1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:19,480 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. At various points on the show, 4 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:23,319 Speaker 1: we have mentioned that someone we were talking about was 5 00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:27,319 Speaker 1: an anti vivisectionist, so that's included Emma Hardy, who was 6 00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:31,200 Speaker 1: married to Thomas Hardy, as well as author Vernon Lee. 7 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:35,640 Speaker 1: And then we've also talked about anti vivisectionists as a 8 00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: group opposing medical research and drug development that used living 9 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:45,239 Speaker 1: animals in some way, so that included the production of 10 00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:50,320 Speaker 1: early smallpox vaccines and research into isolating and producing anselin 11 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: sort of. It's a thing that has kind of come 12 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 1: up in passing a lot. Almost we haven't ever really 13 00:00:57,080 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: focused on the anti vivisection movement or talked in much 14 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:06,520 Speaker 1: more detail about what that meant. So the term vivisection 15 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: was first used in English in the eighteenth century to 16 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:15,440 Speaker 1: describe the act of cutting or dissecting a living organism, 17 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:20,000 Speaker 1: so not an animal that had died, but an animal 18 00:01:20,040 --> 00:01:25,200 Speaker 1: that was alive, and the words vivisectionist and anti vivisectionist 19 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: were both coined in the nineteenth century to describe people 20 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: who either defended or opposed experiments that were done on live, 21 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:40,640 Speaker 1: non human animals. The term vivisection is still used today. 22 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:45,479 Speaker 1: There are still anti vivisection organizations, but when people talk 23 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:48,840 Speaker 1: about this as a movement, they're generally focused on the 24 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:52,200 Speaker 1: late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and that is what 25 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:55,720 Speaker 1: we are talking about today with the Brown Dog Affair. 26 00:01:56,320 --> 00:02:00,720 Speaker 1: This was a series of demonstrations and riots arounding a 27 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: statue that had been erected in the Battersea area of London, 28 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:11,079 Speaker 1: a statue commemorated dogs who had been killed due to vivisection. Also, 29 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:15,960 Speaker 1: just the note we are aware that humans are also animals, 30 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:20,440 Speaker 1: but adding the words non human before animals every time 31 00:02:20,480 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 1: we say it in this audio podcast like that would 32 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:29,080 Speaker 1: be incredibly cumbersome. So we know everyone knows what we 33 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:32,079 Speaker 1: mean when we say humans and animals, and we recognize 34 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:36,640 Speaker 1: that yes, humans are also animals. There's almost part of 35 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:38,760 Speaker 1: me that wants to say it every time so people 36 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:44,160 Speaker 1: will realize how stilted it will become. Okay, that is 37 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:46,400 Speaker 1: probably the last laughing that's really going to happen, because 38 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:50,639 Speaker 1: this is, you know, not the most fun subject. Vivisection 39 00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:54,360 Speaker 1: became a major focus for animal rights activists in Britain, 40 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: but the first animal cruelty laws to be proposed in 41 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:00,720 Speaker 1: the UK didn't reference it at all, because at that 42 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,400 Speaker 1: point it wasn't really being done in a formal or 43 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:07,880 Speaker 1: public way. Instead, laws proposed in the early nineteenth century 44 00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:11,880 Speaker 1: focused primarily on blood sports like cockfighting and bull baiting, 45 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:15,360 Speaker 1: and on the treatment of livestock, farm animals and working 46 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:19,840 Speaker 1: animals like cart horses. So these laws were motivated by 47 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:24,080 Speaker 1: changing attitudes about animals and how people thought animals should 48 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:28,200 Speaker 1: be treated, but they were also motivated by perceptions about 49 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: poor and working class people. There was a sense that 50 00:03:32,639 --> 00:03:38,040 Speaker 1: watching and participating in blood sports or mistreating working animals 51 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 1: would lead to some kind of moral decay or decline 52 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:46,240 Speaker 1: in poor people. There was not, however, as an example, 53 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:50,520 Speaker 1: a similar sense that activities like fox hunting would cause 54 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:53,120 Speaker 1: a decline among the rich. Like there were people who 55 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:59,280 Speaker 1: opposed fox hunting, but there wasn't really like a legislative 56 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 1: pressure to try to stop rich people from hunting foxes. 57 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: But there was a sense that cruelty to animals had 58 00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 1: a negative effect on people more broadly, particularly among animal 59 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:16,680 Speaker 1: rights activists and social reformers. Lewis Gomperts, who established the 60 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: Animal's Friend Society in eighteen thirty three, submitted a list 61 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:24,160 Speaker 1: of five reasons against cruelty to animals in the organization's 62 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: periodical quote. First, it injures the animals themselves. Second, it 63 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:33,799 Speaker 1: injures the feelings of well disposed persons, takes up their time, 64 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: and creates animosity between them and the perpetrators. Third, it 65 00:04:38,839 --> 00:04:43,560 Speaker 1: initiates mankind to be cruel to man. Fourth, its excess 66 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:47,039 Speaker 1: is generally so great as much to engage the attention 67 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:52,240 Speaker 1: otherwise due to the human species. Fifth, these reasons give 68 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: birth to offense to the deity. One of the earliest 69 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:59,400 Speaker 1: animal protection laws to be passed in Britain was the 70 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:03,320 Speaker 1: Cruel an Improper Treatment of Cattle Act that was also 71 00:05:03,400 --> 00:05:07,400 Speaker 1: called Martin's Act after Irish Member of Parliament Richard Martin. 72 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:12,159 Speaker 1: Martin proposed a number of different animal protection laws during 73 00:05:12,200 --> 00:05:16,279 Speaker 1: his political career, including other laws that targeted dog fighting 74 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:19,200 Speaker 1: and bear baiting. King George the Fourth gave him the 75 00:05:19,279 --> 00:05:23,640 Speaker 1: nickname Humanity Dick because of this focus on animal protection. 76 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:27,440 Speaker 1: Martin's Act was passed in eighteen twenty two and it 77 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:37,680 Speaker 1: outlawed quote the cruel and improper treatment of horses, mayors, gelding's, mules, asses, cows, heifers, steers, oxen, sheep, 78 00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: and other cattle, so it didn't cover animals like dogs 79 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:46,839 Speaker 1: and cats. It didn't mention vivisection. Similarly, when the Society 80 00:05:46,880 --> 00:05:49,719 Speaker 1: for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals was first established 81 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty four, its primary focus was on the 82 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:58,039 Speaker 1: humane treatment of carriage horses. Eighteen twenty four was also 83 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:00,680 Speaker 1: the year that more people in the UK started to 84 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:04,880 Speaker 1: be exposed to the idea of vivisection, as French experimental 85 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:11,599 Speaker 1: physiologist Francois Mugendie started holding public vivisections in London. Musgendie 86 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: is sometimes credited with introducing or at least popularizing animal 87 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: experimentation as part of scientific and medical research in Europe. 88 00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: Although various anesthetics had been in use in parts of 89 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:28,960 Speaker 1: Asia for centuries, they really weren't widely used in Western 90 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:33,880 Speaker 1: medicine yet, and the first demonstration of modern anesthetics in 91 00:06:33,920 --> 00:06:38,840 Speaker 1: Europe was still decades away. So the animals that Musgendie 92 00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:43,960 Speaker 1: vivisected were not anesthetized, and they were very clearly in pain. 93 00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:48,320 Speaker 1: To make things worse, some of the descriptions of Musgendie's 94 00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:53,360 Speaker 1: demonstrations suggest that he was enjoying this. He was immediately 95 00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:57,200 Speaker 1: denounced by animal rights activists. Richard Martin, among other people, 96 00:06:57,240 --> 00:07:01,800 Speaker 1: called him a disgrace to society. Animal rights activists were 97 00:07:01,880 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: not the only ones criticizing vivisection. A significant number of 98 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:10,360 Speaker 1: doctors and medical students disapproved of it as well. Medicine 99 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:14,440 Speaker 1: was in the process of becoming a more formalized, professionalized field, 100 00:07:14,720 --> 00:07:17,120 Speaker 1: and a lot of people thought vivisection could damage the 101 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:21,720 Speaker 1: reputation of the entire profession. There were some parallels to 102 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: the opposition to ignose semel Vis's recommendation that doctors washed 103 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:29,320 Speaker 1: their hands, which was happening around the same time. In 104 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:33,680 Speaker 1: the view of the medical establishment, doctors were gentlemen. Gentlemen's 105 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:37,280 Speaker 1: hands were always clean, and gentlemen also did not cut 106 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:42,440 Speaker 1: into live animals. Some medical schools and institutes did start 107 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:46,800 Speaker 1: incorporating vivisection into their research work and their instruction, though, 108 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:50,960 Speaker 1: and as the practice spread, public opposition to it did 109 00:07:51,040 --> 00:07:55,320 Speaker 1: as well. Some people called for strict regulation of vivisection 110 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:59,320 Speaker 1: to ensure that animals didn't needlessly suffer, and that any 111 00:07:59,360 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: procedures that were carried out on them would have some 112 00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: kind of a real positive impact, either for the animal 113 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: or for humanity. Others called for vivisection to be banned entirely. 114 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 1: In addition to this spectrum of how people opposed vivisection, 115 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:20,480 Speaker 1: there was also some variety in how anti vivisectionists approached 116 00:08:20,560 --> 00:08:25,440 Speaker 1: other animal rights issues. So, for example, some anti vivisectionists 117 00:08:25,480 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: were also vegetarians, while others weren't really opposed to eating meat, 118 00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: or wearing leather, or even hunting for sport. They saw 119 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:38,680 Speaker 1: vivisection as this particularly cruel, specific thing. The anti vivisection 120 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,679 Speaker 1: movement was largely led by women, and it had a 121 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: lot of overlap with the suffrage movement. There was this 122 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: sense that women and non human animals shared a common 123 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:51,000 Speaker 1: struggle and that neither of them had equal rights with 124 00:08:51,080 --> 00:08:55,120 Speaker 1: men or agency over their own lives. Many of the 125 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:58,040 Speaker 1: men who were active in the movement were laborers and 126 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:02,040 Speaker 1: trade unionists, and sometimes their advocacy carried kind of a 127 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: similar sense that their bodies were being exploited through work, 128 00:09:07,240 --> 00:09:11,960 Speaker 1: just as animals bodies were being exploited through vivisection. Because 129 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:16,120 Speaker 1: the anti vivisection movement was so associated with women, and 130 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:20,359 Speaker 1: because caring about animal welfare was seen as overly sensitive, 131 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:23,839 Speaker 1: men who were part of the movement were often disparaged 132 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 1: as being effeminate, and people who supported vivisection just dismissed 133 00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:32,960 Speaker 1: the entire movement as standing in the way of scientific 134 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:37,480 Speaker 1: and medical progress and valuing animal lives over human lives. 135 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:40,800 Speaker 1: Two women who later became a big part of the 136 00:09:40,840 --> 00:09:45,520 Speaker 1: anti vivisection movement were Lisa Schartau and Emily Augusta Louise 137 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:49,240 Speaker 1: lend of Hogabee, who was known as Lizzie. They said 138 00:09:49,240 --> 00:09:52,200 Speaker 1: of this dismissal quote, we are all familiar with the 139 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:55,840 Speaker 1: again and again repeated description of the pain involved in 140 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 1: experiments on animals as being similar to that caused by 141 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: a prayer of a pen. Words like the above quoted 142 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:07,559 Speaker 1: implied that anti vivisectionists do not know the truth about vivisection, 143 00:10:07,679 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 1: and that if they did, they would at once give 144 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:13,680 Speaker 1: up their ill informed agitation and replace it by a 145 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: profound admiration for the great men who were engaged in 146 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:22,760 Speaker 1: this praiseworthy and unselfish practice. In eighteen seventy six, Francis 147 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: Power Cobb and the Victoria Street Society led an anti 148 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: vivisection campaign that ultimately led to the passage of an 149 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: Act to amend the law relating to Cruelty to Animals. 150 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:37,640 Speaker 1: Also known as the Cruelty to Animals Act of eighteen 151 00:10:37,679 --> 00:10:41,280 Speaker 1: seventy six and sometimes called the Vivisection Act of eighteen 152 00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:46,400 Speaker 1: seventy six, this act outlawed the performing of animal experiments 153 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:50,880 Speaker 1: that were quote calculated to give pain. Experiments on live 154 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: animals were permissible only if they were performed with quote 155 00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: a view to the advancement by new discovery of physiological knowledge, 156 00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: or of knowledge which will be useful for saving or 157 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: prolonging life, or alleviating suffering. In addition, people performing such 158 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:11,360 Speaker 1: experiments had to be licensed, and the animals had to 159 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:13,960 Speaker 1: be anesthetized to the point that they would feel no pain. 160 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:17,440 Speaker 1: If the animal was likely to feel pain after the 161 00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:20,959 Speaker 1: procedure was over, or if the procedure caused serious injury, 162 00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 1: then the animal was to be euthanized before the anesthesia 163 00:11:24,559 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: were off, unless doing so would quote frustrate the object 164 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:32,640 Speaker 1: of the experiment. The Act also banned vivisection as an 165 00:11:32,640 --> 00:11:36,320 Speaker 1: illustration for lectures in places like medical schools, and it 166 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: banned the performance of vivisection for the purpose of attaining 167 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:43,720 Speaker 1: manual skill at a procedure. But there were some exceptions 168 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:48,240 Speaker 1: to a lot of this. Vivisections during medical lectures were 169 00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:52,280 Speaker 1: allowed if they were absolutely necessary for the instruction of 170 00:11:52,360 --> 00:11:55,360 Speaker 1: people who were then going to go on to prolong 171 00:11:55,440 --> 00:12:00,440 Speaker 1: people's lives or alleviate their suffering. If using anesthesia would 172 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: quote frustrate the object of the experiment, than the experiment 173 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:07,439 Speaker 1: could be done without it. The law also laid out 174 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:12,960 Speaker 1: some special considerations regarding dogs, cats, horses, asses, and mules 175 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: in vivisection. After this law was in place, vivisection continued 176 00:12:18,559 --> 00:12:21,360 Speaker 1: to become more widespread, and we'll talk more about that 177 00:12:21,480 --> 00:12:34,120 Speaker 1: after a sponsor break. As we mentioned before, the break. 178 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:37,400 Speaker 1: Under the Cruelty to Animals Act of eighteen seventy six, 179 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:42,400 Speaker 1: vivisection required a license. Over the next fifteen years after 180 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:45,240 Speaker 1: the law was passed, more than six hundred and seventy 181 00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: five people got one of those licenses, but that was 182 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,600 Speaker 1: a tiny, tiny fraction of the total number of people 183 00:12:51,679 --> 00:12:55,360 Speaker 1: who were practicing medicine or teaching physiology. Or doing some 184 00:12:55,440 --> 00:13:00,480 Speaker 1: other work that might involve vivisection. Most practice ns just 185 00:13:00,679 --> 00:13:04,319 Speaker 1: really did not have anything to do with it. Even so, 186 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:09,320 Speaker 1: though the number of vivisections was rising dramatically, according to 187 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:13,120 Speaker 1: Richard D. French, who published a book called Anti Vivisection 188 00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:16,920 Speaker 1: and Medical Science and Victorian Society in nineteen seventy five, 189 00:13:17,559 --> 00:13:21,560 Speaker 1: the number of vivisections rose from a little more than 190 00:13:21,679 --> 00:13:25,440 Speaker 1: three hundred a year in eighteen eighty to ninety five 191 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 1: thousand a year in the nineteen teens. Two of the 192 00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:34,600 Speaker 1: people who were conducting vivisections in London were physiologists Ernest 193 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:38,720 Speaker 1: Starling and William Bayliss, who worked at University College London. 194 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:42,360 Speaker 1: The two of them were collaborators, and Bayliss was also 195 00:13:42,440 --> 00:13:46,880 Speaker 1: married to Starling's sister. Among other things, Starling is credited 196 00:13:46,880 --> 00:13:49,960 Speaker 1: with coining the word hormone after a series of discoveries 197 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,320 Speaker 1: the two men made together involving the function of the pancreas. 198 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,840 Speaker 1: A lot of this research was conducted on dogs. The 199 00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:00,760 Speaker 1: vivisections that led to the brown dog affair were on 200 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:03,959 Speaker 1: one that was described as quote a big brown dog 201 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:07,760 Speaker 1: of the terrier type, and December of nineteen o two, 202 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:11,480 Speaker 1: Starling conducted a procedure on this dog in which he 203 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:15,000 Speaker 1: tied off the dogs pancreas. This was part of ongoing 204 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:18,800 Speaker 1: research into diabetes, and he said that within a couple 205 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:21,960 Speaker 1: of days the dog had recovered from that procedure and 206 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,920 Speaker 1: was acting normal and free from pain. Two months later, 207 00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:30,240 Speaker 1: on February second, nineteen oh three, Starling conducted a second 208 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:34,160 Speaker 1: procedure to inspect the results of that earlier legation of 209 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,440 Speaker 1: the pancreas and to look at any fluid that was 210 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:42,160 Speaker 1: then contained in the pancreas. Although that Cruelty to Animals 211 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,800 Speaker 1: Act of eighteen seventy six was interpreted as meaning that 212 00:14:45,880 --> 00:14:49,720 Speaker 1: an animal could not be subjected to vivisection more than once, 213 00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:53,600 Speaker 1: this actually fell under one of its exceptions, because Starling 214 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:57,080 Speaker 1: was like examining the changes that had been brought about 215 00:14:57,120 --> 00:15:00,880 Speaker 1: by that first procedure, something he would have been able 216 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:04,280 Speaker 1: to do if he had euthanized the dog afterward. But 217 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 1: then Starling gave the dog to William Bayless, who wanted 218 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:11,480 Speaker 1: to conduct a demonstration involving the dog's salivary glands for 219 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:16,359 Speaker 1: medical students at University College London. Bayless hoped to stimulate 220 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:18,840 Speaker 1: the glands with electrodes and show that the pressure in 221 00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: the salivary system could be greater than the dog's blood 222 00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:27,240 Speaker 1: pressure for reasons that are unclear, Though this didn't work. Afterward, 223 00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:30,280 Speaker 1: Bayliss gave the dog to a student named Henry Dale, 224 00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: who wanted to study the dog's pancreas further. After removing 225 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:39,280 Speaker 1: the pancreas, Dale euthanized the dog. Witness statements contradict on 226 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:43,360 Speaker 1: which method Dale used. As a side note, Dale would 227 00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:45,960 Speaker 1: go on to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology 228 00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:50,480 Speaker 1: or Medicine along with Otto Loewe, for research into neurotransmitters. 229 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:54,800 Speaker 1: Two of the people who were in the audience during 230 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 1: this demonstration involving the dog's salivary glands were Lisa Sharks 231 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 1: and Lizzie Lindoff Hogaby, who we quoted back before the break. 232 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:09,320 Speaker 1: These were two upper class women from Sweden who were feminists, vegetarians, 233 00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:13,680 Speaker 1: and animal rights activists. Sometimes they are described as having 234 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:19,280 Speaker 1: infiltrated this lecture to expose the practice of vivisection. That's 235 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:22,440 Speaker 1: only part of the story, though. These two women had 236 00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:26,280 Speaker 1: come to the UK to study physiology and to study 237 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:30,560 Speaker 1: how vivisection was being used in physiological research and instruction. 238 00:16:31,280 --> 00:16:34,280 Speaker 1: They had enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women, 239 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 1: and their original plan had involved completing a full course 240 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:43,640 Speaker 1: of study, something they eventually abandoned because, in their words quote, 241 00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:49,000 Speaker 1: physiology is at present inseparable from experiments on animals, and 242 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:52,880 Speaker 1: nobody objecting to them could have any chance of obtaining 243 00:16:52,920 --> 00:16:57,080 Speaker 1: a degree. The London School of Medicine for Women didn't 244 00:16:57,120 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: allow vivisections, so Schartau and Linda Hogaby attended demonstrations at 245 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:06,639 Speaker 1: other institutions and organizations all around London. They kept a 246 00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:10,600 Speaker 1: journal of their experiences and what they witnessed at these demonstrations, 247 00:17:10,640 --> 00:17:14,119 Speaker 1: and at some point they showed their notes to Stephen Coleridge, 248 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:19,600 Speaker 1: Honorary Secretary of the National Anti Vivisection Society. On May first, 249 00:17:19,680 --> 00:17:23,040 Speaker 1: nineteen oh three, Coleridge gave an address before an audience 250 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: of about two thousand people at an Anti Vivisection Society meeting. 251 00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:31,200 Speaker 1: He detailed what the two women had seen. His remarks 252 00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:34,600 Speaker 1: were also published in the London Daily News the next day, 253 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:38,520 Speaker 1: and in all of this he specifically mentioned William Bayless 254 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:43,119 Speaker 1: Bayliss's attorney contacted Coleridge saying that his statements about the 255 00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:46,680 Speaker 1: vivisection were untrue, and after some back and forth failed 256 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:50,840 Speaker 1: to reach any's kind of resolution, Bayliss sued Coleridge for libel. 257 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:54,439 Speaker 1: A trial ran for four days in November of nineteen 258 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:58,960 Speaker 1: oh three. Although Schartau and Lindaff Hogaby's account said that 259 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:02,240 Speaker 1: no anesthetic had been used during the demonstration and there 260 00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:06,639 Speaker 1: had been no mention of an anesthetic administered previously, Bayliss 261 00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:09,960 Speaker 1: and others associated with the university testified that the dog 262 00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: had been anesthetized to the point of unconsciousness. Schartau and 263 00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:19,800 Speaker 1: Lindoff Hogaby appeared as witnesses, although their testimony was dismissed 264 00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:24,520 Speaker 1: as hysterical. In the end, Bayliss was awarded two thousand 265 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:29,480 Speaker 1: pounds in damages. Schartau and Lindoff Hogaby really don't seem 266 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:33,080 Speaker 1: to have anticipated that the account that they showed Coleridge 267 00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:35,720 Speaker 1: was then going to lead to this trial and a 268 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:40,200 Speaker 1: libel suit against him. They had also published their journals 269 00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,120 Speaker 1: as a book called The Shambles of Science Extracts from 270 00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:48,080 Speaker 1: the Diary of two students of Physiology. The February second 271 00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: vivisection was in that book, in a chapter that was 272 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:57,359 Speaker 1: called fun. After the trial and the judgment against Coleridge, 273 00:18:57,359 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: they pulled their book. They removed that chapter, and they 274 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:03,560 Speaker 1: made some other edits to try to protect themselves from 275 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 1: further legal action before rereleasing it in nineteen o four. 276 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:11,960 Speaker 1: While this trial did not find that Bayliss's vivisection had 277 00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:15,879 Speaker 1: been unlawful in any way, it was widely covered in 278 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:18,200 Speaker 1: the press and it brought a huge amount of publicity 279 00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:22,000 Speaker 1: to the practice of vivisection in general, and to the 280 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:26,240 Speaker 1: Big Brown Dog in particular. Anna Luisa Woodward, founder of 281 00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:29,160 Speaker 1: England's branch of the World League for Protection of Animals, 282 00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:32,320 Speaker 1: started raising money for a statue to commemorate the dog, 283 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,679 Speaker 1: as well as all the other animals who were killed 284 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:38,679 Speaker 1: as a result of vivisection. This monument was made by 285 00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:42,920 Speaker 1: English sculptor Joseph Whitehead, with a statue of a bronze 286 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:47,040 Speaker 1: dog atop a marble water fountain for both people and dogs, 287 00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 1: a very tall fountain like the few were standing up. 288 00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:55,159 Speaker 1: The dog portion would be above a person's head. This 289 00:19:55,359 --> 00:19:58,520 Speaker 1: was ready in nineteen o four, but a site wasn't 290 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,159 Speaker 1: ready for it to be installed till nineteen o six. 291 00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,680 Speaker 1: It was placed in Lachmir Recreation ground at the center 292 00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:08,720 Speaker 1: of Lachmir housing estate, and was unveiled on September fifteenth, 293 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:12,680 Speaker 1: nineteen oh six. This statue had an inscription that read 294 00:20:12,760 --> 00:20:16,320 Speaker 1: quote in memory of the brown terrier dog done to 295 00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:20,280 Speaker 1: death in the laboratories of University College in February nineteen 296 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:25,320 Speaker 1: oh three, after having endured vivisection extending over more than 297 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:29,119 Speaker 1: two months, and having been handed from one vivisector to 298 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:33,280 Speaker 1: another till death came to its release. Also in memory 299 00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:36,439 Speaker 1: of the two hundred thirty two dogs vivisected at the 300 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 1: same place during the year nineteen o two, men and 301 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:45,200 Speaker 1: women of England? How long shall these things be? Medical students, 302 00:20:45,359 --> 00:20:49,240 Speaker 1: researchers and others who thought vivisection was necessary and even 303 00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:54,119 Speaker 1: laudable immediately disliked the statue and found its inscription to 304 00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:58,400 Speaker 1: be needlessly incendiary and inaccurate. But for about a year 305 00:20:58,720 --> 00:21:01,680 Speaker 1: people who objected to it mostly just left it alone. 306 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:04,680 Speaker 1: But we will get to how that changed after another 307 00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:17,560 Speaker 1: sponsor break. We mentioned earlier that the memorial to the 308 00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:21,200 Speaker 1: brown dog had been placed at a recreation area at 309 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,680 Speaker 1: the center of Latchmere Housing Estate. This was a newly 310 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:28,439 Speaker 1: built council housing estate, in other words, of public housing 311 00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:32,359 Speaker 1: development in the Battersea borough of London. It was the 312 00:21:32,480 --> 00:21:36,480 Speaker 1: first such development in England to be built by workers 313 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:39,920 Speaker 1: who had been directly hired and paid by the council. 314 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:43,880 Speaker 1: The Battersea Trades and Labor Council had advocated for this 315 00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:48,160 Speaker 1: direct labor approach, arguing that it would help protect workers 316 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:52,720 Speaker 1: pay and working conditions, while also providing higher quality work 317 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:58,720 Speaker 1: for the community. The development itself also reflected Battersea's local politics, 318 00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:02,280 Speaker 1: with streets who were named after radical politicians and leftists, 319 00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:05,439 Speaker 1: as well as names like Freedom Street and Reform Street. 320 00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:09,199 Speaker 1: At the start of the twentieth century, Battersea had a 321 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: progressive local government, with John Burns, who was a socialist 322 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:17,200 Speaker 1: and labor leader, representing Battersea in Parliament. The area was 323 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: also home to a lot of labor activists, socialists and 324 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:25,680 Speaker 1: political radicals. The National Anti Vivisection Hospital, which was established 325 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:29,560 Speaker 1: in nineteen o two, was located in Battersea. There was 326 00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,840 Speaker 1: also the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, sometimes just called 327 00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,840 Speaker 1: the Battersea Dogs Home. This is one of the oldest 328 00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:39,480 Speaker 1: animal rescues in the UK. Founded by Mary Tealby in 329 00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:43,200 Speaker 1: the Holloway district of North London in eighteen sixty, it 330 00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:46,159 Speaker 1: had moved to Battersea in eighteen seventy one and started 331 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,840 Speaker 1: sheltering cats in eighteen eighty three. Basically, if you were 332 00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,639 Speaker 1: going to put an anti vivisection dog statue somewhere in 333 00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:56,240 Speaker 1: London at the start of the twentieth century, it just 334 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,960 Speaker 1: made a lot of sense to put it in Battersea. 335 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:02,679 Speaker 1: In nineteen seven, a carnival was held in Battersey to 336 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,760 Speaker 1: raise money for the Anti Vivisection Hospital. There were three 337 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:11,480 Speaker 1: central funds that distributed donations two hospitals, but the Anti 338 00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:15,280 Speaker 1: Vivisection Hospital really got little to no money from any 339 00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:19,359 Speaker 1: of them. This was both because of its public stance 340 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:23,240 Speaker 1: against vivisection and all the kind of political nuance associated 341 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 1: with that, and also because it's motto of no vivisection 342 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:31,920 Speaker 1: in schools, no vivisectors on staff, no experiments on patients 343 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:37,480 Speaker 1: kind of seemed to imply that other hospitals were experimenting 344 00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:42,120 Speaker 1: on patients. These funds kind of wanted to distance themselves 345 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:46,320 Speaker 1: from all of that. This carnival brought renewed attention to 346 00:23:46,359 --> 00:23:49,879 Speaker 1: the anti vivisection movement in Battersey and the statue of 347 00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:53,240 Speaker 1: the Brown Dog, and on November twentieth, nineteen o seven, 348 00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:56,399 Speaker 1: a group of medical students tried to smash it with 349 00:23:56,440 --> 00:24:01,800 Speaker 1: a sledgehammer. Ten people were arrested in fun. Two days later, 350 00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:05,240 Speaker 1: more students rallied in support of their arrested classmates and 351 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 1: against the magistrate who had levied the fine. They tried 352 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:11,479 Speaker 1: to burn the magistrate in effigy, but they couldn't get 353 00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,080 Speaker 1: it to light and wound up throwing it in the Thames. 354 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,040 Speaker 1: Five more people were arrested after a student demonstration on 355 00:24:18,119 --> 00:24:23,239 Speaker 1: November twenty fifth, and protests continued from there. According to 356 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 1: a pamphlet that was later published describing these protests, the 357 00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 1: anti Doggers, as they were known, had become quote alarmingly 358 00:24:32,240 --> 00:24:37,720 Speaker 1: uncontrollable and unreasonable by about December fifth. On December tenth, 359 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:41,960 Speaker 1: at least a thousand people protested in Trafalgar Square, carrying 360 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:45,840 Speaker 1: brown toy dogs on poles and chanting things like down 361 00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:49,199 Speaker 1: with the brown Dog. There were some like very petty 362 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:52,720 Speaker 1: anti brown dogs songs and chants that people wrote for this. 363 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:57,280 Speaker 1: At the same time, demonstrators and Battersea tried to wrench 364 00:24:57,359 --> 00:25:00,240 Speaker 1: the dog off of its pedestal with a crow bar, 365 00:25:00,359 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 1: but were dispersed by the police. On December eleventh, protesters 366 00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:09,680 Speaker 1: disrupted an anti vivisection Society meeting, shouting down the speakers, 367 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:14,360 Speaker 1: setting off crackers, and throwing quote quantities of a pungent chemical. 368 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:18,919 Speaker 1: As protests continued, students started burning dogs in effigy and 369 00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:23,640 Speaker 1: marching with toy dogs impaled on stakes. Meanwhile, a variety 370 00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:26,119 Speaker 1: of people came together in Battersea to try to resist 371 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:31,120 Speaker 1: these demonstrators and protect the statue, including suffragists, labor activists, 372 00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:34,119 Speaker 1: and socialists. Some of the people who tried to defend 373 00:25:34,119 --> 00:25:37,440 Speaker 1: the statue were anti vivisectionists, but others saw this whole 374 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,520 Speaker 1: dispute as a symbolic defense of their own rights as 375 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:44,879 Speaker 1: laborers and as human beings, something that anti vivisectionists thought 376 00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:49,040 Speaker 1: might be diluting their message. All of this was covered 377 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,960 Speaker 1: extensively in medical journals, which generally sided with the students. 378 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:58,040 Speaker 1: One commentary published in the British Medical Journal offered the 379 00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:02,160 Speaker 1: opinion that as studentshing the statue with a hammer would 380 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:05,240 Speaker 1: be quote doing what is his moral duty to his 381 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:09,320 Speaker 1: college teachers and comrades, and his strict legal duty to 382 00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,840 Speaker 1: his country and his king. The medical publication Medical Press 383 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:17,000 Speaker 1: and Circular published a piece that described the riots as 384 00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:21,480 Speaker 1: evidence of quote pent up hatred felt by certain classes 385 00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: towards medical science and medical men, even though the medical 386 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:30,440 Speaker 1: students had generally been the instigators in all this. Newspapers 387 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:33,720 Speaker 1: covered the protests as well, with much of that coverage 388 00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 1: criticizing anti vivisectionists and even the statue itself. A December 389 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:42,200 Speaker 1: twenty fourth editorial in The Times called its inscription quote 390 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:46,560 Speaker 1: a downright lie, a gross, deliberate, carefully thought out lie. 391 00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:49,960 Speaker 1: The same day, The Times also published a piece from 392 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:54,439 Speaker 1: surgeon and pro vivisection campaigner Stephen Paget, which called the 393 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:59,480 Speaker 1: Battersea Memorial no better than indecent exhibitions, obscene pictures and 394 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:03,960 Speaker 1: black famous oratory. By the end of December nineteen oh seven, 395 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,960 Speaker 1: the Battersey Borough Council was debating whether to change the 396 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,640 Speaker 1: statue's inscription to something that might not provoke so much 397 00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:16,120 Speaker 1: ire than. On January seventh, nineteen o eight, Battersea's Chief 398 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,520 Speaker 1: Commissioner of Police informed the council that it would need 399 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:23,919 Speaker 1: to either remove the statue or budget seven hundred pounds 400 00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:27,119 Speaker 1: a year to pay for twenty four hour police protection. 401 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:31,600 Speaker 1: In debates over what to do, Lizzie Landolf Hogaby defended 402 00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:37,119 Speaker 1: the statue's inscription word by word as accurate. A pamphlet 403 00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:39,879 Speaker 1: detailing the protests and what had led to them was 404 00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:43,440 Speaker 1: published under the name Edward K. Ford in nineteen oh eight. 405 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: This was probably a pseudonym, and their speculation that Landolf 406 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,640 Speaker 1: Hoggaby wrote it. If that's the case, though, there were 407 00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:54,399 Speaker 1: passages that must have been included to try to dispel suspicion, 408 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:57,680 Speaker 1: Like there's a whole passage on the author being surprised 409 00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:00,760 Speaker 1: that suffragists were taking up the cause of anti vivisection, 410 00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,159 Speaker 1: because those two things seemed unrelated. But Lindoff Hogabee was 411 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:07,760 Speaker 1: a feminist herself and would have known about the overlap 412 00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,359 Speaker 1: between those two movements. There's also a passage in which 413 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:13,760 Speaker 1: the author talks about going to buy a copy of 414 00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:17,119 Speaker 1: Shambles of Science to read it for himself. But of 415 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:21,800 Speaker 1: course Lyndoff Hogabe co wrote that although the Battersea Council 416 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:26,240 Speaker 1: ultimately voted to leave the statues inscription unchanged, a new 417 00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:30,480 Speaker 1: Conservative administration was elected in November of nineteen oh nine, 418 00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:34,720 Speaker 1: and the newly installed councilors voted forty two to four 419 00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:39,640 Speaker 1: to dismantle the memorial. A Brown Dog Memorial Defense Committee 420 00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:42,959 Speaker 1: was established and gathered about five hundred members, and about 421 00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:47,800 Speaker 1: two hundred thousand people signed a petition opposing the statues removal. 422 00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:52,200 Speaker 1: The Animal Defense and Anti Vivisection Society, which had been 423 00:28:52,240 --> 00:28:55,960 Speaker 1: co founded by Lizzie Lindoff Hoggabey and Nina Douglas Hamilton, 424 00:28:56,120 --> 00:29:01,800 Speaker 1: Duchess of Hamilton, coordinated protests against the statues removal. In 425 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,200 Speaker 1: spite of all of that, the statue was secretly removed 426 00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:09,840 Speaker 1: during the night in March of nineteen ten under police guard. 427 00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:14,840 Speaker 1: It's believed that sometimes afterward it was destroyed, probably melted 428 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:18,880 Speaker 1: down so that a future administration could not reinstall it. 429 00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,320 Speaker 1: A Royal Commission on Vivisection had been established in nineteen 430 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:26,680 Speaker 1: oh six, prior to the start of the brown Dog protests. 431 00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:30,000 Speaker 1: It issued its report in nineteen twelve, finding that quote 432 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: experiments on animals adequately safeguarded by law, faithfully administered, are 433 00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:40,120 Speaker 1: morally justifiable and should not be prohibited by legislation. The 434 00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:44,520 Speaker 1: report described the commissioners as hearing contradictory testimony on virtually 435 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: every question they considered, which is unsurprising given that it 436 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:52,240 Speaker 1: heard testimony in favor of vivisection as well as testimony 437 00:29:52,560 --> 00:29:57,760 Speaker 1: from anti vivisectionists, including Coleridge and Lyndoff Hogabe. The Commission 438 00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,840 Speaker 1: did recommend hiring more inspectors to better enforce existing laws, 439 00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:04,920 Speaker 1: as well as placing stronger limits on the methods that 440 00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:08,479 Speaker 1: could be used to anesthetize or sedate an animal. The 441 00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:12,800 Speaker 1: Commission also recommended more restrictions to guarantee the painless euthanasia 442 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:16,680 Speaker 1: of animals that had been the subjects of experiments. Lizzie 443 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:20,080 Speaker 1: Landolf Hogaby continued to be a leading figure in the 444 00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:24,040 Speaker 1: anti vivisection and animal rights movements, as well as being 445 00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:27,640 Speaker 1: involved in other social and philanthropic causes all the way 446 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:31,320 Speaker 1: until her death in nineteen sixty three. She was involved 447 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,240 Speaker 1: in another libel case in nineteen thirteen after the Animal 448 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,440 Speaker 1: Defense and Anti Vivisection Society put up a really pretty 449 00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:44,719 Speaker 1: graphic anti vivisection display. This display included a taxidermy dog 450 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:47,959 Speaker 1: that was made to represent the Brown Dog from nineteen 451 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:52,200 Speaker 1: oh three after it had been vivisected. She filed suit 452 00:30:52,320 --> 00:30:55,720 Speaker 1: against the palmw Gazette for its coverage of the display, 453 00:30:56,240 --> 00:31:00,440 Speaker 1: acting as her own attorney in court, her testimony ascribed 454 00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:03,520 Speaker 1: as being just kind of a marathon of like hours 455 00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:08,280 Speaker 1: of opening statement. Although she lost this suit, it once 456 00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:11,840 Speaker 1: again drew more attention to vivisection and the opposition to it. 457 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:14,959 Speaker 1: In the last years of her life, she worked with 458 00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:18,640 Speaker 1: Fern Animal Sanctuary, which Duchess Hamilton had founded at the 459 00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:21,960 Speaker 1: start of World War Two to help care for animals 460 00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:25,720 Speaker 1: whose people were going off to war. The UK has 461 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: passed a series of laws related to vivisection since the 462 00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,960 Speaker 1: Brown Dog affair, including the Protection of Animals Act of 463 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:36,400 Speaker 1: nineteen eleven and the Animals Scientific Procedures Act of nineteen 464 00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:39,880 Speaker 1: eighty six. There are also additional laws that relate to 465 00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:43,720 Speaker 1: animal rights and animal cruelty, including the Animal Welfare Act 466 00:31:43,720 --> 00:31:46,200 Speaker 1: of two thousand and six. As we mentioned at the 467 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,520 Speaker 1: top of the show, there are still anti vivisection organizations 468 00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:52,880 Speaker 1: in the UK and elsewhere that continue to advocate for 469 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:56,600 Speaker 1: a total ban on the practice. There are also, obviously 470 00:31:56,680 --> 00:32:01,880 Speaker 1: also organizations that are focused on like animal experimentation more broadly, 471 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:06,480 Speaker 1: including things that you wouldn't really describe as a vivisection 472 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 1: because it doesn't really involve something like a surgical procedure. 473 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:14,400 Speaker 1: On December twelfth, nineteen eighty five, a new dog monument 474 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:18,280 Speaker 1: by British sculptor Nicola Hicks was installed in Battersea Park 475 00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:22,280 Speaker 1: in London. This dog is modeled after her own terrier, 476 00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:25,640 Speaker 1: Brock and it was commissioned by the National Anti Vivisection 477 00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:28,800 Speaker 1: Society and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. 478 00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:32,080 Speaker 1: It was moved to a different location in the early 479 00:32:32,160 --> 00:32:34,680 Speaker 1: nineteen nineties. As far as I know, it is still there. 480 00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:38,160 Speaker 1: Then in twenty twenty one, Paula s Owen published a 481 00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:41,440 Speaker 1: novel about this called Little Brown Dog, and also had 482 00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:46,160 Speaker 1: a sort of lightweight model of the original monument produced. 483 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:50,040 Speaker 1: This model was placed for a time at the location 484 00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:54,520 Speaker 1: of the original statue in Lashmir Recreation Ground. This was 485 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,640 Speaker 1: part of a campaign to have a full replica of 486 00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:01,080 Speaker 1: the original statue permanently in all there. As far as 487 00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:05,400 Speaker 1: I know, nothing has happened with that. That I only 488 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:09,520 Speaker 1: found references to like the lightweight model of it being placed, 489 00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:13,480 Speaker 1: which is temporary as far as I know. So that's 490 00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:16,920 Speaker 1: the Brown Dog affair. Do you have listener mail that 491 00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:22,600 Speaker 1: is not that I knew. I shoul knew, so I 492 00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:25,760 Speaker 1: first thing I have real quickly. This is from Luanne, 493 00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:29,960 Speaker 1: whose email is about our World War Two balloons episode. 494 00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:33,920 Speaker 1: Lu Anne wrote, are you sure the balloon you mentioned 495 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:39,160 Speaker 1: was named the George Washington Park Curtis Custis seems far 496 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:43,480 Speaker 1: more likely, lu Anne? In fact, yes, we did mean 497 00:33:43,960 --> 00:33:49,040 Speaker 1: George Washington Park Custis, and the outline said George Washington 498 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:54,640 Speaker 1: Park Custis, and I said Curtis for unknowable reasons. I 499 00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:57,640 Speaker 1: don't know. My brain just auto filled a more common name. 500 00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:03,360 Speaker 1: You're going to reading jail. George Washington Custus. George George 501 00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:08,200 Speaker 1: Washington Park Custus, adopted son of George Washington, father in 502 00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:11,960 Speaker 1: law to General Robert E. Lee. Not a name I 503 00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:15,400 Speaker 1: immediately had in my head. I obviously knew it was 504 00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:18,839 Speaker 1: a historical figure, because that's who boats get named after. 505 00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:24,279 Speaker 1: But yeah, just sorry for auto completing the wrong name. 506 00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:31,759 Speaker 1: The other is from Caitlin, and Caitlin wrote about a 507 00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:36,840 Speaker 1: discussion that we had about children's books that are accidentally traumatizing, 508 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:39,399 Speaker 1: and Caitlyn wrote, high tracing, Holly, I've written a few 509 00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:41,520 Speaker 1: times with tales for my job in a preschool, but 510 00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:44,600 Speaker 1: your listener mail on the war Balloons episode had me 511 00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:47,920 Speaker 1: cracking up. As a teacher whose policy is that if 512 00:34:47,960 --> 00:34:50,359 Speaker 1: a kid can ask a question, they deserve some kind 513 00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: of answer that isn't a brush off, I've gotten into 514 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:57,520 Speaker 1: some strange conversations at storytime. One notable exception was Madeline 515 00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:00,399 Speaker 1: about the Little French Girl in her classmates. I loved 516 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:02,600 Speaker 1: those books as a child, and I thought the rhymes 517 00:35:02,640 --> 00:35:05,000 Speaker 1: and repetition might appeal to my kids, so I read 518 00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:08,319 Speaker 1: it at circle one day. Oops, some questions I got 519 00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:11,920 Speaker 1: all in preschool or dialect of course? What's an appendix? 520 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:18,080 Speaker 1: What was wrong with Madeline? What's a surgery? Do I 521 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,680 Speaker 1: gotta get a surgery? What's a scar? I can only 522 00:35:21,719 --> 00:35:24,120 Speaker 1: imagine the conversations at home that day, and I still 523 00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,640 Speaker 1: haven't figured out an explanation for the purpose of an 524 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:30,600 Speaker 1: appendix that satisfies a preschooler. Love the show and greatly 525 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:35,279 Speaker 1: look forward to each new episode, Caitlin. Caitlin then said, ps, 526 00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:38,680 Speaker 1: with the recent passing of Judy Human, might an episode 527 00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:40,600 Speaker 1: about the section five of flour, a sit in or 528 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:43,719 Speaker 1: the law itself be possible? So many people have no 529 00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:46,840 Speaker 1: idea the breadth of loss the disabled community is facing. 530 00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:51,400 Speaker 1: Judy was an icon who will be sorely missed. So 531 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:54,839 Speaker 1: I have already written back to Caitlin and I told 532 00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:59,200 Speaker 1: them that number one, that story is hilarious about the 533 00:35:59,239 --> 00:36:03,959 Speaker 1: Madeline things. Number two, we actually have already talked about 534 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:06,320 Speaker 1: the five O four sit ins. It was an episode 535 00:36:06,320 --> 00:36:08,600 Speaker 1: that we did that was a six impossible episodes that 536 00:36:08,719 --> 00:36:11,520 Speaker 1: was all about like direct action resistance, with the five 537 00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:14,759 Speaker 1: O four sitens being one of them. Judy Human also 538 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:17,560 Speaker 1: makes a very brief appearance in our episode on the 539 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:22,400 Speaker 1: Independent Living Movement. When I heard about her death, I 540 00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:24,920 Speaker 1: was thinking about doing an episode specifically about her, but 541 00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:27,160 Speaker 1: number it can be very tricky sometimes to do an 542 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:31,400 Speaker 1: episode about a person who has just died, and also 543 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:34,640 Speaker 1: a lot of the things that we would be talking 544 00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:37,360 Speaker 1: about in that episode, like the five O four sitens, 545 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:41,239 Speaker 1: have already been covered on other episodes, So I did 546 00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:44,560 Speaker 1: want to just take a moment to recognize Judy Human. 547 00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:50,919 Speaker 1: So thanks so much for this note, Caitlin. There are 548 00:36:51,719 --> 00:36:57,040 Speaker 1: lots of obituaries and retrospectives and things like that that 549 00:36:57,120 --> 00:36:59,799 Speaker 1: are out there about Judy Human right now, and then 550 00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:05,480 Speaker 1: Judy also had like a podcast very active in terms 551 00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:08,560 Speaker 1: of communicating with people about disability and disability rights. So 552 00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:12,239 Speaker 1: there is a wealth of information for folks who want 553 00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:16,080 Speaker 1: to know more. So thank you again Caitlin for this note. 554 00:37:16,120 --> 00:37:18,320 Speaker 1: If you would like to send us a note about 555 00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:21,359 Speaker 1: this or any other podcast, we're at History Podcasts at 556 00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:25,239 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio dot com and we're all over social media at 557 00:37:25,239 --> 00:37:28,080 Speaker 1: miss in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, 558 00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:31,440 Speaker 1: and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on 559 00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:34,919 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app and wherever else you'd like to get podcasts. 560 00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,520 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 561 00:37:43,880 --> 00:37:48,440 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 562 00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:50,600 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.