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:54,640 Speaker 1: and he worked with Teo for years. Yeah, reading through 511 00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:58,360 Speaker 1: like Teo's work in in his career. After this, it's 512 00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,040 Speaker 1: like constantly like and then he sent Mehia here, and 513 00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:03,480 Speaker 1: then he sent Mehia here, like he really relied on 514 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,480 Speaker 1: him for a lot. Before we talk about one of 515 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:10,440 Speaker 1: the most famous fines that's associated with Julio Tejo, we 516 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:21,240 Speaker 1: will pause here and have a little sponsor break. So, 517 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: despite some of the bumpy moments earlier on, Teo's workload 518 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,760 Speaker 1: and opportunities really exploded in the mid nineteen twenties. He 519 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:33,200 Speaker 1: headed up numerous expeditions and excavations. He further expanded the 520 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: university's offerings in archaeology and the anthropology, and he worked 521 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:41,920 Speaker 1: to inventory the university Museum's collections more thoroughly. He and 522 00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:45,040 Speaker 1: his team also worked on the famed Paracas mummy bundles. 523 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,120 Speaker 1: It was a Teo team that found them first, and 524 00:30:48,160 --> 00:30:52,000 Speaker 1: over time, various archaeological teams would unearth hundreds of mummy 525 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,880 Speaker 1: bundles from Paracas including additional fines by Teo's teams. If 526 00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:59,720 Speaker 1: you've never seen photos or diagrams of the mummy bundles, 527 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:04,200 Speaker 1: they are indeed fascinating. They date back to the Paracas culture, 528 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,400 Speaker 1: which I think came up on an earth to this 529 00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:11,960 Speaker 1: most recent time that sounds correct, that existed from roughly 530 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:15,920 Speaker 1: eight hundred BC to one thousand C. And they're called 531 00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: bundles because that's exactly what they are. The body inside 532 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:22,080 Speaker 1: of each is set inside of a basket in the 533 00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:25,640 Speaker 1: fetal position, with various artifacts around them, and then there 534 00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:29,360 Speaker 1: are layers of textiles that are wrapped around them, from 535 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,600 Speaker 1: very finely embroidered pieces that are the closest to the 536 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:37,400 Speaker 1: body to fairly rough plain cloth as the exterior. One 537 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:41,080 Speaker 1: of the interesting aspects of Tero's treatments of the Paracas 538 00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:44,600 Speaker 1: mummy bundles is the way he characterized and treated them. 539 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:48,160 Speaker 1: He spoke of them as ancestors, and when the pieces 540 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,600 Speaker 1: were prepared for display, they were each represented in a 541 00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,760 Speaker 1: very humanized way. He always wanted it to be clear 542 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:59,720 Speaker 1: that these were people who lived rather than relics or artifacts, 543 00:32:00,480 --> 00:32:03,600 Speaker 1: and these mummies were a revelation to the world. One 544 00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:05,520 Speaker 1: of the cool things about them. If you ever go looking, 545 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:09,360 Speaker 1: is it because of the climate. The mummification of preservation 546 00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:12,920 Speaker 1: is amazing. Um. Some of them literally just looked like 547 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:14,520 Speaker 1: a person that curled up and went to sleep, and 548 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:18,600 Speaker 1: there's very little degrading of the body. Several of them 549 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,680 Speaker 1: were shipped to various museums. They were kind of called 550 00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:25,320 Speaker 1: ambassadors of goodwill, and Teo was able to use the 551 00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:28,640 Speaker 1: ongoing excavation of them as a means to ensure funding 552 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:31,480 Speaker 1: for the university museum program because they got a lot 553 00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:34,520 Speaker 1: of attention. So at this point everything in his life 554 00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:38,640 Speaker 1: seemed to be going pretty ideally. However, Teo had over 555 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: the years continued to have conflicts with various people over 556 00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:47,840 Speaker 1: political and archaeological ideologies, and in nineteen thirty things really 557 00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:51,640 Speaker 1: reached a crescendo. Starting in August of that year, several 558 00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:56,800 Speaker 1: articles were printed in the periodical Libertad. Libertad blasted the 559 00:32:56,840 --> 00:33:01,760 Speaker 1: information that Teo had aligned briefly with President Augusto Lugia, 560 00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:05,400 Speaker 1: and this had, according to Teo, been a matter of 561 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:08,400 Speaker 1: the two men just agreeing on the importance of rights 562 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:13,920 Speaker 1: for Peru's indigenous population. But Lugia was deeply unpopular by 563 00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:18,760 Speaker 1: the points and was ousted as Libertide was outing all 564 00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:23,040 Speaker 1: of his allies, and the allegations against Teo regarding his 565 00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: association with Lagia grew with every subsequent article. He was 566 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:31,560 Speaker 1: accused of theft, of having sold museum artifacts, of helping 567 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:35,160 Speaker 1: Lagia build a fortune through this illicit work, of having 568 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:38,760 Speaker 1: built a fortune for himself this way, and of illegal 569 00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:43,520 Speaker 1: exportation of important artifacts to the United States. His previous 570 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:47,120 Speaker 1: run ins with both Larco and Gutierrez were also revisited. 571 00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:50,120 Speaker 1: He had continued to have some conflicts with Larco as well, 572 00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:53,800 Speaker 1: uh and he was accused of using his museum staff 573 00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:58,600 Speaker 1: to plot with Lagia against detractors. On October ninth, Talo 574 00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:01,840 Speaker 1: lost his job as museum director as a consequence of 575 00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:05,640 Speaker 1: all this bad press and his association with the overthrown Lugia, 576 00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:09,000 Speaker 1: although he did remain director of the National Institute of 577 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:14,799 Speaker 1: Anthropology at the university. The entire museum staff resigned in solidarity. 578 00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:18,760 Speaker 1: Luis Miguel Sanchez Seto was the new president of Peru 579 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:21,800 Speaker 1: at this point, and under his government, the national museum 580 00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:25,919 Speaker 1: system was overhauled, combining many of the disparate entities into 581 00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:29,440 Speaker 1: one called the Museo Nacional and under the re ord 582 00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:33,400 Speaker 1: because Teo had retained his position as institute director, he 583 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:38,080 Speaker 1: became director of the Institute of Anthropological Investigation. In May 584 00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:41,959 Speaker 1: of nineteen thirty two, the Parakha site was looted by Hwakro's, 585 00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:45,839 Speaker 1: which are tomb raiders. Then the National University of San 586 00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:49,720 Speaker 1: Marcos was closed because of ongoing civil unrest in the capital. 587 00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,799 Speaker 1: Sanchez was assassinated in April thirtieth, nineteen thirty three, and 588 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:58,240 Speaker 1: the university stayed closed for three years. During that time, 589 00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:01,560 Speaker 1: Teo was cut off from university resources and from his 590 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:05,719 Speaker 1: own work. During the years of the National University's closure, 591 00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:10,120 Speaker 1: he taught at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Yeah, 592 00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: the early nineteen thirties were just a mess for him. 593 00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:17,000 Speaker 1: Um that looting was really problematic. He spoke out about 594 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,360 Speaker 1: it a lot, and it became kind of a issue 595 00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,040 Speaker 1: that he tried to address on and on and on. 596 00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,840 Speaker 1: Uh Teo then asked for permission to do archaeological research 597 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:31,160 Speaker 1: at Chevin de Jantar, one of the most important sites 598 00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,360 Speaker 1: in Peru that sits in a high valley in the Andes. 599 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:37,719 Speaker 1: At the time, Teo thought that it was the civilization 600 00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,239 Speaker 1: from which South American culture had spread, but we know 601 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,960 Speaker 1: today that there are cultural sites that pre date Chevin 602 00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:46,640 Speaker 1: Julio Teo spent the mid nineteen thirties conducting research at 603 00:35:46,640 --> 00:35:49,640 Speaker 1: this site and others around Peru. He had been there before, 604 00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:52,640 Speaker 1: but he had some very focused time there during this period, 605 00:35:53,040 --> 00:35:55,440 Speaker 1: and then he toured the United States in the summer 606 00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:59,120 Speaker 1: of nineteen thirty six, giving lectures on archaeology and Peru 607 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:01,880 Speaker 1: and visiting music a ums to drum up financial support 608 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:05,840 Speaker 1: for his work. The Institute of Andian Research was formed 609 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,560 Speaker 1: later that year in New York by Teo alongside a 610 00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:12,280 Speaker 1: number of US based scholars, and it was formally established 611 00:36:12,320 --> 00:36:16,160 Speaker 1: the following year. The American Museum of Natural History let 612 00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:19,200 Speaker 1: them occupy office space free of charge, and the staff 613 00:36:19,440 --> 00:36:22,719 Speaker 1: of the Institute of Indian Research worked on a volunteer 614 00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:26,680 Speaker 1: basis to secure grants and funding for various research and projects, 615 00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:30,239 Speaker 1: many of which were projects that Teo was undertaking. In 616 00:36:31,160 --> 00:36:34,719 Speaker 1: seven Back in Peru, Teo made the acquaintance of Nelson Rockefeller, 617 00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 1: who was traveling on business, and the story goes that 618 00:36:38,239 --> 00:36:41,759 Speaker 1: when he saw the sad underfunded state of things at 619 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:46,840 Speaker 1: the Institute for anthropological investigation. The wealthy American immediately offered 620 00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:50,280 Speaker 1: to help fund their efforts. This resulted in a deal 621 00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:53,640 Speaker 1: where five of the Paracas mummy bundles were to be 622 00:36:53,719 --> 00:36:58,920 Speaker 1: sent to New York, specifically to the Metropolitan Museum of Arts. Ultimately, though, 623 00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:02,440 Speaker 1: they ended up at the American Museum of Natural History 624 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:04,840 Speaker 1: because the met did not have anyone on staff with 625 00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:08,120 Speaker 1: the expertise that was needed for their preservation and their 626 00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:11,880 Speaker 1: ongoing maintenance. In ninety nine, the second session of the 627 00:37:11,960 --> 00:37:15,880 Speaker 1: twenty seven International Congress of Americanists took place in Lima, 628 00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:19,200 Speaker 1: and in addition to presenting a paper, Teo also served 629 00:37:19,239 --> 00:37:21,920 Speaker 1: as host to the delegates, taking them out to various 630 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:25,040 Speaker 1: sites in the area both during and after the convention. 631 00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:29,360 Speaker 1: And this entire event went really well and it reinvigorated 632 00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:32,400 Speaker 1: the archaeology community of Peru, and so the decision was 633 00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:36,600 Speaker 1: made to form a new entity, the Peruvian Archaeology Association, 634 00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:41,160 Speaker 1: which would oversee all archaeological projects in Peru. In nineteen 635 00:37:41,239 --> 00:37:44,440 Speaker 1: forty one, the historic importance of the Chevine de Juantar 636 00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:47,399 Speaker 1: site led to its being declared state property, and this 637 00:37:47,480 --> 00:37:51,600 Speaker 1: was controversial. Teo made the case that Chavine and other 638 00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:56,000 Speaker 1: historically and culturally significant sites should be established as protected 639 00:37:56,120 --> 00:37:59,319 Speaker 1: national parks modeled after the ones he had seen while 640 00:37:59,320 --> 00:38:02,239 Speaker 1: traveling in the US, and now a lot of them 641 00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:06,040 Speaker 1: are parks. Uh. Chauvin incidentally as a UNESCO World Heritage 642 00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:09,960 Speaker 1: Site now as well. Throughout the nineteen forties, Teo remained 643 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:14,160 Speaker 1: busy directing and commissioning excavations and serving as an ambassador 644 00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:18,279 Speaker 1: of Peruvian archaeology on the international stage. He had by 645 00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:20,920 Speaker 1: this point kind of uh you know, shuffled off the 646 00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:24,960 Speaker 1: shadow of the various controversies he had been embroiled in 647 00:38:25,320 --> 00:38:29,000 Speaker 1: and had become the nation's premier expert on its archaeological history, 648 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:32,760 Speaker 1: while always maintaining that he was a mountain Indian, something 649 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:34,360 Speaker 1: that at that point he was kind of using to 650 00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:38,000 Speaker 1: separate himself from the rest of the academic world. Teo 651 00:38:38,120 --> 00:38:41,800 Speaker 1: was diagnosed with an illness in July of nineteen forty six. 652 00:38:42,640 --> 00:38:44,319 Speaker 1: Don't have a lot of detail on it, but he 653 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:48,080 Speaker 1: traveled to the US two months later for treatment. He 654 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:51,280 Speaker 1: didn't really improve, but he returned to Lima to work 655 00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:54,279 Speaker 1: in November anyway, and then he died six months later 656 00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:58,200 Speaker 1: on June third, ninety seven. Yeah, at least in the 657 00:38:58,239 --> 00:39:01,560 Speaker 1: English language in formation I had access to. They never 658 00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:05,920 Speaker 1: name what this issue was, so we're not sure it 659 00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:08,400 Speaker 1: could be any number of things, but but we know 660 00:39:08,440 --> 00:39:11,560 Speaker 1: that he had basically just a really rough illness at 661 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,600 Speaker 1: the end of his life. And Teo's death was reported 662 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:17,160 Speaker 1: in a lot of papers across the United States, which 663 00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,520 Speaker 1: speaks to how well known he was at the time, 664 00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:22,839 Speaker 1: although these mentions were generally brief, and I looked at 665 00:39:22,840 --> 00:39:25,800 Speaker 1: a whole lot of different papers from around the country 666 00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:29,040 Speaker 1: and they all ran a pretty close replica or some 667 00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:34,840 Speaker 1: slight variation of quote. Julio Teo, sixty seven, archaeologist, anthropologist, 668 00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:38,640 Speaker 1: and author who was an authority on prehistoric Peru, died today, 669 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:42,920 Speaker 1: but at home in Peru. The nation really mourned. A 670 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,279 Speaker 1: year after his death, his remains were moved to a 671 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:49,640 Speaker 1: mausoleum at the National Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. Today, 672 00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:52,600 Speaker 1: there is a museum named in his honor on the 673 00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:56,440 Speaker 1: Paractice Peninsula at the entrance to the Practice National Reserve. 674 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:59,120 Speaker 1: And I wanted to close out with an excerpt from 675 00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:03,320 Speaker 1: one of Teo's own writings, which he included at the 676 00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:06,520 Speaker 1: beginning of a paper about the art of the Chevine culture, 677 00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:10,680 Speaker 1: and he wrote quote, Chevine art, characterized by its perfection 678 00:40:10,719 --> 00:40:15,000 Speaker 1: of lines, its richness of fantasy, the symbolism of its representations, 679 00:40:15,440 --> 00:40:18,800 Speaker 1: the proportion and harmony of the whole, and the material used, 680 00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:23,040 Speaker 1: which is almost always hardstone, is the richest historical source 681 00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:25,879 Speaker 1: and the best evidence of the high degree of civilization 682 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,360 Speaker 1: reached by the Peruvian race. The significance of its sculptural 683 00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:32,920 Speaker 1: and pictorial works, and the mastery with which they were 684 00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:36,440 Speaker 1: executed all lead us to suppose that the culture of Chevine, 685 00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:39,360 Speaker 1: illustrated in its art, is the product of a long 686 00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:43,480 Speaker 1: process of gestation and elaboration which must have been intimately 687 00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:46,920 Speaker 1: bound to the material, emotive, and intellectual history of man, 688 00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:50,200 Speaker 1: perhaps since his appearance on this part of the continent. 689 00:40:51,080 --> 00:40:53,080 Speaker 1: It was such a good summation of the way he 690 00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:58,160 Speaker 1: portrayed ancient Peruvian culture as being this really vital, rich thing, 691 00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:01,040 Speaker 1: which was very different from how it had been characterized before, 692 00:41:01,120 --> 00:41:03,680 Speaker 1: as like no, people moved here and they brought their stuff. 693 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:06,760 Speaker 1: He's like, no, no, they were developing like right along 694 00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:10,360 Speaker 1: with everything else, which is really cool. Um that is 695 00:41:10,440 --> 00:41:13,359 Speaker 1: Julio Teo. It's interesting people still talk about him and 696 00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:16,640 Speaker 1: his some of his controversies today, obviously because he was 697 00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:20,600 Speaker 1: so tied up in the ongoing shifting politics, which were 698 00:41:20,680 --> 00:41:24,960 Speaker 1: very dramatic in peru Um. It can be problematic in 699 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,640 Speaker 1: some ways, but I always kind of perceived him as 700 00:41:27,719 --> 00:41:30,560 Speaker 1: someone that was just trying to get his archaeology done, 701 00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:36,480 Speaker 1: however he had to do it. We want to note 702 00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:39,640 Speaker 1: as we wrapped this episode that Harvard University, which was, 703 00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:43,160 Speaker 1: as you've heard, a significant part of Teo story and 704 00:41:43,360 --> 00:41:45,640 Speaker 1: was the recipient of some of the skulls and mummies 705 00:41:45,680 --> 00:41:49,359 Speaker 1: he collected, issued a statement after we recorded this one, 706 00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:53,320 Speaker 1: but before we published, about the human remains in their collection. 707 00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:57,200 Speaker 1: Harvard estimates that between the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and 708 00:41:57,239 --> 00:42:01,520 Speaker 1: Ethnology and the Warren Anatomical Museum UM, there are remains 709 00:42:01,560 --> 00:42:04,600 Speaker 1: of more than twenty two thousand individuals in the school's 710 00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:09,560 Speaker 1: museum collections, many of which have no associated biographical information. 711 00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:14,240 Speaker 1: To address this situation, Harvard has created a Steering Committee 712 00:42:14,280 --> 00:42:17,440 Speaker 1: on Human Remains in the Collection, which will complete quote, 713 00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:22,000 Speaker 1: a comprehensive survey of human remains present across all university 714 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:25,600 Speaker 1: museum collections, as well as their use in current teaching 715 00:42:25,640 --> 00:42:29,799 Speaker 1: and research. That Steering committee will also develop quote a 716 00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:34,600 Speaker 1: university wide policy on the collection, display, and ethical stewardship 717 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:38,759 Speaker 1: of human remains in the university's museum collections, and will 718 00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:45,640 Speaker 1: propose quote principles and practices that address research, community consultation, memorialization, 719 00:42:46,080 --> 00:42:52,120 Speaker 1: possible repatriation, burial or reburial, and other care considerations. Do 720 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,440 Speaker 1: you have some listener mail for us? I do? I do. 721 00:42:55,680 --> 00:42:58,880 Speaker 1: This is from our listener Mark Um, who wrote to 722 00:42:58,960 --> 00:43:03,040 Speaker 1: us after our discussion of waffles. Your Hi, Holly and Dracy. 723 00:43:03,160 --> 00:43:06,000 Speaker 1: My partner Emily and I are longtime enjoyers to the podcast. 724 00:43:06,080 --> 00:43:08,240 Speaker 1: It's our go to when we have long drives together. 725 00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:11,240 Speaker 1: We were recently inspired by your episode on the history 726 00:43:11,239 --> 00:43:14,240 Speaker 1: of waffles, where you mentioned that they were served alongside stews. 727 00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:17,840 Speaker 1: As it happens, Emily had just come across a cornmeal 728 00:43:17,880 --> 00:43:21,440 Speaker 1: scallion waffle recipe recently and we thought it paired excellently 729 00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:24,400 Speaker 1: with a vegetarian chili recipe. We thought you might enjoy 730 00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:27,239 Speaker 1: hearing about it, so I've attached a picture. Uh. And 731 00:43:27,280 --> 00:43:31,319 Speaker 1: Mark also makes a suggestion for a possible episode, which 732 00:43:31,360 --> 00:43:34,680 Speaker 1: may or may not happen, but he mentioned that it 733 00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:39,080 Speaker 1: it might be uh, you know, uh, difficult topics. So 734 00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:43,200 Speaker 1: he also sent pictures of their adorable dog, Lily, so 735 00:43:43,239 --> 00:43:45,440 Speaker 1: that it would comfort us as we do any research 736 00:43:45,480 --> 00:43:47,919 Speaker 1: on unfortunate things. That dog is so cute. I would 737 00:43:47,960 --> 00:43:51,879 Speaker 1: give it power of Attorney. Mark. Thank you so much 738 00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:54,600 Speaker 1: for sharing this with us, and also that must be 739 00:43:54,680 --> 00:43:57,080 Speaker 1: looks amazing. They also have these beautiful slices of fresh 740 00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:01,240 Speaker 1: avocado on top. I love us, I love a savory waffle. 741 00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:03,359 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, you can 742 00:44:03,360 --> 00:44:06,040 Speaker 1: do so at History podcast at iHeart radio dot com. 743 00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:08,440 Speaker 1: You can also find us on social media as missed 744 00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:11,000 Speaker 1: in History, and if you would like to subscribe to 745 00:44:11,040 --> 00:44:13,440 Speaker 1: the podcast and haven't yet, I promise it's super easy, 746 00:44:13,520 --> 00:44:15,040 Speaker 1: you can do that on the I heart radio app, 747 00:44:15,120 --> 00:44:17,960 Speaker 1: at Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 748 00:44:23,360 --> 00:44:25,520 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 749 00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:28,800 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 750 00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,000 Speaker 1: visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 751 00:44:32,080 --> 00:44:33,560 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows