1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,280 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all. We're rerunning two episodes today, which means you 2 00:00:03,400 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 1: might hear two hosts. Enjoy the show. Welcome to this 3 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:10,200 Speaker 1: Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com 4 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:12,680 Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class. 5 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day 6 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:17,160 Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened 7 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:24,079 Speaker 1: today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 8 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:28,440 Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson, and it's November eleventh. The armistice that 9 00:00:28,520 --> 00:00:30,800 Speaker 1: stopped the fighting in World War One was signed on 10 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: the Stay in nineteen eighteen. Now, I talked a little 11 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:36,080 Speaker 1: bit about the last months of World War One in 12 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:39,400 Speaker 1: August back when I talked about the one hundred Days Offensive. 13 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:42,800 Speaker 1: The Allies had been pushing really hard towards the German 14 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:46,519 Speaker 1: border since mid October of night and there had been 15 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:49,839 Speaker 1: a massive mutiny that had swept through the German fleet 16 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,680 Speaker 1: out at sea, and then on November nine of nine eighteen, 17 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:58,400 Speaker 1: Kaiser Wilhelm had abdicated and fled. It was clear that 18 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 1: Germany was defeated. Germany's strategy towards the end of the 19 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:04,160 Speaker 1: war had tied to the hope that they could at 20 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:06,640 Speaker 1: least in the war at a place where the nation 21 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: might be able to get some favorable armistice terms. But 22 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:13,760 Speaker 1: when they finally got to discussing peace terms, they had 23 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,080 Speaker 1: no negotiating power left. So consequently, the terms of the 24 00:01:17,160 --> 00:01:20,600 Speaker 1: armistice were really severe. Germany had to withdraw from the 25 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:23,800 Speaker 1: territory that it occupied, It had to establish a neutral 26 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:27,120 Speaker 1: zone along the right bank of the Rhine River. German 27 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:31,160 Speaker 1: troops in East Africa were required to surrender, and Germany 28 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:34,520 Speaker 1: also had to repatriate its prisoners of war to the 29 00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:37,399 Speaker 1: nations that they came from, but there was no corresponding 30 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: provision for German po debuts to be repatriated back to Germany. 31 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,280 Speaker 1: Germany was also supposed to surrender massive amounts of weapons 32 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: and war materials, including things like a hundred and fifty 33 00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:51,960 Speaker 1: thousand railroad cars and tens of thousands of machine guns, 34 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: among many other things. The armistice also called for a 35 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 1: blockade of Germany that had been ongoing to continue in 36 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:01,120 Speaker 1: that blockade had obviously been extremely difficult for the people 37 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: of Germany and also invalidated two treaties that Germany had 38 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:08,480 Speaker 1: signed with other nations earlier in nineteen eighteen, so at first, 39 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: after getting all these terms, Germany tried to negotiate for 40 00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: better ones because these were very punitive that it had 41 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,919 Speaker 1: nothing really to bargain with, and the Allies had troops 42 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: that were preparing for another assault, including the threat of 43 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:25,840 Speaker 1: bombing Berlin, so Germany reluctantly signed the armistice. The actual 44 00:02:25,919 --> 00:02:29,440 Speaker 1: armistice was signed in a railroad car at about five am, 45 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:31,640 Speaker 1: and it called for the fighting to end six hours 46 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: later at eleven am. As word spread of the armistice, 47 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:40,120 Speaker 1: people around the world were overjoyed. The roar had gone 48 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:42,760 Speaker 1: on for more than four years, and much of that 49 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:47,600 Speaker 1: four years was a grueling stalemate. Casualties were massive. Estimates 50 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:51,280 Speaker 1: are at least nine million dead and twenty one million wounded, 51 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:55,400 Speaker 1: and at least five million civilians died from causes that 52 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:59,400 Speaker 1: were connected to the war, like disease and starvation, and 53 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: life had been seriously disrupted in the countries where the 54 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:05,400 Speaker 1: fighting was taking place, and even in the countries where 55 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: there was no active fighting there were still massive shortages 56 00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: and rationing, and of course just the huge loss of life. 57 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,519 Speaker 1: So many people were killed, so many people lost family 58 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:20,440 Speaker 1: members and friends. So the idea on November eleven, that 59 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:24,079 Speaker 1: it was over now to most civilians was a huge 60 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:27,480 Speaker 1: really Among the armed forces of the nations that were 61 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:30,720 Speaker 1: actively fighting at this point, though it was a more 62 00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: subdued response. An armistice isn't a peace treaty, it's just 63 00:03:35,320 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 1: an agreement and fighting, and this armistice was to be 64 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:41,440 Speaker 1: in place for thirty days, so a lot of soldiers 65 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:43,480 Speaker 1: thought this was just temporary and that they were going 66 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:47,320 Speaker 1: to be back to fighting really soon. In Germany, the 67 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:52,800 Speaker 1: armistice also planted the seeds for ongoing discontent. A civilian 68 00:03:53,080 --> 00:03:57,640 Speaker 1: named Matthias Erzberger had headed the armistice delegation, and rumors 69 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:01,480 Speaker 1: were actively spread among military leaders that Germany had not 70 00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:04,800 Speaker 1: been defeated, that they had been stabbed in the back 71 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: by Ersberger and the armistice delegation, and by the German 72 00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 1: government for not adequately supporting the war. This all was 73 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: threaded through with anti Semitism, and it became a major 74 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:20,480 Speaker 1: talking point among the Nazis, especially with an off Hitler 75 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:23,600 Speaker 1: and the end. Though the armistice wasn't temporary, the end 76 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: of the war was formalized with the Treaty of Versailles 77 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:31,000 Speaker 1: signed on June, which had some of the same terms 78 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:34,560 Speaker 1: the Armistice did, as well as redrawing Germany's borders and 79 00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: making Germany liable for paying extensive reparations. Unfortunately, a lot 80 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:43,799 Speaker 1: of those terms turned into contributing factors for World War Two. 81 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: Thanks to Casey P. Graham and Chandler Mays for their 82 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:48,760 Speaker 1: audio work on this show, and you can subscribe to 83 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:51,640 Speaker 1: the Stay in History Class and Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, 84 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 1: and we're about to get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow 85 00:04:54,320 --> 00:05:05,599 Speaker 1: for the founder of a faith. Hi everyone, I'm Eves. 86 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:08,960 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class, a podcast for 87 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:20,000 Speaker 1: folks who can never have enough history knowledge. The day 88 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:24,800 Speaker 1: was November eleven, eight. Scholar, poet and leader of the 89 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:29,479 Speaker 1: Indian independence movement, Abul Kalama Azad was born. His father 90 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:32,040 Speaker 1: was a Bengali Muslim scholar and his mother was an 91 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:35,599 Speaker 1: Arab and the daughter of a scholar. In eighteen ninety, 92 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:39,599 Speaker 1: Azad and his family moved to Calcutta, India. Azad was 93 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:42,839 Speaker 1: educated at home by his father and other Islamic scholars, 94 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:47,000 Speaker 1: who taught him religious sciences, Classical Arabic, Persian and order 95 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,400 Speaker 1: do He was also taught philosophy and math. His family 96 00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 1: background meant that he had to pursue traditional Islamic education, 97 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:57,679 Speaker 1: but he also did a lot of self study beyond 98 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:02,280 Speaker 1: his traditional education, and he learned English, world history and politics. 99 00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:07,200 Speaker 1: As he studied more, he became disillusioned by some religious dogma. 100 00:06:08,240 --> 00:06:11,200 Speaker 1: He married Zuleika Begum when he was thirteen years old. 101 00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:14,279 Speaker 1: By the time he was a teenager, he was already 102 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: invested in journalism. As he traveled through Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt, 103 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:23,360 Speaker 1: Syria and Turkey, he met revolutionary activists and developed radical views. 104 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:27,719 Speaker 1: He became an Indian nationalist. He opposed the partition of 105 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: Bengal in nineteen o five and began to advocate for 106 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:34,520 Speaker 1: people uniting in the freedom movement against the British. He 107 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 1: was critical of the British Raj and of Muslims who 108 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:40,320 Speaker 1: focused on communal issues that he believed were not as 109 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:45,040 Speaker 1: important as national freedom. In nineteen twelve, Azad began publishing 110 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:48,200 Speaker 1: a weekly order to language journal called all Hlal. The 111 00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 1: journal was anti Britain and criticized Indian Muslims who were 112 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:55,560 Speaker 1: loyal to the British. Azad encouraged Muslims to fight for 113 00:06:55,600 --> 00:07:00,839 Speaker 1: independence and encouraged Hindu Muslim unity the government and all Hallal, 114 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:05,720 Speaker 1: but Azad just started another publication, so British officials invoked 115 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:08,960 Speaker 1: the Defense of India Act against him, a law used 116 00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:13,480 Speaker 1: to shut down the activities of nationalists and revolutionaries. By 117 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 1: nineteen sixteen, Azad was put on house arrest in Ranchi 118 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:20,960 Speaker 1: and detained there until January of nineteen twenty. During this 119 00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: time he wrote an autobiographical text called tas Kira. Once 120 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:28,200 Speaker 1: he was released, he was active in the Kila Fat movement. 121 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:32,239 Speaker 1: In the movement, Indian Muslims and nationalists pressured the British 122 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:35,320 Speaker 1: government to preserve the position of the Sultan of Ottoman 123 00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: Turkey as the Caliph of Islam. Azad worked with Gandhi 124 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 1: in the Non co Operation movement, which organized mass acts 125 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:46,400 Speaker 1: of non violent civil disobedience to encourage Britain to grant 126 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:50,760 Speaker 1: India's self government. He urged people to boycott British schools, 127 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:55,640 Speaker 1: government offices, and products. Azad and Gandhi became close and 128 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:59,840 Speaker 1: Azad participated in many of his campaigns, including the Salt March. 129 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: He committed to non violence and became a key link 130 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:07,840 Speaker 1: between Gandhi and the Muslim community. In nineteen three, he 131 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:10,440 Speaker 1: became the youngest person to be elected president of the 132 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: Indian National Congress, a political party that dominated the Indian 133 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:18,920 Speaker 1: independence movement. He also served on the Congress Working Committee 134 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:23,160 Speaker 1: and as General Secretary on more than one occasion. Over 135 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:26,680 Speaker 1: the next couple of decades, Azad was arrested and imprisoned 136 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 1: several times. In nineteen forty two, he and the Congress 137 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:33,719 Speaker 1: leadership were arrested for their support and amplification of the 138 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,360 Speaker 1: Quit India movement, which called for a rebellion against British 139 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:42,080 Speaker 1: rule in India and demanded independence. After World War Two 140 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:45,560 Speaker 1: ended in India gained its independence, the partition of India 141 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 1: along religious lines became an issue that Azad opposed. He 142 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:54,120 Speaker 1: supported a confederation of autonomous provinces with their own constitutions 143 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: and advocated for Hindu Muslim unity, but British India split 144 00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:02,719 Speaker 1: into India and pack stand in nineteen forty seven. From 145 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:05,880 Speaker 1: nineteen forty seven until his death in nineteen fifty eight, 146 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: Azad was India's first Minister of Education. He promoted secondary education, 147 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:16,199 Speaker 1: literacy and education of women and impoverished people. Azad was 148 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:22,559 Speaker 1: awarded India's highest civilian award, the Rutna in n I'm 149 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: each Jeffcote, and hopefully you know a little more about 150 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:29,079 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. If you've seen any 151 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,040 Speaker 1: good history means lately, you can send them to us 152 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:37,160 Speaker 1: on social media at T D I h C Podcast, 153 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:40,640 Speaker 1: or if you are so inclined, you can send us 154 00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:46,000 Speaker 1: a message at this Day at I heart media dot com. 155 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening to today's episode. We'll see you again tomorrow.