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Speaker 1: He doesn't it feel like every day there's something new

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Speaker 1: to worry about. What do you mean, like, what, well,

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Speaker 1: you know that we have forest fires in California's, We've

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Speaker 1: got super hurricanes, we got crazy political situations, we have

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Speaker 1: financial uncertainty. We have that whole question about whether Spider

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Speaker 1: Man is going to be part of the Marvel universe.

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Speaker 1: I mean that one's got me worried. I know these

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Speaker 1: things could rock our world. Well, unfortunately, I've got a

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Speaker 1: new thing for you to worry about. I feel like

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Speaker 1: every podcast is a new one, Daniel, that I should

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Speaker 1: that I need to worry about. But what do you

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Speaker 1: mean this time? Are you talking about aliens coming from

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Speaker 1: space to eat us? Or Oh no, that's something I

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Speaker 1: would look forward to. No, no, this is even by aliens,

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Speaker 1: the arrival of aliens. You know, I would gladly offer

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Speaker 1: up civilization. Our civilization is a meal for aliens if

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Speaker 1: they give us some secrets of the universe. Let's not

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Speaker 1: elect Daniel to office. He's not running. It turns out

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Speaker 1: that we need to worry about the weather, but not

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Speaker 1: just the weather here on Earth, the weather in space. Hey,

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Speaker 1: I'm back to this, Joge. I'm a cartoonists and the

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Speaker 1: creator of PhD Comics. Hi. I'm Daniel Watson. I'm a

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Speaker 1: particle physicist and I'm pleased to be the co host

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Speaker 1: of this podcast. And welcome to the podcast. Daniel and

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Speaker 1: Jorge explain the university production of I Heart Radio, in

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Speaker 1: which we talked about everything that's amazing and crazy and

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Speaker 1: wonderful and scary and reassuring about our bunkers universe and

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Speaker 1: trying to give you an understanding that really settles to

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Speaker 1: the bottom of your brain. So, yeah, I'm back. Thanks

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Speaker 1: for holding down to fourth Daniel, I was gone for

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Speaker 1: a couple of weeks there. Well, thank you very much

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Speaker 1: for coming back. I think listeners of the podcast are

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Speaker 1: leave to have you back. Well, they have more laughed

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Speaker 1: and less physics, more cartoonists per podcast. I mean, that's uh,

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Speaker 1: that's pretty good value right there. That's right. And you know, frankly,

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Speaker 1: I was getting tired of deflecting everybody's questions about where

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Speaker 1: you were another mystery of the universe. He had to

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Speaker 1: keep explaining. I know, I love answering emails and I

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Speaker 1: love answering questions, but some of these questions I didn't

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Speaker 1: know how to answer. People were asking me if I

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Speaker 1: had kidnapped you and traded you to Aliens for some

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Speaker 1: enormous pile of bananas, which did happen some one did

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Speaker 1: happen once, but not this time. That's right. No, people

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Speaker 1: were people were pretty curious. Yeah, I hope no idea

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Speaker 1: was really concerned. Um, basically I just had to go

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Speaker 1: take a nap, basically is what happened. Maybe people were

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Speaker 1: unaware that that cartoonists have a different life cycle. They hibernate,

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Speaker 1: so you know, they fill up all summer and then

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Speaker 1: sleep for six weeks in the winter. Yeah. Yeah, every

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Speaker 1: six years, we have to take it two months now,

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Speaker 1: that's right. And so folks, he's coming back to you

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Speaker 1: expert refreshed, extra funny, extra hilarious. And for those of

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Speaker 1: you who are worried that I had done something to

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Speaker 1: who that kidnapped him, I hope you hear the relief

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Speaker 1: in my voice at his return. Yeah. No, Actually what

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Speaker 1: happened was Daniel and I have several big projects going on,

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Speaker 1: and one of them just kind of needed a little

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Speaker 1: bit of extra attention, so I had to step away

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Speaker 1: from the mic a little bit. But it sounds like

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Speaker 1: you guys had a lot of fun while I was gone.

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Speaker 1: We had you had a lot of fun guests, and

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Speaker 1: Crystal Dilworth came in and covered for me. Yeah, Crystal

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Speaker 1: is our guest host. And we had some fun conversations

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Speaker 1: about the cosmic microwave background and other stuff, and my

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Speaker 1: friend Matt came by the podcast, and uh, then I

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Speaker 1: had a few on my own, and let me tell you,

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Speaker 1: it was challenging having a conversation with myself. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm back and and I'm back for the foreseeable future,

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Speaker 1: at least until Daniel kid naps me again, until the

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Speaker 1: intergalactic banana space pirates come and offered to trade you

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Speaker 1: for secrets at the universe. So today we're gonna be

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Speaker 1: talking about it. Seems like you had another thing we

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Speaker 1: should be worried about coming from space to harm us

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Speaker 1: or effectives. That's right, most of the time, we can

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Speaker 1: live in this little bubble we call Earth and not

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Speaker 1: worry too much about what's going on out there in

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Speaker 1: the universe. I mean, we know, because we've listened to

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Speaker 1: the podcast that there are crazy things happening in the

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Speaker 1: center of galaxies and enormous violent things happening in the

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Speaker 1: center of stars. But We don't often think about that

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Speaker 1: because we can just ignore everything that happens above the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere and to sort of go about our everyday life.

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Speaker 1: It seems like that there are always other things happening

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Speaker 1: in the universe, right, Like we we don't just live

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Speaker 1: in a bubble. We live in a solar system with

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Speaker 1: stuff flying around and with other celestial things out there

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Speaker 1: making noise and throwing things. That's right, we do live

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Speaker 1: in a bubble. It's a magnetic bubble vires. A magnetic

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Speaker 1: field protects us from most of the stuff that's happening

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Speaker 1: out there, but it's not perfect and sometimes this incredible

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Speaker 1: force field actually does get penetrated by crazy things happening

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Speaker 1: out there in space, and we have to pay attention

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Speaker 1: and so to be On the podcast, we'll be talking

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Speaker 1: about what is as weather? Is it usually sunny? Does

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Speaker 1: it rain out in space? What exactly does that mean? Daniel, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think it's a fascinating topic. You know, what is

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Speaker 1: space weather? What does it mean? How does it affect us?

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Speaker 1: What precautions can we take? Can we predict it? You know?

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Speaker 1: Can you go on and app and figure out what's

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Speaker 1: going to be happening in space? In the next week

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Speaker 1: or two. Um, and I think it it helps just

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Speaker 1: connects you to the larger context. You know, weather events

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Speaker 1: here on Earth help you understand what's happening nearby, like, oh,

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Speaker 1: it's not raining here, but it is raining over there.

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Speaker 1: It gives you a sort of a sense of the

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Speaker 1: larger context and space weather sort of a generalization of that.

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Speaker 1: It gives us a sense for what's happening in the

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Speaker 1: Solar system, what's going on, like what is it like

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Speaker 1: to be on Venus today? Right? And you know, whether

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Speaker 1: our local station can come up with a pretty cool

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Speaker 1: sounding name for technology to predict it, like Doppler space

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Speaker 1: radar three thousand that's right. Pretty soon we're going to

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Speaker 1: have a arms race between local weather stations to have

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Speaker 1: fancier sounding technologies. Let's the quantum Doppler, um pulsar gamma

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Speaker 1: three thousand million, Toppler. Was that just all the tech

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Speaker 1: words you can think of. That's it. There was a

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Speaker 1: mind right there that was that. That's it. That's that's

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Speaker 1: all that's in my head at this moment. Well, let's

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Speaker 1: see Jorge can do better than the average person on

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Speaker 1: the street that you see Irvine. So I walked around,

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Speaker 1: and I wondered, do people even know that space weather

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Speaker 1: is a thing? What do they think it is? And

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Speaker 1: I asked people, let you see Irvine, is their weather

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Speaker 1: out in space? What does that even mean? So think

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Speaker 1: about it for a second. If someone approach you and

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Speaker 1: ask you if there is weather in space, what would

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Speaker 1: you answer? Here's what people had to say, is their

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Speaker 1: weather in space? I mean just because the question exists,

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Speaker 1: I'm assuming so I haven't heard anything about it. What

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Speaker 1: would that be? Like? What does that mean weather in space? Um?

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Speaker 1: I would guess just like shifts in like anti matter,

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Speaker 1: and how much is like concentrated in certain spaces which

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Speaker 1: could affect I don't know move men of comments lest

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Speaker 1: like anything. I just assume whether as in storms or

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Speaker 1: rain and wind thinks things at that level. No, I

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Speaker 1: don't think there is. No. That's a good question. I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure about space, but I know that there's weather

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Speaker 1: patterns on specific planets, But I don't know about the

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Speaker 1: overall atmosphere. I have no clue. I'd say yes because

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Speaker 1: it's so big there has to be some somewhere. Um,

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Speaker 1: I think so yes, Solar winds, Solar winds, like what

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Speaker 1: are solar winds, huge pulses of electromagnetic radiation from a

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Speaker 1: sun or star. Okay, so it's radiation of particles. Um. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: for the most part radiation. Does that affect us here

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Speaker 1: on Earth? Not really, because we have the magnetic field

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Speaker 1: of Earth shielding us from that. I feel like there

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Speaker 1: there is a chance that there's like, uh, like water

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Speaker 1: and stuff up there, So that means that there is weather.

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Speaker 1: I've heard of the idea of it, but I don't know, Purling,

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Speaker 1: I have heard of space whether I know you have

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Speaker 1: solar winds, large coronal ejecttions and bombarding the whole Solar

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Speaker 1: system all the time and hits the Earth, and the

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Speaker 1: magnetic field from the Earth deflects it to the poles

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Speaker 1: and this is this is when you see then all

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Speaker 1: the lights can also affect our communications on Earth are satellites.

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Speaker 1: So what do you think of these answers for him? Well,

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Speaker 1: it seems that it's these pretty common sense. A lot

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Speaker 1: of people assume that there would be weather in other planets,

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Speaker 1: but maybe people seem skeptical that there would be weather

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Speaker 1: in like actual space, in the space between planets. So

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Speaker 1: that's pretty reasonable, right, Yeah, that is pretty reasonable. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like I've seen movies where there's storm there are storms

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Speaker 1: and Mars and and you know, I imagine you look

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Speaker 1: at a picture of Jupiter, there's swirling clouds. So you know,

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Speaker 1: the idea that there's weather out there is not weird

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Speaker 1: to me, but and to other people it seems. But

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Speaker 1: the idea that there might be weather like in the

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Speaker 1: vacuum of space, that's that's a little bit more hard

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Speaker 1: to understand. Yeah, And the topic of whether on other

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Speaker 1: planets is really fascinating, because of course we'd like to

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Speaker 1: understand are those planets livable, could we ever move there?

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Speaker 1: And can we watch the clouds on other planets and

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Speaker 1: use that to understand what's in the atmosphere? Is their

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Speaker 1: water there? That's a whole other fascinating topic that we're

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Speaker 1: gonna dig into in a future podcast. But you're right,

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Speaker 1: today we're talking about this sort of weather between planets,

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Speaker 1: and some people said, you know, well, there's no water

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Speaker 1: up there, so in space, so how could do the weather?

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Speaker 1: So I think you're right people. So today I'm hoping

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Speaker 1: we're gonna expand people's sense for what weather means. It's

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Speaker 1: not just rain and sun. I like the person who

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Speaker 1: said I have no clue, but I'm gonna say yes,

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Speaker 1: just because space is so big. I like that in

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Speaker 1: every because you've applied to anything, like do you think

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Speaker 1: there are purple elephants in space? Well it's pretty big,

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Speaker 1: so yeah, yeah? Why odd? Yeah, my brain says no,

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Speaker 1: but hey, space is big, so yes. And you know,

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Speaker 1: and that's a pretty safe asser, right, isn't it It

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Speaker 1: is because if space is infinite, then everything that can

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Speaker 1: exist will exist, and there probably are purple elephants out there.

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Speaker 1: There's probably a planet where rains purple elephants. Oh boy,

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Speaker 1: you need a bigger umbrella for that, right. Well, one

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Speaker 1: time on the podcast we were speculating about whether it

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Speaker 1: rains diamonds somewhere. We're laughing about that as an absurdity,

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Speaker 1: and then somebody wrote in and said, actually it rains

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Speaker 1: diamonds here in our solar system. What Yeah, I think

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Speaker 1: it's on Urinus. Well that's cool. I think you would

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Speaker 1: need like an umbrella it's inverted to catch all the diamonds.

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Speaker 1: I don't think diamonds are worth that much of it's

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Speaker 1: raining diamonds. I think on Urinas you've got to use

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Speaker 1: a different kind of engagement ring. Maybe water crystals, right,

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Speaker 1: like an ice cube. It's a whole different market there,

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Speaker 1: that's right. The Beers has not managed to corner that market, right,

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Speaker 1: So let's let's get into it, Daniel. So there's apparently

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Speaker 1: a thing called space weather is what I'm hearing from you,

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Speaker 1: and that that means the weather in space, and it

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Speaker 1: might actually affect us on a daily basis, might even

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Speaker 1: cause you to lose cell phone signal, which is like, wow, fatal.

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Speaker 1: Everybody is suddenly alert. What this is actually relevant to me?

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Speaker 1: I'm talking about? Yeah, if I'm right now, there might

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Speaker 1: be a you're totally gaslighting our listeners there, or whether

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Speaker 1: weather event that might cause this podcast to skip a

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Speaker 1: SKIPA No, it's true because space is not empty. We

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Speaker 1: talked about this a lot, and it's not empty on

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Speaker 1: several levels. Of course, any arbitrary piece of vacuum is

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Speaker 1: actually filled with fluctuating quantum fields, which is amazing. But

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Speaker 1: the space itself is even filled with particles and all

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Speaker 1: sorts of energy. Of course, it's very not dense. It's

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Speaker 1: very sparse compared to the atmosphere around our planet. But

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Speaker 1: there is stuff out there, and specifically it's dominated by

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Speaker 1: stuff that comes from the Sun. And so there's two

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Speaker 1: major things we think about when we think about space weather,

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Speaker 1: and that's the solar wind and the solar radiation. Because

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Speaker 1: I think you're telling me earlier that, um, you know,

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Speaker 1: for us, space is at least what we call space

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Speaker 1: around the Earth is pretty much dominated by the Sun.

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Speaker 1: Like you know, we're just a small spec compared to

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Speaker 1: the Sun, which is this giant explosion. And so pretty

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Speaker 1: much when you say space weather, you you really mean

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Speaker 1: sort of like sun weather. That's right, because the Sun

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Speaker 1: doesn't just pour out photons for us and for you

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Speaker 1: to get a nice hand. It's views out a huge

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Speaker 1: amount of stuff. It's views out particles like protons and

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Speaker 1: electrons are very high speed. And this is what we

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Speaker 1: call the solar wind. And you know, it's not a

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Speaker 1: great name for it because it's really like a solar

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Speaker 1: particle flux or something, but they call it the solar wind,

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Speaker 1: like a solar jet maybe, yeah, yeah, solar eruption or

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Speaker 1: solar farts or something. I'm not sure what solar farts. Yes,

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Speaker 1: that is a new scientific term. Well, it might be

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Speaker 1: appropriate because it comes from the digestion of those gases

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Speaker 1: in the sun. Right, So Hey, and maybe it's just

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Speaker 1: because I'm married to a biologist who studies, you know,

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Speaker 1: digestion and stuff that have this stuff on my brain,

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Speaker 1: I would have come with solar burbsum. Either way, the

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Speaker 1: Sun puts out a lot of particles, like actual mass, right,

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Speaker 1: not just radiation. There's lots of radiation as well, but

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Speaker 1: there's also solar particles. And these particles fly through the

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Speaker 1: Solar system and they call it the solar wind, and

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Speaker 1: it's important. It's a big factor in how you can

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Speaker 1: survive out there in space, and also sometimes it penetrates

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Speaker 1: down to the Earth. Now, is it sort of like

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Speaker 1: a clouds? Like does it form clouds out there? Like

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Speaker 1: my is it? Can you imagine like swirling you know,

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Speaker 1: clouds or or mists of these particles kind of swirling

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Speaker 1: around us? Or or is it pretty much like a

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Speaker 1: jet going through us? They're moving really fast, so they

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Speaker 1: just basically fly away from the Sun in straight lines.

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Speaker 1: So if you want to visualize that, just imagine like

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Speaker 1: the Sun has a billion guns and each one is

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Speaker 1: shooting protons and electrons out in every direction. Wow, but

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Speaker 1: we have liked kind of a force field, right, like

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Speaker 1: we you're saying that our magnetic field kind of deflect

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Speaker 1: some of the some of these particles. That's right. We

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Speaker 1: have a multi layer force field. First of all, we

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Speaker 1: have our atmosphere that's sort of the closest thing, and

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Speaker 1: any particle that make the atmosphere is going to bang

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Speaker 1: into all the other particles, right, So that protects you

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Speaker 1: at some level, But even before it gets to the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere has to penetrate our magnetic field. And remember, charged particles,

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Speaker 1: protons and electrons have a charge, will bend when they

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Speaker 1: hit a magnetic field. So because we have a magnetic field,

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Speaker 1: most of this stuff bends around the Earth rather than

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Speaker 1: even hitting our atmosphere. So we are very grateful to

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Speaker 1: our magnetic field. If we didn't have one, like Mars

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Speaker 1: has very very small one, then this solar wind would

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Speaker 1: basically blow our atmosphere away, all right. So when you

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Speaker 1: say space weather, you mean solar flares and solar winds,

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Speaker 1: that's right. So the key thing is there's stuff out

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Speaker 1: there in space. The Sun is pumping out radiation and particles.

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Speaker 1: And the reason we call it weather is because it's

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Speaker 1: not fixed. It's not like it's the same every day.

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Speaker 1: It varies and so just like the weather, which is

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Speaker 1: the product of very complex systems interacting and hard to predict.

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Speaker 1: The stuff put out by the Sun is also variable

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Speaker 1: and hard to predict and has a big impact on us.

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Speaker 1: So that's what we call it space weather. It's not

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Speaker 1: just because I think it's unpredictable. It's also sort of

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Speaker 1: the result of weather in the Sun. Right, Like you

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Speaker 1: can almost think of these solar flares and these sort

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Speaker 1: of winds is coming from whatever is happening in the

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Speaker 1: surface of the Sun. That's sort of like um sun weather, right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: or sun moods. Right. We don't understand the sun. The

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Speaker 1: Sun is a huge mystery, like the most important thing

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Speaker 1: in our solar system. We don't understand how it works.

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Speaker 1: And it's it's a huge ball of plasma. And because

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Speaker 1: it's plasma, it's ionized particles, it's charged particles, and charged particles, Remember,

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Speaker 1: when they move, they generate magnetic fields. And so the

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Speaker 1: Sun has this enormous magnetic field that comes from this

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Speaker 1: boiling pot of plasma that has encapsulated by this gravitational trap,

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Speaker 1: and it generates this magnetic field. But that magnetic field

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Speaker 1: is also not static because it comes from this rye

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Speaker 1: constantly writhing, hot, boiling mass. So it's like churning all

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Speaker 1: the time, and sometimes it burbs. That's kind of what

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Speaker 1: a solar flair is. Yeah, imagine like a really thick

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Speaker 1: pot of tomato soup. Your Italian grandmother might make, you know,

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Speaker 1: it's slowly bubbling. An Italian grandmother. Everybody's Italian grandmother, you know,

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Speaker 1: or the stereotypical Italian grandmother in you know TV shows.

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Speaker 1: That's as close as I come to having an Italian grandmother. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: bubble and tomato soup eventually forms one of these bubbles

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Speaker 1: net pops and it sprays tomato soup everywhere. So you

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Speaker 1: can sort of imagine the Sun is the same way,

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Speaker 1: and it uh and sometimes it has this bright burst

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Speaker 1: of really hot, bright light, and sometimes it actually shoots

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Speaker 1: out like bits of the sun into space really like

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Speaker 1: the plasma inside, like the hydrogen and the whatever it's

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Speaker 1: made out of. Yeah, so the plasma is mostly protons

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Speaker 1: and electrons, and sometimes something happens called a coronal mass ejection,

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Speaker 1: and it vomits out like a billion kilograms of plasma

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Speaker 1: and it just spews it out into space at like

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Speaker 1: thousands of kilometers per second. Oh, well, you said a

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Speaker 1: solar vomit is also a scientific term, Like I feel

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Speaker 1: like the Sun has a lot of stomach problems here.

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Speaker 1: It's burping, it's vomiting, it's far. Some people like to

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Speaker 1: try to understand it in analogy to weather on Earth.

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Speaker 1: I think it's maybe a better analogy to call it,

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Speaker 1: you know, digestion, like the Sun is digesting all of

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Speaker 1: this hydrogen, and no, that doesn't always go smoothly. And

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Speaker 1: maybe the Sun should try a gluten free diet. I

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Speaker 1: hear that the Sun has Celiac disease. What you're saying,

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Speaker 1: maybe you should try hydrogen free diet because I think

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Speaker 1: that's the problem that might be trouble though you don't

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Speaker 1: have any energy, right, yeah, exactly. But this is not

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Speaker 1: something rare. This happens on the Sun very these coronal

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Speaker 1: mass ejections. They happen either once a week or like

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Speaker 1: up to four times a day, depending on the solar cycle.

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Speaker 1: The Sun has a cycle that lasts about it every

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Speaker 1: eleven years. It flips its magnetic field and it gets

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Speaker 1: really active and then it goes quieter again. And I

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Speaker 1: think a lot of people have probably seen these in photographs,

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Speaker 1: like if you see a photograph of the Sun, and

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Speaker 1: don't look at the sun directly, I'll be able to

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Speaker 1: see them. But if you see photographs with special lens

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Speaker 1: of the Sun, you will see like this big fiery ball.

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Speaker 1: But then you see like these loops that come off

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Speaker 1: of the Sun and then come back around that are

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Speaker 1: kind of like a kind of like a cow lake

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Speaker 1: on your hair, Yeah, or like a big bubble of

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Speaker 1: hot tomato sauce. Maybe I shouldn't do these podcasts just

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Speaker 1: before lunch. I think a lot of people will see

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Speaker 1: these right Like there, that's what the solar flare is.

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Speaker 1: It burps out stuff, but then it comes back around

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Speaker 1: and so it forms little loops. Yeah, And there's really

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Speaker 1: two different things. There's the solar flare. A solar flare

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Speaker 1: is just increased in brightness, like more photons, like a

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Speaker 1: bright flash of light. And a coronal mass ejection that's

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Speaker 1: when it actually spews out material. That's when it spews

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Speaker 1: out this plasm into space. You get those loops of stuff. Oh,

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Speaker 1: I see, all right, but they're both sort of the same.

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Speaker 1: They're both the same burp. Well, we don't really understand

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Speaker 1: is the amazing thing. I mean, the sun is the

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Speaker 1: most important thing in our cosmic neighborhood. But it's something

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Speaker 1: we still do not understand. Is, as I was saying before,

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Speaker 1: there's these magnetic fields, and people think that sometimes these

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Speaker 1: magnetic fields get twisted and it's like tension in them

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Speaker 1: and then they can like slide back into place and

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Speaker 1: release that tension, and that might be what causes the

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Speaker 1: solar flares. It might be what causes these coronal massive ejections,

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Speaker 1: but we don't actually know. And we've noticed that sometimes

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Speaker 1: you get these coronal mass ejections more often when you

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Speaker 1: have solar flares, but not all the time. So it's

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Speaker 1: a big mystery. It's a current topic of research. Okay,

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Speaker 1: So they're not necessarily tied together. You know, sometimes the

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Speaker 1: Sun can just might just spew out extra energy for

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Speaker 1: no reason at all, and sometimes you might get these

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Speaker 1: crazy giant loops. Yeah, and sometimes you can get these

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Speaker 1: solar flares without coronal mass ejections. And these flares they're huge,

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Speaker 1: like these sun spots, these spots on the Sun that

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Speaker 1: are brighter or darker, they're like, you know, three hundred

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Speaker 1: times the size of the Earth. These are enormous features.

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Speaker 1: Um It's it's hard to wrap your mind around how

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Speaker 1: big the Sun is, and so of course when it fluctuates,

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Speaker 1: it can really affect life here on Earth. All right,

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Speaker 1: So the Sun sometimes has these burbs or vomits or farts,

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Speaker 1: and that can cause flares or sun's pots or coronal

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Speaker 1: mass ejections, which sort of sound like a heart attack,

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Speaker 1: but I don't recommend them. But basically, yeah, basically it

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Speaker 1: throws out stuff into space, and that's what we call

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Speaker 1: space weather, and that space weather can affect us here

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Speaker 1: on Earth in pretty dramatic ways. Absolutely, it's a big

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Speaker 1: factor in our life and it can it can even

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Speaker 1: kill you. So let's get into how space weather affects us.

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Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. All right, we're

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Speaker 1: talking about space weather and how it impacts us. So, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: how does space weather effectives? Does it mean that you

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Speaker 1: have to bring out a take out an umbrella? Would

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Speaker 1: you be protection every once in a while? What does

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Speaker 1: that mean? Well, it depends a little bit on how

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Speaker 1: you live your life. But one of my favorite stories

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Speaker 1: about space weather is sort of how the phrase was poined.

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Speaker 1: It was like a hundred and fifty years ago, eighteen

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Speaker 1: fifty nine. It was an enormous coronal massage action, like

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Speaker 1: the biggest one ever in recorded history, and it sent

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Speaker 1: so much energy in terms of particles reigning down here

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Speaker 1: on Earth that they created sparks from the telegraph network

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Speaker 1: and so people who were using the telegraph network at

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Speaker 1: the time God zapped and there were sparks flying everywhere

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Speaker 1: and actually started a bunch of forest fires. So did

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Speaker 1: they notice this coronal massage action, Like did they see

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Speaker 1: a giant loop in the sun. Yeah, they were studying

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Speaker 1: the Sun and they saw this at the same time

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Speaker 1: they observed all this stuff happening here on Earth. And

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Speaker 1: that was the first time they realized, to hold on

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Speaker 1: a second, maybe something that happens on the Sun, it

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Speaker 1: can actually affect us down here. And until then they thought, oh,

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Speaker 1: we can study the Sun. It's interesting. Obviously puts out

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Speaker 1: light for us to get for us to enjoy and

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Speaker 1: to feed our plants and everything. But they hadn't really

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Speaker 1: connected observable stuff on the Sun with phenomena here on

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Speaker 1: Earth until then. That's when they knew, like, hey, the

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Speaker 1: sun verbs watch out. That's everybody duck unto the table.

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Speaker 1: If you hear the Sun's stomach will start to rumble

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Speaker 1: plug your nose of those suburbs, and that's the most

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Speaker 1: direct connection. Like the Sun is shooting out protons and electrons,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes those protons can get pushed out really fast

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00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:15,760
Speaker 1: by one of these coronal mass injections and then accelerated

427
00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:18,000
Speaker 1: by the Sun's magnetic field, and then they can be

428
00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:21,280
Speaker 1: strong enough to get through our magnetic field and come

429
00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:23,840
Speaker 1: down here to Earth. Wow. And so what was happening

430
00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:26,920
Speaker 1: at that time, Like the particles came in and somehow

431
00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:30,439
Speaker 1: they how did they make sparks in the telegraph network,

432
00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:33,879
Speaker 1: Like did they somehow supercharged the cables or something? What

433
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,000
Speaker 1: was going on? Well, there's two things that can happen there.

434
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,440
Speaker 1: One is you're just at an enormous amount of energy

435
00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:41,280
Speaker 1: dumped into the atmosphere and that ionizes atoms. Is you

436
00:22:41,359 --> 00:22:44,800
Speaker 1: have free electrons just running around. And the other thing

437
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:47,359
Speaker 1: is that it can create strong magnetic fields for the

438
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:51,479
Speaker 1: same reason, and that can create electric pulses. And so

439
00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:53,880
Speaker 1: you have if you have wires out there and lots

440
00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:57,520
Speaker 1: of high, highly energized electrons, you're basically creating lightning. And

441
00:22:57,560 --> 00:22:59,840
Speaker 1: then you know you're connected to these wires and so

442
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,119
Speaker 1: you're looking to get zapped. So it just sort of

443
00:23:02,119 --> 00:23:04,920
Speaker 1: like it showers, is with energy, which creates which is

444
00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:07,119
Speaker 1: kind of apps everything up, and that energy has to

445
00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:10,840
Speaker 1: go somewhere absolutely, and so back then the thing we

446
00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:13,200
Speaker 1: were most sensitive to was a telegraph network, but these

447
00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:17,320
Speaker 1: days we have an enormous communications network that's very sensitive

448
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:19,640
Speaker 1: to this kind of pulses. You can affect the magnetic

449
00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:23,280
Speaker 1: field here on Earth, you can affect anything that essentially

450
00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:27,640
Speaker 1: bounces signals around the atmosphere, and anything that has electronics

451
00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:30,560
Speaker 1: can get zapped. So like my cell phone when it

452
00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:33,840
Speaker 1: has circuits in it, but if it gets showered by particles,

453
00:23:33,960 --> 00:23:37,560
Speaker 1: those all the electrons going through those circuits can somehow

454
00:23:38,040 --> 00:23:42,200
Speaker 1: sort of what gets you know, frozen or you could

455
00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:45,040
Speaker 1: get fried because your your cell phone is not built

456
00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:48,760
Speaker 1: to handle high pulses of electricity. It's not it's assuming

457
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,159
Speaker 1: that the battery in the cell phone is not going

458
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:53,239
Speaker 1: to try to kill the cell phone. And so if

459
00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:56,080
Speaker 1: some if some strong magnetic field comes and whips up

460
00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:58,880
Speaker 1: basically a mini electric storm in your cell phone, then yeah,

461
00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,239
Speaker 1: you can fry your cell phone. And it's not just

462
00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:05,680
Speaker 1: enhanced electromagnetic fields, it's actual particles. To remember that we

463
00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,880
Speaker 1: talked about how radiation can damage things. It's like a

464
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:13,199
Speaker 1: billion tiny bullets. Each one can damage your DNA, but

465
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:18,000
Speaker 1: they can also damage electronics which have become super miniaturized.

466
00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:21,960
Speaker 1: Most electronic systems are sensitive to radiation, but very few

467
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,760
Speaker 1: are actually protected against it. Of course, it's not as

468
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,080
Speaker 1: strong near the surface as it is near the top

469
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,000
Speaker 1: of the atmosphere because our atmosphere helps diffuse it a

470
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:33,560
Speaker 1: little bit. But we have, for example, satellite technology that's

471
00:24:33,640 --> 00:24:36,680
Speaker 1: up there in space, and if there's bad solar weather,

472
00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:39,680
Speaker 1: it can destroy a huge amount of satellite technology. I

473
00:24:39,720 --> 00:24:42,720
Speaker 1: think a billion dollars worth of damage is done every

474
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:47,159
Speaker 1: year by solar storms. Billion dollars, a billion dollars. So

475
00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,479
Speaker 1: there's big money in predicting solar weather. Like, if you

476
00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:52,840
Speaker 1: know a solar storm is coming, you can shut down

477
00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,080
Speaker 1: your satellite or you know, close it up in some

478
00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:57,240
Speaker 1: way to protect it or move it out of the way.

479
00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:59,960
Speaker 1: Even um, there's a huge amount of money in predicting

480
00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:02,760
Speaker 1: solar weather. Wow, So you can spend a lot of

481
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:05,600
Speaker 1: many putting up satellites up there, but they might get fried.

482
00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:08,600
Speaker 1: They will get fried. Yeah, And of course it's not

483
00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:11,159
Speaker 1: just satellites that will get fried. If you have people

484
00:25:11,240 --> 00:25:14,080
Speaker 1: up there, and a solar storm comes, that means a

485
00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:16,960
Speaker 1: huge dose of radiation. We can be talking about ten

486
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,760
Speaker 1: or a hundred times as much radiation as an astronaut

487
00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,000
Speaker 1: will usually get. And you know, out there in space,

488
00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:25,160
Speaker 1: you're already accumulating more radiation than you do do here

489
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,480
Speaker 1: on Earth because you're not protected by the atmosphere and

490
00:25:27,520 --> 00:25:30,160
Speaker 1: the magnetic field, and so it can be a fatal

491
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,280
Speaker 1: pulse and it goes through like the walls of the

492
00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:36,119
Speaker 1: space station too. Yeah, it takes a lot of energy

493
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:38,600
Speaker 1: to protect yourself from this radiation because it has a

494
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:40,680
Speaker 1: lot of energy. The only way to stop it is

495
00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:43,320
Speaker 1: to have enough material between you and it that it

496
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,600
Speaker 1: can absorb that energy. So they have special places, for

497
00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:50,280
Speaker 1: example on the International Space Station that have heavy shielding.

498
00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:52,320
Speaker 1: They can't shield the entire thing, or the whole thing

499
00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:54,240
Speaker 1: would be too heavy to be up in space, but

500
00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,520
Speaker 1: they have like a safe room basically, and if they

501
00:25:56,560 --> 00:25:59,840
Speaker 1: can tell the astronauts fast enough that this dose is coming,

502
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,360
Speaker 1: they all scrambled to the safe room to protect themselves,

503
00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:04,359
Speaker 1: kind of like a tornado. What do you call it,

504
00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:08,000
Speaker 1: tornado basement or tornado safe zone? That's right, but I

505
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:13,560
Speaker 1: don't think the space station has a basement. Yeah, it's

506
00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:16,800
Speaker 1: it's they it does. It's just upstairs. Right, it's the

507
00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:20,439
Speaker 1: ad exact. It's the metaphorical tornado basement on the space station.

508
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:23,600
Speaker 1: I love that. I like that. The idea of a

509
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,159
Speaker 1: space Tornadoes is that a thing? Can we make it

510
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,520
Speaker 1: a thing? I think we should write that. Yeah, absolutely,

511
00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:31,760
Speaker 1: don't tell everybody. That's the project you were talking about

512
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:33,520
Speaker 1: when you said you have to go away for six weeks. Right,

513
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:37,280
Speaker 1: that's right. I was working on Space Tornadoes. Yeah, that's

514
00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,280
Speaker 1: that's for next movie, Space Twister, that's right, and then

515
00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:45,440
Speaker 1: the sequel, Space Tornado with sharks. Right, yes, space Sharknado

516
00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:50,360
Speaker 1: or Galacto maybe Galactic Sharknado. Just to open up. Yeah,

517
00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:53,359
Speaker 1: but the aliens are sharks somehow, and they travel here

518
00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:56,080
Speaker 1: in a wormhole that's kind of like a tornado. Hey,

519
00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:57,600
Speaker 1: you know what, This started as a joke, but I

520
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:00,879
Speaker 1: think it's actually a pretty good idea. Hey, we have

521
00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:04,040
Speaker 1: a new project, guys. But you know, space weather isn't

522
00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,280
Speaker 1: all bad. If you get these particles coming into the atmosphere,

523
00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:09,600
Speaker 1: they don't all just penetrate the atmosphere. Some of them

524
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,119
Speaker 1: still blue spiral around the magnetic field and end up

525
00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:15,240
Speaker 1: in the north pole, and then you get extra solar

526
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:19,000
Speaker 1: and you get extra northern lights. This Aurora borealis, These

527
00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:21,679
Speaker 1: glow in the atmosphere of green and blue and crazy

528
00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:25,119
Speaker 1: dancing lights. Those are very spectacular in a solar storm.

529
00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:27,679
Speaker 1: So space weather can be pretty. I mean, it might

530
00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:30,120
Speaker 1: be killing some astronauts out there, but hey, you might

531
00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,919
Speaker 1: get a better picture, that's right. You know, on this

532
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:33,560
Speaker 1: podcast we try to look at the bright side of

533
00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,639
Speaker 1: the universe. Even fatal doses of radiation can look pretty

534
00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:38,880
Speaker 1: in some context. But you know, just like you shouldn't

535
00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:41,960
Speaker 1: be shooting hurricanes, please also don't shoot the northern lights.

536
00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:44,440
Speaker 1: So it sounds like it affects electronics out there in

537
00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:46,960
Speaker 1: space and astronauts in space. And maybe you were saying

538
00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:50,320
Speaker 1: even people in airplanes might get an extra those of radiation.

539
00:27:50,480 --> 00:27:52,440
Speaker 1: But is it something that I have to worry about

540
00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,080
Speaker 1: in an everyday basis, Like should I check the space

541
00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:57,880
Speaker 1: weather before I go to the beach? Um, it doesn't

542
00:27:57,880 --> 00:27:59,480
Speaker 1: matter a lot for airplanes. You're right, and we should

543
00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:02,320
Speaker 1: talk about that because people aren't probably aware that every

544
00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:04,160
Speaker 1: time you fly in an airplane you do get an

545
00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:06,840
Speaker 1: extra dose of radiation just because you're higher up in

546
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:08,679
Speaker 1: the atmosphere, and if you happen to be in the

547
00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,240
Speaker 1: atmosphere when there's one of these solar storms, it can

548
00:28:11,280 --> 00:28:13,560
Speaker 1: be a serious health issue. And in addition, it can

549
00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:17,080
Speaker 1: knock out the communications of your airplane. And this happens

550
00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: sometimes if planes rely on navigation technology, which can be

551
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,560
Speaker 1: useless in a solar storm because it relies on things

552
00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,320
Speaker 1: like bouncing signals off the atmosphere, and when a solar

553
00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:30,480
Speaker 1: storm comes, it basically makes ripples in the atmosphere, and

554
00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:33,920
Speaker 1: so these signals don't bounce cleanly. They scatter instead of reflecting,

555
00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:36,399
Speaker 1: and so there's been times when planes have had to

556
00:28:36,440 --> 00:28:40,600
Speaker 1: fly without these signals. Sometimes these adages are minutes. Sometimes

557
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:43,480
Speaker 1: these things are days long, and so you're plane could

558
00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:47,360
Speaker 1: be out there flying without the necessary navigational technology thanks

559
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,080
Speaker 1: to the sun's burp. But the pilots still, you know,

560
00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:53,040
Speaker 1: he's okay, he's here, she's okay, they're they're still still

561
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,400
Speaker 1: staring the plane, right, Oh yeah, they just close their

562
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,360
Speaker 1: eyes and hope, you know, okay, good. You know, planes

563
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,800
Speaker 1: all have many ways to nad a gate and lots

564
00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:03,480
Speaker 1: of backup systems. But when you lose one, then you're

565
00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:06,360
Speaker 1: more reliant on the others. Um But yes, in addition,

566
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,800
Speaker 1: it can affect you down here on Earth, can it? Though?

567
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:13,080
Speaker 1: Like will I get extra sunburn or you know, feel

568
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:15,320
Speaker 1: a little extra plasma E if I go to the

569
00:29:15,320 --> 00:29:17,640
Speaker 1: beach that day. How plasma E do you feel on

570
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:22,400
Speaker 1: a normal day? Depends on the day I get just enough.

571
00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:25,880
Speaker 1: That's called four Hey, weather folks, Yeah, it's it's not

572
00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:27,480
Speaker 1: a big thing for you to worry about in terms

573
00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:31,560
Speaker 1: of radiation. These things don't hit the Earth broadly, so

574
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:34,160
Speaker 1: you're very unlikely to be right in the middle of one.

575
00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:37,960
Speaker 1: But it can cause like blackouts, like in there was

576
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:41,280
Speaker 1: a really powerful geomagnetic storm that's set out a huge

577
00:29:41,760 --> 00:29:44,960
Speaker 1: power blackout in Canada. It left six million people without

578
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:49,440
Speaker 1: electricity for hours. But wait, white white only Canada. Wouldn't

579
00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:52,240
Speaker 1: it blanket the whole earth? No, these things are not

580
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:56,360
Speaker 1: necessarily earth sized. It's like a jet of particles and

581
00:29:56,480 --> 00:30:01,120
Speaker 1: just happen to hit Canada. Oh, they're like specific or

582
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:03,600
Speaker 1: like little laser beams. Now, you're making it sound like

583
00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:05,640
Speaker 1: the Sun hit Canada on purpose, Like the Sun is

584
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:09,440
Speaker 1: anti can I'm just saying, you know, I have a

585
00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:12,880
Speaker 1: pro Canada. I love Canada, so I'm very sensitive to

586
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:16,440
Speaker 1: any you know, defamation of Canadian character. Yeah. No, well

587
00:30:16,680 --> 00:30:21,960
Speaker 1: we were just accusing the Sun of of not liking Canadians. Yeah.

588
00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:24,239
Speaker 1: I hope it's you know, it's learned from then, and

589
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,440
Speaker 1: it's it's moved on. Um. Yeah, And you can actually

590
00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:29,160
Speaker 1: track this stuff, like you don't have to just be

591
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:31,720
Speaker 1: ignorant and hope that the space weather is going to

592
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:34,640
Speaker 1: be good. Maybe you are elon Musk and you're launching

593
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:36,480
Speaker 1: a satellite tomorrow and you want to know if the

594
00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:38,680
Speaker 1: solar flare is coming. There are actually a lot of

595
00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:41,040
Speaker 1: public resources people probably aren't aware about. All Right, well,

596
00:30:41,120 --> 00:30:44,160
Speaker 1: let's get into how you might predict space weather or

597
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:58,960
Speaker 1: even if that's possible. But first let's take a quick break.

598
00:31:01,240 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 1: All Right. We talked about space weather and how that's

599
00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:07,960
Speaker 1: really mostly sun weather, right, and how it involves solar

600
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,880
Speaker 1: flares and solar bourbs and vomits, and and that's because

601
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:13,600
Speaker 1: we are close to the Sun, right, The Sun is

602
00:31:13,640 --> 00:31:17,080
Speaker 1: the biggest thing nearby. If we were in the asteroid

603
00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:20,120
Speaker 1: Bells or something somewhere near Jupiter, then your Jupiter has

604
00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:22,520
Speaker 1: its own weather. Also, it pumps out a lot of radiation,

605
00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:28,280
Speaker 1: so there'd be weather from Jupiter also, Yeah, a jovial weather.

606
00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:35,520
Speaker 1: Juvial weather not always so jovial. Yeah, not a sunny

607
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:37,840
Speaker 1: but still pretty job. Yeah, if you're, for example, living

608
00:31:37,920 --> 00:31:39,840
Speaker 1: on the surface of Io, then you have to worry

609
00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:45,800
Speaker 1: about the radiation from from your Jovian planet exactly. Ah wow,

610
00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:48,440
Speaker 1: because the weather in Jupiter might be turning out and

611
00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:51,520
Speaker 1: burp ing and farting. Yeah, we know that Jupiter is

612
00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:53,320
Speaker 1: not static, and we can see from here that there

613
00:31:53,320 --> 00:31:57,320
Speaker 1: are storms on its surface and inside this crazy stuff happening,

614
00:31:57,320 --> 00:31:59,960
Speaker 1: and so the amount of radiation that Jupiter is emitting

615
00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,520
Speaker 1: is also varying. Down over here on Earth, we're mostly

616
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:05,440
Speaker 1: affected by the solar weather. So you're right. Space weather

617
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,000
Speaker 1: on Earth is mostly about the Sun because that's the

618
00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:11,800
Speaker 1: biggest source of weather nearby, and so it might cause

619
00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:15,480
Speaker 1: blackouts or fryer electronics or satellites, and so the question

620
00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:19,080
Speaker 1: is can we predict space weather? Can we like, um,

621
00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,040
Speaker 1: you know, give the satellites and the astronauts and little

622
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,360
Speaker 1: heads up. We're doing everything we can. You know, we

623
00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:27,120
Speaker 1: love to understand the Sun for lots of reasons. One

624
00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:29,320
Speaker 1: is just practical, like we need to know if our

625
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:31,840
Speaker 1: satellites are going to get blown out or protect our astronauts.

626
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:35,760
Speaker 1: And the other is it's the most important astrophysical thing nearby,

627
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:38,600
Speaker 1: and it's a huge mystery. If we understood better how

628
00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:41,160
Speaker 1: the Sun worked, we could understand how other stars work

629
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:43,520
Speaker 1: and how long they're gonna last, and how they were formed,

630
00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:47,240
Speaker 1: and there are pretty big important feature of this incredible

631
00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:50,120
Speaker 1: universe we find ourselves in. So it's a fun mystery,

632
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,160
Speaker 1: but we just don't understand it because we've only been

633
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,160
Speaker 1: studying it for you know, a hundred and fifty years

634
00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:59,120
Speaker 1: or so, and it's a literally a huge topic. I mean,

635
00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:01,040
Speaker 1: but couldn't we just look at the Sun and tell

636
00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:04,040
Speaker 1: if something's coming our way, because you know, I imagine

637
00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:07,640
Speaker 1: we could maybe see the flares before all of the

638
00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:10,840
Speaker 1: you know, protons and electrons hit us, when we have

639
00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:13,400
Speaker 1: some kind of warning. Yeah, well, there's two different kinds

640
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:14,680
Speaker 1: of things you can do. First of all, that's a

641
00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:17,280
Speaker 1: great idea. Nobody's ever thought of that before. Actually look

642
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:20,080
Speaker 1: at the sound to try to pregent. After this call,

643
00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:21,800
Speaker 1: I'm going to get on the phone with NASA and

644
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,560
Speaker 1: let them know your idea and a new project for

645
00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:27,160
Speaker 1: us now there's two things we're trying to do. One

646
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:29,640
Speaker 1: is sort of ground up understand the sun for as

647
00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:32,560
Speaker 1: a theoretical object. Do we know what's going on inside?

648
00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:35,040
Speaker 1: And so can we use that to predict what's going

649
00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:37,760
Speaker 1: to happen on the outside. And then you know, if

650
00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:39,960
Speaker 1: we can get that model to work, we can connect

651
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,840
Speaker 1: it with recent events and and that's the best way

652
00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:44,560
Speaker 1: to do it because it can give you a deeper

653
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,160
Speaker 1: inside and help you understand things in the short term

654
00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:49,920
Speaker 1: and the long term. And then there's the more practical one.

655
00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:52,080
Speaker 1: There's the sort of as you suggested, we said, well,

656
00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:55,720
Speaker 1: we've noticed a connection that there's happens to be a

657
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:58,960
Speaker 1: coronal mass ejection a few days after a sun spot

658
00:33:59,080 --> 00:34:01,760
Speaker 1: or the times after sunspots, and so you look for

659
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:04,160
Speaker 1: these patterns and try to use them to predict what's

660
00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:06,440
Speaker 1: going to happen. It's sort of like whether on Earth

661
00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:09,000
Speaker 1: used to be like, oh the sky is green, does

662
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,240
Speaker 1: I mean it's gonna be a tornado? We're just looking

663
00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:13,680
Speaker 1: for these patterns. Who try to see what gives you

664
00:34:13,680 --> 00:34:15,640
Speaker 1: a clue as to as to what's going to happen

665
00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:17,839
Speaker 1: in the next few days. I think the sun turn green.

666
00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,480
Speaker 1: That would be that would be a side something's going on.

667
00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:22,640
Speaker 1: What would you do if the sun turned green? Or

668
00:34:23,120 --> 00:34:27,919
Speaker 1: pack your bags and going to the basement. I would

669
00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:32,200
Speaker 1: make my Tornado space movie as quickly as possible before. Well,

670
00:34:32,239 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 1: you've been building your strategic banana reserve for a reason,

671
00:34:35,120 --> 00:34:37,239
Speaker 1: and so I guess you'd have to happen into that.

672
00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:40,040
Speaker 1: And this is an active area of research. In fact,

673
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,120
Speaker 1: it was just a couple of weeks ago that we

674
00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,920
Speaker 1: launched a whole new satellite just to study our atmosphere

675
00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:49,160
Speaker 1: and the impact of solar weather. It's called Icon and

676
00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:52,000
Speaker 1: it studies the iono sphere around the Earth. This this

677
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:56,399
Speaker 1: area of ionized particles that surrounds um in the lower atmosphere. Okay,

678
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,040
Speaker 1: so there are ways that we can sort of predict

679
00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:01,920
Speaker 1: these things, and they're people looking into it. But it's

680
00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:05,719
Speaker 1: still pretty it's a hot topic, hot and um, but

681
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:07,839
Speaker 1: it sounds like it's still sort of we're still sort

682
00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:10,920
Speaker 1: of at the mercy of the weather. Absolutely. You know,

683
00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: it's hard enough to understand the weather here on Earth,

684
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:14,799
Speaker 1: and we're right in the middle of it. We can

685
00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:17,120
Speaker 1: observe it in so many ways. We can take any

686
00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:19,759
Speaker 1: measurement we want. We just go outside now, trying to

687
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:24,240
Speaker 1: imagine understanding the weather on something nine three million miles away,

688
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,279
Speaker 1: You can hardly take measurements. It's much bigger, it's much

689
00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:30,480
Speaker 1: more complicated, it's totally different from anything you experience. That's

690
00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:33,680
Speaker 1: a much more difficult problem to solve scientifically, and it's

691
00:35:33,719 --> 00:35:36,840
Speaker 1: just as complicated because the solar atmosphere in the solar

692
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:40,160
Speaker 1: surface is in motion. It's churning, as you said, So

693
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,480
Speaker 1: this is not something that's easy to do, and so

694
00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:45,520
Speaker 1: it's an exciting topic. So those you interested in helping

695
00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,880
Speaker 1: to protect a billion dollar industry every year, or protect

696
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:51,960
Speaker 1: astronauts lives, or just deeply interested in like how the

697
00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:54,880
Speaker 1: sun works and can we understand it, there's gonna be

698
00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:56,919
Speaker 1: a long future of research. You could be the person

699
00:35:56,960 --> 00:36:03,800
Speaker 1: who invents the quantum Doppler solar three million, which summons

700
00:36:03,880 --> 00:36:06,560
Speaker 1: the shark tornado and ends all life on Earth. Right,

701
00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:11,800
Speaker 1: tuning a tune in at ten o'clock for Daniel and

702
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:16,839
Speaker 1: Jorge destroy the universe? All right, Well, the next time

703
00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:19,320
Speaker 1: you go out there and think about the weather, maybe

704
00:36:19,440 --> 00:36:22,880
Speaker 1: also leave a little room in your brain for thinking

705
00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:25,279
Speaker 1: about the space weather as well, and whether that might

706
00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:27,440
Speaker 1: affect you when you go out and whether it's going

707
00:36:27,520 --> 00:36:30,479
Speaker 1: to be hot or not. Thanks for tuning in, See

708
00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:40,399
Speaker 1: you next time. Before you still have a question after

709
00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:43,560
Speaker 1: listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

710
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:45,759
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

711
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:49,560
Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's

712
00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:53,000
Speaker 1: one Word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and

713
00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:56,560
Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel

714
00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:59,040
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I

715
00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:02,759
Speaker 1: Heart Ready for more podcasts for my Heart Radio, visit

716
00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:06,279
Speaker 1: the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

717
00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:13,239
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. H