1
00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040
Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today

2
00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,640
Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault.

3
00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:08,880
Speaker 1: You'll also here to hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson.

4
00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:13,119
Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History Class

5
00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:15,600
Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk

6
00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:17,799
Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show

7
00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:20,120
Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time

8
00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:27,320
Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

9
00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:30,080
Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and

10
00:00:30,120 --> 00:00:34,800
Speaker 1: it's November. One of history's very many Bloody Sundays took

11
00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:38,400
Speaker 1: place on this day in seven. There are a lot

12
00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:41,239
Speaker 1: of events that have been named Bloody Sunday, and this

13
00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:45,120
Speaker 1: one took place in Trafalgar Square in London. In the

14
00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,599
Speaker 1: late nineteenth century, Trafalgar Square had become a common gathering

15
00:00:48,640 --> 00:00:53,120
Speaker 1: place for protesters in London, in particular the working poor.

16
00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:58,120
Speaker 1: We're protesting against exploitation and financial hardship. These protesters were

17
00:00:58,160 --> 00:01:01,680
Speaker 1: often supported by middle class social lists, and then over

18
00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:04,080
Speaker 1: the summer of eighteen eighty seven, the square had also

19
00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:07,160
Speaker 1: become home to a large number of unemployed people, many

20
00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:10,000
Speaker 1: of them with nowhere else to go. Some slept in

21
00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,759
Speaker 1: the square and washed themselves in its fountains, and newspapers

22
00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,960
Speaker 1: were drawing a lot of attention to this situation. Authorities

23
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:22,040
Speaker 1: regarded this sort of encampment in the square as an embarrassment,

24
00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:26,200
Speaker 1: and starting on October seventeenth of that year, police regularly

25
00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:29,640
Speaker 1: tried to clear all the people out, but little was

26
00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:32,920
Speaker 1: done to address the circumstances that had led to these

27
00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:35,520
Speaker 1: people being there in the first place. So many of

28
00:01:35,560 --> 00:01:38,839
Speaker 1: these evictions from the square became violent, but the people,

29
00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:42,680
Speaker 1: having nowhere else to go, and having become such a

30
00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:46,759
Speaker 1: focal point for protests, people would gather there again. As

31
00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:51,160
Speaker 1: attention grew to the cycle, the protest grew also, and

32
00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:54,800
Speaker 1: a lot was going on in these protests and demonstrations.

33
00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:57,040
Speaker 1: There were a lot of different people involved who had

34
00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:01,840
Speaker 1: their own goals and objectives. There were socialists and anarchists

35
00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:06,160
Speaker 1: and trade unionists and some of the more specific political

36
00:02:06,240 --> 00:02:10,400
Speaker 1: ideas that were brought up in these demonstrations included Irish

37
00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:13,960
Speaker 1: home rule in England's treatment of Ireland, in addition to

38
00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,280
Speaker 1: all the other things we've already been talking about. So

39
00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:20,440
Speaker 1: on November eight seven, a notice was posted to ban

40
00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:24,000
Speaker 1: meetings and Trafiger Square. It was issued by Charles Warren,

41
00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:27,760
Speaker 1: who was the Metropolitan Police Commissioner. It said, in part,

42
00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:31,480
Speaker 1: until further information, no public meetings will be allowed to

43
00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:35,080
Speaker 1: assemble in Trafalgar Square, nor will speeches be allowed to

44
00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:39,160
Speaker 1: be delivered therein, and well disposed persons are hereby cautioned

45
00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:42,959
Speaker 1: and requested to abstain from joining or attending any meeting

46
00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:48,200
Speaker 1: or assemblage. This notification also made it clear that precautions

47
00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:50,760
Speaker 1: were going to be taken to prevent such assemblies and

48
00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:53,960
Speaker 1: that disturbances would be suppressed. That was the actual word

49
00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:58,600
Speaker 1: that was used, suppressed. So now in addition to the

50
00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:01,760
Speaker 1: poor people and the socialists and the trade unionists and

51
00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:04,480
Speaker 1: all of these other people, there were now also radicals

52
00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:06,640
Speaker 1: who thought the key issue at play here was the

53
00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:10,480
Speaker 1: freedom of speech. In defiance of this ban, a plan

54
00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:14,240
Speaker 1: was formed to march on Trafalgar Square and protest, and

55
00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:17,359
Speaker 1: the plan also included speeches and a demonstration that was

56
00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,400
Speaker 1: planned once they arrived that was to happen on November

57
00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:23,800
Speaker 1: thirteenth of seven, But what happened instead was that the

58
00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:29,440
Speaker 1: police charged the protesters. There were fifteen hundred police, including

59
00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:32,760
Speaker 1: mounted officers, and there were hundreds of volunteers there as

60
00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:37,840
Speaker 1: special constables. The military was there too, including infantry and cavalry,

61
00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:42,040
Speaker 1: and most of these people were armed with police truncheons,

62
00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:47,600
Speaker 1: although the military units also had things like bayonets. A

63
00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:50,880
Speaker 1: few protesters were killed in this Most sources say either

64
00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:54,040
Speaker 1: two or three and at least two hundred were injured

65
00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:57,120
Speaker 1: in violence that went on all day. There were also

66
00:03:57,240 --> 00:04:01,080
Speaker 1: many arrests of the leaders of the demonstration. Some of

67
00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:03,680
Speaker 1: the police in the military were injured as well, but

68
00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:08,120
Speaker 1: there were far far more injuries among the protesters. A

69
00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:11,000
Speaker 1: big part of the response to this event was outrage

70
00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,400
Speaker 1: against the police brutality that had happened, and the people

71
00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:18,719
Speaker 1: who were killed reviewed as martyrs. The authorities, though, felt

72
00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:21,120
Speaker 1: that the use of force had been appropriate, and some

73
00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:24,400
Speaker 1: of the more conservative papers framed this as a much

74
00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:29,120
Speaker 1: needed clean up of lawless agitators. A week later, on

75
00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,839
Speaker 1: November twenty, at a subsequent protest, a man named Alfred

76
00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:35,920
Speaker 1: Lynnell fell and was scrampled by a horse and killed.

77
00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:39,960
Speaker 1: His death was similarly condemned in the same way that

78
00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:42,840
Speaker 1: the police brutality had been. The idea was that an

79
00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:47,440
Speaker 1: exploitative and inhumane system had caused this innocent man's death.

80
00:04:48,279 --> 00:04:51,520
Speaker 1: Thanks to Christopher Osciotis for his research work on today's podcast,

81
00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:54,320
Speaker 1: and to KCP Groom at Jailer Mays for all their

82
00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:56,880
Speaker 1: audio work on the show. You can subscribe to the

83
00:04:56,920 --> 00:04:59,719
Speaker 1: Stay in History Class on Apple podcast, Google podcast and

84
00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:01,560
Speaker 1: where else to get your podcasts, and you can tune

85
00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:14,400
Speaker 1: in tomorrow for a media milestone. Hi everyone, I'm Eves

86
00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:17,760
Speaker 1: and welcome to This Day in History Class, a podcast

87
00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,440
Speaker 1: where we one day ship nugs of history straight to

88
00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:30,200
Speaker 1: your brain through your earhole. The day was November nineteen

89
00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:35,719
Speaker 1: o six. Industrial designer Eva Zeissel was born in Budapest, Hungary.

90
00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:39,800
Speaker 1: She's best known for her table were Eva was born

91
00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:44,320
Speaker 1: Eva Amalia Streaker to Laura Polani Streaker and Alexander Streaker.

92
00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,680
Speaker 1: Her mother was a historian, feminist and activist, and her

93
00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,560
Speaker 1: father owned a textile factory. Eva enrolled in the Royal

94
00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:55,440
Speaker 1: Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest when she was seventeen

95
00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:59,520
Speaker 1: years old with the intent of studying painting, but her

96
00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:03,000
Speaker 1: mother her to learn a practical trade, and she decided

97
00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:06,560
Speaker 1: to become a ceramist. She dropped out of the academy

98
00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:10,600
Speaker 1: after three semesters and began an apprenticeship with Jacobe Kapchick

99
00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:14,960
Speaker 1: was a member of the Hungarian Guild of chimney sweeps,

100
00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:19,560
Speaker 1: oven makers, roof towers, well diggers and potters. Eva soon

101
00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:22,960
Speaker 1: graduated as a journeyman or a trained worker, and started

102
00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:26,320
Speaker 1: to create her own pottery. On a trip to Paris

103
00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:30,640
Speaker 1: in nine she visited the International Exhibition of Modern, Decortive

104
00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:34,039
Speaker 1: and Industrial Arts and became familiar with the Bauhouse, the

105
00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:39,440
Speaker 1: International style of architecture, and other modernist designs. Eva's work

106
00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:43,920
Speaker 1: was exhibited at local trade fairs, and Hungarian ceramic manufacturers

107
00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:48,960
Speaker 1: took notice of her art and commissioned collections. In ninety six,

108
00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:52,800
Speaker 1: her work one an honorable mention at the Philadelphia Saskuis Centennial.

109
00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:56,279
Speaker 1: At this point, Eva was working as a designer in

110
00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:59,960
Speaker 1: the key Shbaster factory in Budapest, creating designs for decorde

111
00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:03,719
Speaker 1: of art objects. She wasn't in that job long before.

112
00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:06,640
Speaker 1: Her desire to travel and learn new skills took her

113
00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:10,680
Speaker 1: to Hamburg, Germany and Stromberg, Germany, where she worked at

114
00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:16,320
Speaker 1: Stromberger Majolica Fabric, designing tableware. There she honed her industrial

115
00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:19,679
Speaker 1: design expertise to create Art Deco designs that were both

116
00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:24,920
Speaker 1: beautiful and functional and were able to be mass produced successfully.

117
00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:29,640
Speaker 1: Eva's work merged sleek modern designs with more lyrical classic shapes.

118
00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:33,880
Speaker 1: In nineteen thirty Eva moved to Berlin, where she worked

119
00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:38,080
Speaker 1: as a freelance designer for several companies. After two years

120
00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:41,240
Speaker 1: of immersing herself in Berlin's art scenes, she ended up

121
00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:45,559
Speaker 1: moving again, this time to the Soviet Union. She worked

122
00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:50,200
Speaker 1: at the Lomonosoft Factory in Leningrad now St. Petersburg designing table,

123
00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:54,200
Speaker 1: where that was rooted in modernism and eighteenth century Russian designs.

124
00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:58,000
Speaker 1: By nineteen thirty four, she had moved to Moscow to

125
00:07:58,080 --> 00:08:00,760
Speaker 1: work at the d l Jeva Porcelain fact three, and

126
00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:04,080
Speaker 1: soon she became the artistic director of the Russian Republic's

127
00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:08,280
Speaker 1: China and glass industry. But in nineteen thirty six, Eva

128
00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:11,720
Speaker 1: was falsely accused of plotting to kill Stalin. She was

129
00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:14,880
Speaker 1: arrested in May and imprisoned, where she was subjected to

130
00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:19,280
Speaker 1: brainwashing and torture. She spent most of that time in

131
00:08:19,320 --> 00:08:22,920
Speaker 1: solitary confinement until she was released in September of nineteen

132
00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:26,080
Speaker 1: thirty seven. When she got out of prison, she went

133
00:08:26,120 --> 00:08:28,840
Speaker 1: to Vienna, only to leave in March of nineteen thirty

134
00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,480
Speaker 1: eight as the Nazis arrived. From there, she moved to

135
00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:36,480
Speaker 1: England and married Hans Zeissel. The couple moved to the US,

136
00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:38,760
Speaker 1: where Eva would spend the rest of her life as

137
00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:42,560
Speaker 1: a designer and writer. In nineteen thirty nine, she began

138
00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:46,880
Speaker 1: teaching at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. She had two children,

139
00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,520
Speaker 1: Jean in nineteen forty and John in nineteen forty four. Sears,

140
00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:53,760
Speaker 1: Roebuck and Company was one of the first companies to

141
00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:57,120
Speaker 1: commission her work in the US. Other companies that commissioned

142
00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:00,440
Speaker 1: work from Zeissel were Hauled China, Red Wing, China, Castle

143
00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:04,040
Speaker 1: to In China, and Western Stoneware. She even designed the

144
00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:09,520
Speaker 1: Eva Seisel Resilient chair. Seisel continued designing ceramics, furniture, glassware,

145
00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,240
Speaker 1: and other objects until her death in two thousand eleven.

146
00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:16,280
Speaker 1: Her work is in the permanent collections of the British Museum,

147
00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:19,679
Speaker 1: the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan

148
00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:24,280
Speaker 1: Museum of Art, and many other institutions. I'm eas Jeffcote,

149
00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:26,680
Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today

150
00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:30,200
Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. You can keep up with us

151
00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:34,280
Speaker 1: on social media on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t

152
00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:38,640
Speaker 1: d i h C Podcast. You can also email us

153
00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:43,560
Speaker 1: at this Day at I heart media dot com. Thanks

154
00:09:43,559 --> 00:09:46,320
Speaker 1: again for listening. We'll see same place tomorrow