1 00:00:09,119 --> 00:00:11,479 Speaker 1: Or Hey, I know you like to joke that any 2 00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:14,320 Speaker 1: physics question I ask you could be answered with the 3 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: Big Bang. I think it's a pretty solid answer for 4 00:00:17,239 --> 00:00:20,880 Speaker 1: any science question, you know, like why does why does 5 00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:23,279 Speaker 1: this happen? And it's all because of the Big Bang? Man, 6 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:26,159 Speaker 1: you are like a deep philosopher of science. Sometimes I 7 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 1: think I just just heard you say the Big Bang 8 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:30,760 Speaker 1: too many times. Well, I don't mean to burst your bubble, 9 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:33,400 Speaker 1: but I think I finally found a question where the 10 00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:36,279 Speaker 1: Big Bang is not the valid answer. What could not 11 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: be due to the Big Bang? Keep listening. Hi, am 12 00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 1: orhammy cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi. I'm 13 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:01,800 Speaker 1: Daniel Whitson. I'm a particle physicist, and I owe my 14 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:04,520 Speaker 1: existence to the Big Bang, as do we all, as 15 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:07,840 Speaker 1: does this podcast. That's right, even this podcast so Welcome 16 00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:11,240 Speaker 1: to Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of 17 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:14,080 Speaker 1: My Heart Radio. Welcome to our podcast, in which we 18 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:18,080 Speaker 1: explore things big and small, things out there, big and small, 19 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,200 Speaker 1: out there in the universe, and even right here in 20 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,640 Speaker 1: our homes, in our everyday lives. Something that we use 21 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:28,000 Speaker 1: almost too much. I think perhaps that's right. One of 22 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: the joys of being a physicist is looking around you 23 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: all the time and wondering how does that thing work? 24 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:36,480 Speaker 1: And that extends to the cosmos and the stars and 25 00:01:36,520 --> 00:01:38,920 Speaker 1: the big question to the universe, but it also applies 26 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:41,640 Speaker 1: to just stuff happening around you. You know, why does 27 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: that leaf dance that way? Why does the ball bounce 28 00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:46,319 Speaker 1: this way? How do I make this thing happen? Or 29 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:48,760 Speaker 1: how does this thing in my kitchen do it's thing? 30 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: How does this magic happen? There's crazy physics all around us, right, 31 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:56,480 Speaker 1: and potentially dangerous sources of radiation in our own homes. 32 00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:00,600 Speaker 1: That's right. Basically the whole universe is crazy physics. I mean, 33 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: that's a good way to summarize the whole thing, right. 34 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: That's a that's an alternate answer to the Big Bang? 35 00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: Why why does why does this particle do that? It's 36 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:13,200 Speaker 1: just crazy physics. It's better than the answer being crazy physicists. Right, 37 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:17,880 Speaker 1: physicists crazy because of crazy physics. I'm not sure about 38 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:20,200 Speaker 1: the cause and effect there, Yeah, um, it might be 39 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 1: the becoming a physicist makes you a little bit crazy 40 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:25,639 Speaker 1: because you see the world through different eyes. Right, everything 41 00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:27,480 Speaker 1: you look at you try to understand in terms of 42 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: an equation or model, or try to dig down and 43 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 1: understand how this emergent phenomenon can be explained by tiny 44 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: little particles bumping up against each other. Yeah. So on 45 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 1: this podcast we usually tackle very big topics like the 46 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:42,040 Speaker 1: size of the universe or where did the Big band 47 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:45,920 Speaker 1: come from? But sometimes we like to tackle smaller topics 48 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:49,120 Speaker 1: or topics that are in everyone's everyday life. Yeah, So 49 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 1: to be on the podcast, we'll be tackling something that 50 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: everyone has in their kitchens. So today on the program, 51 00:02:54,360 --> 00:03:02,640 Speaker 1: we'll be asking the question how does a microwave work? 52 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:06,440 Speaker 1: Where I guess more specifically, how does a microwave oven work? 53 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:08,720 Speaker 1: You know what a microwave is. You put the stuff 54 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: in there, you press the button, It spins, it beeps, 55 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 1: it turns around, and it comes out hot. Right, But 56 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,200 Speaker 1: how does that actually happen? What's the physics that's going 57 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:21,400 Speaker 1: on there? Yeah? How do microwaves work? I mean, we've 58 00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:24,360 Speaker 1: had them around for a long time. It seems right 59 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:27,880 Speaker 1: to heat up our foods are in our snacks, in 60 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:30,519 Speaker 1: our hot pockets. They first appeared in kitchens in the 61 00:03:30,639 --> 00:03:33,720 Speaker 1: late fifties, I think, so it's been decades. Hatties around 62 00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: for a while, Yeah, And like many useful inventions, they 63 00:03:37,120 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: were discovered by accident. They were discovered by a physicist 64 00:03:41,320 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: poking around trying to do one thing, discovered something else useful, 65 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,200 Speaker 1: another way to save time. Right, for a lot of people, 66 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: it's sort of it's sort of a convenience appliance. Like 67 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:52,320 Speaker 1: if you were to heat things up in the regular oven, 68 00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:55,040 Speaker 1: it would just it would take much longer, but in 69 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: a microwave, things seem to get hot really fast. Yeah, 70 00:03:58,520 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 1: and you know, I don't want to take any of 71 00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:02,200 Speaker 1: this the em out of this this podcast episode, but 72 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: I'll admit that the microwave in our kitchen at home 73 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: has been broken for about five years. And yeah, it's 74 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: built into the double oven thing we have, so to 75 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:15,320 Speaker 1: get repaired, we have to replace the whole thing. So 76 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:17,320 Speaker 1: we just sort of put it off forever. And the 77 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,360 Speaker 1: truth is we haven't really missed it or never really noticed. 78 00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 1: You've lived without a microwave for five years. It is possible, people, 79 00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:27,080 Speaker 1: you can live with that a microwave. Yes, it turns 80 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: out you can make popcorn on the stove. So what 81 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: do you use it for? It is like a storage 82 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:35,640 Speaker 1: You store some pots and dance in it or did 83 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:37,839 Speaker 1: you clean Did you clean it before you abandoned it? 84 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:41,039 Speaker 1: I wonder if you open this now, it's never been cleaned. No, 85 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: you know our pet rats like to hang out in there. Um, okay, 86 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:46,840 Speaker 1: we don't use it for anything. It just uses up 87 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: space in the kitchen. Wow, So you don't use a 88 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:50,960 Speaker 1: marc So if you have to heat up a quick thing, 89 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: you just what do you do? You eat it cold? No, 90 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:55,960 Speaker 1: we got a toaster oven, We got an electric water kettle, 91 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 1: We got a stove top that serves for mostly everything. Yeah, 92 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,240 Speaker 1: it turns out life is possible without a microwave. But 93 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 1: it's a fascinating object in so many people's kitchen, and 94 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:07,640 Speaker 1: lots of people swear by it, so I thought it'd 95 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:09,920 Speaker 1: be interesting to dig into the physics of it. It 96 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:13,239 Speaker 1: turns out that very few people know how microwave works, 97 00:05:13,279 --> 00:05:15,559 Speaker 1: and the people who think they know how microwave works 98 00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:18,800 Speaker 1: probably have it wrong. Yeah. I was reading through these 99 00:05:18,839 --> 00:05:21,680 Speaker 1: notes and I realized I have no idea how a 100 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:24,479 Speaker 1: microwave oven works. Or I thought I did, but it 101 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:26,320 Speaker 1: turns out that I that I don't, And so that 102 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:28,320 Speaker 1: sort of brings up an interesting question, like there's so 103 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,560 Speaker 1: many people out there who use a microwave. Almost nobody 104 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:33,960 Speaker 1: knows how it works. How come nobody seems to have 105 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: spent any time thinking about it or wondering about it. 106 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,039 Speaker 1: Is it just physicists who want to understand, like how 107 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:41,000 Speaker 1: this stuff around us worked, and everybody else is sort 108 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:43,320 Speaker 1: of happy to just press a button and get their popcorn. 109 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:46,000 Speaker 1: I wonder if it's a generational thing. You know, at 110 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:48,839 Speaker 1: this point, most people grew up with the microwave. You know, 111 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: it's sort of like, um, it's just there. It's like 112 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:55,279 Speaker 1: nobody sits around wondering how a refrigerator works or how 113 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: a pencil works. You know. I think my kids ask 114 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: me how refrigerators work. I want to know how things 115 00:06:01,360 --> 00:06:03,760 Speaker 1: work that existed in the universe before I came to be. 116 00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,680 Speaker 1: I'm not like big Bank. That's old news. I'm only 117 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 1: interested in the news stuff. It's not trending, the big Bang, 118 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: it's not trending. I don't care. So it's something that 119 00:06:13,839 --> 00:06:17,040 Speaker 1: everyone is probably familiar with, and maybe most people own. 120 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:19,359 Speaker 1: But we were wondering how many people out there and 121 00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:22,640 Speaker 1: know how a microwave actually works. That's right. So I 122 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:26,000 Speaker 1: walked around the streets of Aspen, Colorado, a place where 123 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,159 Speaker 1: people come from all over the world, with all sorts 124 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:30,600 Speaker 1: of different backgrounds. And I asked folks if they knew 125 00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:33,400 Speaker 1: how a microwave work. The most people in Aspen, Colorado 126 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 1: own multiple microwaves. They probably own multiple microwave companies, That's 127 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:42,240 Speaker 1: what I mean. And they say, I don't care as 128 00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:44,080 Speaker 1: long as the share price keeps going up. Yeah, So 129 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:45,520 Speaker 1: I think about it for a second. If you were 130 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:47,840 Speaker 1: skiing out there and askm in Colorado and then a 131 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,680 Speaker 1: scruffy physicist asked you, hey, how does the microwave work? 132 00:06:50,960 --> 00:06:53,200 Speaker 1: What do you think you would answer? Here's what people 133 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: had to say, best guess microwaves electricity fastened through food. No, 134 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:06,360 Speaker 1: electricity turned into something genetically modifies your food? Yeah, has 135 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:08,960 Speaker 1: right onto, right on too? And how does that eat 136 00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:11,760 Speaker 1: up your food? The moistation of food is what calls 137 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:23,800 Speaker 1: the uh yes electricity, the Mormon quality. Can you find 138 00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:30,960 Speaker 1: that jet English? Something around electricity coming down in waves? 139 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:37,680 Speaker 1: You say, start and then what happens microwaves? No, I 140 00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:39,720 Speaker 1: do not know. Do you know how a microwave works? 141 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: I do, Oh, how it works? Maybe not? We pressed 142 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:49,560 Speaker 1: plus through a second bottom then start, all right. It 143 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:53,160 Speaker 1: seems that those microwaves company owners in Asthment don't really 144 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,640 Speaker 1: have much of an idea of how they work. Well, 145 00:07:56,680 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: I was amazed at the huge variety of answers. I mean, 146 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:06,120 Speaker 1: we got radiation, we got genetic modification to the foods um. 147 00:08:06,160 --> 00:08:08,720 Speaker 1: There's that one guy who seemed to understand how microwave worked, 148 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 1: but he could only explain it in Japanese to his wife. Well, 149 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: that's the same with me. I I know how it works, 150 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:20,080 Speaker 1: but I only know how it works in Japan. I 151 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:22,000 Speaker 1: like the guy who said, how does the microwave work? 152 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:24,520 Speaker 1: You just press the start button. That's how it works, right, 153 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,200 Speaker 1: I know. Like I was asking for tips, like help, 154 00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:29,080 Speaker 1: I need to use the microwave and I don't know 155 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: how it works. Please give me tell me my food 156 00:08:32,840 --> 00:08:35,680 Speaker 1: is cold, Like I'm out here on the street with 157 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:41,920 Speaker 1: my recorder looking for tech support from my microwave. Well 158 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:45,720 Speaker 1: he would have been helpful. Yeah, yeah, and uh, and 159 00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:47,680 Speaker 1: you know, and you heard a couple of people say 160 00:08:48,280 --> 00:08:49,960 Speaker 1: what I think is a common trope, which is that 161 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:54,360 Speaker 1: the microwave heats up the water, right, which I think 162 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: is a common misunderstanding. We'll get into it later, but 163 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:01,320 Speaker 1: that's not how a microwave works, right, Yeah, that's what 164 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:04,200 Speaker 1: I thought too. And also some people said it has 165 00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:10,320 Speaker 1: with electricity, like somehow it uses electricity to zap your food. Yeah, 166 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:12,800 Speaker 1: and you know it does use electricity. It's not like 167 00:09:12,840 --> 00:09:18,480 Speaker 1: it's a coal powered microwave or something steampunk steampunk microwave, 168 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:24,200 Speaker 1: like you have all the steam, but you converted to microwaves. Yeah, 169 00:09:24,320 --> 00:09:25,959 Speaker 1: somebody out there probably has done that, you know. On 170 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:30,400 Speaker 1: a recent episode about gravitons, I wondered out loud what 171 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: a gravitron was, and that moment in our podcast I 172 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:36,319 Speaker 1: think might have generated the most listener response because I 173 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:39,319 Speaker 1: got dozens of emails from people who had written in 174 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:43,439 Speaker 1: their childhood a gravitron an amusement park ride. So that 175 00:09:43,520 --> 00:09:46,960 Speaker 1: generated the most the most emails of anything we've ever 176 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:48,959 Speaker 1: done so far. Actually know that, because that was on 177 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 1: the latest season of Stranger Things. Yes, you're right, there 178 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: was a scene in the gravitron Um. So if anybody 179 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:59,440 Speaker 1: out there knows of a coal powered microwave, please right 180 00:09:59,559 --> 00:10:01,000 Speaker 1: in and say, d as a picture. I'd love to 181 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:03,280 Speaker 1: see it. Well, so, um, not a people. A lot 182 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:05,720 Speaker 1: of people know how a microwave works, and I didn't 183 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:08,959 Speaker 1: know apparently how a microwave works, so let's get into it. 184 00:10:09,360 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: But maybe first what you talked about how normal ovens work, 185 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: like the ones with gas or the ones that are electric, 186 00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: not the microwave kind. So a normal oven basically works 187 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:22,480 Speaker 1: by heating the air inside the oven, and then the 188 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 1: air heats your food, right, And that's you'll notice this 189 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:27,679 Speaker 1: because if you open a normal oven, you get like 190 00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:29,840 Speaker 1: a rush of hot air that comes out and burns 191 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:32,160 Speaker 1: your face, right, Whereas if you open a microwave, you 192 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:34,800 Speaker 1: don't notice that. In a regular oven, you you rely 193 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:36,959 Speaker 1: you like, you put the energy into the air, and 194 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:39,800 Speaker 1: then you rely on the air to give the energy 195 00:10:39,880 --> 00:10:42,760 Speaker 1: to your food. That's right. And remember, on a microscopic level, 196 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: what's happening is that the air is heating up, and 197 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:49,000 Speaker 1: that means that the air molecules are getting faster. Right. 198 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:52,600 Speaker 1: We talked about temperature in another episode. Sort of crazy concept, 199 00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,320 Speaker 1: but the simplest idea is that you're just speeding up 200 00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 1: the air molecules, so they're zooming around faster and faster 201 00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: inside the oven, and sometimes they bounce into your food 202 00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:04,719 Speaker 1: and they deposit some energy, so they heat up the 203 00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: molecules in your food. Right, maybe your oven is gas 204 00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:10,720 Speaker 1: and his little flames or it has heating element if 205 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: it's an electric oven, and that heats up the air, right, 206 00:11:13,679 --> 00:11:16,679 Speaker 1: which speeds up those molecules, and they bounce into the 207 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,959 Speaker 1: molecules of your food and heat them up. Yeah, when 208 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: you put it like that, it seems really inefficient to 209 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:26,280 Speaker 1: think about ovens like that. The air and then the 210 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: air you have to wait for the air to bump 211 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 1: into your food, and then it only bumts into the surface, right, 212 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: the outer skin of your food. So that's why it 213 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: takes a while to heat up in a regular oven, 214 00:11:37,960 --> 00:11:40,080 Speaker 1: that's right. And they're super inefficient in my house because 215 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: every time I'm baking something, somebody will walk by the 216 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: oven every five minutes and open it up. What's in there, 217 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:47,440 Speaker 1: and then all the hot air rushes out and you've 218 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:50,400 Speaker 1: got to heat up the whole oven again. I'm surprised 219 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:53,959 Speaker 1: you're a regular oven works, Daniel. I'm gonna put a 220 00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:57,360 Speaker 1: lock on it or something. But yeah, that's over camp 221 00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:01,840 Speaker 1: fire every night. That things exactly why. Um, that's exactly 222 00:12:01,880 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 1: why the food in your oven heats from the outside 223 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 1: in because the outside is the only part exposed to 224 00:12:06,480 --> 00:12:09,240 Speaker 1: the air. Right, So the outside of your food, the 225 00:12:09,240 --> 00:12:11,920 Speaker 1: outside layer gets heated by the air, and the inside 226 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:15,000 Speaker 1: gets heated by the outside. Like you're cooking the turkey, 227 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:17,800 Speaker 1: the skin gets hot first, and then the heat of 228 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:20,839 Speaker 1: the skin cooks the next layer, and that layer cooks 229 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:22,840 Speaker 1: the next layer, and that layer cooks the next layer. 230 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:26,440 Speaker 1: So it's sort of like heat propagating through the turkey, 231 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:29,520 Speaker 1: but has to start from the outside. That's the hottest part, right, 232 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,000 Speaker 1: And that's kind of then that's kind of good sometimes 233 00:12:32,040 --> 00:12:35,360 Speaker 1: because that's where you get you know, crunchy crusts. Yeah, exactly, 234 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: you get this browning effect from the hot air, and 235 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:39,959 Speaker 1: that's because the air can get to a sort of 236 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:43,040 Speaker 1: a high enough temperature to be like caramelization, and that 237 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:45,600 Speaker 1: gives you the good browning stuff. And you know, sometimes 238 00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:47,880 Speaker 1: you want that. You want the outside to be crunchier 239 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:50,199 Speaker 1: and hotter than the inside. Like for a turkey, you 240 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:52,079 Speaker 1: don't want the breast meat to get up to a 241 00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:54,040 Speaker 1: certain temperature because then it gets dry, but you do 242 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:56,760 Speaker 1: want the outside of a higher temperature. So for things 243 00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: where you want the outside hotter and the inside a 244 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,079 Speaker 1: little bit cooler, a convection of it is perfect, Okay, 245 00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: So it doesn't sound super efficient, but it's an old, 246 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:08,320 Speaker 1: old timey trusted technology we've been doing. We've been using 247 00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:11,559 Speaker 1: ovens for thousands and thousands of years. It doesn't break down, 248 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:16,679 Speaker 1: that's right. I mean in the old days, before we 249 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:19,280 Speaker 1: had gas ovens and electric ovens, an oven it was 250 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:22,080 Speaker 1: just like an enclosed space with a bunch of burning 251 00:13:22,120 --> 00:13:24,000 Speaker 1: wood in it. Right, And people still do that, like 252 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:26,120 Speaker 1: a pizza oven. Right, you can get up to eight 253 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:28,839 Speaker 1: hundred degrees or nine degrees, and you see these things, 254 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: they're just like they got wood burning in the back. 255 00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:33,280 Speaker 1: And it's just an enclosed space to trap the heat. 256 00:13:33,559 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 1: Because if you have a fire without walls around it, 257 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:37,839 Speaker 1: then the heat just rises and you can cook over it, 258 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 1: but it's much less efficient. So you just enclose it 259 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,200 Speaker 1: to sort of capture the heat um where you are. 260 00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:45,199 Speaker 1: And that's that's an oven. That's all an oven is 261 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,559 Speaker 1: is a heat source and something to capture it to 262 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:50,920 Speaker 1: the air stays hot. All right, that's how normal ovens work. 263 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:54,199 Speaker 1: So let's get into microwaves. But first let's take a 264 00:13:54,280 --> 00:14:09,880 Speaker 1: quick break. All right, we're talking about microwave ovens and 265 00:14:09,920 --> 00:14:12,480 Speaker 1: how they work. So Daniel break it down for us 266 00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:16,000 Speaker 1: how does a microwave oven work? Well, maybe we first 267 00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:17,800 Speaker 1: we should figure out we should talk about what a 268 00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:21,320 Speaker 1: microwave is, right, Like, what is this thing? We tackled 269 00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 1: the word oven, now we're tackling the word microve waves. Right, 270 00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:27,720 Speaker 1: but first let's break it that into micro m wave. 271 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: What is the letter N really means? What is letter I? 272 00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 1: Three hours later we'll get to the answer. It's pretty simple. Actually, 273 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:40,520 Speaker 1: a microwave is just a kind of light. Right. Remember 274 00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:45,600 Speaker 1: that all these things gamma rays, X rays, UV light, 275 00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:48,960 Speaker 1: visible light, um, radio waves, these are all just parts 276 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,920 Speaker 1: of the electro magnetic spectrum. It's not like a special 277 00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:55,120 Speaker 1: kind of ray or a special kind of particle, or 278 00:14:56,160 --> 00:15:00,280 Speaker 1: you know, laser is just plan o light. It's just 279 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: plain old electromagnetic radiation, right, And a microwave just refers 280 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:08,760 Speaker 1: to the wavelength of that radiation. So remember, the thing 281 00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:13,400 Speaker 1: that differentiates a gam array from ultraviolet light, from visible light, 282 00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:17,000 Speaker 1: from X rays or radio waves is just the frequency 283 00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: of the wiggling. Right. All these things are electromagnetic fields 284 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:23,040 Speaker 1: oscillating up and down and left and right, and the 285 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:25,760 Speaker 1: speed at which they oscillate, how many times they oscillate 286 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: per second, right, or equivalently, the wavelength of their oscillation, right, 287 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:34,040 Speaker 1: how long that wave is UM determines which one it is. 288 00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:36,680 Speaker 1: And so radio waves are the ones with a really 289 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: long wavelengths, Like there are radio waves that have lengths like, 290 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:44,200 Speaker 1: you know, dozens and dozens of meters. Microwaves. It's sort 291 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:47,960 Speaker 1: of a confusing name because microwaves are radio waves with 292 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 1: shorter wavelengths, so down about twelve centimeter. But it's only 293 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:55,600 Speaker 1: shorter compared to radio waves, which have like dozens of 294 00:15:55,720 --> 00:16:00,200 Speaker 1: meters of wavelength. They're not short comparable light visible, they're 295 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 1: not like nanometers, they're not microscopic, that's right, They're only 296 00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:09,160 Speaker 1: micro compared to really big radio waves. Oh scale thing. Huh. 297 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: But so they're microwaves are actually like megawaves compared to 298 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 1: like the visible light that we all see every day, yeah, 299 00:16:17,760 --> 00:16:21,000 Speaker 1: which is wavelengths of like hundreds of nanometers, which is tiny, right, 300 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:24,120 Speaker 1: These things have wavelengths that are in the twelve centimeters. 301 00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,080 Speaker 1: That's you know, the size of your hand or something 302 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 1: like that. So these things have real physical wavelength Wait 303 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:32,080 Speaker 1: are you telling me that physicists names something in a 304 00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 1: confusing way? What are you telling me that you're surprised 305 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:42,400 Speaker 1: that physics name would be confusing. Touche touche. Anything named 306 00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,480 Speaker 1: in the pre Jorge epoch is defined to be confusing 307 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:50,360 Speaker 1: because you were not involved. Yeah, yeah, the PJ. We 308 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:52,120 Speaker 1: don't like to talk about it. You know, it's a 309 00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: dark period in the history of physics, but it does exist. Okay, 310 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,120 Speaker 1: so they're they're microwaves, but they're not really micro they're 311 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:02,800 Speaker 1: actually like, you know, twelve centimeters. It's sort of like 312 00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:06,639 Speaker 1: the length of your hand. Yeah, yeah, exactly, And so 313 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:09,359 Speaker 1: that's what a microwave is. And then you might wonder, like, 314 00:17:09,680 --> 00:17:12,200 Speaker 1: all right, but you know, how does that heat my food? 315 00:17:12,280 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: If I shine my flashlight at a turkey, it doesn't 316 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:20,760 Speaker 1: cook it, right, not, Well, it depends on your flashlight, 317 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:25,000 Speaker 1: doesn't it. If your flashlight is the large Hadron collider, 318 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:28,800 Speaker 1: then yeah, maybe, yeah, that's what I mean. It's it's 319 00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:32,200 Speaker 1: it's it's not that the regular light doesn't cook, it's 320 00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,360 Speaker 1: just that it doesn't cook as well. Yeah, that's true. 321 00:17:34,440 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: It does deposits of energy, it just doesn't have that 322 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:39,399 Speaker 1: much energy on it. But it's essentially the way a 323 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:42,399 Speaker 1: microwave oven works is that it blasts your food with 324 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:46,879 Speaker 1: marcro wave radiation, right, which, again, radiation, It sounds scary, 325 00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:49,520 Speaker 1: but it's really just light. Yeah, light is an example 326 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 1: of radiation. So this is just another kind of electromagnetic radiation. 327 00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:55,920 Speaker 1: And and you might be wondering like, well, okay, why 328 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,199 Speaker 1: does this specific frequency of radiation tend to heat at 329 00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:01,239 Speaker 1: your food? Why is that do that? Right? Well, one 330 00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:04,320 Speaker 1: thing you'll notice is that when you open up a 331 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:07,040 Speaker 1: microwave oven after you've cooked your food, right, that the 332 00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,159 Speaker 1: air inside the microwave oven is not hot. So a 333 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:12,920 Speaker 1: lot of people think that the way a microwave works 334 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: is that the microwave radiation heats up just the water 335 00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:20,120 Speaker 1: inside the food. Yeah, I've heard, I've heard of that. Yeah, 336 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,080 Speaker 1: Like somehow there's something like it only heats up the 337 00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:27,160 Speaker 1: water molecules, or preferentially the water molecules in your food. 338 00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:29,200 Speaker 1: That's kind of why. I like, if you stick a 339 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:31,480 Speaker 1: plastic plate, it's not going to heat up as much 340 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:34,760 Speaker 1: as if you put you know, a hot dog, mhmm. 341 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:37,240 Speaker 1: And there is some truth to that, right, A microwave 342 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:39,640 Speaker 1: will heat up some kinds of food more than other 343 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:42,240 Speaker 1: kinds of food. But the reason that some people give 344 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:46,240 Speaker 1: is that they think that microwave has like a resonant 345 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:50,280 Speaker 1: frequency with the water. Remember, microscopically, water is made out 346 00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: of molecules, and those molecules can do things like spin 347 00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:57,160 Speaker 1: and vibrate, and like all atomic stuff, it's quantum mechanical, 348 00:18:57,280 --> 00:19:01,119 Speaker 1: which means it can only accept um radiation. It's certain frequencies. 349 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:04,440 Speaker 1: Like we talked about how atoms can absorb wavelength certain 350 00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:07,240 Speaker 1: wavelengths of light and not other wavelengths of light. So 351 00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:09,840 Speaker 1: some people, I think, imagine that this is what's happening 352 00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:12,720 Speaker 1: instaide your microwave. That water can absorb frequency at this 353 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:16,119 Speaker 1: wavelength um and the air and the other stuff can't. Right, 354 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:19,120 Speaker 1: So that's the common misconcept. And when you say resonant 355 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:22,520 Speaker 1: frequency mean like kind of like a water the idea 356 00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:25,399 Speaker 1: that water has kind of an internal bouncing nous to it, right, 357 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:29,480 Speaker 1: like an internal m M like frequency. It likes to 358 00:19:29,560 --> 00:19:33,160 Speaker 1: bounce around like a guitar string. Yes, exactly, And it's 359 00:19:33,160 --> 00:19:36,160 Speaker 1: true of every atom, right, they do have special frequencies 360 00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:38,440 Speaker 1: at which they like to vibrate. And it depends on 361 00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:40,280 Speaker 1: the atom and how it's built and how the electrons 362 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:42,440 Speaker 1: are organized and all that stuff, and so they do 363 00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:46,040 Speaker 1: have special resident frequencies that they do like to absorb radiation. 364 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: But that's not what's happening here. That's not the way 365 00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:52,159 Speaker 1: that the microwave work. It's not it's not definitely not No, 366 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:56,240 Speaker 1: it's a totally different but really fascinating mechanism. You just 367 00:19:56,440 --> 00:20:01,040 Speaker 1: nuke my brain here, I just reard my start my 368 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: illusion of understanding here. Okay, so it's not making a 369 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:06,800 Speaker 1: residence with the water, So how is it? But it is? 370 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:08,880 Speaker 1: It is sort of related to water, right, Like, there's 371 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:13,200 Speaker 1: something about water molecules that microwaves are kind of specially 372 00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: tuned to a heat up. Yeah, and it's a different process. 373 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 1: It's called dielectric heating. Essentially. It's because water molecules they 374 00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:25,560 Speaker 1: have the same number of positive and negative charges, but 375 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,960 Speaker 1: they're not exactly balanced in the same place, right, which 376 00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:31,399 Speaker 1: means that one part of the water molecule is a 377 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:34,600 Speaker 1: little more positive and another part is a little more negative. 378 00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:37,240 Speaker 1: So overall there's a little bit of a separation of 379 00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: the charges. So what happens when electroc one side of 380 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: water is more optimistic dealing, what's more pessimistic. That's right, 381 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:48,359 Speaker 1: You got the upside and the downside. Um somewhat some 382 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: water molecules are like the glasses have full of us. 383 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:55,479 Speaker 1: They have just like this glasses have empty of us. 384 00:20:55,840 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: It's a big But what happens when electromagnetic waves by, 385 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:04,360 Speaker 1: Remember electromagnetic waves interact with things that have charge, right, 386 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:07,159 Speaker 1: negative and positive charge, and so what they do is 387 00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:09,800 Speaker 1: that one part of the molecule gets pushed one way 388 00:21:09,920 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 1: and the other part that has the other charge gets 389 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:15,160 Speaker 1: pushed the other way. You're saying, like a water molecule 390 00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:17,560 Speaker 1: is kind of like a little magnet where one end 391 00:21:18,119 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 1: is sort of negative and the other side is positive. 392 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:24,120 Speaker 1: So it's not like perfectly even, yeah, it's not. It's 393 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,360 Speaker 1: kind of like a magnet in that there are north 394 00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:28,120 Speaker 1: and south, right, But in this case we're talking about 395 00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:31,320 Speaker 1: electric charges and they're positive and negative, and the waves 396 00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: come by and they tweak it, and they tweak it 397 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,520 Speaker 1: differently because the charge is different on one side than 398 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:38,879 Speaker 1: the other. Right, it's overall neutral, but you've separated the 399 00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:41,320 Speaker 1: charges a little bit so that you have a positive 400 00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: and negative and so the wave gives the two sides 401 00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:47,280 Speaker 1: a different kick right in different directions, and that spins it. 402 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: But the thing about a wave is that it's a 403 00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:51,680 Speaker 1: wave which means it goes up and then it goes down. 404 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:53,879 Speaker 1: So now the other part of the wave comes by 405 00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:56,800 Speaker 1: and it spins it the other direction. And so essentially 406 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,320 Speaker 1: what happens when these waves come by a water molecule 407 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:01,640 Speaker 1: is they spin them back and then forth, and then 408 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 1: back and then forth, and so they're sort of like 409 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:07,280 Speaker 1: they're spinning all the little molecules. All the little water 410 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: molecules in your food gets spun back and forth by 411 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:13,240 Speaker 1: this microwave. So it's not like an internal vibration. It's 412 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:16,520 Speaker 1: more like a it's but it is sort of a resonance, 413 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 1: right like in how it spins, like it likes to 414 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:23,960 Speaker 1: spin at that frequency or special resonance. It's just it's 415 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: the fact that it has this. Anything in your food 416 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,360 Speaker 1: that has an electric dipole will get spun this way. 417 00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:31,760 Speaker 1: It just so happens that water is pretty good at 418 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:34,120 Speaker 1: getting spun that way because the arrangement of the atoms 419 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,879 Speaker 1: inside the water molecule gives it a larger electric dipole 420 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:40,960 Speaker 1: than things like plastic, which we're not supposed to eat, 421 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,040 Speaker 1: which you're not supposed to eat. And so what happens 422 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:46,000 Speaker 1: you heat up all the water molecules and they they 423 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:48,040 Speaker 1: got a lot of energy now, right, and then they 424 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:50,440 Speaker 1: spread the energy to the stuff around it. So you're 425 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:53,040 Speaker 1: cooking a turkey, right, you heat up with the water molecules, 426 00:22:53,119 --> 00:22:55,720 Speaker 1: and then the heat spreads out right from the water 427 00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,040 Speaker 1: molecules to the other stuff that didn't get sort of 428 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:00,960 Speaker 1: mixed up or spun around. I'm sort of thinking about it, 429 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,800 Speaker 1: like to cook something with a microwave. You take like 430 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:06,800 Speaker 1: a billion tiny little spoons and you stir up each 431 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: of the little water molecules. You're like shaking. You're shaking 432 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,960 Speaker 1: each molecule. Yeah, exactly, you're shaking their booties and they're dancing, 433 00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:16,639 Speaker 1: and they spread their energy out to other stuff. And 434 00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: so that's how the non the stuff that in your 435 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:21,800 Speaker 1: food that doesn't have an electric dipole also gets heated up. 436 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:24,320 Speaker 1: So it is sort of there is something about water, 437 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:26,200 Speaker 1: but it's not doesn't have to do with this sort 438 00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:29,480 Speaker 1: of internal resonance. It's just really just it's just it 439 00:23:29,640 --> 00:23:33,439 Speaker 1: just has this kind of a magnet like structure. Yeah, exactly, 440 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: it's the electric dipole structure. And the fascinating thing is 441 00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:39,119 Speaker 1: that for this to work, the water molecules have to 442 00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:41,760 Speaker 1: be able to wiggle right, the keys, you're like turning 443 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:43,920 Speaker 1: it and turning it back and turning and turning it back. 444 00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:46,760 Speaker 1: So this is something I didn't understand very well, but 445 00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:49,960 Speaker 1: that frozen water is harder to heat up in the 446 00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:53,679 Speaker 1: microwave the liquid water because the molecules can't wiggle as 447 00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:57,159 Speaker 1: much because they're trapped in this ice crystal. It's frozen too, right, 448 00:23:57,280 --> 00:23:59,800 Speaker 1: So it's just naturally harder to heat up because it's 449 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,400 Speaker 1: a pretty cold. That's true. It takes longer to heat 450 00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:05,680 Speaker 1: up to a certain temperature. But it absorbs microwaves less 451 00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,760 Speaker 1: efficiently when it's frozen than when it's liquid. So it's 452 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 1: like it takes in the energy, but because they can't move, 453 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:16,119 Speaker 1: that energy doesn't get absorb Yeah, exactly. They you know, 454 00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:19,480 Speaker 1: the wave comes by and it tries to wiggle that 455 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:22,920 Speaker 1: little water molecule because it has that electric dipole, but 456 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:24,879 Speaker 1: it just doesn't get wiggled as much, and so it 457 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:28,080 Speaker 1: doesn't absorb as much energy. And then you know, later 458 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:30,600 Speaker 1: when it's freer because it's you melted it a little bit, 459 00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:35,200 Speaker 1: then you can get mixed up even better. Wow. Imagine 460 00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:37,879 Speaker 1: you know, imagine trying to take a frozen block of 461 00:24:37,960 --> 00:24:40,680 Speaker 1: water and mixing it up until it melts, right, that's 462 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 1: not going to be very efficient. But you could put 463 00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:45,960 Speaker 1: a spoon into a bowl of water and mix it 464 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:48,920 Speaker 1: around until it got really hot. That's more efficient. And 465 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,600 Speaker 1: I guess it's convenient because most of the things we 466 00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:54,480 Speaker 1: eat have water in it, right, that's right, And that's 467 00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:57,720 Speaker 1: a convenient overlap between our diet and the physics. Another 468 00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,280 Speaker 1: misconception that people have is I think that people think 469 00:25:00,359 --> 00:25:03,600 Speaker 1: that microwaves cook their food from the inside out, or 470 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,879 Speaker 1: that it cooks it totally evenly, right, that it doesn't 471 00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: really matter where it is because it's this mysterios quantum 472 00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: mechanical thing that's happening. So you're saying it doesn't heat 473 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,720 Speaker 1: up from the inside. No, it doesn't, actually, because these 474 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:19,080 Speaker 1: microwaves penetrate the food, but they only penetrate a few centimeters. 475 00:25:19,119 --> 00:25:21,320 Speaker 1: They can't get all the way in. Their energy gets 476 00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:24,359 Speaker 1: absorbed before they get really deep into the food, and 477 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:26,879 Speaker 1: so the stuff that's cooking the inside of your turkey 478 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:29,560 Speaker 1: in a microwave is still the outside of the turkey. Right. 479 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:31,840 Speaker 1: All you can do is heat the outside and then 480 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:34,680 Speaker 1: the inside gets heated by the next layer. And a 481 00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:37,159 Speaker 1: lot of people have microwaves with like a defrost setting 482 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: on it. You know, you press the button. It doesn't automatically. 483 00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:43,680 Speaker 1: What it actually does often is that it runs for 484 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:45,520 Speaker 1: a little while and then it just turns off. It 485 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:47,720 Speaker 1: looks like it's doing something, but it turns off the 486 00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:50,080 Speaker 1: microwaves and it just sort of lets the heat flow 487 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: around for a little bit. Oh, I see, So it 488 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: doesn't cook. The outside doesn't cook, it's just you know, 489 00:25:56,320 --> 00:26:00,240 Speaker 1: heats it up in berths. Yeah, exactly. And different parts 490 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,680 Speaker 1: of your food will get hot differently, and and the 491 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:05,480 Speaker 1: reason is, of course, you know, different parts of different 492 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:08,400 Speaker 1: amounts of water. But also it's really difficult to get 493 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:12,560 Speaker 1: an even um dose of radiation, right. It's generating this 494 00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:17,119 Speaker 1: this radiation using a little cavity called a magnetron, and 495 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:20,320 Speaker 1: and it's really hard to get like an exactly even 496 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:24,440 Speaker 1: density of microwave radiation inside your microwave. And so you 497 00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:27,720 Speaker 1: have hot spots and cold spots. Yeah. Well I always 498 00:26:27,760 --> 00:26:30,679 Speaker 1: thought that the reason that the inside get hotter than 499 00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:34,720 Speaker 1: the outsides was because you know, I imagine my food 500 00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:39,400 Speaker 1: is getting bombarded by microwaves from all directions, and it's 501 00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:42,440 Speaker 1: the center of my food that's getting hit by all 502 00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:45,080 Speaker 1: directions more than any other part, you know what I mean, 503 00:26:45,119 --> 00:26:48,080 Speaker 1: Like it's surrounded, so all the all the microwaves sort 504 00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:50,000 Speaker 1: of concentrate in the middle. Isn't that the reason why 505 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:52,400 Speaker 1: maybe the center would heat up more? Well, that would 506 00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:54,840 Speaker 1: be true if the microwaves are sort of aimed at 507 00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:58,480 Speaker 1: the center from some source on the outside. But that's 508 00:26:58,640 --> 00:27:02,399 Speaker 1: that's not how they're generated. This one source, this magnetron um, 509 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,720 Speaker 1: which is a pretty cool name. It generates all the 510 00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:06,920 Speaker 1: radiation and this little wave god that just sort of 511 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:11,040 Speaker 1: dumps it out into your microwave. And more expensive fancier 512 00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:14,000 Speaker 1: ones have more complicated or double magnetrons to try to 513 00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:16,280 Speaker 1: make it even. But the best thing you can do 514 00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:18,640 Speaker 1: to get even cooking of your food is to put 515 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:20,680 Speaker 1: it to make it spin, so it sort of rotates 516 00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:23,840 Speaker 1: your food through the hot spots and the cold spots. 517 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:25,800 Speaker 1: But you shouldn't just put it in the center. R 518 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:27,119 Speaker 1: If you just put it right in the center of 519 00:27:27,119 --> 00:27:30,000 Speaker 1: your turntable, then all your food is doing is spinning around. 520 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:33,399 Speaker 1: It's not actually moving through the hot in the cold spots. 521 00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:37,480 Speaker 1: All right, let's get into how microwaves actually make the microwaves. 522 00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:53,040 Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break, all right. And 523 00:27:53,119 --> 00:27:57,040 Speaker 1: also let's get into how a microwave makes microwaves. And 524 00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,480 Speaker 1: you're saying that it uses a couple of transformers toys. 525 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:03,200 Speaker 1: This alien came to Earth and transformed from a killer 526 00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: robot into a kitchen appliance, and its name was magnetron. 527 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:10,880 Speaker 1: His name was magnetron. Uh no. And this is why 528 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:15,000 Speaker 1: microwaves were discovered by physicists. There's a guy, Percy Spencer, 529 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:17,920 Speaker 1: and he was playing with magnetrons because he was interested 530 00:28:17,960 --> 00:28:21,320 Speaker 1: in using microwaves for like navigation and for radar. I 531 00:28:21,359 --> 00:28:22,920 Speaker 1: think it was probably funded by like the U. S. 532 00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:25,760 Speaker 1: Navy or the Air Force or something for like communications, 533 00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:29,359 Speaker 1: like to transmit stuff. Yeah, to either transmit stuff or 534 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:31,560 Speaker 1: just detect, like you know, where are the rocks and 535 00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:33,720 Speaker 1: where's the coastline and this kind of stuff, you know, 536 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,760 Speaker 1: useful radar stuff where are the enemy ships and all 537 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,800 Speaker 1: that stuff. And he had built this magnetron, and a 538 00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:45,120 Speaker 1: magnetron is just something that generates microwave radiation. How does 539 00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:48,959 Speaker 1: a magnetron make microwaves? How do you make microwaves in general? Well, 540 00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:51,880 Speaker 1: the way to make radiation is, you know, you find 541 00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:55,720 Speaker 1: something in nature which normally produces that radiation, you know, 542 00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:58,200 Speaker 1: because it has a residant frequency, it likes to wiggle 543 00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,960 Speaker 1: in exactly the right way to make that radiation. You 544 00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:04,800 Speaker 1: can do that, or you can build a cavity that 545 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:08,360 Speaker 1: makes it so that electrons have exactly that resonant frequency, 546 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,640 Speaker 1: like you build a little metal box and so that 547 00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,640 Speaker 1: when electrons go in there, they like to shake around 548 00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:17,360 Speaker 1: add exactly the frequency you want to generate. And that's 549 00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:21,640 Speaker 1: essentially what a magnetron is, yeah, exactly. It's a lot 550 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:24,840 Speaker 1: like a musical instrument, you know, and a musical instrument, 551 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:27,880 Speaker 1: the shape and the size of the cavity determines exactly 552 00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:30,479 Speaker 1: the acoustic waves that you can generate from it. Right, 553 00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:33,440 Speaker 1: you can shorten the cavity or lengthen the cavity by 554 00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:37,160 Speaker 1: putting your fingers on the keys exactly. So a magnetron 555 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,760 Speaker 1: is just a cavity where you shoot electrons. You have 556 00:29:39,880 --> 00:29:42,520 Speaker 1: magnetic and you have magnetic fields in there in order 557 00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:44,720 Speaker 1: to generate exactly the right kind of frequency. And you 558 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:47,800 Speaker 1: can generate different frequencies by having a different sized cavity. 559 00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 1: So you shoot the electrons in and they all sort 560 00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:54,160 Speaker 1: of sync up and then outcomes this kind of synchronized 561 00:29:55,160 --> 00:30:00,360 Speaker 1: right of light, right, yeah, of of radiation. And for 562 00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,280 Speaker 1: those of you know any quantum mechanics, you know that 563 00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: when you create a confined space like an infinite well, 564 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:08,440 Speaker 1: for those of you have taken physics, that's when you 565 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:11,800 Speaker 1: get quantum mechanical effects that you get special residue frequencies 566 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,960 Speaker 1: energy levels for example. So the same way you have 567 00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:17,520 Speaker 1: energy levels around an atom, you can have energy levels 568 00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:20,280 Speaker 1: inside a cavity. And so you get electrons in there 569 00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:22,400 Speaker 1: and they like to wiggle at this energy level and 570 00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: then they jump down an energy level and give off 571 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:27,320 Speaker 1: that radiation, which is then at the frequency that you want. 572 00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:29,800 Speaker 1: So the microwave in my kitchen has one of these 573 00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:34,120 Speaker 1: magnetrons like a little too. Yeah, exactly, everybody who has 574 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:38,200 Speaker 1: a microwave has a little radiation creating device in their microwave. 575 00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: And um, but don't worry, right, that sounds crazy like 576 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:44,320 Speaker 1: what I'm exposing myself to radiation? You know, you're exposing 577 00:30:44,360 --> 00:30:47,600 Speaker 1: your coffee to radiation. But also the microwave has metal 578 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:51,000 Speaker 1: box around it. And the cool thing about electromagnetic radiation 579 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,160 Speaker 1: is that it's basically blocked by almost any conductor. So 580 00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:56,280 Speaker 1: you have a wall of metal, or even just like 581 00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,160 Speaker 1: a grate of metal something we call a Faraday cage. 582 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:02,640 Speaker 1: It will and all out almost any radiation. So the 583 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:06,360 Speaker 1: microwave radiation inside your microwave is basically trapped there by 584 00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:08,480 Speaker 1: the metal that goes all the way around the box. 585 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:10,880 Speaker 1: Because because I think I always assumed that my microwave 586 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,320 Speaker 1: has like several microwave guns amy at the middle. But 587 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:18,160 Speaker 1: you're saying there's only one tube here, like genera spewing out. 588 00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:21,320 Speaker 1: He's a light waves man. You made a funny mental 589 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:25,720 Speaker 1: image there with microwave gun imagining shooting these things at 590 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:28,960 Speaker 1: each other. Not a good idea. Most of them have 591 00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 1: a single one. Yes, some of them have double ones, 592 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:34,400 Speaker 1: or you know, more expensive elaborate ones might have multiple magnetrons, 593 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 1: but you only really need one and it then you 594 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:39,640 Speaker 1: just need to guide the radiation using you know, any 595 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:44,000 Speaker 1: sort of metal tube. Radiation will propagate down that tube 596 00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:46,840 Speaker 1: and into your cooking area. That's pretty cool. So then 597 00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:49,520 Speaker 1: how did they how did he discover the microwave? He 598 00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:52,120 Speaker 1: built this magnetron to try to generate microwaves, you know, 599 00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:55,440 Speaker 1: for these other physics studies, and I guess he was hungry. 600 00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:57,320 Speaker 1: He was a guy could like the snack and need 601 00:31:57,400 --> 00:31:59,680 Speaker 1: a chocolate bar in his pocket, and he noticed that 602 00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,640 Speaker 1: he turn the thing on, literally, the chocolate bar would 603 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:07,320 Speaker 1: melt and like like a couple of centimeters from his 604 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,520 Speaker 1: private parts, exactly exactly. I'm thinking, Okay, you're cooking the 605 00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 1: chocolate bar. You're also cooking the physicist, you know, chocolate 606 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 1: covered physicist. Here is what we're preparing. Um. But yeah, 607 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: that's what he noticed it, and he reported to his employer. 608 00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,840 Speaker 1: He's like, hey, look turns out, you know, my whole 609 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,280 Speaker 1: radar project didn't work, but I invented a new kind 610 00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:31,240 Speaker 1: of oven for you. Um, we can't spin in the Russians, 611 00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: but hey, we can all have warmer meals. I always 612 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:37,480 Speaker 1: wonder how executives feel that way. You know, they give 613 00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:39,760 Speaker 1: you money because they're looking for a certain contract, and 614 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:43,120 Speaker 1: you come back with like teflon or microwaves, right, all 615 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:47,720 Speaker 1: these things you're discovered by accident um in research environments. Yeah, 616 00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:51,360 Speaker 1: the pivot, And I wonder what what like amazing inventions 617 00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:54,640 Speaker 1: were thrown away by small minded executives are like, that's 618 00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:56,320 Speaker 1: not what we asked you to develop. Put it on 619 00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:58,640 Speaker 1: the shelf and go back and work on that. Ray gun. 620 00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:00,800 Speaker 1: Make the ray gun work. And for those of you 621 00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:03,520 Speaker 1: who are scared of radiation whatever, don't worry. These things 622 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 1: are really safe. They surround your microwave with plenty of metals. 623 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:09,840 Speaker 1: There really is no leakage um, and it's really it's 624 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:11,760 Speaker 1: even pretty safe to like put your face up against 625 00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,040 Speaker 1: the microwave. They used to test microwaves really carefully to 626 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:17,280 Speaker 1: make sure that none of this radiation leaked out to like, 627 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,880 Speaker 1: you know, cook your brain. But for so many years 628 00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:22,120 Speaker 1: they were so safe they couldn't measure anything that these 629 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,520 Speaker 1: days they don't even bother anymore. And it's really you're 630 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:26,320 Speaker 1: just hitting it with the light, you know. It's not 631 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:29,520 Speaker 1: like you're hitting it with particles that then make the 632 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:33,360 Speaker 1: food radioactive. Right, that's not what's happening. Oh no, no, no, 633 00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:35,920 Speaker 1: It certainly does not make your coffee radioactive, Although that 634 00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:42,200 Speaker 1: does sound like an awesome superhero creation story. Microwave man 635 00:33:43,360 --> 00:33:47,120 Speaker 1: he drank radioactive coffee and gained that coffee's proportional strength. 636 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:49,880 Speaker 1: Just heats up the food, right, It doesn't make it um, 637 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:53,240 Speaker 1: It doesn't give it the ability to admit radiation. No, 638 00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:55,400 Speaker 1: just heats of the food. But you know, if you 639 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:57,800 Speaker 1: were inside a microwave, it would heat up you also, right, 640 00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:00,760 Speaker 1: you would literally get cooked. So there are dangerous but 641 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,720 Speaker 1: only inside the microwave. Outside is not dangerous at all. Cool. 642 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:07,840 Speaker 1: So that's that's how microwaves work. I feel like like, um, 643 00:34:08,120 --> 00:34:13,320 Speaker 1: I've been irradiated with knowledge today. That's right. A small 644 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:15,960 Speaker 1: amount of knowledge leads to a lot of inside. So 645 00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:18,759 Speaker 1: the next time you're turning on your microwave, remember you're 646 00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:21,799 Speaker 1: blasting it with radiation. That's basically just taking a little 647 00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:24,560 Speaker 1: spoon into all the molecules in there that have a 648 00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,719 Speaker 1: little dielectric field and spinning them around to heat up 649 00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:31,320 Speaker 1: everything else. So there is physics that's making your food taste. 650 00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:34,320 Speaker 1: And as a public service, just remember contents might be 651 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:39,279 Speaker 1: hotter than expected. That's right. And you know, some people 652 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:41,839 Speaker 1: like microwaves. Some people don't like microwaves. You know. One 653 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: of the limitations is that you know, did get that 654 00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:46,800 Speaker 1: crispy browniness, But you can just you know, put it 655 00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:48,759 Speaker 1: in your toaster of it afterwards if you really want 656 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:52,120 Speaker 1: that crunchiness. Yeah, that's that. That's my strategy. Heat up 657 00:34:52,120 --> 00:34:54,560 Speaker 1: the insides and then you toast the outside. On our 658 00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,160 Speaker 1: next podcast, how do toasters work? How to eat dinner 659 00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,520 Speaker 1: at RG Sounds, how to fix Daniel's microwave of it? Yeah, please, 660 00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:05,160 Speaker 1: I'd love to hear that podcast for less than ten dollars. Alright, everyone, 661 00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:15,359 Speaker 1: we hope you enjoyed that. See you next time. If 662 00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:18,440 Speaker 1: you still have a question after listening to all these explanations, 663 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,239 Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 664 00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:24,359 Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 665 00:35:24,719 --> 00:35:27,799 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at 666 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:31,800 Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, 667 00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:34,560 Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is 668 00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:38,080 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from 669 00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:41,800 Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 670 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:44,320 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.