1 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:11,000 Speaker 1: Daniel, I have a question for you. Who is it 2 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 1: about aliens? Maybe it might be about alien um What 3 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:17,599 Speaker 1: do you think would happen? What would happen if you 4 00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:21,360 Speaker 1: made an amazing discovery in your work? Maybe you found aliens, 5 00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:25,239 Speaker 1: Maybe you found a new particle that changes our understanding 6 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: of it. It sounds great so far, But then what 7 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 1: if nobody believed you? Oh? Man, what if I found 8 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:33,239 Speaker 1: a deep secret of the universe but nobody else was 9 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: convinced as a terrible, terrible choice to make. Would you 10 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:39,640 Speaker 1: still want to do it? Or do you think would 11 00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: just drive you crazy? Like seeing seeing Bigfoot in the 12 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:45,520 Speaker 1: forest by yourself? You know, would you want to see 13 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: Do you want to see Bigfoot and know that he 14 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:50,839 Speaker 1: exists or she exists? Or would you rather not be 15 00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:53,840 Speaker 1: that crazy person? I think I'm too haunted by the 16 00:00:53,920 --> 00:00:56,280 Speaker 1: secrets of the universe. I need to know that answer, 17 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: even if it means all of my friends and relative 18 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:17,480 Speaker 1: think I'm crazy. Yeah. Hi am r Haanmae, cartoonists and 19 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a 20 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: particle physicist, and I may have discovered something that you 21 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:28,600 Speaker 1: won't believe. Clickbait click bait. Well, if you click here, 22 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 1: welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, 23 00:01:31,959 --> 00:01:34,720 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio, in which we talk 24 00:01:34,760 --> 00:01:38,080 Speaker 1: about all the amazing and crazy things about the universe. 25 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:41,560 Speaker 1: Things we've discovered, things we have not yet discovered, things 26 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: physicists have found, and things physicists are still looking for. Yeah, 27 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:48,080 Speaker 1: things that even you might find out there. Maybe there 28 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: are people listening to this who will make an incredible 29 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: discovery for science and for physics, and if they hear 30 00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 1: about the potential for that discovery on our podcast, then 31 00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: all we ask when you're accepting your Nobel Prize is 32 00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: that you give us a shout out. That's right, just 33 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:04,880 Speaker 1: mention our Twitter handle and we'll call it even spell 34 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:06,480 Speaker 1: it out though, spell it out. The people have trouble 35 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 1: spelling your name sometimes yeah, um yeah so sometimes. Um. 36 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:16,560 Speaker 1: It's a tricky thing in science, I think, because you 37 00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:19,880 Speaker 1: could be the person who discover something amazing, but then 38 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:24,000 Speaker 1: if nobody can replicate it, or maybe it just happen once, 39 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: then nobody might believe you. Sometimes you're trying to create 40 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 1: an effect like cold fusion that should be replicable. You know, 41 00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:33,600 Speaker 1: somebody else should be able to make the same conditions 42 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:36,440 Speaker 1: in their lab and create the same situation. But sometimes 43 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:38,880 Speaker 1: you're looking for something. Sometimes you just want to go 44 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:42,359 Speaker 1: out and find one example to prove it exists. And 45 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:44,480 Speaker 1: what if there's only one? You know, what if you're 46 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: looking in the night sky and the aliens come and 47 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:49,120 Speaker 1: they go high and then they disappear forever, doesn't mean 48 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:54,560 Speaker 1: it didn't happen. Well, I won't confirm whether that's happened 49 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:58,520 Speaker 1: to me or not, Daniel, But I would maybe use 50 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:01,560 Speaker 1: the example that you know, sometimes I'm out in camping 51 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:03,840 Speaker 1: or in the beach or something in the night at 52 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:06,919 Speaker 1: night and we're looking at the night sky with other 53 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:09,000 Speaker 1: people or with my kids, and you know, you'll see 54 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:10,839 Speaker 1: a shooting star and you'd be like, look, a shooting star. 55 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,919 Speaker 1: By the time everyone looks, obviously it's gone and um, 56 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:17,680 Speaker 1: and you sort of look like a crazy person. Why 57 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:19,560 Speaker 1: does your family not believe your stories? Or Hey, are 58 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:21,560 Speaker 1: you making up stuff all the time? Oh my got 59 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: a unicorn? Nobody was looking. Maybe because my profession is 60 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:30,400 Speaker 1: to make up stories, that might be a Maybe that's 61 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: the real problem with this example. Yeah, I hear voices 62 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:36,000 Speaker 1: in my head, Daniel. I mean, I think you're real. 63 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:38,320 Speaker 1: But maybe you're just in my head. But you know, 64 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: but you're right. And sometimes in science what you're looking 65 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: for is just one example, because the question you're asking 66 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:47,840 Speaker 1: is does this exist? Just like we want to know 67 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:51,360 Speaker 1: is there life on other planets? Even just one example 68 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:53,440 Speaker 1: would be the answer to that question. We don't need 69 00:03:53,480 --> 00:03:55,360 Speaker 1: to know if there's life everywhere in the universe. We 70 00:03:55,480 --> 00:03:58,040 Speaker 1: just want to know is there life anywhere else? And 71 00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: seeing it one time, we totally answer that question. And 72 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,520 Speaker 1: so sometimes all you need is one piece of evidence, 73 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:07,800 Speaker 1: a proof of existence of this kind of thing. Yeah, 74 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:10,280 Speaker 1: I guess some things in science I just need to 75 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:14,880 Speaker 1: prove that proof of existence, like a unicorn or bigfoot. Yeah, 76 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: we're sounding like a pseudoscience podcast. Welcome to Daniel and 77 00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:24,719 Speaker 1: jrge talk weird conspiracy theories. Unicorn particles are real, man, 78 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:27,200 Speaker 1: and they collide with bigfoot particles to produce something in 79 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 1: the atmosphere which the CIA is hiding it there. That's 80 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:33,719 Speaker 1: right on the ground. That's right. I'm gonna be called 81 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:36,919 Speaker 1: by the Republicans for the impeachment testimony based on my 82 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: conspiracy theories. No, but it's true, and this happens not 83 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 1: just in cryptozoology, right, people looking for weird animals. But 84 00:04:45,120 --> 00:04:48,279 Speaker 1: it also happens in particle physics. Yeah, And in fact, 85 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:52,039 Speaker 1: it's happened in an area that I think I thought 86 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,760 Speaker 1: was pretty much settled in physics. But it seems that 87 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:59,000 Speaker 1: there are still open questions and open unicorns to be found. 88 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: That's right, Come joined particle physics. There are still unicorns 89 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:05,359 Speaker 1: for you to discover. That's our selling point. Come for 90 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:08,279 Speaker 1: the unicorns, stay for the big feet. What are you 91 00:05:08,279 --> 00:05:10,039 Speaker 1: saying about my feet? Nobody out there knows how big 92 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:13,520 Speaker 1: my feet are. That's why you always present, because they 93 00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:16,359 Speaker 1: grow every day by like an inch. A tear apart 94 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,279 Speaker 1: any shoes I'm wearing. No, we have questions in particle 95 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: physics where if you just saw one example of something, 96 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:26,120 Speaker 1: it would be not literally earth shattering, but maybe literally 97 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:29,359 Speaker 1: mind blowing for particle physicists. So today we'll be talking 98 00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:35,760 Speaker 1: about an effect in magnetism, right in electromagnetics that would 99 00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: sort of up and our understanding of it. But that 100 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,279 Speaker 1: hasn't been found, Or maybe it has been found, but 101 00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:44,280 Speaker 1: maybe nobody believes the person who found it. That's right. 102 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:47,240 Speaker 1: The whole particle physics community is waiting to see if 103 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:51,280 Speaker 1: anybody will find this one example of it from forty 104 00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:54,800 Speaker 1: years ago that nobody really believes except for the guy 105 00:05:54,839 --> 00:05:56,760 Speaker 1: who found it. Right, so to be on the program, 106 00:05:56,800 --> 00:06:06,640 Speaker 1: we'll be talking about what is a magnetic monopole and 107 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: where are they? If they do exist, why are they 108 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:12,919 Speaker 1: so hard to find? They're hiding next to Waldo and 109 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:16,400 Speaker 1: Bigfootply do you think all those hard to find things 110 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:17,760 Speaker 1: just are hanging out somewhere in the middle of the 111 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:19,840 Speaker 1: forest and we just found them all together one day 112 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: hanging out. Well, I gotta say, I think magnetism in 113 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:25,599 Speaker 1: general is just a big mystery. It feels like the 114 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:27,840 Speaker 1: force to me, you know, it's like an invisible force. 115 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:31,120 Speaker 1: But it's surprising to think that there are still things 116 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: that might upend our understanding of it. Yeah, it feels 117 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:38,520 Speaker 1: a little bit like eighteenth century science. Right In eighteenth 118 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:41,280 Speaker 1: century magnetism was like a big mystery. What is this 119 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:44,640 Speaker 1: weird thing? You can push and pull things, and then 120 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:46,840 Speaker 1: people feel like, you know, we sort of figured it out. 121 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: We have a good theory of electromagnetism. You know, we 122 00:06:49,760 --> 00:06:54,359 Speaker 1: understand electricity by now, we must understand everything about magnetism. Right. Wrong, 123 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:59,600 Speaker 1: You are attracted to these kinds of questions. I am 124 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,560 Speaker 1: i and pulled by these kinds of questions, things that 125 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:06,000 Speaker 1: you know, anybody could discover. But the thing that's fascinating 126 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:08,320 Speaker 1: to me is that this is a huge question in physics. 127 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:11,080 Speaker 1: It's like been open for more than a century. It's 128 00:07:11,120 --> 00:07:13,400 Speaker 1: something people are actively working on that we do have 129 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:16,520 Speaker 1: a potentially discovery. But I was wondering, is this something 130 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:19,760 Speaker 1: people like in general, are aware of. Is this just 131 00:07:19,840 --> 00:07:22,560 Speaker 1: something in the minds of physicists, or is everybody else 132 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: out there also desperate to hear about the latest search 133 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,120 Speaker 1: for the magnetic monopole. So, as usual, I was curious 134 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:32,400 Speaker 1: if people understood, you know, what a magnetic monopole is, 135 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 1: and so I walked around the campus UC Irvine and 136 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: I asked folks if they knew what a magnetic monople was. 137 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:42,600 Speaker 1: And so here's what people had to say. No, magnets 138 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: required two pulse positive and negative. So I'm assuming this 139 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:51,080 Speaker 1: is maybe a combination of them or just one just 140 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 1: negative or positive. Does it exist in magnetic monopole? Do 141 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:56,560 Speaker 1: you think it's possible? It seems like it would be 142 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 1: a contradiction, but I'm sure it could be theoretically possible. 143 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: I guess it sounds familiar, but I'm not too sure. Okay, 144 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:11,720 Speaker 1: I actually no, I didn't think that you could have 145 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:15,520 Speaker 1: a magnetic monocle. Why not, Well, I'm only familiar with 146 00:08:15,560 --> 00:08:20,800 Speaker 1: thinking of magnetic dipoles, right, So can a monopole exist? Well, 147 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:23,760 Speaker 1: I mean, since you're asking me the question, I think 148 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: it kind of presumes that it can exist. So I'm 149 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:29,880 Speaker 1: assuming the answer to this is yes. Last, based on 150 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:33,240 Speaker 1: my history of talking to Now, if you were a 151 00:08:33,360 --> 00:08:37,480 Speaker 1: random guy approaching me at a coffee shop or a 152 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: sadu leaving the Indian forest tell me that he had 153 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:48,959 Speaker 1: just witnessed a magnetic monocle in his meditations, I might 154 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:53,959 Speaker 1: be more dubious, all right, not a lot of familiarity 155 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: out there. And again, if you had interviewed me on 156 00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:01,360 Speaker 1: the street, I've heard of probably been said it sounds 157 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:05,680 Speaker 1: like a magnet. Who has mono? I'm not sure what? Um. Yeah, 158 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:07,520 Speaker 1: it's sort of a technical name, but I think people 159 00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: will be surprised to discover that's something they really can understand. 160 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:14,160 Speaker 1: It's something that makes perfect sense because we have monopoles 161 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:17,160 Speaker 1: and other things. We have monopoles and electricity, and so 162 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,040 Speaker 1: it would make perfect sense to have matt monopoles and magnetism. 163 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:22,960 Speaker 1: But you're right, almost nobody had really any understanding of 164 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 1: what this thing is. But a magnetic monopole would be 165 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:30,680 Speaker 1: a big deal. You're saying. In physics electric monopoles, we 166 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:32,960 Speaker 1: see them all the time, they're just electrons. But a 167 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:36,319 Speaker 1: magnetic monopole something which is a north or a south 168 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: without being both that we've never seen, and that would 169 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:42,400 Speaker 1: really change our understanding of physics. All right, well, let's 170 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:46,599 Speaker 1: dig into it, Daniel. What is a magnetic monopole or 171 00:09:46,640 --> 00:09:49,200 Speaker 1: I guess what is a monopole in general? So a 172 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:51,640 Speaker 1: monopole comes in any kind of part of physics where 173 00:09:51,679 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 1: you have things that are charged, and so I think 174 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 1: it's easiest to start with electricity because it's people can 175 00:09:56,800 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 1: think about electricity and charges, and you know, So you 176 00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:02,400 Speaker 1: have the atom, for example. The atom is neutral because 177 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:04,840 Speaker 1: it has the electron and it has the proton and 178 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 1: so it's balanced, right, But there is a plus and 179 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: a minus inside there, so the atom itself is neutral. 180 00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:12,520 Speaker 1: We call a dipole because has both a plus and 181 00:10:12,559 --> 00:10:15,200 Speaker 1: a minus. But you can separate them. You can cut 182 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:16,960 Speaker 1: it in half. You can get rid of the electron. 183 00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:19,280 Speaker 1: You can just be left with the plus, or you 184 00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:22,319 Speaker 1: can just have the electron, So that would be a monopole. 185 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: For electricity, just the plus or just the minus is it? 186 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:29,240 Speaker 1: Then it's it's a property of things, and it's it's 187 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:32,320 Speaker 1: like the charge that you have, Like if you're an electron, 188 00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:35,480 Speaker 1: you know a negative charge. So that's your monopole. That's 189 00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:37,760 Speaker 1: your single pole. You're a single pole. And then you 190 00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:40,080 Speaker 1: bring the plus and minus together, that's a dipole. They 191 00:10:40,120 --> 00:10:42,920 Speaker 1: balance each other out like in a hydrogen atom. I 192 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:45,920 Speaker 1: guess if you're an electron and a proton, you have 193 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:49,000 Speaker 1: a plus and a minus, and so you have like 194 00:10:49,080 --> 00:10:50,679 Speaker 1: one end of view is plus and one end of 195 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: views minus. Precisely, it's a dipole. Precisely, it's a divole 196 00:10:53,559 --> 00:10:56,400 Speaker 1: overall your balanced, but one sign is positive, one side 197 00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: is negative. Right, but that which side is which is 198 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:02,160 Speaker 1: moving around because the electron is moving around. Yeah, precisely, 199 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:05,199 Speaker 1: and so that makes perfect sense. In electricity magnetism, you 200 00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:07,680 Speaker 1: can have a dipole like a hydrogen atom, and you 201 00:11:07,679 --> 00:11:10,880 Speaker 1: can have monopoles because what happens when you separate those 202 00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:14,360 Speaker 1: bits of the dipole you get two monopoles. Right, that's 203 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:16,560 Speaker 1: what makes perfect sense. You combine two monopoles, you get 204 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:19,640 Speaker 1: a dipole. You break apart a dipole, you get two monopoles. 205 00:11:19,880 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 1: You can separate a proton and an electron. Do a 206 00:11:22,559 --> 00:11:25,000 Speaker 1: big deal. Okay, So that's an electricity, like if you're 207 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: you've have charge, you're an electron, or like a battery. Um. 208 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: But what does it mean then for magnetism, because that's 209 00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:34,559 Speaker 1: where the tricky stuff comes in. Yeah, magnetism turns out 210 00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: to be weirdly different. Right. We're all familiar with a magnet, 211 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,200 Speaker 1: and magnet has a north and a south, and so 212 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:41,800 Speaker 1: for magnetism, that's sort of like the plus and minus 213 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:44,800 Speaker 1: from electricity. So in magnetism we call them north and 214 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:48,120 Speaker 1: south mostly because they align with you know, the Earth 215 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:50,280 Speaker 1: north and south. But we could have called them anything else. 216 00:11:50,320 --> 00:11:52,560 Speaker 1: We could have called them Bob and alice, or dogs 217 00:11:52,559 --> 00:11:55,160 Speaker 1: and cats, or you know, chocolate peanut butter or whatever. 218 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:59,000 Speaker 1: But they're not the same as plus and minus. You're saying, like, 219 00:11:59,080 --> 00:12:00,880 Speaker 1: why did why did we call them north and southe? 220 00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: Why didn't we just call them plusant minus? They're not 221 00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: the same as plusant minus. Magnetism is separate from electricity. 222 00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:09,120 Speaker 1: I mean they have deep connections, of course, but it 223 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:12,040 Speaker 1: is a different force from this point of view, and 224 00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:14,080 Speaker 1: they have a different charge. And so this is like 225 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:18,000 Speaker 1: the magnetic charge. So North is one kind of magnetic charge, 226 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:21,160 Speaker 1: in South is the opposite kind of magnetic charge. And 227 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:23,440 Speaker 1: the Earth is a dipole. The Earth has a north 228 00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:26,439 Speaker 1: pole and a south pole. Right overall it's neutral, but 229 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: there's one part of it which is more northea, and 230 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,000 Speaker 1: one part of it which is more southy. The same 231 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:33,320 Speaker 1: is true for any magnet that you hold has a 232 00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: north and a south and it's not related to where 233 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:39,080 Speaker 1: the charge like, it's not related to where the charges 234 00:12:39,120 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: are or how much of it is there, right Like, 235 00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: like the north pole on Earth is not due to 236 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:47,959 Speaker 1: the fact that the north part of the Earth has 237 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,840 Speaker 1: more electric negative charge for example. Now it has to 238 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:53,839 Speaker 1: do with how the electrons inside the Earth are moving. 239 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,199 Speaker 1: You see, all the magnetic fields that we have are dipoles. 240 00:12:57,679 --> 00:12:59,600 Speaker 1: They have a north and the south, and that's because 241 00:12:59,640 --> 00:13:02,520 Speaker 1: all of the come from moving charges. Actually, so here's 242 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:05,680 Speaker 1: the connection between electricity and magnetism. We have no way 243 00:13:05,679 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: to create a pure north or a pure South. That's 244 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:11,280 Speaker 1: what the magnetic monopole would be like you don't need 245 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 1: a magnet to create a charge or like an electron, 246 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:16,680 Speaker 1: but you need a charge to create a magnet. Because 247 00:13:16,720 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 1: we don't have a pure magnetic pole, you can't create 248 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:22,240 Speaker 1: just a north. Like what happens if you take a 249 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:25,079 Speaker 1: north and a south magnet and you split it in half, 250 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 1: while you get a north and south in between, right, 251 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: the little magnets then become dipoles. Oh, I see that's weird. Okay, 252 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,480 Speaker 1: so um, the north and south of a magnet is 253 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:39,319 Speaker 1: due to the movement of the charges inside. Like if 254 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,120 Speaker 1: I just take one electron that is a negative charge, 255 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:47,440 Speaker 1: it's a monopole. But if I spin that electron in 256 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:50,840 Speaker 1: a circle, like in a coil of wire, then I 257 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:55,440 Speaker 1: create a magnetic dipole field dipole which has a north 258 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: and a south like above the loop is north and 259 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:01,240 Speaker 1: below the loop is south. But I can't just I 260 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:03,880 Speaker 1: can't just create a north. That's right, And say you 261 00:14:03,920 --> 00:14:08,240 Speaker 1: did to those electrons together, right, and and they're spinning together, 262 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:11,040 Speaker 1: so they make a double north and double south. Now 263 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:12,880 Speaker 1: you want to say, okay, I just want the north. 264 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:15,480 Speaker 1: I'm going to separate the two electrons well, each electron 265 00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:18,560 Speaker 1: is its own dipoles has a north and a south. Right, 266 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:21,240 Speaker 1: you can't separate the north from the south. Like what happens. 267 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:23,440 Speaker 1: You take a really long magnet which is north on 268 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:26,160 Speaker 1: one end and south and thegether and cut it in half. Well, 269 00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:28,720 Speaker 1: at the point where you cut it, that part becomes 270 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: a south for the one magnet and north for the other. Right, 271 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:34,440 Speaker 1: you get two dipoles. It splits off, but then if 272 00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,080 Speaker 1: you put them back together, then you make one big magnet. Again, 273 00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:40,120 Speaker 1: that's right, And this is very different from what happens 274 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:42,920 Speaker 1: when you separate electric charges. You can separate again the 275 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: proton and the electron and just have a plus charge 276 00:14:45,880 --> 00:14:49,240 Speaker 1: by itself or a minus charge by itself. But you 277 00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:52,040 Speaker 1: can't do that with magnets. You can't separate the north 278 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:54,800 Speaker 1: and south into a pure north or a pure south 279 00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:57,760 Speaker 1: because we've well we've never seen one, right, all we 280 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:00,600 Speaker 1: have our dipoles. We have no monopoles. We never seen 281 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:03,240 Speaker 1: a magnetic monople. I think we talked about this before. 282 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:06,960 Speaker 1: But the magnetic field of a magnet, like your average 283 00:15:07,040 --> 00:15:11,040 Speaker 1: kitchen magnet, that field that magnet is due to like 284 00:15:11,080 --> 00:15:14,000 Speaker 1: the spinning of the charges into the motion of the 285 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:17,000 Speaker 1: charges inside of the magnet, right, that's right, all the 286 00:15:17,080 --> 00:15:21,640 Speaker 1: charges that are either moving or spinning. Quantum spin sometimes 287 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:24,920 Speaker 1: generates little magnets for each electron, little dipole magnets for 288 00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:27,480 Speaker 1: each electron, which then all add up to give a 289 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 1: magnetic field for the fridge magnet. All right, And so 290 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: the idea is that you can't just make a north magnet. 291 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:36,600 Speaker 1: You always when you were you create a magnet has 292 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:39,000 Speaker 1: two sides. If you create a magnet from a moving 293 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:41,000 Speaker 1: or spinning charge, it has a north and south, and 294 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,160 Speaker 1: you can't ever separate them. And the question is, does 295 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: there exist some material out there we've never discovered, some objects, 296 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: some particle, some something which is a pure north or 297 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: a pure south we've never seen. When we've only seen 298 00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:57,480 Speaker 1: magnetic dipoles. Does a magnetic monople exist, Yeah, as far 299 00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:01,200 Speaker 1: as we know, can you can't create a north in 300 00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:04,240 Speaker 1: it south? But maybe there's a unicorn out there whose 301 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 1: horn is a wonopole. I would say the other way. 302 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:10,360 Speaker 1: I would say physics has nothing against magnetic monopoles. They 303 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: would actually make much more sense if they did exist. 304 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:15,400 Speaker 1: The weird thing is we've never seen one except for 305 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 1: that one guy. Well, a lot happened in all right, 306 00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:23,480 Speaker 1: Well let's get into the details of it, because I 307 00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:26,560 Speaker 1: am totally hooked now. But first let's take a quick break. 308 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:42,400 Speaker 1: All right. I know, so that's what a monopole, magnetic 309 00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: monopole is. It's a magnet that has only a north 310 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:50,400 Speaker 1: or only a south. And you're telling me that it 311 00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: seems like it's kind of um possible, But we've never 312 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:57,120 Speaker 1: seen one in nature. Like whenever you try to split 313 00:16:57,160 --> 00:16:59,680 Speaker 1: a magnet or cut one in half, it just generates 314 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,480 Speaker 1: two meeting magnets that you can't just we haven't seen 315 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:05,680 Speaker 1: one where it's just north or to south. That's right, 316 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:08,639 Speaker 1: And I love encouraging experiments at home, but really, folks, 317 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:10,199 Speaker 1: if you just go out there and take your bar 318 00:17:10,359 --> 00:17:12,480 Speaker 1: magnets and chop them in half, you're going to get 319 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: two little bar magnets. You're wasting your time and just 320 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:17,440 Speaker 1: shrinking your magnets. We've done that. But if I could 321 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:20,439 Speaker 1: them really fast, But if I could really fast before 322 00:17:20,480 --> 00:17:23,320 Speaker 1: the laws of physics have a chance to rearrange, do 323 00:17:23,359 --> 00:17:24,840 Speaker 1: you think the laws of physics are like the laws 324 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:27,120 Speaker 1: of cartoons, where they like take a moment to realize 325 00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:32,359 Speaker 1: before wildly coyote plummets to his death. I mean that's yeah, 326 00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:36,400 Speaker 1: that's how it works in that's right. Yeah, but our 327 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,360 Speaker 1: podcast is about the real universe and not the cartoon 328 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,280 Speaker 1: fictional universe in your mind. So, um, yeah, you can't 329 00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: do that. I think we've established them that I'll keep 330 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:49,320 Speaker 1: on living in the cartooning universe. Yeah. And this is 331 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: one of those fascinating moments where we see sort of 332 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:54,680 Speaker 1: a gap, you know, like you arrange all of human 333 00:17:54,680 --> 00:17:58,440 Speaker 1: knowledge and you notice something's missing, something else would fit there. 334 00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 1: It's like when we first first building the periodic table 335 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: and we noticed, oh, nobody's ever seen you know, technetium, 336 00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: element number whatever that is. Why not can we make it? 337 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,560 Speaker 1: Can it exist? You know, anytime there's a gap there 338 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,760 Speaker 1: in the pattern, you're wondering what would feel that whole 339 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,200 Speaker 1: There's like an empty chair and you're like, who's supposed 340 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:20,679 Speaker 1: to sit in that chair? Yeah? And we also we 341 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:23,440 Speaker 1: like symmetry, We like balance, and you know, we said 342 00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:26,720 Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism are kind of two different forces, but 343 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:31,919 Speaker 1: they're really deeply intertwined. You know, moving charges create magnetic fields, 344 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:35,240 Speaker 1: and so there's this symmetry between electricity and magnetism, and 345 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:37,879 Speaker 1: so if we can have positive and negative electric charges 346 00:18:37,920 --> 00:18:41,280 Speaker 1: by themselves, why can't we have pure north and pure south. Well, 347 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:43,640 Speaker 1: I guess maybe one thing I might be need tos 348 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:47,280 Speaker 1: I'm explaining on that I'm confused about is like, what 349 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:50,560 Speaker 1: exactly is a magnetic pole at all? Like, I know 350 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,040 Speaker 1: what it charges. It's like your plus, which means you're 351 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:56,640 Speaker 1: attracted to minus charges and you repel other plus charges. 352 00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:59,159 Speaker 1: You know it charges, I don't understand what it charges. 353 00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: I mean to me, that's to like a deep question, 354 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:05,000 Speaker 1: like what makes the electron negative charged? We don't know? Well, 355 00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:08,639 Speaker 1: I guess I mean not so deeply philosophical, which is 356 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:10,399 Speaker 1: like I know what it means, and you know that 357 00:19:10,440 --> 00:19:13,200 Speaker 1: if you have a plus, you're attracted to minus and 358 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,359 Speaker 1: and you're you repel other pluses. But what is it? 359 00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:20,199 Speaker 1: Is it the same for north and south of a magnet, Like, um, 360 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:22,400 Speaker 1: it just means you repel other north and but you're 361 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:24,800 Speaker 1: attracted to other souths precisely. And you know what north 362 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:27,000 Speaker 1: and south mean for magnets. If you try to push 363 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,320 Speaker 1: to north together, they repel each other in the north 364 00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:31,359 Speaker 1: and the south will attract each other. It works that 365 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:33,480 Speaker 1: same way. I guess it's just it's based on the 366 00:19:34,119 --> 00:19:38,359 Speaker 1: magic of magnetic fields being generated by moving electrons. Yeah, 367 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:42,040 Speaker 1: that's what magnetic fields are. Magnetic fields are this force 368 00:19:42,119 --> 00:19:45,080 Speaker 1: that a positive magnetic charge, which we call a north, 369 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: feels on a negative magnetic charge, which we call a south. 370 00:19:49,119 --> 00:19:51,680 Speaker 1: And they really are different, right, positive and negative refer 371 00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:55,320 Speaker 1: only to electricity. North and south refer to magnetism. But 372 00:19:55,440 --> 00:20:00,400 Speaker 1: they're connected because charges can make magnetic fields. And if 373 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:04,320 Speaker 1: there are monopoles out there, then a moving monopole could 374 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,639 Speaker 1: create an electric current the way a moving charge creates 375 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:12,160 Speaker 1: a magnetic field. So what would even a monopole magnet 376 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: look and feel like? It like it'd be a be 377 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:19,000 Speaker 1: a little block or a little cylinder that only has 378 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,199 Speaker 1: north in it, which means that if I put it 379 00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:24,919 Speaker 1: up against another north, ill repelled and it would have 380 00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:28,119 Speaker 1: a magnetic field which radiates out from it from a point, 381 00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:31,480 Speaker 1: just the way an electric field radiates out from an electron. 382 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:34,480 Speaker 1: We've never seen that before. We've only ever seen this 383 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:37,960 Speaker 1: north south couple, you know, that has a dipole field 384 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 1: that is a totally different shape because it has both 385 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:42,520 Speaker 1: the north and the south. We've never seen an object 386 00:20:42,560 --> 00:20:44,800 Speaker 1: that is not balanced in magnetism. We've only seen things 387 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:47,119 Speaker 1: that are overall neutral to have a north and a south. 388 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:50,879 Speaker 1: But you're saying that, we think that maybe it could exist, 389 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: Like the laws of physics don't tell his Nope, you 390 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:57,160 Speaker 1: can't have that. They tell us, actually you can. Yeah. 391 00:20:57,440 --> 00:20:59,720 Speaker 1: It was like a hundred years ago Maxwell wrote down 392 00:20:59,760 --> 00:21:03,600 Speaker 1: the laws of electricity magnetism unified all the different magnetic 393 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:07,000 Speaker 1: effects and all the different electronic effects that we had observed, 394 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: and all the different laws, you know, Gass's law and 395 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: Ampere's law and all these different effects, unified them all 396 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:16,679 Speaker 1: together into one concept, electromagnetism. So as these four beautiful equations, 397 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,920 Speaker 1: and those equations are perfectly symmetric and electric and magnetic 398 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:24,560 Speaker 1: fields like, they look exactly the same. If you take 399 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:27,040 Speaker 1: every electric field out and replace it with a magnetic 400 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:29,520 Speaker 1: field and do the same thing from magnetic fields, the 401 00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:33,199 Speaker 1: equations are the same. So they treat electricity and magnetistism 402 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,600 Speaker 1: in exactly the same way, with one exception that it 403 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:41,320 Speaker 1: allows for an electric charge like an electron, and it 404 00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,440 Speaker 1: also allows for a magnetic charge. We've just never seen one, 405 00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:48,440 Speaker 1: so the equations allow for it. They suggested they say, 406 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:50,640 Speaker 1: if you had a magnetic field, here's how it would look, 407 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:54,080 Speaker 1: and that would make magnetism perfectly symmetric with electricity weight. 408 00:21:54,119 --> 00:21:58,760 Speaker 1: So you're saying that the equations tell us that you 409 00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:03,159 Speaker 1: should be able to see something like a particle or 410 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:08,160 Speaker 1: an object that only has a northness to it. Yeah, 411 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: we know exactly how it would work, and it would 412 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:14,600 Speaker 1: make electricity magnetism more similar if it existed. But you're 413 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,560 Speaker 1: saying it's like a charge, like an electric charge. But 414 00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,119 Speaker 1: aren't electro and magnetism the same thing? Yeah, they are related. 415 00:22:21,119 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 1: There are two parts of the same coin, and so 416 00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:25,919 Speaker 1: you would expect them to be similar. You expect this 417 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: electricity magnetism should be symmetric under the swapping of electric 418 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:33,560 Speaker 1: and magnetic fields, right, they should treat it the same way, 419 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:35,840 Speaker 1: But they don't. This is the one way in which 420 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:39,480 Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism are not the same thing. Electricity has 421 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:43,720 Speaker 1: pure charges plus and minus, but magnetism maybe it does, 422 00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,120 Speaker 1: but we've never seen one. So we'd love to see 423 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:48,639 Speaker 1: one because that would make them symmetric. It would make 424 00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:51,240 Speaker 1: it like prettier in our minds. I guess I'm confused. 425 00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:55,040 Speaker 1: Doesn't an electron, which is a as a plus charge 426 00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:58,000 Speaker 1: a negative charge to it. Doesn't it have a magnetic 427 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:00,480 Speaker 1: field around it? It does, but it has north and 428 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:03,560 Speaker 1: a south. It has a magnetic dipole. But you're saying, 429 00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,040 Speaker 1: the equations say that you should be able to see 430 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:08,360 Speaker 1: a particle that only has one pole. Yeah, the way 431 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:11,600 Speaker 1: we've found particles that have only plus or any minus 432 00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:14,600 Speaker 1: right electrons and protons, we shouldn't be able to find 433 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 1: a particle which has only a north or only a 434 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:20,280 Speaker 1: south according to the physics right, physics says, you know, 435 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,600 Speaker 1: there's room for it. We have an opening here in 436 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,760 Speaker 1: the equations. We'd know exactly what to do with it. 437 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,320 Speaker 1: To just go out and find it, prove that it exists. 438 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:29,320 Speaker 1: It doesn't look like it exists. Well, we've just never 439 00:23:29,359 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 1: seen one before. You know. If you talk to particle theorists, 440 00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:34,960 Speaker 1: they say, oh, yeah, probably those exist, we've just never 441 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:37,360 Speaker 1: seen one. There's a famous quote by one of the 442 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:41,320 Speaker 1: greatest physicists of our generation, Joe Polcrinsky. He says, magnetic 443 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,480 Speaker 1: monoples are quote, one of the safest bets then one 444 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,520 Speaker 1: can make about physics not yet seen, Like if you 445 00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:49,480 Speaker 1: had to guess what was out there that we hadn't 446 00:23:49,480 --> 00:23:52,880 Speaker 1: seen before. Magnetic monoples are a good guess. Is there 447 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:56,399 Speaker 1: like a running tally or like a like a betting 448 00:23:57,119 --> 00:24:00,280 Speaker 1: on those betting websites? Is there an odds on that 449 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: right now? It's like seven people in attributing. Now, there 450 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: are some famous physicists that make bets with each other 451 00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:08,159 Speaker 1: about black holes and stuff like that, But I'm not 452 00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:11,119 Speaker 1: aware of any about magnetic monopoles, and I'm not famous 453 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:13,400 Speaker 1: enough for anybody to bet me. But I would totally 454 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,440 Speaker 1: bet that monopoles exist, right, So if I bet a 455 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 1: dollar against it, it's a pretty good investment because everyone 456 00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:23,320 Speaker 1: seems convinced that there they exist. Yeah, but it's hard 457 00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:26,280 Speaker 1: to prove that nothing, that something doesn't exist, right, You 458 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:28,600 Speaker 1: have to look forward forever and never see it, So 459 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:31,200 Speaker 1: you're never gonna get that dollar. Oh that's the problem, 460 00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:33,600 Speaker 1: all right, And I think you're telling me that if 461 00:24:33,640 --> 00:24:36,440 Speaker 1: it does exist, it's a big deal, right, Like it 462 00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:40,240 Speaker 1: has implications about what we know about quantum physics. Yeah, 463 00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:44,720 Speaker 1: not only would it symmetrize electricity magnetism, but it would 464 00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:49,000 Speaker 1: symitrize symitrize like that word, but also would answer another 465 00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:53,120 Speaker 1: deep question about physics, which is why is electric charge quantized, 466 00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: Like why can you have you know, one or a 467 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,480 Speaker 1: third or whatever, but you can't have like point seven 468 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:00,240 Speaker 1: six tube one? You know, why is it not a 469 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,000 Speaker 1: continuous number? Like you can't have a point seven electrons? 470 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: Yeah kind of yeah, exactly. And a lot of these 471 00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:09,040 Speaker 1: things are quantized, you know, energy is quantized and all 472 00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:12,399 Speaker 1: this stuff. But we don't know why electric charge is quantized. 473 00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:17,200 Speaker 1: But there's a really simple explanation. If monoples exist, then 474 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:21,120 Speaker 1: the angular momentum of that monopole would be quantized because 475 00:25:21,119 --> 00:25:24,680 Speaker 1: anglar momentum is quantized and the angle momentum is directly 476 00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:28,200 Speaker 1: related to the charges. And so if you have one 477 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: monople existing in the universe, it requires that electric charge 478 00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:34,160 Speaker 1: is quantized. I feel like you just pulled a fast 479 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,399 Speaker 1: one on me, and I'm being whether to let let 480 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:41,680 Speaker 1: it go or not. It just sounds like you're saying, um, 481 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:45,960 Speaker 1: if a monople exists, it means electric charge is quantized, 482 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:51,159 Speaker 1: because magnetic fields are charge are quantized. But isn't that 483 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:55,240 Speaker 1: just pushing it back to why the charges are No, 484 00:25:55,359 --> 00:25:58,640 Speaker 1: it comes from angular momentum. Angular momentum has to be quantized. 485 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:02,440 Speaker 1: We know it's quantized. That is definitely true. Angular momentum 486 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:04,720 Speaker 1: is quantized, like we see that in the orbits of 487 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:08,879 Speaker 1: electrons um in atoms. Right, that's why they have that's 488 00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:12,240 Speaker 1: why they have orbitals, because their angular momentum is quantized. 489 00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:16,240 Speaker 1: And the angular momentum of a monopole would be related 490 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:19,200 Speaker 1: to its charge and to the electric charge of the 491 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:23,160 Speaker 1: thing it's interacting with, and not related to really anything else. 492 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,359 Speaker 1: And so because the angular momentum is quantized and the 493 00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,479 Speaker 1: anglo momentum comes from these two charges, then the product 494 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:31,920 Speaker 1: of the two charges has to be quantized. So that's 495 00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:34,120 Speaker 1: how you trace it back. And like it's like you're saying, 496 00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:37,640 Speaker 1: the problem is that it's hard to prove that something 497 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:41,960 Speaker 1: doesn't exist, right, Yeah, but wait, if we know that 498 00:26:42,280 --> 00:26:46,440 Speaker 1: electric charge is quantized, doesn't that prove that there exists 499 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,679 Speaker 1: monopoles in the universe? Well, I mean reversing the argument 500 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:51,480 Speaker 1: that you gave me. Yeah, well that's that's not a 501 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: terrible argument. But somebody might say, well, we don't know 502 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:56,639 Speaker 1: that it's quantized. We've just never seen it act in 503 00:26:56,640 --> 00:27:00,679 Speaker 1: any other way, so maybe it's not actually one ties. Right, 504 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:03,240 Speaker 1: we have no reason, we have no explanation for why 505 00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:06,320 Speaker 1: electric charges quantized. But you might say, well, you know, 506 00:27:06,359 --> 00:27:08,640 Speaker 1: if there is no other explanation, then maybe it's because 507 00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:11,400 Speaker 1: a monopole exists somewhere. But then maybe somebody else can 508 00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:14,359 Speaker 1: come up with another explanation, but this one, if a 509 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: monopole exists, it would require electric charge to be quantized. 510 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,600 Speaker 1: So it's a nice explanation. Yeah, And it gets into 511 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:24,600 Speaker 1: kind of a philosophical realm here, because, like you were saying, 512 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,199 Speaker 1: it's hard to prove a negative, like it's hard to 513 00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:31,399 Speaker 1: say unicorns don't exist. Just because you haven't found one 514 00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,439 Speaker 1: doesn't mean they don't exist exactly, and you just have 515 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:37,560 Speaker 1: to find one to prove that they do exist exactly. 516 00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,600 Speaker 1: But sometimes you find one and still nobody believes you. 517 00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:44,879 Speaker 1: All right, So the physics tells that monopoles exist, but 518 00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:49,000 Speaker 1: we haven't found one, or maybe we have. Apparently somebody 519 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,439 Speaker 1: thinks they find one in So let's get into that. 520 00:27:52,520 --> 00:28:08,520 Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. Alright, So magnets 521 00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:12,520 Speaker 1: with only one pole one north or south. Physics says 522 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:15,600 Speaker 1: that they should exist, but nobody has ever seen one, 523 00:28:15,840 --> 00:28:17,480 Speaker 1: and if we do see one, it would be a 524 00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:19,400 Speaker 1: big deal. It would certainly be a big deal. It's 525 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,879 Speaker 1: talking Nobel Prize material. I'm gonna go try cunting some 526 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:25,920 Speaker 1: magnets right now. I guess the question is are people 527 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,040 Speaker 1: looking for these monopoles or is it something that people 528 00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:32,080 Speaker 1: are just hoping to stumble on? Or how would we 529 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:35,479 Speaker 1: even look for a magnetic monopole? Um? I would love 530 00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:37,600 Speaker 1: to stumble on a magnetic monopole. Wow, that would be 531 00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:40,320 Speaker 1: a great day. Have you looked around? Have you did 532 00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:41,960 Speaker 1: you check under your seat there? And I'm checking my 533 00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:45,280 Speaker 1: pockets right now. Hold on, you get a monopole and 534 00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:49,840 Speaker 1: you get a monopole. Everyone gets a monopole, exactly. No, 535 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:53,240 Speaker 1: there's people are looking for monopoles actively. People have been 536 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: looking for them for decades. Then, Daniel, I think in 537 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:58,800 Speaker 1: general you want to avoid sitting on a monocle. Sounds. 538 00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:01,880 Speaker 1: I've had to the calculations. I'm not sure what that 539 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: would be like if you sit on a monopole. Alright, 540 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:07,600 Speaker 1: So how do we How do people look for a monopole? 541 00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:09,920 Speaker 1: And there's two Yeah, there's two ways to look for them. 542 00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:13,640 Speaker 1: One is to look for ones that exist already in nature, 543 00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:16,000 Speaker 1: try to find it, and the other is to try 544 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:21,200 Speaker 1: to make them make or yeah, find them or make them. 545 00:29:21,240 --> 00:29:23,920 Speaker 1: And so the way you would find them is This 546 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,560 Speaker 1: is pretty simple. You just use the rules of electricity 547 00:29:27,560 --> 00:29:31,680 Speaker 1: and magnetism. So if you have a monopole, then it 548 00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 1: passes through a loop of wire, then it will generate 549 00:29:35,040 --> 00:29:39,520 Speaker 1: an electric current, just the same way. If you have um, 550 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:43,000 Speaker 1: a charge particle that's moving, it will generate a magnetic field. 551 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:46,760 Speaker 1: A charge monopole, right, a single monopole will generate a 552 00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:49,640 Speaker 1: magnetic field. Here's the beauty of the symmetry. So all 553 00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,160 Speaker 1: you need to do is build a big loop of 554 00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:55,920 Speaker 1: wire and wait for a spike. And that's it. And 555 00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,000 Speaker 1: I guess you're looking for a spike that doesn't have 556 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:02,360 Speaker 1: a counter spike. Exactly exactly, you're looking for a spike 557 00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:04,240 Speaker 1: that doesn't have a counter spike. Because you pass a 558 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:06,280 Speaker 1: big magnet through the north and the south, you'll get 559 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:08,400 Speaker 1: a current one way and then a current the other way. 560 00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:12,320 Speaker 1: That's exactly how alternating current generators work. But if you 561 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:14,640 Speaker 1: just pass the north through it, you'll just get a 562 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:17,320 Speaker 1: spike and it won't be balanced. Oh right, Like if 563 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: I pass a little stick magnet through a little loop 564 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: of wire, you know, the north goes in first, which 565 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:27,200 Speaker 1: generates current in one direction, and then as it goes through, 566 00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:30,520 Speaker 1: the south goes through then after that, which to generate 567 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:33,400 Speaker 1: a spike in the other directions. Because you're passing through 568 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,200 Speaker 1: a net zero magnetic charge, you're gonna end up with 569 00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:39,440 Speaker 1: net zero current, right, or a current that goes up 570 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:42,440 Speaker 1: and then down. Yeah, so integrated over time, it's zero. 571 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:45,160 Speaker 1: But if you only have one north going through, issu 572 00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 1: generates a spike, which you should, which should build up 573 00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:50,760 Speaker 1: over time. You're saying, so you're looking for many monopoles 574 00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:52,520 Speaker 1: at the same time. No, even just one, even just 575 00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:54,920 Speaker 1: one would give you a spike. You just need one. 576 00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:57,680 Speaker 1: I mean two would be great. A hundred even better. 577 00:30:57,960 --> 00:31:03,040 Speaker 1: I mean that's a hundred rises. Uh can you can 578 00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:05,400 Speaker 1: you publish a paper? Would just end one? I guess 579 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:07,640 Speaker 1: that's the that's the question of the day. Yeah, and 580 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,080 Speaker 1: so somebody saw one. Somebody built a big loop of 581 00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:13,840 Speaker 1: wire and you know, saw a little blip here and 582 00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:15,600 Speaker 1: a little blip there, and the kind of noise you 583 00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,400 Speaker 1: would expect on a big loop of wire. How big 584 00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:21,480 Speaker 1: are we talking about? Like millimeter or miles? That's a 585 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:23,760 Speaker 1: good question. I'm not sure. I think it's you know, 586 00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:27,520 Speaker 1: tens of meters in size, because the bigger it is 587 00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:30,040 Speaker 1: the more likely you are to catch a monopole. Right, 588 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:32,000 Speaker 1: It's like you're going fishing. Do you use a big 589 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: net or a little net? And you would be able 590 00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,720 Speaker 1: to detect like a single particle of that. That's the challenge. 591 00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:38,680 Speaker 1: And try to build a big loop of wire that's 592 00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:42,200 Speaker 1: sensitive to a spike like that. And so the bigger 593 00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:44,600 Speaker 1: it is, the harder it is to tamp down the noise. 594 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:46,600 Speaker 1: But then the more likely you are to catch something. 595 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,800 Speaker 1: So there's a bit of a balance there. Okay, so 596 00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:53,720 Speaker 1: you can build a magnetic monopole catcher or detector, and 597 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,200 Speaker 1: I guess people have built these. Is it was this 598 00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:59,720 Speaker 1: an active field for a while or is in is 599 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:01,720 Speaker 1: something people are looking at? Yeah? I think it was 600 00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:04,959 Speaker 1: sort of hotter a few decades ago. But about forty 601 00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:08,920 Speaker 1: years ago, a guy named Blast Cabrera Navarro, he built 602 00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:11,320 Speaker 1: one of these things and he ran it and on 603 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:18,040 Speaker 1: Valentine's Day two he saw a beautiful spike exactly the 604 00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:20,239 Speaker 1: kind of spike you would get from a monopole, like 605 00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:23,280 Speaker 1: a big spiking current, much bigger than any noise he's 606 00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:28,440 Speaker 1: ever seen. And no counter spike, oh just one, just one, 607 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 1: meaning like one particle went through or like one clump 608 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: of particles. What what did he think? He's it's consistent 609 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:39,280 Speaker 1: with a single monopole, like one, like seeing one, like 610 00:32:39,360 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: seeing one electron. Yeah, it's a hard thing to spot. 611 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:46,360 Speaker 1: And you know, you go out fishing in a huge 612 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:49,280 Speaker 1: lake and if the first time you dip in your 613 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:51,360 Speaker 1: net you get a big fish, you think, oh wow, 614 00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 1: looks like this lake has lots of fish in it. Right, 615 00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:56,680 Speaker 1: But then everybody else comes with their fish and nobody 616 00:32:56,720 --> 00:32:59,360 Speaker 1: finds a fish, and they're like, you're lying, what's wrong 617 00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:02,080 Speaker 1: with you? Okay? And he only he only found one 618 00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: spike and never again, never again. So he once saw 619 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,320 Speaker 1: that weird spike which may or may not have been 620 00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:11,200 Speaker 1: a magnetic monopole, but he was not able to replicate it, 621 00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:14,360 Speaker 1: and nobody else who's done something similar has ever seen one. 622 00:33:14,560 --> 00:33:18,040 Speaker 1: He's left a machine on since like two and since 623 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: even in the thirty years, thirty forty years almost they 624 00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:27,320 Speaker 1: still haven't found another one. Yeah, And so either it 625 00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:29,600 Speaker 1: was some crazy glitch, right, but then a glitch that 626 00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: was not reduced because he's not seen that signal again, 627 00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:36,000 Speaker 1: or it was a real monopole, and monopoles are just 628 00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,880 Speaker 1: super rare, right, for nobody else to have seen one 629 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:41,080 Speaker 1: and for him to never seen another one, they would 630 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,200 Speaker 1: have to be really really rare. And so maybe they 631 00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:46,560 Speaker 1: do exist. They're just really rare. And he happened to 632 00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:48,440 Speaker 1: see one, and he just happened to see it on 633 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:53,280 Speaker 1: Valentine's Day, which is suspicious. Yeah, his wife was trying 634 00:33:53,280 --> 00:33:54,600 Speaker 1: to get him out of the lab, and he said, 635 00:33:54,640 --> 00:33:57,160 Speaker 1: all right, if you find one, then you're done, right, Okay, 636 00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: here you go, or maybe the wife did it to 637 00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:07,040 Speaker 1: get him out of the lab, or his romantic interest 638 00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:10,960 Speaker 1: was but um, yeah, it's a little bit funny that 639 00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:13,520 Speaker 1: it was on a holiday. It is a little bit funny. Yeah, 640 00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:15,839 Speaker 1: but you know, and we're talking about any equals one. 641 00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:19,520 Speaker 1: So coincidences can just be pure coincidence, or they could 642 00:34:19,520 --> 00:34:22,560 Speaker 1: be meaningful. Maybe this was a gift from the universe 643 00:34:22,640 --> 00:34:25,320 Speaker 1: for Blast Cabrera. It must be a tricky position because 644 00:34:25,640 --> 00:34:27,759 Speaker 1: it's like, if you get something like that once and 645 00:34:27,840 --> 00:34:32,520 Speaker 1: never again, you know, it's very likely that it might 646 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:35,239 Speaker 1: be like an error or something. But then again, you 647 00:34:35,239 --> 00:34:37,600 Speaker 1: don't want to be the person who found the thing 648 00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:41,120 Speaker 1: but then didn't make a big deal about it, right, Yeah, exactly. 649 00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:42,960 Speaker 1: You don't want to be the person who went out 650 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,520 Speaker 1: and actually caught that crazy fish and then just sort 651 00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:47,400 Speaker 1: of threw it back because you didn't believe in yourself. 652 00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:49,759 Speaker 1: So you're making a huge bed here. You're saying I 653 00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:53,279 Speaker 1: found it, and just in case it was the real thing. 654 00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:55,239 Speaker 1: You can be the one that people say it was 655 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:59,680 Speaker 1: the first one, or people might think you're nuts. People 656 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:02,040 Speaker 1: might think you're nuts, and uh, and but this is 657 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,000 Speaker 1: a tricky field, like you say, because not seeing them 658 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,280 Speaker 1: doesn't mean they don't exist. They could just be super 659 00:35:07,360 --> 00:35:09,520 Speaker 1: duper rare, and you need to wait for a long time. 660 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:12,920 Speaker 1: All you can do is make statistical statements. The longer 661 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:15,440 Speaker 1: you don't see one, the more you can say that 662 00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:19,040 Speaker 1: they are rare. And so currently we know that if 663 00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:23,440 Speaker 1: monopoles do exist, there's fewer than one per ten to 664 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:27,040 Speaker 1: the twenty nine atoms, because if they were more frequent 665 00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:28,759 Speaker 1: than that, we would have seen them. This is you're 666 00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:31,480 Speaker 1: talking to just finding them in nature, like just holding 667 00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:34,799 Speaker 1: out your glove and hoping to catch one. That's right, 668 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,560 Speaker 1: Just that's just finding them already existing in nature. The 669 00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:41,960 Speaker 1: other idea is to make them in the lab, making monopoles, 670 00:35:42,239 --> 00:35:44,879 Speaker 1: making monopoles. That's right. We know the recipe is at work. 671 00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:49,000 Speaker 1: Which cartoon machine do you need here to me? It's 672 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,680 Speaker 1: not a cartoon machine. It's a real machine. It's the 673 00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:55,120 Speaker 1: large Hagon collider. It's my favorite machine. It's produced by 674 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:59,520 Speaker 1: ACME Products. But you know, well, particle collider, how do 675 00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:01,879 Speaker 1: you hope to make one? Just smash stuff and hope 676 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:05,120 Speaker 1: that something comes up. That's the magic of particle colliders 677 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:06,960 Speaker 1: is that you can use them to explore sort of 678 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:11,600 Speaker 1: the space of what's possible. If monopoles can exist in nature, 679 00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:14,640 Speaker 1: then we should be able to make them in the collider. Now, 680 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:16,960 Speaker 1: might be that they're just very rare, that they're hard 681 00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,560 Speaker 1: to make, that you smash protons together and it takes 682 00:36:19,560 --> 00:36:23,440 Speaker 1: a quadrillion collisions to get one monopole. Um. We don't know, 683 00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,480 Speaker 1: so we've been looking for them. We've been smashing protons 684 00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:28,880 Speaker 1: together for decades looking for monopoles, never having seen anything 685 00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:31,320 Speaker 1: that even looks close to a monopole. So that means 686 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:35,080 Speaker 1: that the evidence that it doesn't exist is building up. Yeah, 687 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,920 Speaker 1: but those searches are different. Those searches make different assumptions. 688 00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,239 Speaker 1: They assume, for example, that if monopoles exist, they can 689 00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:45,680 Speaker 1: be made in colliders, which requires a few assumptions about 690 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:49,240 Speaker 1: how they interact with the particles we have in our colliders. Remember, 691 00:36:49,280 --> 00:36:52,279 Speaker 1: the basic limitation is in colliders we can only make 692 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 1: particles that interact with the stuff we're putting in. So, 693 00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: for example, we try to make dark matter and colliders 694 00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:01,879 Speaker 1: hoping that protons have saw interaction with dark matter. If 695 00:37:01,880 --> 00:37:03,840 Speaker 1: they don't interact with dark matter, we can't make in 696 00:37:03,880 --> 00:37:08,400 Speaker 1: the colliders. Same way, if monopoles don't interact with protons 697 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:10,920 Speaker 1: and quarks, then we can't make them in the collider. 698 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,720 Speaker 1: So there are some loopholes there, all right, Well, then 699 00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:17,680 Speaker 1: that means that we need to stay tuned. Maybe you will, 700 00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:20,879 Speaker 1: somebody will build a new kind of collider, right, or 701 00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:24,680 Speaker 1: maybe at some point pantopole might pop out of this 702 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:28,040 Speaker 1: collision experiment. Yeah, sometimes I feel like we're in the 703 00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:31,799 Speaker 1: middle of a centuries long story. You ever read about these, 704 00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:34,240 Speaker 1: you know, these questions in physics which you get posed 705 00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:36,800 Speaker 1: and then solved like a hundred years later or a 706 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:38,960 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty years later, and you wonder like, what 707 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:41,440 Speaker 1: was it like to be like seventy years in And 708 00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:44,000 Speaker 1: it feels like this question has been around forever and 709 00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:46,319 Speaker 1: still nobody has made any progress in your decades from 710 00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:49,200 Speaker 1: the discovery. That's sort of where we are here? What 711 00:37:49,360 --> 00:37:52,560 Speaker 1: like what keeps people going? Well, you never know how 712 00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:54,719 Speaker 1: far away you are from the discovery, and so it 713 00:37:54,719 --> 00:37:58,440 Speaker 1: could be that next year somebody finds a cluster of monopoles, 714 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:01,200 Speaker 1: or maybe it's in a hundred years, or maybe somebody 715 00:38:01,239 --> 00:38:04,160 Speaker 1: will figure out a new way to manufacture them. Yeah. Um, 716 00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:06,640 Speaker 1: I think that they exist. I think that monopoles are 717 00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:09,000 Speaker 1: out there, but I don't know. You know, it's a 718 00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:11,799 Speaker 1: question about the universe we just don't know the answer to. 719 00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:16,000 Speaker 1: But someday humans might know. Well, if you think they exist, 720 00:38:16,080 --> 00:38:20,160 Speaker 1: and I'll take that bed with you, Daniel, Okay, all 721 00:38:20,239 --> 00:38:22,319 Speaker 1: right at the dollar Where are they? Where do you 722 00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 1: think they are? If you think that they exist, are 723 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:28,160 Speaker 1: they you know, hidden? Are they Is it a dark matter? 724 00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:30,799 Speaker 1: Or is it just just something that like some of 725 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:32,880 Speaker 1: these particles that don't live a long time that we 726 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:36,600 Speaker 1: just haven't reached with our particle colliders. Where where do 727 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:38,799 Speaker 1: you think they are? I don't know. And we think 728 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:41,640 Speaker 1: that if monopoles can exist in the universe, they should 729 00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:45,359 Speaker 1: have been made during the Big Bang, just like everything else, 730 00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:47,960 Speaker 1: you know, protons and electrons, and all those other kind 731 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,600 Speaker 1: of particles were made just after the Big Bang, so 732 00:38:50,719 --> 00:38:54,160 Speaker 1: why not monopoles? And if monopoles were created, you know, 733 00:38:54,239 --> 00:38:56,160 Speaker 1: do they annihilate each other like when a North and 734 00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:59,280 Speaker 1: South meet, do they annihilate each other into a photon? 735 00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:02,319 Speaker 1: It might be possible. It might be the case that, 736 00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:05,239 Speaker 1: you know, matter and antimatter or asymmetric, which is why 737 00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:08,160 Speaker 1: we ended up with matter monopole, North and South were 738 00:39:08,160 --> 00:39:11,279 Speaker 1: all symmetric, and they all annihilated each other away. So 739 00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:13,799 Speaker 1: we just don't know. All right, I'll formulate my dark 740 00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:19,840 Speaker 1: matter anti mater monopole unicorn theory for Nicks Week's episode, 741 00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:23,920 Speaker 1: and I'll be taking bets. Sounds good, I'll take a 742 00:39:23,920 --> 00:39:28,480 Speaker 1: bet on that one. Maybe, as you call it, a unipole, 743 00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:34,160 Speaker 1: and then magic unipole, and then maybe you'll get more 744 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:36,319 Speaker 1: people interested in the big Foot Pole and the Big Pole, 745 00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:45,680 Speaker 1: magic Uni Big Pole, the unifoot, new new crypto zoology entry, 746 00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:48,759 Speaker 1: crypto particle physics. All right, Well, I think this is 747 00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,320 Speaker 1: just another example of how there's just all these unanswered 748 00:39:51,360 --> 00:39:54,160 Speaker 1: questions out there in the universe, and that might at 749 00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,920 Speaker 1: any point in time up and our understanding of what 750 00:39:57,960 --> 00:40:00,200 Speaker 1: we think is going on. That's right. If you an 751 00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:04,480 Speaker 1: aspiring physicist young woman out there, remember that science can 752 00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:08,239 Speaker 1: be done by anyone and there are great discoveries remaining. Yep, 753 00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:12,720 Speaker 1: everybody check under your seats right now and remember twitter 754 00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:18,080 Speaker 1: handle is at Daniel and Jorge. Thanks for going along 755 00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:21,280 Speaker 1: with us on this ride about the crazy, bonkers, amazing 756 00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:23,600 Speaker 1: universe that we all live in. Yeah, we hope you 757 00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:28,799 Speaker 1: were attractively symmetrized. Thank you for joining us, See you 758 00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:38,960 Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for tuning in before. You still have 759 00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:42,399 Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop 760 00:40:42,480 --> 00:40:44,520 Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You 761 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,000 Speaker 1: can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel 762 00:40:48,040 --> 00:40:51,520 Speaker 1: and Jorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback 763 00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:54,799 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and 764 00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:57,560 Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a 765 00:40:57,640 --> 00:41:01,040 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio from our podcast from my 766 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:04,759 Speaker 1: Heart Radio visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 767 00:41:04,880 --> 00:41:16,040 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah. M