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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

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Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the

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Speaker 3: Hey Daniel, do you enjoy watching disaster movies?

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Speaker 1: You mean, do I like watching billions of people perish

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Speaker 1: on screen?

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Speaker 3: Now you're making me feel bad about enjoying Titanic, But

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Speaker 3: I guess I mean, do you like the physics of

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Speaker 3: those disaster movies?

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Speaker 4: So?

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Speaker 3: Do you feel like it's always impossible or impossible?

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Speaker 1: Well? I feel like the solution in those movies is

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Speaker 1: always either nuked or Bruce Willis.

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Speaker 3: What's wrong with sending Bruce Willis? Is that physically impossible?

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Speaker 1: He's basically the human nuke.

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Speaker 3: What about if a cosmic space bananas suddenly Korean storts

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Speaker 3: Earth and crashes into our planet?

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Speaker 1: Well, I think then we have to send Bruce Willis

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Speaker 1: with a nuke to blow that thing up to make

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Speaker 1: a cosmic smoothie.

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Speaker 3: Well, okay, so if you were in Hollywood and you

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Speaker 3: were pitching a physics space disaster movie. What would you pitch?

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Speaker 1: Oh man, we have so many good ways to end

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Speaker 1: the world with physics.

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Speaker 3: That doesn't make me feel good. Hi am Jorhem, a

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Speaker 3: cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics. Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I think about

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Speaker 1: how the world might end. He's an optimist, folks, I'm

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Speaker 1: a planner.

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Speaker 3: Is there such a thing as an optimist physicist or

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Speaker 3: are they all pretty pretty down on the end of

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Speaker 3: the universe.

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Speaker 1: No, we are all optimistic because you know, we're relying

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Speaker 1: on society to fund our abstract thinking about the nature

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Speaker 1: of reality, the universe and stuff. So you got to

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Speaker 1: believe in a sort of educated, optimistic, forward thinking society

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Speaker 1: for physics to even be a thing.

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Speaker 3: Always believe in other people's money. Yes, you're optimist.

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Speaker 1: If the world ends or society crumbles, there's not going

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Speaker 1: to be a lot of openings for physics professors in

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Speaker 1: the end days.

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Speaker 3: All right, Well, welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 3: Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio, in.

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Speaker 1: Which we talk about all the amazing and crazy and

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Speaker 1: silly and bonkers things space Cheetos and giant space bananas,

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Speaker 1: and talk about it in a way that we hope

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Speaker 1: you understand and enjoy.

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Speaker 3: And Bruce Willis, let's not forget Bruce Willis.

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Speaker 1: He's in a category of giant space bananas, right, He's

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Speaker 1: a kind of banana.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. We talk about all the amazing things we know

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Speaker 3: and all the amazing things we don't know about the universe,

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Speaker 3: including some of the things we covered in our book

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Speaker 3: We Have No Idea, A Guide to the Unknown Universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, in which we talk about all the crazy open

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Speaker 1: questions of the universe, basic stuff that we should know

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Speaker 1: about our cosmic neighborhood and our place in the universe,

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Speaker 1: but physics still hasn't figured out.

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Speaker 5: Yeah.

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Speaker 3: It's a book that too, I think, up until recently,

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Speaker 3: has now been translated to over twenty languages. So those

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Speaker 3: of you out there listening across the world, I'm sure

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Speaker 3: there is a book version of this book in your language.

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Speaker 1: Have you read it in any of the other languages.

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Speaker 3: I've read them on in all the different languages and

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Speaker 3: don't understand any of it. But I think I had

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Speaker 3: a pretty good idea of what we wrote.

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Speaker 1: I just wonder how all of our bad puns were

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Speaker 1: translated like to Korean. Seems to me like an impossible tak.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, does graphical puns? I think is what you mean.

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Speaker 1: No, it's a fun book, and it talks about all

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Speaker 1: the things that we don't know about the universe and

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Speaker 1: the ways we might figure them out. One thing we

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Speaker 1: didn't talk about in the book, though, is how humanity

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Speaker 1: might end.

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Speaker 3: That's right. We talked a bit about how the universe

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Speaker 3: might end, but there's a lot that can happen before

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Speaker 3: the universe ends.

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Speaker 1: You're thinking they're not the same thing. You don't think

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Speaker 1: humans are going to make it all the way.

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Speaker 3: I'm thinking that when we end, the universe ends for us.

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Speaker 1: Because we're going to cause the end of the universe,

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Speaker 1: nothing else matters.

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Speaker 3: That's right. I wouldn't put it past physicists to sort

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Speaker 3: of converge to those two things.

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Speaker 1: I knew you were going to pin it on physicists.

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Speaker 1: You know, if somebody's going to cause the end of

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Speaker 1: the universe, I'm going to blame politicians, not physicists.

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Speaker 3: Really, not physicists.

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Speaker 1: It's not going to be a physicist pressing that big

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Speaker 1: red button you know that launches the death device, the

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Speaker 1: doomsday device that creates the cosmic instability that you know,

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Speaker 1: ruins the structure of space, time or whatever.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, you're right, I'll give you that. It's probably going

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Speaker 3: to be the physicist grad student president.

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Speaker 1: But accidentally putting their coffee down on the button. Oops,

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Speaker 1: what was that?

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Speaker 3: But Yeah, today's podcast, we'll be getting into a topic

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Speaker 3: that a little bit dark about the outlook for humanity.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we pay attention to our listeners and we read

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Speaker 1: everything you guys write to us on email and on Twitter.

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Speaker 1: So if you have a question about the universe or

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Speaker 1: how humanity might end, or something you heard about you

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Speaker 1: didn't understand, please send it to us. But this episode

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Speaker 1: is in response to a very specific question that came

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Speaker 1: in from listeners about different ways that physics might kill you.

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Speaker 3: And not just from boredom, right, not just from just kidding. No,

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Speaker 3: physics is very exciting and Jason had a very interesting

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Speaker 3: question here because he envisions four ways in which physics

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Speaker 3: could possibly end the world as we know and possibly

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Speaker 3: the universe. Do you think or just the Earth?

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Speaker 1: I think probably just the Earth, or just humanity. I

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Speaker 1: think in all these four scenarios, the universe will truck

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Speaker 1: on even if humanity is extinguished?

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Speaker 3: And what do you think Jason is thinking here? Do

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Speaker 3: you think he's worried about these things happening? Do you

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Speaker 3: think he is trying to cause these things to happen?

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Speaker 3: Perhaps hopefully not.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a similar Quanjy. I'm not sure if

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Speaker 1: in answering his question, we are enabling a supervillain who's

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Speaker 1: making plans to sort of ruin humanity or maybe somebody

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Speaker 1: who's like planning to protect humanity against the coming of

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Speaker 1: potential supervillains. This classic question in philosophy. You know, by

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Speaker 1: creating technology and spreading knowledge, are you enabling war or

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Speaker 1: preventing it?

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Speaker 3: Do you think Jason might be the Bruce Willis of

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Speaker 3: Twitter or he might be the lex Luthor, right, one

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Speaker 3: of those two. Either way, We're going to answer your question,

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Speaker 3: Jason and Hope for the best and so to be.

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Speaker 3: On the podcast, we'll be asking the question what are

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Speaker 3: four ways in which physics could end the world?

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Speaker 1: And we got more than four ways.

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Speaker 3: We only have time to cover four ways, right, we're

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Speaker 3: under we're only explaining four of them today.

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Speaker 1: That's right. This is the top four of a very

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Speaker 1: very long list of ways to kill everybody under abusing physics.

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Speaker 3: These are the top just because these are the ones

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Speaker 3: Jason picked. Or do you think Jason nailed the four

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Speaker 3: most concerning ways that physics could end the world.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I think it's like a thousand way tie for

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Speaker 1: first place. But these are the four that Jason thought about.

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Speaker 3: I guess, I guess if it ends the world, they're

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Speaker 3: all equally bad, right, They're equally good for somebody, not us.

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Speaker 1: No, but these are four very creative ways to potentially

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Speaker 1: kill off humanity, and they probe sort of an understanding

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Speaker 1: of the nature of matter and gravity and electrons and

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Speaker 1: all that stuff. So I thought it'd be a lot

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Speaker 1: of fun to go through them and really think about

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Speaker 1: the physics of what would happen in each scenario.

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Speaker 3: So this is what Jason wrote in his tweet. He wrote,

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Speaker 3: rate these events from most catastrophic to least. Number one,

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Speaker 3: gravity turns off for three seconds and then back on.

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Speaker 1: Number two, the Earth suddenly starts spinning backwards.

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Speaker 3: Number three, every electron within one light year of Earth

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Speaker 3: suddenly disappears.

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Speaker 1: Number four the Sun shuts down for two weeks, and

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Speaker 1: then he later clarified that it's still there. But it's

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Speaker 1: just sort of turned off and went dark.

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Speaker 3: It winks for two weeks.

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Speaker 1: That's a long wink, man.

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Speaker 3: It's very specific to two weeks. It's like, you know,

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Speaker 3: not you know, three weeks, not you know, sixteen days.

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Speaker 3: He's like, yeah, it sounds like he's planning for this.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, he is making some specific plans. These are not

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Speaker 1: just arbitrary numbers, you know. I think he's really tuned.

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Speaker 1: These catastrophic events. Makes me wonder about how much planning

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Speaker 1: he's done.

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Speaker 6: Well.

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Speaker 3: I think it's pretty cool that one of our listeners

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Speaker 3: sort of sat around, you know, and thought of all

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Speaker 3: the all the things that could happen in the universe

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Speaker 3: and wondered what how if these things were plausible, and

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Speaker 3: how they would affect us.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and I think a lot of these have sort

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Speaker 1: of physics implications that you might not think of when

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Speaker 1: you first hear it. There's an initial idea, and then

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Speaker 1: there's some subtlety to each one. So they're awesome not

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Speaker 1: just because they might cause the death of billions of people,

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Speaker 1: but they might along the way teach those billions of

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Speaker 1: people something about this.

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Speaker 3: They all sound pretty hmm. I'm not sure how to

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Speaker 3: say this.

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Speaker 1: Were you gonna say plausible.

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Speaker 3: It sort of sounds like the plot of a spy

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Speaker 3: movie or a disaster movie. You know.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, a lot of these movies start off with some

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Speaker 1: catastrophic event or some dramatic event that makes you wonder like, ooh,

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Speaker 1: how did that happen? Or how did the aliens get

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Speaker 1: control of gravity? Or you know, who's deleting all these

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Speaker 1: electrons from the universe or something. But most of these

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Speaker 1: movies end up unsatisfying. They're like, oh, it's the infinitely

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Speaker 1: folding proton, they can do anything or something.

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Speaker 3: Oh I see or dark matter. Always go with dark

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Speaker 3: matter or quantum realm. That's darkly matter.

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Speaker 1: Oh man, don't get me started on the science fiction

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Speaker 1: novels that lean on dark matter. You go to a

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Speaker 1: dark place, do I recently read Dark Matter by Blake Crouch,

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Speaker 1: and it basically has nothing to do with dark matter.

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Speaker 3: You think he just meant like matters that are dark.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what he meant. It's really more about

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Speaker 1: the quantum multiverse. It's like the many worlds theory, So

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Speaker 1: dark matter. I think it was just like random clickbait

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Speaker 1: physics title. Maybe we should This is not fair though

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Speaker 1: for me to criticize him, but it crouds. If you're

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Speaker 1: a listener, please come on the podcast and argue with

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Speaker 1: me about the science in your novel.

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Speaker 3: Invitation extended today, Well, it's going to be a little

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Speaker 3: bit of a different episode. So we're going to tackle

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Speaker 3: each of these possible scenarios that Jason came up with,

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Speaker 3: and we're going to ask people on the street what

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Speaker 3: they think of it, and we're going to try to

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Speaker 3: explain what would happen if these things actually happened.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So I had the hilarious and enjoyable task

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Speaker 1: of walking around campus that use the airline and asking

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Speaker 1: people what they thought would happen in these catastrophic scenarios.

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Speaker 3: And the people look at you with a fear in

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Speaker 3: their eyes or were they amuse? Did they run away?

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Speaker 1: They didn't look me the way. We sort of mentally

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Speaker 1: looked at Jason for posing these questions. They weren't worried

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Speaker 1: that I was planning to enact any of these scenarios.

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Speaker 1: I think they enjoyed thinking about them.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, well let's tackle these one at a time,

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Speaker 3: and so we'll start with Adjason's number one on the Liz,

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Speaker 3: which is what would happen if gravity turns off for

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Speaker 3: three seconds and then it turns back on.

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Speaker 1: Here's what people had to say, what do you think

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Speaker 1: would happen if a gravity just shut off for like

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Speaker 1: three seconds?

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Speaker 4: People, I think would be flying up the buildings. I

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Speaker 4: think like, if their foundations are strong enough, they would

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Speaker 4: stay here on the Earth, but the people would like

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Speaker 4: fly up for a little bit, and then when the

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Speaker 4: gravity comes back on, they'll fall down.

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Speaker 7: If there's no gravities, that means the Earth cannot hold

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Speaker 7: us everyone, Maybe we'll just fly to the sky and

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Speaker 7: three seconds and after a three seconds to gray is

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Speaker 7: back and we will just fall off.

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Speaker 3: What do you think it'd be pretty realistic with people

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Speaker 3: in vision?

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Speaker 7: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: Mostly I think people think about the immediate thing that

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Speaker 1: they are being held to the earth, and then that

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Speaker 1: would stop if gravity was turned off, and then they're

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Speaker 1: worried about, you know, like how high up are you

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Speaker 1: going to to get and how catastrophic would it be

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Speaker 1: a gravity turned back on.

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Speaker 3: Well, this is an interesting scenario, I guess. I guess

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Speaker 3: we all sort of wonder what would happen if gravity

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Speaker 3: didn't exist? But I think he's asking what would happen

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Speaker 3: if it's suddenly turned off. Yeah, Like one second we

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Speaker 3: have gravity and the next millisecond we don't have gravity.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, because we wouldn't even be here without gravity.

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Speaker 8: Right.

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Speaker 1: Gravity is the reason why we have the Earth. It's

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Speaker 1: the reason why we have any sort of structure or

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Speaker 1: anything going on without gravity, stuff which should still be

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Speaker 1: floating out there diluted in space. So you need gravity

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Speaker 1: to make the Earth, that people, and the Sun and

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Speaker 1: all that stuff. And this question is about what happened

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Speaker 1: if somebody like bumped against the gravity light switch accidentally

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Speaker 1: in the Universe control room.

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Speaker 3: That's right, God, she accidentally lean against the wall hit

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Speaker 3: the switch.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you put her coffee down on the wrong spot

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Speaker 1: or something.

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Speaker 2: Right.

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Speaker 1: A lot of people said that you would fly up, right,

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Speaker 1: and you know gravity is holding us down. That's certainly true.

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Speaker 1: But if gravity disappeared, you wouldn't immediately fly up.

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Speaker 3: Oh interesting, Well, I guess my first question before we

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Speaker 3: get into the effects, is is this even possible? It

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Speaker 3: could gravity just turn off for three seconds and then

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Speaker 3: back on, Not that.

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Speaker 1: I'm aware of. I mean, we have no way to

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Speaker 1: manipulate gravity or understand the structure of space time. We

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Speaker 1: don't even really know what gravity is, you know, is

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Speaker 1: it just like the way that space is bent by

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Speaker 1: having mass and energy around? Is it a force like

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Speaker 1: the other ones? But of course we don't have an

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Speaker 1: understanding of the quantum nature of it, so we don't

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Speaker 1: really understand what gravity is and how it works, so

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Speaker 1: we definitely don't know how to turn it on and off.

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Speaker 1: We even talked on a podcast about like anti gravity devices.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess. I mean, do you know of any

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Speaker 3: situation in physics in the universe in which gravity doesn't work?

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Speaker 3: You know, like we talked once about like anti gravity particles.

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Speaker 3: Maybe could we somehow some suddenly be washed over by

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Speaker 3: antigravity particles or you know, is it even possible for

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Speaker 3: gravity to suddenly not work?

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Speaker 1: I don't think you could turn off gravity. The thing

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Speaker 1: you might be able to do is counteract it. Like

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Speaker 1: if you ranked up dark energy right here at the Earth,

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Speaker 1: dark energy is basically doing the opposite of gravity, right

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Speaker 1: It's stretching space and moving things further apart. So if

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Speaker 1: you somehow were able to manipulate dark energy in a

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Speaker 1: way to like expand space to change its curvature locally,

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Speaker 1: then you could effectively have the opposite effect of gravity

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Speaker 1: canceling it out, so you might be able to balance gravity.

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Speaker 1: I mean, this is really a stretch. We don't even

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Speaker 1: know what dark energy is. But if I have to

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Speaker 1: go somewhere, I would instead of turning off gravity, I

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Speaker 1: would try to balance it with dark energy. But that's

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Speaker 1: a maybe with a with a maybe on top of it.

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Speaker 3: So if I was writing the Tom Hanks down Brown novel,

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Speaker 3: I would have the evil Zealot create a dark energy bomb,

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Speaker 3: A dark Yeah, that's somehow I've just been balling here,

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Speaker 3: and there's not a suggestion for anyone out there. But

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Speaker 3: in the movie, you might get a bomb that suddenly,

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Speaker 3: you know, gives off a lot of dark energy which

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Speaker 3: cancels gravity for three seconds here in Earth.

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Speaker 1: What do you think would have the most sort of

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Speaker 1: first weekend ticket sales? A dark energy bomb or a

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Speaker 1: dark energy laser or a dark energy gun.

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Speaker 3: As long as it's called dark energy, I think the

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Speaker 3: name will totally just sell it.

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Speaker 1: Then the title of Blake Crouch's next novel that has

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Speaker 1: nothing to do with dark energy?

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Speaker 3: All right, Well, it sounds like, you know, there is

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Speaker 3: not impossible there, there's you know that you could envision

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Speaker 3: a movie using this plot device.

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Speaker 1: And like the way you call it not impossible, which

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Speaker 1: makes it sort of which sort of suggest that maybe

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Speaker 1: it's possible, but like in the same way, like it's

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Speaker 1: not impossible that we could be the number one podcast

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Speaker 1: in the world. Wait, we're not could happen. We need

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Speaker 1: the dark podcast bomb to go off for that to happen.

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Speaker 3: That's right, and boost our ratings. At least in my universe.

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Speaker 3: We're number one, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: We're the number one podcast that I listen to.

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Speaker 3: All right, so let's get into what would happen if

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Speaker 3: you actually turned off gravity for three seconds and then

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Speaker 3: turn it back on. But first, let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, walk us through this scenario. So pain

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Speaker 3: us the picture. If I turn up gravity for three seconds,

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Speaker 3: what would happen?

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Speaker 1: Well, the first thing would happen is that you would

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Speaker 1: fly off the Earth, but not straight up.

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Speaker 3: Well, I can't fly down, I'm guessing you mean like

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Speaker 3: I would fly in the direction that the Earth is rotating.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you can think of yourself as sort of orbiting

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Speaker 1: the Earth just above the surface. Think about what would

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Speaker 1: happen to the moon if gravity turned off, the Moon

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Speaker 1: would not fly straight away from the Earth. It would

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Speaker 1: keep going the direction it's going. It would shoot off

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Speaker 1: in a line tangent to the circle it's moving in, right,

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Speaker 1: Because what gravity's doing is is sort of bending it

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Speaker 1: in a circle. So gravity disappears, the moon shoots off

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Speaker 1: sort of sideways. So if you're like a little moon

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Speaker 1: of the Earth, everybody's their own little tiny moon, then

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Speaker 1: what happens is that you shoot off sort of at

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Speaker 1: an angle to the surface.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see, like a it's tangent to the circle too.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, precisely, it's tangy.

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Speaker 3: Just keep going. It would no longer be rained into

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Speaker 3: an orbital circle. I would just it's like you cut

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Speaker 3: the string that is tying it to the Earth.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and remember when gravity turns off, there's nothing like

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Speaker 1: pushing you away from the Earth. It's not like you're

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Speaker 1: getting forced away. I've seen a lot of science fiction movies,

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Speaker 1: you know that when gravity, when you get into space

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Speaker 1: or whatever, things sort of automatically float away from you.

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Speaker 1: They don't necessarily unless you give them a push. But

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Speaker 1: in this case, you're already moving away from the Earth,

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Speaker 1: and it's gravity that keeps you on the Earth. So

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Speaker 1: when you turn that off, then you just sort of

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Speaker 1: keep going in the direction you were going. So everybody

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Speaker 1: would float up.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, you wouldn't. I guess you wouldn't float technically away

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Speaker 3: from the Earth. But to us here on Earth where

442
00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:28,920
Speaker 3: I'm standing, it would seem like I'm floating.

443
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:30,640
Speaker 1: Up because the Earth is rotating under you.

444
00:21:30,840 --> 00:21:33,679
Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, Like the house will keep moving around the Earth,

445
00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:36,480
Speaker 3: but I am sort of now going tangent to the Earth,

446
00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:38,760
Speaker 3: but it's also moving with me, so it'll seem like

447
00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:39,480
Speaker 3: I'm floating up.

448
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it will. But eventually, if it's for long enough,

449
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,680
Speaker 1: then the Earth will curve away from you and you

450
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,560
Speaker 1: no longer be directly above your house or your garden.

451
00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:49,600
Speaker 1: Or wherever you stood. Like if you painted an X

452
00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:53,160
Speaker 1: under you and then gravity turned off, the X would

453
00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,159
Speaker 1: seem to be under you for a little while, but

454
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,080
Speaker 1: then it would no longer be right under you because

455
00:21:58,080 --> 00:21:59,280
Speaker 1: of the curve of the Earth.

456
00:21:59,119 --> 00:22:02,040
Speaker 3: And so what this happen? And suddenly or slowly, you know,

457
00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:04,679
Speaker 3: like let's say, boom, I turn off gravity? Am I

458
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,600
Speaker 3: now like falling up? Or am I? You know, be like, wait,

459
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:11,119
Speaker 3: what's going on? Would it be slow or fast?

460
00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:13,680
Speaker 1: It wouldn't be too fast. You'd be floating up because

461
00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:16,520
Speaker 1: the curvage of the Earth is pretty small, and so

462
00:22:17,119 --> 00:22:19,560
Speaker 1: you're mostly already going in the right direction.

463
00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:21,800
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, It wouldn't be like I was falling up.

464
00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:24,480
Speaker 3: It would be more like detaching from the earth.

465
00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:28,000
Speaker 1: Yeah. And the Earth would continue to curve sort of

466
00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:31,639
Speaker 1: away under you, and you keep going in the same direction,

467
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:36,080
Speaker 1: and so the distance would increase sort of a nonlinear rate.

468
00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:39,080
Speaker 1: But the very first few seconds you wouldn't get that high.

469
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:41,760
Speaker 3: How high would you actually get if gravity turned off

470
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:45,080
Speaker 3: for three seconds, I start floating up? How high do

471
00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:46,240
Speaker 3: you think I would I get?

472
00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:48,440
Speaker 1: It's a great question. I actually had to sit down

473
00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:51,399
Speaker 1: and do this calculation because I wasn't sure. And the

474
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:52,920
Speaker 1: way to think about it is that the Earth is

475
00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:55,760
Speaker 1: sort of rotating out from under you. Remember you're still

476
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,159
Speaker 1: moving in a straight line, and the Earth is rotating

477
00:22:58,200 --> 00:22:59,040
Speaker 1: out from under you.

478
00:22:59,119 --> 00:23:01,119
Speaker 3: I am now heading straight to the moon or something.

479
00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:05,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, you're being shot out into space. It's a massive slingshot,

480
00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:06,560
Speaker 1: you know where, Like think about the Earth as a

481
00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:09,040
Speaker 1: big merry go round and you suddenly let go and

482
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:12,080
Speaker 1: then getting flung out into space. But the Earth is

483
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,720
Speaker 1: really big and really round, and the curvature, as you know,

484
00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:18,440
Speaker 1: is not that easy to spot. So the only reason

485
00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:20,720
Speaker 1: you're leaving the surface of the Earth is because of

486
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:24,040
Speaker 1: that curvature. And so in three seconds, you would actually

487
00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:26,440
Speaker 1: only float up about fourteen centimeters.

488
00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:29,880
Speaker 3: So if gravity turned off for three seconds, I would

489
00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:34,080
Speaker 3: meet elephants, drabs cars out there. Would float for about

490
00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:36,520
Speaker 3: fourteen centimeters and then come back down.

491
00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, so it's like you take a little hop right.

492
00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:41,080
Speaker 1: It's big enough for you to notice, but not big

493
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:42,560
Speaker 1: enough to really be dangerous.

494
00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:45,280
Speaker 3: But I would feel it right like probably a lot

495
00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:49,000
Speaker 3: of people would throw up then feeling of free fall

496
00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:50,440
Speaker 3: for three seconds.

497
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,200
Speaker 1: If you suddenly floated a foot into the air. Yes,

498
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:54,960
Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure you would notice that. And if it continued,

499
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,320
Speaker 1: you know, if like the person who turned off gravity

500
00:23:57,359 --> 00:23:59,040
Speaker 1: was sort of like fumbling for the switch and it

501
00:23:59,080 --> 00:24:02,280
Speaker 1: took longer, then it gets more dramatic. Pretty quickly. After

502
00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:05,679
Speaker 1: thirty seconds, you'd be like fourteen meters above the ground.

503
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,400
Speaker 3: Oh that's not good. That's nice. That one. You don't

504
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:09,359
Speaker 3: recover from easily.

505
00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:12,080
Speaker 1: No, unless you're wearing a lot of protective gear.

506
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:14,600
Speaker 3: All right, And so I would fly. That doesn't sound

507
00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:17,040
Speaker 3: too bad. It sounds at least before the world ends,

508
00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:20,679
Speaker 3: I would get to fulfill my dream of flying and

509
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:24,840
Speaker 3: floating in space. And so what else would happen besides

510
00:24:25,119 --> 00:24:25,720
Speaker 3: me floating?

511
00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,240
Speaker 1: Well, he talked about gravity turning off, and he didn't

512
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:31,840
Speaker 1: limit it to Earth's gravity. He was just like gravity period.

513
00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:34,280
Speaker 3: Oh, in the universe, the whole universe, the universe.

514
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:38,800
Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, And most importantly, that means that like all

515
00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:42,200
Speaker 1: the Earth's gravity is gone and the Sun's gravity is gone,

516
00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:44,440
Speaker 1: and that has some consequences.

517
00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:46,640
Speaker 3: If we would shoot off into space.

518
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, just like we would float off of the Earth's orbit.

519
00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:52,160
Speaker 1: The Earth would fall out of its orbit and keep

520
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:54,240
Speaker 1: going for three seconds out of its orbit.

521
00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,800
Speaker 3: Oh, and then when it turns back on, we would

522
00:24:56,840 --> 00:24:58,000
Speaker 3: be in a totally different orbit.

523
00:24:58,240 --> 00:25:01,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we might have the wrong traject might not

524
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:03,800
Speaker 1: any longer be in a stable orbit, and so we

525
00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:05,919
Speaker 1: might sort of get kicked out of the Solar system.

526
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:06,720
Speaker 3: That doesn't sound good.

527
00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:08,600
Speaker 1: That does not sound good. There's lots of ways to

528
00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:10,640
Speaker 1: move around the Sun, and only a few of them

529
00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:12,920
Speaker 1: are a stable orbit. And so if you just sort

530
00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:14,879
Speaker 1: of all of a sudden drift out to a larger radius,

531
00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:16,800
Speaker 1: but you haven't picked up any speed, then you're not

532
00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:18,120
Speaker 1: in a stable orbit anymore.

533
00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:20,359
Speaker 3: With the Earth crack or anything like that, Like with

534
00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:23,119
Speaker 3: our atmosphere suddenly proof away. What are some of the

535
00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:25,439
Speaker 3: things physically that would happen to our planet.

536
00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:29,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, the atmosphere also is held to the Earth by gravity,

537
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:33,120
Speaker 1: and so the atmosphere would float away from the Earth

538
00:25:33,119 --> 00:25:34,560
Speaker 1: the same way because it's spinning.

539
00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:35,480
Speaker 3: It would just dissipate.

540
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:38,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, it would just dissipate out into space. But you know,

541
00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:41,040
Speaker 1: three seconds is not that long, so you wouldn't lose

542
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:42,159
Speaker 1: a whole lot of atmosphere.

543
00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 3: Oh I see three seconds, Okay, got it, got it. It

544
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:47,800
Speaker 3: would dissipate a little, but then it might come back down.

545
00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:49,480
Speaker 3: But by then we will be in a different orbit.

546
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,639
Speaker 1: We'll be in the wrong orbit, and then the Earth.

547
00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:53,720
Speaker 1: You know, it'll get sucked back by the Earth Sun's

548
00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:56,480
Speaker 1: gravity when it turns back on. But it might then

549
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:58,879
Speaker 1: get sucked into something that's not a stable orbit. It

550
00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:01,400
Speaker 1: could like whizz around closer to the Sun and then

551
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:04,359
Speaker 1: get thrown into interstellar space. But that's not even the

552
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:05,359
Speaker 1: worst part.

553
00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 3: Okay, what's the worst? What's the worst that could happen?

554
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:12,280
Speaker 1: The biggest deal, the cataclysmic end to your Michael Bay movie,

555
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,960
Speaker 1: is that. Remember that gravity plays a really important role

556
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:17,560
Speaker 1: in holding the Sun together.

557
00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,600
Speaker 3: It's the only reason it's a ball of fire, right otherwise.

558
00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:23,520
Speaker 3: I mean it's a constant explosion being held by gravity.

559
00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:26,840
Speaker 1: Yes, it's being pinned down by gravity. And so if

560
00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:30,040
Speaker 1: you turn gravity off, then it like unleashes the Sun's

561
00:26:30,119 --> 00:26:33,080
Speaker 1: fury for three seconds and the Sun would basically explode.

562
00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:35,280
Speaker 1: I mean, it's a huge nut of your bomb being

563
00:26:35,320 --> 00:26:36,760
Speaker 1: held together by gravity.

564
00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:40,000
Speaker 3: In three seconds, that would be enough to explode the Sun.

565
00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:42,920
Speaker 1: It would definitely explode. What would happen when you turned

566
00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:45,480
Speaker 1: it back on, I don't know, Like could he gather

567
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:48,480
Speaker 1: it back together? It would definitely change the dynamics of

568
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:51,359
Speaker 1: the Sun, and so it might be a very different

569
00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,159
Speaker 1: star when you turn it back on. It might be

570
00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:56,080
Speaker 1: burning at a different temperature, or have a different radius

571
00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:57,959
Speaker 1: or a different opacity.

572
00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,720
Speaker 3: In oh, I see, it's like in a stable little cycle.

573
00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:03,639
Speaker 3: And you would be totally disrupting that.

574
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, you'd like kick the fire, you know, and that

575
00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:07,600
Speaker 1: you've got to try to get it going again, and

576
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,399
Speaker 1: it might you know, sputter out or flame up, or

577
00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:11,640
Speaker 1: do something totally crazy.

578
00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:14,440
Speaker 3: So for three seconds, we would see the Sun suddenly

579
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,439
Speaker 3: get bigger for three seconds, and then gravity turns back on,

580
00:27:18,640 --> 00:27:20,560
Speaker 3: and then it something else will happen.

581
00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:23,159
Speaker 1: Something else will happen, And it's not easy to figure

582
00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:25,040
Speaker 1: out what you know, we don't understand the way a

583
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:28,160
Speaker 1: lot of these stars work anyway. So you know, nobody's

584
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:30,920
Speaker 1: done this kind of simulation. To figure out, like in detail,

585
00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:33,560
Speaker 1: what would happen. You need to run a massive simulation

586
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:37,400
Speaker 1: of the sort of hydrodynamics of inside the star, and

587
00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:39,840
Speaker 1: nobody has done that calculation. It's not something you can

588
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:41,359
Speaker 1: sit down and do with a pencil and paper.

589
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:43,800
Speaker 3: And in those three seconds, is it possible where the

590
00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:46,119
Speaker 3: sun grows? Is it possible that it'll fry us, or

591
00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:48,800
Speaker 3: you know, like if it sort of explodes for three seconds,

592
00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:52,399
Speaker 3: is that, you know, shower of energy going to fry

593
00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 3: the planet?

594
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:56,239
Speaker 1: Probably not. Remember that the Sun is light minutes from

595
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: the Earth, so we're really far away from the Sun,

596
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:01,520
Speaker 1: and so three second there's a tiny fraction of that

597
00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:03,679
Speaker 1: and you know, there might be like a pulse of

598
00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:07,160
Speaker 1: energy which gets shot out. But then remember gravity turns

599
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,720
Speaker 1: back on and so any of that plasma is going

600
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,280
Speaker 1: to get slowed down and dragged back into the Sun.

601
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,680
Speaker 1: I bet you get like an enhanced solar wind, but

602
00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:18,240
Speaker 1: we still have a magnetic field to protect us from

603
00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:19,400
Speaker 1: that solar wind, all.

604
00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:22,520
Speaker 3: Right, So I think that paints a not a great picture,

605
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,280
Speaker 3: which is that you know, we might get kicked out

606
00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:30,359
Speaker 3: of the Solar system, we might ruin the Sun. But

607
00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:32,639
Speaker 3: here on Earth we'll float for three seconds and then

608
00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:35,320
Speaker 3: come back down. So a lot of cars maybe you know,

609
00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:38,440
Speaker 3: might float and then crash back down. That wouldn't be

610
00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:40,240
Speaker 3: too bad, but the worst is that we might get

611
00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:42,040
Speaker 3: kicked out or the Sun would explode.

612
00:28:42,240 --> 00:28:44,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, overall, pretty bad. I rate this on the on

613
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,000
Speaker 1: the badness scale, has pretty bad scenario.

614
00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,800
Speaker 3: Pretty bad, especially dur show the range of your scale here,

615
00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:55,360
Speaker 3: does it go from pretty bad to utterly terrible or

616
00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:57,280
Speaker 3: from don't worry about it too?

617
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:00,640
Speaker 1: Keep listening because some of these scenarios get pretty nasty.

618
00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:03,600
Speaker 3: All right, let's get into the second one here, Jason Wright,

619
00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:08,480
Speaker 3: what would happen if the Earth suddenly starts spinning backwards?

620
00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:10,880
Speaker 1: So I walked around campus again and I ask people

621
00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:13,440
Speaker 1: this insane question, what do you think it would be

622
00:29:13,520 --> 00:29:16,200
Speaker 1: like on Earth if the Earth suddenly started rotating the

623
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:16,880
Speaker 1: other direction?

624
00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:21,320
Speaker 4: I think everything would go insane, Like the probably seas

625
00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:24,440
Speaker 4: were just in the ways to go the obbosit directions, tsunamis.

626
00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:27,360
Speaker 3: Would happen, and probably storms.

627
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:30,680
Speaker 2: I've never thought about it because I just haven't really

628
00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:33,640
Speaker 2: come with I mean, you just hear.

629
00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:35,760
Speaker 1: How it goes and like, okay, well it does what

630
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:36,160
Speaker 1: it does.

631
00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:37,640
Speaker 2: But I've never thought what happens?

632
00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:40,440
Speaker 3: Well, it does the opposite much?

633
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:44,200
Speaker 1: Okay, all right? Bad stuff, bad stuff. None of this

634
00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:46,840
Speaker 1: was supposed to be sort of cozy scenarios. I'm supposed

635
00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:49,320
Speaker 1: to make anybody smile and cuddle up with a book

636
00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:50,600
Speaker 1: and a cup of tea or anything.

637
00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 3: Do you think he means, like, if you you know

638
00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:56,200
Speaker 3: the Earth is spinning right now? And we're all very comfortable.

639
00:29:56,440 --> 00:30:00,840
Speaker 3: But suddenly the spinning inverts. Do you think he means

640
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:03,200
Speaker 3: like it stops and then it starts spinning the other way.

641
00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:06,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a critical difference because if you could sort

642
00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:09,080
Speaker 1: of snap your fingers and all of a sudden everything

643
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:11,600
Speaker 1: is going the other direction, that's not actually that big

644
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:15,320
Speaker 1: a deal. I mean in that scenario, like, yeah, the sun.

645
00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:17,840
Speaker 3: Is like everything, like the oceans. You mean, if we're

646
00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:22,280
Speaker 3: you know, suddenly we're spinning moving the other way, not

647
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:23,000
Speaker 3: much would happen.

648
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:25,880
Speaker 1: Not much would happen. Yeah, the sun would rise and

649
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:30,320
Speaker 1: set on the other side. Right, m But a lot

650
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:32,520
Speaker 1: of things about the Earth are pretty symmetric.

651
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,080
Speaker 3: Would it change like the magnetic poles.

652
00:30:35,040 --> 00:30:38,320
Speaker 1: It certainly might. It might flip the magnetic field, you know,

653
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:41,120
Speaker 1: because the magnetic field is generated by what's going on

654
00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:44,560
Speaker 1: inside the Earth, the rotation of like that hot magnetic

655
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:47,200
Speaker 1: liquid inside the earth, And so if you're flipping that,

656
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:49,560
Speaker 1: then you're flipping the magnetic field. But that just makes

657
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:52,320
Speaker 1: north endto south. Right, things still work. You still have

658
00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:55,920
Speaker 1: a magnetic field to protect you from solar flares and

659
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:59,200
Speaker 1: cosmic radiation. Everything still sort of holds together. It doesn't

660
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:01,959
Speaker 1: really break everything. It just sort of puts a minus

661
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:03,360
Speaker 1: one in front of a lot of stuff.

662
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:06,400
Speaker 3: Oh okay, I think I get it. I think if

663
00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:11,000
Speaker 3: you define the Earth as the brock and everything on it,

664
00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,640
Speaker 3: including us and the satellites, then not much would happen.

665
00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:15,520
Speaker 1: And the atmosphere, Yeah.

666
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:17,880
Speaker 3: And the atmosphere, not much would happen. But if you

667
00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:20,800
Speaker 3: maybe define the Earth is just a ball of rock,

668
00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:22,720
Speaker 3: then things might get bad. Right.

669
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:25,000
Speaker 1: Oh man, if just the Earth started going in the

670
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:28,160
Speaker 1: other direction and we were still going this way, yeah,

671
00:31:28,160 --> 00:31:29,000
Speaker 1: that would be very.

672
00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:33,000
Speaker 3: Bad because how fast? How fast am I technically going

673
00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:33,880
Speaker 3: sitting here on Earth?

674
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, you're going pretty fast. I mean the Earth's circumference

675
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,600
Speaker 1: is what twenty four thousand miles and it does that

676
00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:42,240
Speaker 1: in a day, and so it's one thousand miles per

677
00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:44,840
Speaker 1: hour as the Earth's surface is moving. So if all

678
00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,600
Speaker 1: of a sudden it's moving the other way, basically two

679
00:31:47,680 --> 00:31:50,720
Speaker 1: thousand miles per hour, and that would be pretty bad.

680
00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:55,440
Speaker 3: That's like going in a car at two thousand miles

681
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:58,760
Speaker 3: per hour and then suddenly the car stopped. Yeah, we're

682
00:31:58,800 --> 00:31:59,200
Speaker 3: crashing to.

683
00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:02,720
Speaker 1: A wall, right, Yeah, not recommended not We would.

684
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:05,880
Speaker 3: All just get smooshed mm. Hmmm, or we would get

685
00:32:06,120 --> 00:32:09,120
Speaker 3: you know, if you're outside, you would just certainly be

686
00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:10,600
Speaker 3: flung at two thousand miles per hour.

687
00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:13,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, and also be crazy winds, right, because the atmosphere

688
00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:16,240
Speaker 1: is also rotating with the Earth, So just the Earth

689
00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: started going the other direction, basically all the air and

690
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,680
Speaker 1: Earth would have a wind speed of two thousand miles

691
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:24,960
Speaker 1: per hour. That's like much stronger than any hurricane. So

692
00:32:25,240 --> 00:32:27,440
Speaker 1: we basically flatten every city.

693
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:29,680
Speaker 3: Right, but me included would also be going at two

694
00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:32,520
Speaker 3: thousand miles per hour, so I would I guess I

695
00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:34,800
Speaker 3: would get throwned if I was outside. This is the

696
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:38,760
Speaker 3: best case scenario. I'm outside, the Earth changes direction.

697
00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:40,600
Speaker 1: You're wearing a lot of protective gear.

698
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,479
Speaker 3: I hope, I'm wearing a lot of and insulated.

699
00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:44,680
Speaker 1: Lab coat and goggles.

700
00:32:45,160 --> 00:32:47,800
Speaker 3: Yeah, I get flung off into the sky at two

701
00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:49,600
Speaker 3: thousand miles pro but the wind is also going with

702
00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:52,040
Speaker 3: me at two thousand miles per hour, so I think

703
00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,720
Speaker 3: for a few short seconds I would be flying again

704
00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:57,640
Speaker 3: until you hit something, until I hit something right like

705
00:32:57,640 --> 00:32:59,240
Speaker 3: the earth, Yeah.

706
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:00,480
Speaker 1: Over your house or something.

707
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:02,920
Speaker 3: Yeah. Oh, I see all right.

708
00:33:03,080 --> 00:33:05,200
Speaker 1: But there's another scenario. When I read this, I thought

709
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:07,880
Speaker 1: of something else. I thought, what does it take to

710
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:10,320
Speaker 1: flip the Earth to go the other way? I thought,

711
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:13,560
Speaker 1: you know, maybe you like stop that, you slow down

712
00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:15,400
Speaker 1: the Earth and get it going the other way, and

713
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:17,240
Speaker 1: you do that in a very short amount of time,

714
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:19,680
Speaker 1: you like actually apply the brakes and then give it

715
00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:22,240
Speaker 1: a push the other direction. Because you know, in physics,

716
00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:25,680
Speaker 1: nothing gets accomplished instantaneously. You can't be going one hundred

717
00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:28,440
Speaker 1: miles an hour in one direction and then instantly the

718
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:32,280
Speaker 1: other direction. Right, that's an acceleration, that's a change of velocity,

719
00:33:32,560 --> 00:33:34,640
Speaker 1: and that only happens with a huge force.

720
00:33:34,840 --> 00:33:37,160
Speaker 3: Can it happen with the giant dark energy bomb?

721
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:40,360
Speaker 1: I think it'd be more a dark energy laser, you know,

722
00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:44,480
Speaker 1: fire at the surface. I'll make a note, but that's

723
00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:47,880
Speaker 1: an even worse scenario because if you apply an enormous

724
00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:50,640
Speaker 1: acceleration to the whole Earth, that would break a lot

725
00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:51,120
Speaker 1: of stuff.

726
00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:55,000
Speaker 3: Well, it's kind of like the opposite. It's just a

727
00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:57,920
Speaker 3: milder version of the instantaneous flip of the rock. Right.

728
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:00,360
Speaker 1: The instantaneous flip is actually easier because you don't have

729
00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:02,560
Speaker 1: to go through the transition, you don't have to feel

730
00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:06,959
Speaker 1: the acceleration. Acceleration is what's really bad. It's like, if

731
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,640
Speaker 1: you're in a fighter jet, going at zero miles per

732
00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:12,800
Speaker 1: hour is no big deal. Going at five thousand miles

733
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:15,400
Speaker 1: per hour also not that big a deal because velocity

734
00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:17,920
Speaker 1: is not an issue. But the acceleration from zero to

735
00:34:17,960 --> 00:34:20,560
Speaker 1: five thousand, those g's you would feel them. It would

736
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:24,799
Speaker 1: like pulverize your insides. Humans can't survive more than a

737
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,440
Speaker 1: few g's without liquefying our organs.

738
00:34:27,880 --> 00:34:29,440
Speaker 3: So it sort of depends on a lot of things.

739
00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:32,239
Speaker 3: It depends on whether Jason meant the ball of rock

740
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:35,560
Speaker 3: or everything on it, and also in how quickly this

741
00:34:35,719 --> 00:34:36,680
Speaker 3: operation happens.

742
00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:39,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, because if you actually do it physically correctly and

743
00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:42,520
Speaker 1: accelerate the earth the other direction to get it spinning

744
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:44,600
Speaker 1: that way, then you have to be really careful. If

745
00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,080
Speaker 1: you don't include the oceans, for example, then you're going

746
00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:52,240
Speaker 1: to get like ridiculous tsunamis like miles high waves slashing around.

747
00:34:52,320 --> 00:34:55,880
Speaker 3: See, you got to do it carefully because you've got

748
00:34:55,920 --> 00:34:59,720
Speaker 3: to get everything on board with or change of direction

749
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:00,960
Speaker 3: otherwise is chaos.

750
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:02,680
Speaker 1: Do you ever feel just like a pan of water

751
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:05,200
Speaker 1: and try to walk it across your kitchen. It's almost

752
00:35:05,239 --> 00:35:07,880
Speaker 1: impossible to not have that water like slosh around and

753
00:35:07,920 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 1: splash on your toes. Now, imagine you have like oceans

754
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:14,080
Speaker 1: on the Earth and you're spitting it the other way.

755
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,560
Speaker 1: You are going to drown Tokyo and everything else.

756
00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:21,399
Speaker 3: Oh man, all right, So then how would you rate

757
00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:25,280
Speaker 3: this potential physics disaster? Is this? Is it too dependent

758
00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:28,000
Speaker 3: on the specifics or do you think we should it's

759
00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:28,799
Speaker 3: clearly bad?

760
00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:32,120
Speaker 1: In any case, I'd say it's less catastrophic than turning

761
00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:35,480
Speaker 1: off gravity. I'm pretty worried about the Sun being unleashed

762
00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:38,799
Speaker 1: for three seconds and being kicked down into a different orbit.

763
00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:41,840
Speaker 1: So if I had to pick, I would say gravity

764
00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:44,600
Speaker 1: turning off is more catastrophic. That's the champion so far.

765
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:50,760
Speaker 3: Okay, so what's below pretty bad? Pretty bad, but not as.

766
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,160
Speaker 1: Bad A bad idea? Not recommended?

767
00:35:56,400 --> 00:36:00,759
Speaker 3: Is there a physics rating system like you know, gee good,

768
00:36:00,920 --> 00:36:07,319
Speaker 3: good to go PG physics good? This one's yeah, not

769
00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:11,560
Speaker 3: recommended without the supervision of a physicist.

770
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:16,080
Speaker 1: Especially with the supervision. Physicists don't offer this option. Any physicists.

771
00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:20,000
Speaker 3: You know, they can't resist pushing the button, can they.

772
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:22,640
Speaker 1: Whenever I'm in front of a big red button, my

773
00:36:22,680 --> 00:36:24,759
Speaker 1: fingers just crawl on and I got to touch it,

774
00:36:24,840 --> 00:36:27,520
Speaker 1: and like, what do I feel like depressing? What would happen?

775
00:36:28,719 --> 00:36:31,920
Speaker 3: I'm gonna create a button, Daniel that transfer transfers all

776
00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:34,440
Speaker 3: your money to my bank account, and I'm gonna leave

777
00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:35,239
Speaker 3: it in your front door.

778
00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:39,400
Speaker 1: See what, No, that's my personal twilight Zone episode.

779
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:43,320
Speaker 3: It's like your nightmer is a house full of red buttons?

780
00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:46,080
Speaker 3: Is that what it is? That's your twilight Zone episode?

781
00:36:46,160 --> 00:36:48,200
Speaker 1: And one of them kills everybody on earth.

782
00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:51,480
Speaker 3: Oh that is a good plot idea.

783
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:54,640
Speaker 1: Oh man, we are pitching so many good movies today.

784
00:36:54,719 --> 00:36:58,640
Speaker 3: I know it's like Saw but for physics. There we go.

785
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,240
Speaker 3: All right, get into the last two scenarios that Jason

786
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:05,839
Speaker 3: imagine that the Levy came up with. But first, let's

787
00:37:05,840 --> 00:37:06,600
Speaker 3: take a quick break.

788
00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:12,880
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

789
00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,120
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

790
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:20,240
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

791
00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:22,840
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

792
00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:27,200
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

793
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:29,799
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

794
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,200
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

795
00:37:32,239 --> 00:37:36,439
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

796
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:40,080
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

797
00:37:40,120 --> 00:37:43,520
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

798
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:47,320
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

799
00:37:47,360 --> 00:37:50,359
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

800
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:53,759
Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

801
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,040
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

802
00:37:56,080 --> 00:37:57,960
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

803
00:37:58,040 --> 00:38:00,680
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the cuntry are using the

804
00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:04,520
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

805
00:38:04,560 --> 00:38:07,560
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

806
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:09,840
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

807
00:38:10,160 --> 00:38:13,120
Speaker 8: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

808
00:38:13,160 --> 00:38:17,200
Speaker 8: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

809
00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:19,800
Speaker 8: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

810
00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:22,680
Speaker 8: Visit Strengthen your House dot com to learn how to

811
00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:26,239
Speaker 8: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. The

812
00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:28,879
Speaker 8: work may cost less than you think and can often

813
00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:31,960
Speaker 8: be done in just a few days. Strengthen your home

814
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:35,680
Speaker 8: and help protect your family. Get prepared today and worry

815
00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:40,600
Speaker 8: less tomorrow. Visit strengthen your House dot com.

816
00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:44,319
Speaker 9: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

817
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:46,879
Speaker 9: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

818
00:38:46,880 --> 00:38:49,080
Speaker 9: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

819
00:38:49,080 --> 00:38:52,640
Speaker 9: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

820
00:38:52,680 --> 00:38:54,960
Speaker 9: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

821
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:07,400
Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, we have two more potentially catastrophic scenarios

822
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:11,319
Speaker 3: for the Earth and humanity and potentially the universe that

823
00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:14,080
Speaker 3: one of our listeners here, Jason, came up with, and

824
00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:17,600
Speaker 3: so we need to rate them. We need to explain

825
00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:20,040
Speaker 3: them and see how bad they are. So the third

826
00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:22,200
Speaker 3: idea that Jason had was.

827
00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:25,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, He asked, what would happen if every electron within

828
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:28,200
Speaker 1: one light year of Earth disappeared?

829
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:30,200
Speaker 3: Is it for three seconds you think or forever?

830
00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:33,640
Speaker 1: It just says gone, Yeah, we're not getting these electrons back,

831
00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:36,760
Speaker 1: you know, they have just been deleted from the universe.

832
00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:37,920
Speaker 1: Could we survive?

833
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,680
Speaker 3: But only within one light year? He's very specific at

834
00:39:42,719 --> 00:39:44,080
Speaker 3: one point zero, Like you, I.

835
00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:47,000
Speaker 1: Think he's trying to include like our entire cosmic neighborhood,

836
00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:50,200
Speaker 1: you know, the Sun, planets, that maybe the worst cloud,

837
00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:51,960
Speaker 1: but not the whole universe.

838
00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:57,560
Speaker 3: He's not building to spec here, He's just curious, right,

839
00:39:58,160 --> 00:40:03,080
Speaker 3: I hope not all right, So the scenario is that

840
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:05,440
Speaker 3: every electron that we know that's inside of my body,

841
00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:09,839
Speaker 3: the Earth, the Sun, the planets, all the I guess

842
00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:11,960
Speaker 3: nearby solar system right.

843
00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:14,640
Speaker 1: Now, the nearest star is three light years away, three

844
00:40:14,719 --> 00:40:16,480
Speaker 1: or four light years away, so there are no other

845
00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:17,680
Speaker 1: stars involved.

846
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:21,560
Speaker 3: So basically just our solar system. Every electrons suddenly disappear.

847
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:24,200
Speaker 1: In the Solar system. And so let's preface this by

848
00:40:24,239 --> 00:40:28,840
Speaker 1: reminding people sort of how important and ubiquitous electrons are. Okay,

849
00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:31,920
Speaker 1: They're not just something in batteries, right, They're not just

850
00:40:31,960 --> 00:40:35,080
Speaker 1: a thing that you juice up your iPhone with. Everything

851
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:38,480
Speaker 1: you know, everything you see, everything you have ever eaten,

852
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:41,440
Speaker 1: everything you are made of has electrons in it and

853
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:43,560
Speaker 1: needs those electrons.

854
00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:46,919
Speaker 3: Right, And in a way, it's almost they're almost it's

855
00:40:46,960 --> 00:40:48,640
Speaker 3: like one third of all matter, isn't it.

856
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:51,640
Speaker 1: Technically kind of yeah, Like you take an atom and

857
00:40:51,680 --> 00:40:54,800
Speaker 1: it has protons and neutrons and electrons. Now, the electrons

858
00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:56,560
Speaker 1: are very very light, right, they don't have a lot

859
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,840
Speaker 1: of mass, but they are responsible for balancing the electric

860
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,880
Speaker 1: charge of the atom. You know, there's the positive proton

861
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,359
Speaker 1: and then there's the negative electron, and so it's pretty key.

862
00:41:07,040 --> 00:41:09,719
Speaker 3: I'm thinking this is not good. But let's see what

863
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:11,080
Speaker 3: people had to say on the street.

864
00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:13,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, so I walked around and I asked people what

865
00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:15,560
Speaker 1: they thought. Here's what they had to say. What do

866
00:41:15,560 --> 00:41:18,480
Speaker 1: you think would happen if all of the electrons, like

867
00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:20,600
Speaker 1: within a light year, just suddenly disappeared.

868
00:41:21,120 --> 00:41:23,120
Speaker 3: I don't think that'd be good or bad. It was

869
00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:29,239
Speaker 3: simply dis joy out of so kind of considering I'm

870
00:41:29,239 --> 00:41:32,399
Speaker 3: an electrical engineer, that'd be that'd be probably pretty bad.

871
00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:38,239
Speaker 3: I like this last one, that last one where the

872
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:42,320
Speaker 3: engineer is worried about his career. Yeah, that's his main percupation.

873
00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:42,600
Speaker 7: I know.

874
00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:44,439
Speaker 1: I was like, dude, you're going to have to become

875
00:41:44,440 --> 00:41:48,200
Speaker 1: a proton engineer instead of electron engineer. That's what I

876
00:41:48,239 --> 00:41:48,600
Speaker 1: was thinking.

877
00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:51,480
Speaker 3: How would you what would that new career be called

878
00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:53,360
Speaker 3: protonical engineer?

879
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:57,239
Speaker 1: Pratonical engineer? Yeah, I suppose. So, although you know, if

880
00:41:57,280 --> 00:41:58,960
Speaker 1: this happens, we're not going to be around to be

881
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:00,120
Speaker 1: hiring anybody.

882
00:42:00,239 --> 00:42:03,200
Speaker 3: Okay, so you think it's pretty catastrophic if all electrons

883
00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:04,400
Speaker 3: suddenly disappear.

884
00:42:04,719 --> 00:42:08,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, every atom, all of a sudden gets a positive charge.

885
00:42:08,680 --> 00:42:11,040
Speaker 1: Or you have a hydrogen atom, you delete its electron.

886
00:42:11,120 --> 00:42:13,160
Speaker 1: You got a proton. And if you had a gas

887
00:42:13,160 --> 00:42:15,880
Speaker 1: of hydrogen atoms, which we do in lots of places

888
00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:19,640
Speaker 1: like the sun, then you deleted all those electrons. All

889
00:42:19,640 --> 00:42:22,200
Speaker 1: of a sudden. You have all these positive protons, and

890
00:42:22,239 --> 00:42:24,520
Speaker 1: they're not gonna be happy just hanging out. They're gonna

891
00:42:24,520 --> 00:42:25,839
Speaker 1: push against each other.

892
00:42:26,239 --> 00:42:28,800
Speaker 3: Oh I see if I have a canister of hydrogen

893
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,319
Speaker 3: and I take away the electrons, suddenly have I just

894
00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:32,000
Speaker 3: have protons.

895
00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:35,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, and those protons feel a very powerful force against

896
00:42:35,120 --> 00:42:35,520
Speaker 1: each other.

897
00:42:36,160 --> 00:42:38,200
Speaker 3: Is it my canister gonna explode? Or is it just

898
00:42:38,239 --> 00:42:39,600
Speaker 3: gonna feel pressure?

899
00:42:39,719 --> 00:42:42,920
Speaker 1: It's gonna explode. Your canister also used to have electrons in.

900
00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:44,120
Speaker 3: It doesn't anymore.

901
00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,920
Speaker 1: You used to have electrons in, it doesn't anymore. That's

902
00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:52,240
Speaker 1: what I'm talking about. Like electrons are everywhere. Every are electron.

903
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:55,160
Speaker 1: We are made of electrons. The Sun is made of electrons.

904
00:42:55,320 --> 00:42:58,440
Speaker 1: Earth is made of electrons. So you delete electrons all

905
00:42:58,440 --> 00:43:01,120
Speaker 1: of a sudden, every atom you know within a light

906
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,040
Speaker 1: year hates every other atom and wants to be really

907
00:43:04,080 --> 00:43:04,799
Speaker 1: far away from me.

908
00:43:05,320 --> 00:43:07,040
Speaker 3: You think maybe Jason was just thinking, like, hey, what

909
00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:08,919
Speaker 3: if we didn't have electricity for a little while.

910
00:43:09,239 --> 00:43:12,080
Speaker 1: No what you're thinking, But Jason, please do not do this.

911
00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:16,960
Speaker 1: Everything would explode. The Earth would explode, the Sun would explode.

912
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,520
Speaker 1: You would explode, My brain would explode, your career would explode.

913
00:43:21,360 --> 00:43:24,040
Speaker 3: I sense real fear in your voice here, Daniel. I

914
00:43:24,080 --> 00:43:26,719
Speaker 3: feel like we actually touch in something that makes you

915
00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:28,960
Speaker 3: afraid at a very core level.

916
00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:31,480
Speaker 1: Yeah. Also, I take this one a bit personally. I mean,

917
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:34,520
Speaker 1: I'm a particle physist. I feel something for particles. You

918
00:43:34,520 --> 00:43:38,680
Speaker 1: can't just delete electrons, man, I mean it's so cruel,

919
00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:41,040
Speaker 1: like they've been doing so much for you for years

920
00:43:41,160 --> 00:43:44,240
Speaker 1: or any thanks, and then you're just going to erase them, literally,

921
00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:45,560
Speaker 1: erase them from the universe.

922
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:48,440
Speaker 3: It's like, don't cancel, don't cancel the election exactly.

923
00:43:48,920 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 1: This cancel culture has gone too far. People. If we're

924
00:43:51,520 --> 00:43:53,120
Speaker 1: canceling particles now.

925
00:43:53,440 --> 00:43:55,040
Speaker 3: People want to cancel the electron.

926
00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:58,200
Speaker 1: And how come nobody ever wants to cancel protons. It's

927
00:43:58,239 --> 00:44:00,960
Speaker 1: always the electrons, right.

928
00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:02,880
Speaker 3: It sounds like you're pretty afraid of this scenario, like

929
00:44:02,920 --> 00:44:03,560
Speaker 3: it would be bad.

930
00:44:03,719 --> 00:44:06,600
Speaker 1: There's no recovering from it, right, If you have no electrons,

931
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,160
Speaker 1: then there's no way to balance the charges. I mean,

932
00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:12,840
Speaker 1: there are other particles in the universe that have negative charges,

933
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:17,680
Speaker 1: like the W minus, and some quarks have fractional negative charges,

934
00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:21,319
Speaker 1: So you might be able to assemble some other hadrons

935
00:44:21,360 --> 00:44:25,440
Speaker 1: to give you negative charges and make really weird chemistry.

936
00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:28,120
Speaker 1: You know, you can make like an omega minus particle

937
00:44:28,160 --> 00:44:30,560
Speaker 1: to balance the proton and make a whole new kind

938
00:44:30,560 --> 00:44:32,960
Speaker 1: of atom. But who knows what kind of thing you

939
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:35,160
Speaker 1: could build out of that. Certainly not me or you

940
00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:39,040
Speaker 1: or anything you're familiar with, So it's like you're rewriting

941
00:44:39,080 --> 00:44:42,000
Speaker 1: the laws of the universe. It'd be totally catastrophic.

942
00:44:42,120 --> 00:44:44,720
Speaker 3: One second would be sitting here talking on the next second,

943
00:44:44,719 --> 00:44:48,359
Speaker 3: we're just exploding, flying through space and this massive protons

944
00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:50,000
Speaker 3: floating out there in the universe.

945
00:44:50,360 --> 00:44:53,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. We'd be a plasma of protons pushing away

946
00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:57,640
Speaker 1: from each other really really hard. Because remember, electromagnetism is

947
00:44:57,680 --> 00:45:00,600
Speaker 1: a powerful force and it has an infant in an extent,

948
00:45:01,160 --> 00:45:04,040
Speaker 1: and so everything within our light year would become a

949
00:45:04,120 --> 00:45:06,080
Speaker 1: dilute gas of protons eventually.

950
00:45:06,239 --> 00:45:07,960
Speaker 3: All right, so I think you would rate this is

951
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:11,160
Speaker 3: not just pretty bad, but like maybe ultimately bad. This

952
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:12,280
Speaker 3: is this is up there.

953
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:14,680
Speaker 1: This is up there, This sort of like saturate the scale,

954
00:45:14,719 --> 00:45:18,279
Speaker 1: you know, this like red lines as maximumly catastrophic like

955
00:45:18,760 --> 00:45:19,759
Speaker 1: this one terrifies me.

956
00:45:20,440 --> 00:45:22,800
Speaker 3: I see, this is the stuff physicist nightmares are made of.

957
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:25,880
Speaker 3: That and red button rooms with red buttons.

958
00:45:26,239 --> 00:45:29,320
Speaker 1: One of these buttons will delete electrons.

959
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:33,920
Speaker 3: No, and the other might transfer all your funds to

960
00:45:33,960 --> 00:45:40,560
Speaker 3: Jorge No. All right, so I'm impressed that Jason saturated

961
00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:43,160
Speaker 3: your disaster scale, like you you wouldn't even want to

962
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:44,160
Speaker 3: see this movie.

963
00:45:44,080 --> 00:45:46,440
Speaker 1: No, I mean, what's going to happen? Everything blows up

964
00:45:46,440 --> 00:45:49,799
Speaker 1: in the first moment boom movie over, Like there's no

965
00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:52,200
Speaker 1: drama there, just building anything.

966
00:45:52,280 --> 00:45:55,080
Speaker 3: All right, Well, let's get into his fourth scenario here.

967
00:45:55,160 --> 00:45:57,560
Speaker 3: Maybe that will have a little bit more drama. So

968
00:45:57,719 --> 00:46:01,680
Speaker 3: Jason writes, what would happen if the sun shuts down

969
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:05,239
Speaker 3: for two weeks but the mass is still there. He's

970
00:46:05,320 --> 00:46:08,080
Speaker 3: very cautious about that. It's just he's saying, like what

971
00:46:08,120 --> 00:46:10,879
Speaker 3: if it's stuff stops giving off light for two weeks?

972
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:13,879
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, the Sun basically goes dark or winks at

973
00:46:13,960 --> 00:46:16,640
Speaker 1: us in you know, technical terms, but.

974
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:19,480
Speaker 3: It's still there. It's still making the planets go around,

975
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:23,840
Speaker 3: but it's just not giving off any light or particles.

976
00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:26,359
Speaker 1: Like imagine if the Sun became a black hole, it's

977
00:46:26,360 --> 00:46:29,840
Speaker 1: effectively what would happen, oh, for two weeks, for two weeks,

978
00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:33,360
Speaker 1: but then then it comes back from vacation. Yeah, So

979
00:46:33,480 --> 00:46:35,840
Speaker 1: I walked around and I asked folks, were they worried

980
00:46:35,840 --> 00:46:38,040
Speaker 1: about the Sun shutting down? And what did they think

981
00:46:38,080 --> 00:46:40,480
Speaker 1: would happen in that scenario? What do you think would

982
00:46:40,520 --> 00:46:42,680
Speaker 1: be like on Earth if the Sun shut down for

983
00:46:42,760 --> 00:46:43,440
Speaker 1: like two weeks?

984
00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:45,960
Speaker 3: I don't think there would be life, but there.

985
00:46:46,040 --> 00:46:48,839
Speaker 1: Like we'd all die within two weeks, I think so

986
00:46:49,280 --> 00:46:52,520
Speaker 1: plus like then there'd be like no gravity. I don't

987
00:46:52,520 --> 00:46:54,600
Speaker 1: know it, Like, I don't think there would be life.

988
00:46:54,680 --> 00:46:56,799
Speaker 3: I don't all. So, what happened that the only one

989
00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:58,840
Speaker 3: person was willing to talk to you at this point?

990
00:47:00,320 --> 00:47:00,800
Speaker 3: Run away?

991
00:47:00,920 --> 00:47:03,560
Speaker 1: After you ask people about electrons disappearing and all sorts

992
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:06,960
Speaker 1: of stuff. Yeah, they sort of like I had somewhere

993
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:07,440
Speaker 1: else to be.

994
00:47:07,640 --> 00:47:09,879
Speaker 3: Do you make them rethink their lives and what they're

995
00:47:09,920 --> 00:47:11,759
Speaker 3: doing with their precious time that we have here.

996
00:47:11,840 --> 00:47:13,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, I hope they ran off and to tell all

997
00:47:13,560 --> 00:47:15,279
Speaker 1: their loved ones how important they are to them.

998
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:18,200
Speaker 3: He's envisioning what would happen if the sun suddenly turned off,

999
00:47:20,160 --> 00:47:22,640
Speaker 3: But I guess physically we wouldn't feel it, right, things

1000
00:47:22,680 --> 00:47:23,600
Speaker 3: would just go dark.

1001
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:26,479
Speaker 1: Yeah. First of all, the sun would keep burning for

1002
00:47:26,640 --> 00:47:29,440
Speaker 1: eight minutes apparently in the sky, because remember it takes

1003
00:47:29,520 --> 00:47:32,000
Speaker 1: time for a light to get here from the sun.

1004
00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:34,400
Speaker 1: So in the first eight minutes or so of this

1005
00:47:34,560 --> 00:47:37,440
Speaker 1: two week hiatus, things would seem normal, and then all

1006
00:47:37,440 --> 00:47:40,480
Speaker 1: of a sudden, boom, the sun would go black and

1007
00:47:40,520 --> 00:47:44,319
Speaker 1: it's basically like nighttime for two weeks. Astronomers would be

1008
00:47:44,440 --> 00:47:45,080
Speaker 1: very excited.

1009
00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:49,280
Speaker 3: They can actually work for two weeks, two weeks stray thout, sleeping.

1010
00:47:49,320 --> 00:47:50,400
Speaker 3: Do you think they would be excited.

1011
00:47:50,880 --> 00:47:54,120
Speaker 1: They're brewing a big pot of coffee in anticipation. Astronomers

1012
00:47:54,160 --> 00:47:57,399
Speaker 1: basically lose half of their observing time because of the sun.

1013
00:47:57,480 --> 00:48:00,359
Speaker 1: It just blots out everything in the sky. You would

1014
00:48:00,400 --> 00:48:03,000
Speaker 1: get great views of the stars.

1015
00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:07,160
Speaker 3: Right, and it sort of blocks telescopes also just from

1016
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:11,160
Speaker 3: like light pollution too. Right, It's not just the direct sunlight,

1017
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:14,480
Speaker 3: it's also just like light in our solar system yep.

1018
00:48:14,560 --> 00:48:16,840
Speaker 1: And it heats of the atmosphere and makes it wiggly,

1019
00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:19,239
Speaker 1: and so it makes it harder to see that star

1020
00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:22,320
Speaker 1: light that's sort of limped across the universe for billions

1021
00:48:22,320 --> 00:48:24,680
Speaker 1: of years and finally gotten here has to go through

1022
00:48:24,719 --> 00:48:27,560
Speaker 1: a wiggly atmosphere. It gets all smeared out, and so

1023
00:48:27,719 --> 00:48:29,680
Speaker 1: the Sun is sort of the enemy of astronomy.

1024
00:48:29,719 --> 00:48:31,520
Speaker 3: It's not particle physicists, it's the Sun.

1025
00:48:33,480 --> 00:48:36,000
Speaker 1: Particle physicists always beat astronomy. So we don't even.

1026
00:48:35,800 --> 00:48:39,880
Speaker 3: Think, I think we do bring an astronom right here

1027
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:43,200
Speaker 3: to have an arm wrestling fight with you here, an

1028
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:44,719
Speaker 3: intellectual arm wrestling fight.

1029
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:47,800
Speaker 1: No, we love astronomers and we feel a kinship of

1030
00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:51,400
Speaker 1: course with all the physics, but especially with astronomers and cosmologists,

1031
00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:54,240
Speaker 1: because we're all wondering about the big questions of the universe.

1032
00:48:55,280 --> 00:48:57,960
Speaker 3: All right, well, it doesn't sound too catastrophic. It sounds

1033
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,359
Speaker 3: like we just get a two night, a two week night,

1034
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:03,840
Speaker 3: which sounds great to me because I can sleep the

1035
00:49:03,880 --> 00:49:05,520
Speaker 3: whole catchup of my sleep.

1036
00:49:05,640 --> 00:49:07,600
Speaker 1: Your sleep. You mostly work a night. I get emails

1037
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:09,680
Speaker 1: from you like three in the morning, so you would

1038
00:49:09,719 --> 00:49:11,800
Speaker 1: get so much done. If the sun.

1039
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:14,640
Speaker 3: Disappeared for two weeks, me and this astronomers would die

1040
00:49:14,680 --> 00:49:15,720
Speaker 3: from exhaustion.

1041
00:49:16,360 --> 00:49:20,919
Speaker 1: Assuming your kids sleep for two weeks, right, yeah, it'd

1042
00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:22,560
Speaker 1: be pretty hard though. You know, I don't think it's

1043
00:49:22,640 --> 00:49:25,239
Speaker 1: very fun to endure two weeks of night. But you know,

1044
00:49:25,239 --> 00:49:27,480
Speaker 1: they are parts of the Earth that don't see the

1045
00:49:27,560 --> 00:49:29,720
Speaker 1: sun for weeks and months at a time.

1046
00:49:30,280 --> 00:49:32,640
Speaker 3: Right Yeah. People are like near the North Pole.

1047
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:36,960
Speaker 1: The sun sets you know, in whatever October November, depending

1048
00:49:36,960 --> 00:49:39,399
Speaker 1: where you are, and then just doesn't come up again

1049
00:49:39,480 --> 00:49:40,960
Speaker 1: in February until February.

1050
00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:43,600
Speaker 3: Watch, so they all depending on when it happens. Some

1051
00:49:43,640 --> 00:49:45,600
Speaker 3: people might not even notice.

1052
00:49:46,239 --> 00:49:48,480
Speaker 1: In the wintertime, folks would be like, what are you

1053
00:49:48,520 --> 00:49:49,120
Speaker 1: talking about?

1054
00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:51,200
Speaker 3: The sun? Is the sun turned off?

1055
00:49:51,360 --> 00:49:51,520
Speaker 2: What?

1056
00:49:51,760 --> 00:49:54,960
Speaker 1: There's no sun anyway? Yeah, And it'd be more than

1057
00:49:55,080 --> 00:49:56,960
Speaker 1: just two weeks of night because we rely on sort

1058
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:00,200
Speaker 1: of the reheating of daytime, and so eventually there we

1059
00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:03,360
Speaker 1: get pretty chilly. And the thing I wonder about is

1060
00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,280
Speaker 1: like plants. You know, could plants go for two weeks

1061
00:50:06,280 --> 00:50:09,120
Speaker 1: without any sun and then just sort of like snap

1062
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:11,120
Speaker 1: back into health two weeks later?

1063
00:50:11,520 --> 00:50:14,120
Speaker 3: Right? Yeah? Can't plants? Would plants just kind of go

1064
00:50:14,160 --> 00:50:15,520
Speaker 3: into hibernation or something.

1065
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, it might like kill off agriculture for a whole cycle,

1066
00:50:19,719 --> 00:50:22,239
Speaker 1: so we might all be hungry for a year. But

1067
00:50:22,280 --> 00:50:24,640
Speaker 1: you know, that's a question sort of for biologists, like

1068
00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:27,120
Speaker 1: if you shut down sunlight to plants for two weeks,

1069
00:50:27,160 --> 00:50:29,840
Speaker 1: would they die or would they come back? I'm guessing

1070
00:50:29,880 --> 00:50:33,120
Speaker 1: you wouldn't all die, but you'd get definitely reduced yields,

1071
00:50:33,120 --> 00:50:35,360
Speaker 1: so you'd have less food for that next winter.

1072
00:50:35,880 --> 00:50:39,480
Speaker 3: Oh boy, so our culture, our society might collapse.

1073
00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:42,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, I like reading science fiction novels that

1074
00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:47,279
Speaker 1: highlight the sensitivity of our entire civilization. You know, like

1075
00:50:47,320 --> 00:50:50,080
Speaker 1: we are all three days away from total riots. Like

1076
00:50:50,120 --> 00:50:53,640
Speaker 1: if the truck stop driving, and these supermarket shells, we're

1077
00:50:53,640 --> 00:50:56,080
Speaker 1: no longer filled with food, We're like three days away

1078
00:50:56,120 --> 00:50:57,000
Speaker 1: from total chaos.

1079
00:50:57,120 --> 00:50:58,760
Speaker 3: Better stuck up on those lentils.

1080
00:50:59,239 --> 00:51:02,720
Speaker 1: That's right, lentils exactly. Everybody should have lentils in their basement,

1081
00:51:04,280 --> 00:51:04,600
Speaker 1: all right.

1082
00:51:05,239 --> 00:51:07,640
Speaker 3: But then you're saying that the earth might get colder,

1083
00:51:07,680 --> 00:51:10,600
Speaker 3: Like how much colder would we suddenly be thrown into

1084
00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:13,959
Speaker 3: like a two week winter or would it just would

1085
00:51:13,960 --> 00:51:16,280
Speaker 3: we see it sort of slowly get chillier.

1086
00:51:16,360 --> 00:51:17,680
Speaker 1: It would be sort of like a two week winter,

1087
00:51:17,719 --> 00:51:19,799
Speaker 1: because you'd get the dips for a nighttime and then

1088
00:51:19,840 --> 00:51:22,640
Speaker 1: you wouldn't come back up again during the day, and

1089
00:51:22,719 --> 00:51:25,239
Speaker 1: so you just keep cooling off and getting colder and

1090
00:51:25,280 --> 00:51:28,520
Speaker 1: colder and colder, and eventually, if the sun was out

1091
00:51:28,560 --> 00:51:31,040
Speaker 1: for months or weeks or years, then you get a

1092
00:51:31,080 --> 00:51:33,560
Speaker 1: new ice age and the earth would really frost over.

1093
00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:36,680
Speaker 3: On the plus side, we would solve global warming. On

1094
00:51:36,760 --> 00:51:39,080
Speaker 3: the negative side, society might collapse.

1095
00:51:39,320 --> 00:51:42,439
Speaker 1: You forgot to add more astronomy and cartoons to the plus.

1096
00:51:43,080 --> 00:51:49,040
Speaker 3: Yes, right, more creativity for nighttime artists. That's another I

1097
00:51:49,040 --> 00:51:50,719
Speaker 3: think that. I think that justifies the rest.

1098
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:53,440
Speaker 1: To be honest, maybe we should think about actually doing this.

1099
00:51:53,560 --> 00:51:59,840
Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean Jason already thought about it, and that's why.

1100
00:51:59,680 --> 00:52:03,319
Speaker 1: He's Jason's like using the other scenarios to make this

1101
00:52:03,360 --> 00:52:04,840
Speaker 1: one sound reasonable.

1102
00:52:04,480 --> 00:52:06,719
Speaker 3: Right, He's worked it all out. He just wants to

1103
00:52:06,719 --> 00:52:07,160
Speaker 3: make sure.

1104
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:08,799
Speaker 1: I was thinking it was more of the Calvin and

1105
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:11,160
Speaker 1: Hobbs strategy. You know, they're like, hey, mom, can I

1106
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:12,000
Speaker 1: have a flamethrower?

1107
00:52:12,160 --> 00:52:12,239
Speaker 7: No?

1108
00:52:12,440 --> 00:52:13,600
Speaker 1: Well, can I have a cookie?

1109
00:52:13,680 --> 00:52:14,000
Speaker 3: Sure?

1110
00:52:14,520 --> 00:52:16,840
Speaker 1: And he's like, can I turn off all the electrons? No,

1111
00:52:16,960 --> 00:52:18,719
Speaker 1: don't do that. Can I just turn off the sun

1112
00:52:18,719 --> 00:52:20,880
Speaker 1: for two weeks. All right, that seems reasonable.

1113
00:52:21,120 --> 00:52:23,799
Speaker 3: Well, he I guess he has my permission. If his

1114
00:52:23,880 --> 00:52:27,239
Speaker 3: options are disappear electrons or turn off the sun for

1115
00:52:27,239 --> 00:52:31,040
Speaker 3: two weeks, I would say turn off the sun.

1116
00:52:31,239 --> 00:52:34,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, so my vote for most catastrophic would be turn

1117
00:52:34,640 --> 00:52:39,040
Speaker 1: off the electrons, then probably turning off gravity, then the

1118
00:52:39,080 --> 00:52:41,840
Speaker 1: Earth spinning backwards, and then shutting off the Sun for

1119
00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:44,600
Speaker 1: two weeks. That would be the least catastrophic in my book.

1120
00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:48,279
Speaker 3: All right, and that covers the range from not so

1121
00:52:48,360 --> 00:52:51,120
Speaker 3: bad to ultimately bad.

1122
00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:54,319
Speaker 1: To please, please, please, don't even think about this. Don't

1123
00:52:54,360 --> 00:52:57,319
Speaker 1: start doing research on it, but don't imagine what it'd

1124
00:52:57,360 --> 00:52:58,839
Speaker 1: be like or how much fun it would be. Let's

1125
00:52:58,880 --> 00:52:59,720
Speaker 1: just avoid the topic.

1126
00:53:00,040 --> 00:53:03,400
Speaker 3: Wow, this really you don't even want to talk about it, Danny.

1127
00:53:03,840 --> 00:53:05,040
Speaker 1: Let's wrap up the podcast.

1128
00:53:05,080 --> 00:53:08,920
Speaker 3: I'm not comfortable. Take you. This is triggering you, I

1129
00:53:08,960 --> 00:53:11,840
Speaker 3: feel in ways that are making you uncomfortable.

1130
00:53:11,840 --> 00:53:13,880
Speaker 1: Well, you know, every time somebody has a crazy sounding

1131
00:53:13,920 --> 00:53:17,000
Speaker 1: idea that seems impossible, somebody out there starts thinking about

1132
00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:19,520
Speaker 1: it and like, hmm, maybe that isn't embossible. I have

1133
00:53:19,560 --> 00:53:22,000
Speaker 1: a few ideas, and that's how research gets started.

1134
00:53:22,080 --> 00:53:25,520
Speaker 3: Man oh Man, all right, let's let's end the podcast then,

1135
00:53:25,920 --> 00:53:28,160
Speaker 3: before we quit, before we go too.

1136
00:53:28,040 --> 00:53:30,520
Speaker 1: Far, it might already be too late.

1137
00:53:30,680 --> 00:53:33,160
Speaker 3: All right, Well, I think thinking about these scenarios is

1138
00:53:33,280 --> 00:53:35,319
Speaker 3: pretty interesting because, first of all, it makes you think

1139
00:53:35,320 --> 00:53:38,400
Speaker 3: about how precious we life is and hear on earth.

1140
00:53:38,480 --> 00:53:40,279
Speaker 3: And also it kind of makes me think about how

1141
00:53:40,640 --> 00:53:44,480
Speaker 3: at the whim of these physical laws we're you know,

1142
00:53:44,760 --> 00:53:47,480
Speaker 3: if things change, we might not be here.

1143
00:53:47,640 --> 00:53:50,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, we are in a delicate balance, and the universe

1144
00:53:50,680 --> 00:53:52,879
Speaker 1: is this way which allows for our life and our

1145
00:53:53,360 --> 00:53:56,040
Speaker 1: and our loves and everything we enjoy about the universe.

1146
00:53:56,239 --> 00:53:58,880
Speaker 1: But if it was slightly different then we wouldn't be

1147
00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:01,600
Speaker 1: able to survive, And were the deepest questions in physics

1148
00:54:01,719 --> 00:54:04,520
Speaker 1: is could it be slightly different? Why is it this way?

1149
00:54:04,880 --> 00:54:07,160
Speaker 1: Is this the only way that the universe could be

1150
00:54:07,520 --> 00:54:10,560
Speaker 1: so we are a natural consequence? Or are there billions

1151
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:12,799
Speaker 1: of ways to have universes and we just happen to

1152
00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:14,680
Speaker 1: be in this one. We don't know the answer to

1153
00:54:14,680 --> 00:54:17,759
Speaker 1: that really basic question about our own existence. And I

1154
00:54:17,880 --> 00:54:19,919
Speaker 1: like these questions because they sort of make you think

1155
00:54:19,960 --> 00:54:21,120
Speaker 1: about all of those issues.

1156
00:54:21,320 --> 00:54:23,759
Speaker 3: Yeah, the big question like what would happen if we

1157
00:54:23,760 --> 00:54:25,520
Speaker 3: didn't have Bruce willis.

1158
00:54:25,960 --> 00:54:28,520
Speaker 1: Who would go and nukee that cosmic banana if we

1159
00:54:28,560 --> 00:54:29,799
Speaker 1: couldn't call Bruce.

1160
00:54:29,600 --> 00:54:31,719
Speaker 3: All right, Thank you so much for joining us. We

1161
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:32,680
Speaker 3: hope you enjoyed that.

1162
00:54:32,840 --> 00:54:34,480
Speaker 1: And if you have a question you'd like to hear

1163
00:54:34,560 --> 00:54:37,040
Speaker 1: us talk about in a silly manner, please send it

1164
00:54:37,080 --> 00:54:40,280
Speaker 1: to us at Questions at Danielanjorge dot com.

1165
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:41,200
Speaker 3: See you next time.

1166
00:54:48,920 --> 00:54:51,239
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

1167
00:54:51,280 --> 00:54:54,520
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

1168
00:54:54,520 --> 00:54:57,000
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,

1169
00:54:57,040 --> 00:55:01,600
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge or email us at

1170
00:55:01,840 --> 00:55:06,080
Speaker 1: Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember

1171
00:55:06,120 --> 00:55:08,920
Speaker 1: that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production

1172
00:55:09,040 --> 00:55:14,319
Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app,

1173
00:55:14,640 --> 00:55:18,160
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

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