1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,680 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all were rerunning two episodes today, which means that 2 00:00:02,759 --> 00:00:06,320 Speaker 1: you'll hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson enjoy 3 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:13,880 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this day in history class. It's July. 4 00:00:15,440 --> 00:00:19,200 Speaker 1: Peruvian independence was declared on this day in eight You 5 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:22,400 Speaker 1: might wonder why I didn't say Peru declared its independence, 6 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:25,120 Speaker 1: and that's because that's not how it happened. So many 7 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:29,240 Speaker 1: stories of nations becoming independent start with an uprising by 8 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:33,320 Speaker 1: that nation's people, Like there's a declaration of independence that's 9 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:36,400 Speaker 1: often paired with fighting back against a monarch or a 10 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:40,400 Speaker 1: colonizing nation, and that sometimes blossoms into a war that 11 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:45,600 Speaker 1: stretches on before independence truly is achieved, regardless of when 12 00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:49,200 Speaker 1: it was actually declared. That is not what happened in Peru, though. 13 00:00:49,560 --> 00:00:53,000 Speaker 1: So in eighteen o eight, Napoleon invaded Spain and that 14 00:00:53,159 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: sparked a series of struggles for independence in Spain's colonies. 15 00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,800 Speaker 1: These went on for more than a decade, from eighteen 16 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:04,520 Speaker 1: ten until eight one, and usually the prevailing force in 17 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:08,319 Speaker 1: these movements was people of European descent who had been 18 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:11,640 Speaker 1: born in these Spanish colonies. So it wasn't so much 19 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:15,080 Speaker 1: the work of indigenous people or of enslaved Africans who 20 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 1: were living in these colonies. But even as its neighbors 21 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: fought for independence, Peru really didn't get involved. The Peruvian 22 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:27,640 Speaker 1: aristocracy was still pretty loyal to Spain, and Peru also 23 00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:31,720 Speaker 1: had a lot of Spanish residents. The Spanish army also 24 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:34,840 Speaker 1: had a major presence in the Peruvian capital of Lima. 25 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:38,680 Speaker 1: There was an army right there readily available to put 26 00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:42,160 Speaker 1: down any kind of revolution, made it a little bit 27 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: more of a challenge to actually start a revolution. So instead, 28 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: Peruvian independence was largely instigated by its neighbors, was mostly 29 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: fought in Chile, not in Peru. In particular, General Jose 30 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 1: Saint Martin was from Argentina and he had already fought 31 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 1: for independence and Buenos Aires, and in Chile he was 32 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:07,440 Speaker 1: basically trying to ensure Argentina's own independence. There had been 33 00:02:07,520 --> 00:02:10,360 Speaker 1: a battle for independence and Argentina there was this idea 34 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: that if Spain continued to have a presence, then people 35 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: were going to continue to be at risk of becoming 36 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: a colony again. We're also some silver mines conveniently located 37 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:25,360 Speaker 1: in Peru that he wanted access to, so first Argentina 38 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:28,720 Speaker 1: fought for Chilean independence, which was obtained in eighteen eighteen, 39 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:31,680 Speaker 1: and then he used Chile as a base of operations 40 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:34,640 Speaker 1: to stage an attack on the Spanish forces in Peru. 41 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:38,640 Speaker 1: Chile and Peru don't share much of a land border. 42 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: This was planned as a naval operation. In September of 43 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:45,680 Speaker 1: eighteen t Sint Martin's first took the Peruvian port of 44 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,680 Speaker 1: Peaceco and then he moved on to Lima after Spanish 45 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:51,960 Speaker 1: forces withdrew from that area, and it was he, not 46 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,680 Speaker 1: the people of Peru, who declared its independence. This was 47 00:02:55,760 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: actually the last Spanish colony in South America to become independent. 48 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:02,919 Speaker 1: Even though he had his whole plan that involved surrounding 49 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:06,280 Speaker 1: the Spanish to drive them completely out of South America, 50 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 1: he didn't have an army strong enough to defeat it, 51 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:13,920 Speaker 1: so he went to Simone Boulivard for help. Bolivar had 52 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:18,320 Speaker 1: been fighting for independence in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, and 53 00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:21,840 Speaker 1: he had been a major force for independence in most 54 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:26,519 Speaker 1: of Spain's northern colonies in South America. It's not totally 55 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 1: clear what happened when these two men met in two 56 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: to talk about the situation, but whatever it was that happened, 57 00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:37,560 Speaker 1: Saint Martin left Bolivar, refused whatever offer it was that 58 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:41,800 Speaker 1: he had made, He withdrew his force. He resigned his 59 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:45,400 Speaker 1: protectorship at Peru, and Simone Boulivard took over the fight. 60 00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:50,000 Speaker 1: After this, Saint Martan went into exile in Europe, where 61 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:53,120 Speaker 1: he died at the age of eighteen fifty, impoverished and 62 00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:57,760 Speaker 1: long out of the military action. Eventually, Spain did remove 63 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:00,800 Speaker 1: the rest of his forces from South America, and today 64 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:05,400 Speaker 1: July the day that newly elected Peruvian presidents take office. 65 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: Thanks to Christopher Hasciotis for his research work on today's 66 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:12,320 Speaker 1: episode and Tatari Harrison for her audio skills on all 67 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,160 Speaker 1: of these episodes. You can subscribe to This Day in 68 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 1: History Class on Apple podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else 69 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:21,159 Speaker 1: do you get your podcasts, and you can tune in 70 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:34,440 Speaker 1: tomorrow for some Civil War espionage. Hi, I'm Eves and 71 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:37,480 Speaker 1: welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that 72 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:47,719 Speaker 1: uncovers a little bit more about history every day. The 73 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:53,279 Speaker 1: day was July eighteen sixty six. Helen Beatrix Potter was 74 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:57,919 Speaker 1: born in South Kensington, London. Potter would become renowned for 75 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: her best selling children's books. Beatrix was born into a 76 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:05,799 Speaker 1: wealthy family, one that made his money off of cotton, 77 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 1: a trade that was firmly rooted in the system of slavery. 78 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:12,839 Speaker 1: She was the first child of Rupert and Helen Potter, 79 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:15,479 Speaker 1: who had a passion for the arts and hung around 80 00:05:15,560 --> 00:05:20,440 Speaker 1: a lot of artists, writers and politicians. Beatrix had a 81 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:24,239 Speaker 1: younger brother, Walter Bertram, and as was typical for people 82 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,920 Speaker 1: of her class, Beatrix was educated at home by governesses 83 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:32,719 Speaker 1: and her care was left to nurses. She was isolated 84 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:36,080 Speaker 1: and her childhood was pretty lonely, though she was allowed 85 00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:40,159 Speaker 1: to keep small pets like rabbits, mice and snails. When 86 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,080 Speaker 1: Beatrix and her brother spent time in the Scottish Highlands 87 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:46,480 Speaker 1: and the Lake District of northern England, they would wander 88 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:51,400 Speaker 1: around the countryside, which stimulated Beatrix's interest in animals and nature. 89 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: But Bertram was sent away to boarding school and Beatrix 90 00:05:55,680 --> 00:05:59,880 Speaker 1: remained on her own throughout her adolescence. Her father all 91 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,160 Speaker 1: took her to museums and to visit their friends, and 92 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:06,400 Speaker 1: at a young age she was drawing, painting and writing 93 00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:10,120 Speaker 1: about her pets. Her parents even sent her to the 94 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:15,400 Speaker 1: National Art Training School for formal art instruction. From eight 95 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: one to eighteen ninety seven, she kept a journal that 96 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 1: was written in a secret code that she made up. 97 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:25,240 Speaker 1: In this journal, she recorded her thoughts about politics, society, 98 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:29,520 Speaker 1: and art. Her journal code wasn't cracked and deciphered until 99 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:33,760 Speaker 1: after her death, and she filled sketch books with drawings 100 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:38,240 Speaker 1: of plants and animals. In the early eighteen nineties, Beatrix 101 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 1: sold some of her art for greeting cards and illustrations, 102 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:44,440 Speaker 1: but in her twenties she put a lot of time 103 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: into studying natural history. She was especially intrigued by fun Guy. 104 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:52,360 Speaker 1: She drew hundreds of detailed pictures of fun Guy and 105 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: was encouraged to make her drawings more scientifically accurate. In 106 00:06:56,640 --> 00:06:59,720 Speaker 1: eight seven, with the help of her chemist uncle, her 107 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,840 Speaker 1: pay for one the germination of the Sports of Agaricina, 108 00:07:03,360 --> 00:07:06,919 Speaker 1: was presented to a meeting of the Linaean Society. She 109 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: herself could not present the paper because she was a woman, 110 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:14,119 Speaker 1: and her theories and drawings were rejected for that same 111 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: reason and because she was not a trained scientist. But 112 00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:20,800 Speaker 1: the inspiration for her famous book, The Tale of Peter 113 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: Rabbit came when she was writing illustrated letters to the 114 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:29,240 Speaker 1: children of her former governesses. In she wrote one such 115 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:33,120 Speaker 1: letter to nol More. Seven years later, she submitted the 116 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:37,200 Speaker 1: story to several local publishers. They turned it down, so 117 00:07:37,440 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: she had it printed herself. After seeing the book, publisher 118 00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:45,920 Speaker 1: Frederick Warren decided to publish it, with additional colored illustrations 119 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07:50,200 Speaker 1: from Potter. The book was successful, and Beatrix went on 120 00:07:50,320 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: to form a lifelong relationship with Frederick and a romantic 121 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: one with her editor, Norman Warren. She and Norman married, 122 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 1: though her parents were not approving of the pairing. He 123 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:06,840 Speaker 1: died less than a month after they married. Potter went 124 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:09,240 Speaker 1: on to produce twenty two more books over the next 125 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: twenty years, including The Tailor of Gloucester, The Tale of 126 00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:17,680 Speaker 1: Squirrel Nutkin, and Apply Dapple's Nursery Rhymes. Her books were 127 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 1: small so children could hold them, and they paired simple 128 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:25,640 Speaker 1: prose with watercolor illustrations. Using the money she made from 129 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:29,840 Speaker 1: her books, she bought Hilltop Farm and Castle Farm and Salary, England, 130 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:34,280 Speaker 1: and thousands of acres of surrounding farmland. She rented out 131 00:08:34,280 --> 00:08:37,280 Speaker 1: her property and remained living with her parents until she 132 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:40,640 Speaker 1: was forty seven years old, when she married a solicitor 133 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:45,000 Speaker 1: named William heillis The last book she wrote and illustrated. 134 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:49,640 Speaker 1: The Tale of Little Pig Robinson, was published in nineteen thirty, 135 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:52,560 Speaker 1: though an earlier book she had written was published later. 136 00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: In her later years, she settled into marriage and turned 137 00:08:56,640 --> 00:09:00,000 Speaker 1: her attentions from writing to farming, and she was dedicated 138 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: it to breeding herd Wig sheep. She was also passionate 139 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:09,640 Speaker 1: about conservation. In at age seventy seven, Beatrix died in 140 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:13,520 Speaker 1: her home. She left thousands of acres of land to 141 00:09:13,559 --> 00:09:17,720 Speaker 1: the National Trust. The Journal of Beatrix Potter was published 142 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty six. I'm Eves Jeff Coote and hopefully 143 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 144 00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:29,679 Speaker 1: did yesterday. Keep up with us on Twitter, Instagram and 145 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:34,960 Speaker 1: Facebook at t d i h C podcast. Thanks for 146 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: joining me on this trip through history. See you here, 147 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: same place tomorrow. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, 148 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:50,120 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or where ever 149 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:51,400 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.