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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Fair Dowdy and I'm Deblina Chok reboarding. And every now

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Speaker 1: and then we talked about how we came up with

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Speaker 1: one of our ideas or what made us feel like

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Speaker 1: we wanted to cover a certain subject and a lot, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess we do do that a lot. Usually it's

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Speaker 1: a listeners suggestion, but this one is a little bit different.

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Speaker 1: And I'm sure you have these two, Deblina, where you

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Speaker 1: read a book, or watch a movie, or even watch

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Speaker 1: a TV show and you come away with a podcast idea.

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Speaker 1: So this is one of those cases. Earlier this summer,

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Speaker 1: I was watching the nineteen fifty six John Wayne filmed

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Speaker 1: The Searchers and um, just to give a little background

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Speaker 1: on it, it's a movie about a man who has

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Speaker 1: returned to his brother's Texas home a few years after

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Speaker 1: the Civil War, but soon sees most of his family

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Speaker 1: killed in a commanche raid and not gonna give away

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Speaker 1: any spoilers even though this movie is almost sixty years old,

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Speaker 1: but after the raid, he becomes really obsessed with finding

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Speaker 1: his kidnap niece, even though it soon becomes clear he'd

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Speaker 1: rather see her dead than assimilated with her kidnappers. It's

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Speaker 1: a very disturbing premise. I mean, they're they're numerous disturbing

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Speaker 1: parts of the movie, but that one in particular is

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Speaker 1: is upsetting and um. When I started reading about the film,

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Speaker 1: I realized that some critics had pointed out similarities to

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Speaker 1: to that story and to the book that it was

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Speaker 1: based on and the real life eight thirty six kidnapping

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Speaker 1: of a nine year old Texas girl named Cynthia Ann Parker. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and Cynthia Ann's story is particularly remarkable. It's a double

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Speaker 1: tragedy marked by two captures. But we thought it would

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Speaker 1: be a great way to look at the Planes Indians

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Speaker 1: Wars on a more personal level, especially since it opens

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Speaker 1: the door to the story of her son, Quanta Parker,

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Speaker 1: the last Comanche chief. So just as cynthia AND's life

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Speaker 1: centered on displacement and not really fitting in, Quantas is

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Speaker 1: about excelling in two very different worlds, trying to mediate

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Speaker 1: between them, and encouraging peace among his people without sacrificing

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Speaker 1: all of his culture. So it's kind of why we

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Speaker 1: had to pack it into two episodes. It is, and

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Speaker 1: in this first episode is going to focus more on

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Speaker 1: Cynthia and in the background and and how these wars

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Speaker 1: started in the first place. And then the second episode

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Speaker 1: is going to focus on their end and on Quanta's life,

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Speaker 1: um bridging this two worlds. So fortunately that we've spoken

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Speaker 1: so much in the past year about frontier life and

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Speaker 1: settlement in Texas and of course Indian territory and what's

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Speaker 1: now Oklahoma favorite place to leave his favorite place to

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Speaker 1: define um that I think most listeners probably feel like

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Speaker 1: they have a good background on this time already. But

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Speaker 1: just to give you just a little bit of information.

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Speaker 1: In the eighteen thirties, as Eastern Native American tribes were

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Speaker 1: being forcibly resettled in the west on lands that were

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Speaker 1: traditionally controlled by planes, Indians and as Anglo settlers pushed west,

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Speaker 1: the nomadic planes tribes were feeling hemmed in. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it still seems like a lot of land, but they

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Speaker 1: were used to covering huge amounts hunting, and uh, we're

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Speaker 1: really feeling the stress and their resources at this point.

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Speaker 1: Some bands ended up assimilating, dying out, or entering reservations,

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Speaker 1: but others retaliated, carrying out violent raids on settlers to

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Speaker 1: frighten them back east and and to defend their land.

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Speaker 1: So in this struggle, which lasted about forty some odd years,

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Speaker 1: the Comanche were considered the best at this. They were

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Speaker 1: hard to trace, they were masters on horseback, and they

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Speaker 1: were seemingly able to survive on nothing and then just

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Speaker 1: kind of disappear into their vast inhospitable lands called the Commancheria,

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Speaker 1: and they were just a force to be reckoned with.

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Speaker 1: They were, Yeah, I mean that that what you just

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Speaker 1: mentioned of leaning about them disappearing, that was a big

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Speaker 1: part of it. Um Even when you have the thes

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Speaker 1: military and bubble, you have the cavalry involved, they just

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Speaker 1: have a lot of trouble finding them most of the time.

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Speaker 1: But our story starts with a command she a Kyowa

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Speaker 1: and a cattle raid on Fort Parker, which was a

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Speaker 1: family compound and a fort that had been settled in

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Speaker 1: eighteen thirty by the extended Parker family. And it was

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Speaker 1: great land, very prime land, right at the headwaters of

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Speaker 1: the Navasota River in Texas, but also in a dangerous

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Speaker 1: part of the world. It was way way out on

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Speaker 1: the frontier, and in May of eighteen thirty six, somebody

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Speaker 1: didn't take the proper precautions and left the fort door

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Speaker 1: open when the men went off to to work on

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Speaker 1: the with the animals and on the property, and the

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Speaker 1: war party easily entered through that open fort door quickly

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Speaker 1: killed three Parker family members and two other men, and

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Speaker 1: UH kidnapped some of the others. Nine year old Cynthia

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Speaker 1: Anne was with her mother and her six year old

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Speaker 1: brother John, and a group of women and children who

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Speaker 1: were trying to flee the fourth through a meadow when

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Speaker 1: they were stopped by a warrior named Peta Nakana and

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Speaker 1: Uh and taken from there. So, in addition to Cynthia

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Speaker 1: and her brother, some of the people from their family

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Speaker 1: who were kidnapped included Rachel Parker Plumber and her son James.

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Speaker 1: Rachel Parker Plumber was Cynthia Anne's cousin UH. In addition,

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Speaker 1: Rachel's aunt Elizabeth was also kidnapped and the family was abused,

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Speaker 1: but they were eventually all of them, including John Parker,

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Speaker 1: who wasn't returned until the eighteen forties. They were all

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Speaker 1: eventually ransomed back except for Cynthia Anne. For Cynthia Anne,

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Speaker 1: and consequently she became something of a legend on the

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Speaker 1: frontier with her mother and her uncle, and I imagine

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Speaker 1: her extended family really desperate to find her, with newspapers

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Speaker 1: romanticizing the idea of her as this beautiful, blonde, blue

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Speaker 1: eyed captive growing up among the command she really sort

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Speaker 1: of gets pretty strange, especially as she gets older, the

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Speaker 1: things written about her um, and according to Jan Reid

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Speaker 1: in Texas Monthly, she even became kind of a warning

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Speaker 1: tale for kids, you know, don't wander too far from

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Speaker 1: home or you might end up like Cynthia Anne. But

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Speaker 1: by the mid eighteen forties all this speculative stuff turned

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Speaker 1: into actual sightings. There started to finally be real sightings. Ever,

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Speaker 1: because we're very sure she was alive at this point.

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Speaker 1: There hadn't been reports of a child who looked like

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Speaker 1: her um until the mid eighteen forties, and as it

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Speaker 1: later turned out, she had just been living a normal

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Speaker 1: Commanche life. She'd been adopted by Comanche parents and raised

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Speaker 1: as their daughter. Yeah, not just that. She also went

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Speaker 1: on to marry her captor, the war chief Peta Nalcina,

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Speaker 1: and had two sons with him, Kwanta, which means fragrant

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Speaker 1: or odor. I think it's sort of up for debate

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Speaker 1: and sometimes even stink. It's um yeah, kind of a

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Speaker 1: contentious definition. And the second on was Penat, who was

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Speaker 1: named after Cynthia Anne's favorite childhood snack, and they later

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Speaker 1: had a daughter named Totsia or prairie flower, and Cynthia

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Speaker 1: and even had a new name herself. It was Natua,

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Speaker 1: meaning she carries herself with grace or someone found yeah.

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Speaker 1: And we actually talked to Dr Kenneth Day for this episode,

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Speaker 1: who kindly helped us out with some of the command

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Speaker 1: She pronunciations. He heads up the Learned Command She project,

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Speaker 1: and we were asking about that one because I just

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Speaker 1: kept on seeing these wildly different definitions. I mean, clearly

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Speaker 1: fragrant and odor kind of on the same level. But

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Speaker 1: she carries herself with grace and someone found something so different.

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Speaker 1: And he said that a lot of the translations are

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Speaker 1: like that. It's especially with these names, they're just all

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Speaker 1: over the map. But um, most importantly about these reports

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Speaker 1: coming back regarding Cynthia Anne. Uh, we're the accounts of

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Speaker 1: her from about eighteen forty six to eighteen fifty two,

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Speaker 1: and that was that her people refused all offers to

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Speaker 1: ransom her back, and she didn't seem to want to

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Speaker 1: go anyway, So it was you can't have her, We

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Speaker 1: want to keep her. She's one of us, and she

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Speaker 1: won't go and and she won't go. And as snatches

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Speaker 1: of of all this information came back to the settlers.

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Speaker 1: Of course, Lucy Parker, Cynthia Ann's mother, was thrilled to

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Speaker 1: know her daughter was just alive and sent out her

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Speaker 1: teenage son to to search for her. But not everybody

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Speaker 1: was very happy with the news that was coming back.

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Speaker 1: And in fact, to a lot of people, it was

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Speaker 1: just incomprehensible news. For one thing, that she would um

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Speaker 1: marry this notorious raider Petunakana and be happy with him.

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Speaker 1: I mean, people didn't seem to blame her for what

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Speaker 1: was happening, but they were not happy that she was happy.

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Speaker 1: That she might actually prefer life as a commanche instead

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Speaker 1: of life as a as a settler. Yeah, so very

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Speaker 1: controversial choice, very controversial life. And there were other reports

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Speaker 1: that kind of hinted at at her life, at Cynthia

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Speaker 1: Ann's life and life of the Comanche who were still fighting.

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Speaker 1: By the early eighteen fifties, some commanche bands were settling

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Speaker 1: on reservations and others resisted pretty successfully, considering the frontier

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Speaker 1: was creeping back from where it had been in cynthia

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Speaker 1: and childhood, and according to the sighting, Cynthia and Petaokana

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Speaker 1: and their family were clearly jumping bands, moving away from

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Speaker 1: the frontier to maintain a free life and to keep

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Speaker 1: on fighting. Eventually they joined the Quadis, who were considered

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Speaker 1: the toughest commanche band out of all of them. But

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Speaker 1: from eighteen fifty two no further reports were heard from

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Speaker 1: her and and that's how it stayed until late eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty when a Quahati war party led by Knockna entered

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Speaker 1: TECH five and again the purpose of this raid was

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Speaker 1: to frighten settlers into abandoning the area, and according to

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Speaker 1: Gregory Minshno in Wild West, this eighteen sixty raid became

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Speaker 1: a particularly notable one in Tech for three reasons. One,

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Speaker 1: it was especially brutal. We're going to go over a

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Speaker 1: few details on that, but but not into the full list.

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Speaker 1: The next was that Cynthia Anne came along, and then

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Speaker 1: the third was that Cynthia Anne was recaptured. I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's really why, um why this raid in particular gets

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Speaker 1: discussed so frequently, but the attacks on settlers began November

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Speaker 1: twenty six at the home of James lanman Um. Mrs

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Speaker 1: Landman and her six year old son were murdered. One

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Speaker 1: teenage girl was dragged from a horse then killed. The

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Speaker 1: raid continued at a pretty fast clip at the Gauge home,

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Speaker 1: the Sanders Home, where among others, a baby and a

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Speaker 1: sixty five year old woman were murdered. Then it took

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Speaker 1: kind of a surprising turn, at least direction wise. The

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Speaker 1: party moved south to Parker County, which is of course

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Speaker 1: the same Parker that is Cynthia Anne's family, right, And

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Speaker 1: we should maybe have put in a little warning here.

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Speaker 1: It continues to get kind of violent, so if you're

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Speaker 1: squeamish about this kind of stuff, you may want to

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Speaker 1: skip ahead a little bit. But just continuing on with

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Speaker 1: the raid. Some houses were raided and ransacked, and the

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Speaker 1: inhabitants spared. Others, though, were targeted, like that of Ezra

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Speaker 1: and Martha Sherman. While the raiders lent Ezra and the

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Speaker 1: children go, they raped, scalped, and had their horses trample.

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Speaker 1: Martha Sherman, who lived four days more to deliver a

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Speaker 1: stillborn child, Some funded off the attack, like the U

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Speaker 1: Bank's girls who dressed in boys clothing and took up

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Speaker 1: really intimidating looking positions at the pike. Yeah, so just

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Speaker 1: a mix of things, and it seemed to to be

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Speaker 1: all over the place what happened to the various families,

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Speaker 1: But all told, the war Party left with more than

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Speaker 1: three hundred horses, having killed seven white settlers and wounding more.

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Speaker 1: And just a point on the numbers too. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's it's really more about inspiring horror than killing loads

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Speaker 1: and loads of people. That was the That was what

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Speaker 1: this type of warfare was about. It was about trying

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Speaker 1: to completely shock people into leaving and abandoning these lands.

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Speaker 1: They were trying to to settle um so that the

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Speaker 1: command she could reclaim their land. Um. We mentioned Simpia

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Speaker 1: Anne was with the War Party, and while we can't

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Speaker 1: know exactly what her position was with it, uh and

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Speaker 1: whether she even recognized Parker County her her childhood home,

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Speaker 1: Menschel does describe that or does mention that command she

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Speaker 1: Society didn't consider raids to be men only affairs. He wrote,

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Speaker 1: Almost everyone in command Shee Society, including women and children,

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Speaker 1: participated in a raid either logistically or socially, And that

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Speaker 1: might just mean women helping manage the camps or load

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Speaker 1: up all of the stolen items, but sometimes there were

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Speaker 1: even female warriors. James Pollard, one of the men who

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Speaker 1: had stolen horses, quickly started rounding up a posse to

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Speaker 1: pursue the raiders. They gave up after two days of

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Speaker 1: ace because they found that some settlers were already packing

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Speaker 1: up to leave. Others of them were quote forwarded up

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Speaker 1: so and I think the possey just they realized they

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Speaker 1: weren't going to make it, they weren't going to catch

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Speaker 1: up with them. So a couple of weeks later, to

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Speaker 1: ranger companies, Ranger Captain Lawrence Ross and twenty one men

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Speaker 1: from the second Cavalry arrived to join in with their pursuit.

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Speaker 1: All told, they were about one forty men and Tonko

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Speaker 1: was scouts who sent out to track Pedanacona, and it

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Speaker 1: was Charles good Night who found the trail that headed

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Speaker 1: to the Peace River. And on December nineteenth a recent

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Speaker 1: camp with the body of one of the stolen children

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Speaker 1: was found too, and when the rangers in the cavalry

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Speaker 1: approached the camp, they saw women dismantling it packing up,

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Speaker 1: and it was mostly women and children at the camp.

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Speaker 1: Um At that point, the ranger captain charged and the

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Speaker 1: cavalry circled around the back of the camp. And according

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Speaker 1: to a good Night, who was pretty horrified by what

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Speaker 1: happened there, he said that the cavalry atten killed every

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Speaker 1: woman trying to flee, quote, almost in a pile. Um

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Speaker 1: Ross in particular, took off after Cynthia Anne. He didn't

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Speaker 1: recognize her as this long lost nine year old captive.

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Speaker 1: Of course, she was in her thirties by this point.

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Speaker 1: Um She grabbed Prairie Flower, her young daughter, wrapped herself

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Speaker 1: up in a buffalo robe, and hopped onto a horse

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Speaker 1: riding bare back, you know, full charge ahead and um

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Speaker 1: but Ross was eventually gaining on her, and before Ross

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Speaker 1: could shoot, she turned around, exposed prairie Flower and yelled

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Speaker 1: Americano Americano, and um Ross captured her. He brought her

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Speaker 1: back to to one of his men and then rode

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Speaker 1: off to pursue and kill a warrior. And this is

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Speaker 1: kind of an interesting point. We're going to talk about

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Speaker 1: it a little more in a minute. But he later

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Speaker 1: insisted that this warrior was Peta Nakana Um but like

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Speaker 1: I said, we're going to talk about that more in

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Speaker 1: a minute. The raid was just a complete massacre. Five

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Speaker 1: warriors were killed, nine women and children were killed, three

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Speaker 1: women and children were captured. But the focus was really

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Speaker 1: on Cynthia Anne. Once they realized that this particular prisoner

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Speaker 1: up theirs had blue eyes. You know, they were all wondering, Okay,

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Speaker 1: who is this lady? Um? If you read their accounts,

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Speaker 1: they pretty much all claimed they were the first one

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Speaker 1: to recognize her as as white, for one thing, and

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Speaker 1: then asked Cynthia Anne, or suggest it, um. But Goodnight

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Speaker 1: has has a point that's a little more of tragic,

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Speaker 1: or certainly as tragic, and maybe has something to do

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Speaker 1: with his later friendship with Cynthia Anne's son. But he

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Speaker 1: seemed to think a little bit about how she was

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Speaker 1: experiencing this situation at the time. He wrote, we rode

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Speaker 1: right over her dead companions. I thought then and still think,

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Speaker 1: how exceedingly cruel it was. Isaac Parker, Cynthia's uncle, who

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Speaker 1: lived near Fort Worth, was called in to try to

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Speaker 1: help identify her. According to a neighbor who saw the meeting,

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Speaker 1: Cynthia and quote sat for a time immovable, lost in

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Speaker 1: profound meditation, oblivious to everything by which she was surrounded,

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Speaker 1: ever in a non convulsed as if it were by

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Speaker 1: some powerful emotion which she struggled to suppress. So Parker

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Speaker 1: tried to ask her questions in English, but she didn't respond.

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Speaker 1: He finally said, quote, if this is my niece, her

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Speaker 1: name is Cynthia Anne, at which point she beat her chest,

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Speaker 1: stood up, pointed to herself and said since Anne. So

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Speaker 1: she recognized her own name, and unsurprisingly, considering that she

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Speaker 1: had been gone almost twenty five years from life as

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Speaker 1: a Texas settler, this was not a happy reunion. You know,

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Speaker 1: she didn't identify herself and then they all embrace and

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Speaker 1: live happily ever after. One of the main reasons is

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Speaker 1: because she likely thought that her husband and sons were

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Speaker 1: both dead. And this gets back to what I was

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Speaker 1: talking about in a minute ago. Ross's claimed that he

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Speaker 1: killed Nakana at Peace River. It was a claim that

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Speaker 1: he touted for years after We're really incorporated into his

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Speaker 1: own legend um. And when Cynthia Anne and Nakana's son

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Speaker 1: Kwana grew up and entered into the public eye, Quanta

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Speaker 1: always insisted that he and his brother had left with

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Speaker 1: their father on a hunting trip two days before the attack,

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Speaker 1: so his father had never been there, The boys had

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Speaker 1: never been there. His father was clearly not killed, and

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Speaker 1: he said that his father instead died a few years

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Speaker 1: after um. Some people, though, dispute that story, thinking that

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Speaker 1: maybe it was one that Quanta put forward specifically to

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Speaker 1: try to protect his father's memory. Because Peace River was

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Speaker 1: clearly seen as a disaster by the Comanche, and Nakana

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Speaker 1: had been in charge of this this raiding party. It's

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Speaker 1: often suggested that if Nakana did live on for a

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Speaker 1: few more years, he kept a remarkably low profile for

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Speaker 1: somebody who had been so powerful, so um important for

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Speaker 1: fit long, and obviously so passionate about continuing his commanche

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Speaker 1: lifestyle well, and and passionate about his family too. I mean,

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Speaker 1: we should note since Anne was one of several wives,

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Speaker 1: but by all accounts I've read, they had a very

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Speaker 1: loving relationship. Um. But one opinion to consider in all

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Speaker 1: of this is that of a sequin, the author of

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Speaker 1: Empire of the Summer Moon, who points that Cynthia Anne's

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Speaker 1: reaction to the situation might tell us more than Quanta. Potentially, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: she was utterly distraught. She believed and said that her

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Speaker 1: sons had been there. She really thought that they were dead,

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Speaker 1: and that was something that she just continued to believe

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Speaker 1: throughout her entire life. Yeah, according to her neighbors, they

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Speaker 1: said she gave no indication ever throughout her life that

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Speaker 1: she thought her sons were still alive. And as for

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Speaker 1: the rest of the group that was part of this raid,

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Speaker 1: Charles Goodnight and about ten scouts managed to track the

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Speaker 1: only two writers who had managed to escape the fight.

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Speaker 1: They attracked them about a hundred miles to a larger

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Speaker 1: Comanche camp and though that they were only about ten

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Speaker 1: and twelve years old, respectively, Peanut and Kwana would have

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Speaker 1: had good basic survival and hunting skills to have made

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Speaker 1: this sort of track. It was interesting to read a

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Speaker 1: little bit about what kind of skills specifically boys that

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Speaker 1: age would have had and and apparently they would have

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Speaker 1: had better survival skills than the average Texan boy. Um,

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Speaker 1: but they wouldn't have been young warriors either. They might

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Speaker 1: have been allowed to have participated in hunts for small game,

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Speaker 1: but probably not anything large, certainly not a raiding party

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Speaker 1: like the one their father had been on. They would

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Speaker 1: have been expert riders, because as we've already discussed, commanche

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Speaker 1: were all about horses. UM. So they might have had

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Speaker 1: enough knowledge to to get by, but clearly they needed

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Speaker 1: to find a camp of adults quickly too. They they

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Speaker 1: wouldn't have ever been able to or been allowed to,

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Speaker 1: just wander away from camp. Um. But we're going to

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Speaker 1: pick up with more on Kwanta and and more in

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Speaker 1: Cynthia and next time. Um. Since this is a two

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Speaker 1: parter episode. It's a pretty sad story with Cynthia and

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Speaker 1: a mixed bag i'd say with Kwanta, but a pretty

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Speaker 1: amazing story on his behalf too as a mediator and

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Speaker 1: somebody who really found a way to excel into cultures. Alright,

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Speaker 1: So you have some listener mail to share, so yes

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Speaker 1: we do. And I picked this one because we were

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Speaker 1: talking about Indian territory again and it reminded me of

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Speaker 1: an email we got from listener Betsey and her class

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Speaker 1: about bas Reeves, maybe the last time we talked about

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Speaker 1: Indian territory in Oklahoma. But she wrote in to say,

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Speaker 1: dear Dablina and Sarah, a few months ago, I asked

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Speaker 1: you for help with the sources for your bath Reeves podcast,

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Speaker 1: and I think Deblina Youth center of a list of

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Speaker 1: sources I did. She went on to say, the podcast

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Speaker 1: and the sources led us to an entire unit on

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Speaker 1: manliness and race to close out my civil War lessons.

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Speaker 1: My fourth graders absolutely loved discussing the different parts of

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Speaker 1: Reeves life and deciding if they were manly, unmanly, or

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Speaker 1: neutral for our final closeout discussion. A few of them

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Speaker 1: had some real singers and deep thoughts. I wanted to

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Speaker 1: share them with you. It is easily one of the

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Speaker 1: times I was most proud of my little one. So

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Speaker 1: m she She just sent along a few questions that

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Speaker 1: she had asked her students, and then a few of

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Speaker 1: their answers. So we're going to read a few of

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Speaker 1: a few of these fourth grade responses. Um to her question,

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Speaker 1: do you agree that Bass was quote one of the

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Speaker 1: bravest men this country has ever known? Her student Jonas

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Speaker 1: wrote Yes, I agree that he is the manliest man

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Speaker 1: ever because he tried to build a quote bridge from

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Speaker 1: slavery and racism to an equal place to live, equal

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Speaker 1: as everybody is treated the same, while her student Andrew

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Speaker 1: did not think so. He wrote no, because he was

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Speaker 1: showing off for the people, like how he uses a gun.

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Speaker 1: We thought that one was kind of funny. And then

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Speaker 1: Rain was very impressed and wrote, yes, he was epic

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Speaker 1: and a master of disguise because he was able to

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Speaker 1: battle enemy, So there you go. Um. She had another

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Speaker 1: question too that was was more about this building a

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Speaker 1: bridge idea, and she wrote, do you agree that one

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Speaker 1: of the manliest things a man can do is to

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Speaker 1: build a bridge and legacy for others to follow, And

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Speaker 1: her student Travon wrote that, uh, he kind of agreed

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Speaker 1: and disagreed with it. He said, the country should try

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Speaker 1: to fix slavery by themselves, but it is the whole

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Speaker 1: country's problem, not just bass Reeves. He can take a

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Speaker 1: break from being a hero, but if they can't, they

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Speaker 1: could have some help. And then finally Rain again said, no,

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Speaker 1: to save someone's life is more manly. So all kinds

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Speaker 1: of interesting students responses from her students and very fun

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Speaker 1: too to hear. Phil. Thank you, bet See, thank you

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Speaker 1: fourth graders, and um, I'm glad you guys enjoyed learning

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Speaker 1: about bass Reeves so much. Yeah, we love the perspective

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Speaker 1: that you have to offer, so thanks for that. If

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Speaker 1: you guys have any thoughts on Bass Reeves, Indian Territory,

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Speaker 1: or this podcast any others that we've done, feel free

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Speaker 1: to write to us. We are at History Podcast at

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Speaker 1: Discovery dot com. You can also look us up on

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00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:26,880
Speaker 1: Facebook and we're on Twitter at miss in History. And

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Speaker 1: of course we have loads of articles and history and

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Speaker 1: culture all on our website. You can look up those

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00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,440
Speaker 1: by visiting the tabs in these areas on our homepage

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Speaker 1: at www dot how stuff works dot com for more

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00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:47,239
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics because it how

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Speaker 1: stuff Works dot Com. But the book didn't need