Speaker 1: Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda Land Audio in
Speaker 1: partnership with I Heart Radiom. No one truly knows the
Speaker 1: identities of those who participated in the Boston Tea Party
Speaker 1: in seventy three, but one man's name always ends up
Speaker 1: on the usual suspects list, and that is Dr Joseph Warren, physician,
Speaker 1: resurrection man, revolutionist. Welcome to Criminalia. I'm Maria Trumarquis and
Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry. In July of a construction crew working
Speaker 1: inside the Holden Chapel in Harvard Yard found human remains
Speaker 1: in the walls of the building's basement. That may sound
Speaker 1: suspicious and like the start of a big murder mystery,
Speaker 1: but they had not been hidden there by a serial
Speaker 1: killer or any sort of murderer. They had been put
Speaker 1: there by the faculty, staff and students of the school
Speaker 1: on purpose. Those were the bones of the many people
Speaker 1: whose corpses had been snatched from local cemeteries during the
Speaker 1: eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to be used as cadavers by
Speaker 1: those who were learning anatomy at Harvard. Just like any
Speaker 1: other medical school in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,
Speaker 1: Harvard had a shortage of cadavers. If you've been listening
Speaker 1: this season, that should sound pretty familiar to you at
Speaker 1: this point. Laws at this time in Massachusetts, where Harvard
Speaker 1: is located, we're a little bit less restrictive when it
Speaker 1: came to dissection than in other places, but not really
Speaker 1: by a whole lot. Legally, a medical school was allowed
Speaker 1: one cadaver her human body dissection once every four years.
Speaker 1: According to a seventeen eight issue of the Boston Gazette,
Speaker 1: a single body was made to do duty for a
Speaker 1: whole course of lectures. That may have been the law
Speaker 1: on the books, but in reality not all schools received
Speaker 1: equals share. The more prestigious the institution, sometimes the more
Speaker 1: cadavers they received, sometimes, though no not Harvard legally received
Speaker 1: one caldaver annually, but though they had more than other schools,
Speaker 1: it still was not enough. Medical education in the eighteenth
Speaker 1: century was a lot different than today and varied a
Speaker 1: lot among schools. It consisted of a few central things,
Speaker 1: though formal lectures for one or two semesters, followed by
Speaker 1: an apprenticeship with an established physician. There was really no
Speaker 1: academic preparation to attend lectures such as those an anatomy
Speaker 1: for instance, one would purchase a ticket for entry. As
Speaker 1: the lack of clinical material limited instructional experiences, class sizes,
Speaker 1: and opportunities for up close to section, the quality and
Speaker 1: quantity of doctors in Boston and in the United States
Speaker 1: as a whole really started to wane. Without the proper
Speaker 1: course materials and yes that did include fresh corpses, Harvard
Speaker 1: decided to change how it educated new doctors. It adopted
Speaker 1: a more hands on study of anatomy known as the
Speaker 1: Paris method, and according to that, each student learned by
Speaker 1: dissecting their own assigned cadaver. You can see where the
Speaker 1: problem is going to come up. Because while that would
Speaker 1: provide a more intense hands on training experience than just
Speaker 1: watching your anatomy lecturer dissect a single cadaver at the
Speaker 1: head of the class, it now also put the school
Speaker 1: in the position of needing to obtain all of the
Speaker 1: fresh corpses it would need to continue that type of curriculum.
Speaker 1: So Harvard, like many other schools, began to skirt the law.
Speaker 1: They hired body snatchers. Just around sev seventy, around the
Speaker 1: time the college was gifted funds to begin a professorship
Speaker 1: in anatomy. A group of Harvard's own took matters into
Speaker 1: their own hands when it came to the school's cadaver supply.
Speaker 1: Dr Joseph Warren, along with some very well known name
Speaker 1: founded an ilicit secret society known as the Anatomical Club,
Speaker 1: but it was better known as the Spunker Club, which
Speaker 1: appropriately featured a shovel as its representative symbol. The Spunker
Speaker 1: Club was, at least when it came to secrecy, kind
Speaker 1: of like fight club. The first rule of being a
Speaker 1: Spunker was you didn't talk about being a Spunker. The
Speaker 1: second rule of being as Funker was you didn't write
Speaker 1: or speak the name of the club. So you get
Speaker 1: the idea here. The purpose of the Spunker Club was
Speaker 1: to participate in anatomic dissection, and to do so using
Speaker 1: cadavers that they themselves had procured. John Warren, who was
Speaker 1: Joseph's brother, was also a member, and he is a
Speaker 1: notable member because he was also the founder of Harvard
Speaker 1: Medical School. Some of the club's other notable members included
Speaker 1: the sons of both Samuel Adams and Paul Revere, as
Speaker 1: well as William Eustace, the future Secretary of War under
Speaker 1: President James is Madison. Stealing a body from a fresh
Speaker 1: grave required at least three participants. You needed to to
Speaker 1: exhume the corpse and one to get ready to go
Speaker 1: with the getaway wagon. The club really took pride in
Speaker 1: their work. In a letter written in seventeen and published
Speaker 1: in the Journal of Social Archaeology, John Warren, remember Joseph's brother,
Speaker 1: and a club member who was not supposed to be
Speaker 1: writing about this, I need to point out, described body
Speaker 1: snatching by others as quote done with so little decency
Speaker 1: and caution that it quote needed scarcely be said. It
Speaker 1: could not have been the work of any of our
Speaker 1: friends of the Spunker Club when he wasn't leading doctors
Speaker 1: and students through the graveyard. As a physician and a
Speaker 1: popular one, Dr Warren treated everyone young old Wig Tory,
Speaker 1: it really didn't matter. His reputation in the city was impeccable,
Speaker 1: and he treated prominent people in Boston, including John Adam,
Speaker 1: Samuel Adams, and John Hancock. It's said he once saved
Speaker 1: seven year old future President John Quincy Adams's finger from amputation.
Speaker 1: He's also known to have treated the American born wife
Speaker 1: of British General Thomas Gage, and this year is with
Speaker 1: a mark of possible historical scandal. That's right, because some
Speaker 1: historians believe it was Margaret Gage who shared intelligence with
Speaker 1: Warren about the British Army's strategies and tactics, in particular
Speaker 1: British plans to raid Conquered Joseph never revealed his informants identity.
Speaker 1: But why you might be wondering, and most appropriately, would
Speaker 1: your family physician have an informant? That's because Bostonian physician
Speaker 1: and patriot Joseph Warren played a central role in the
Speaker 1: events leading up to the American Revolution. In addition to
Speaker 1: being a remarkable physician and resurrection man, Joseph was a
Speaker 1: remarkable revolutionist military officer. Paula Here's ride from Boston towards
Speaker 1: Conquered to Warren revolutionaries there that the British were planning
Speaker 1: to raid ammunition stores and arrest prominent patriots John Hancock
Speaker 1: and Samuel Adams is a famous story in American history.
Speaker 1: But did you know it was Dr Joseph Warren who
Speaker 1: dispatched him on that famous ride. Indeed, it was We're
Speaker 1: gonna take a quick break here for a word from
Speaker 1: our sponsor, and when we're back, we're gonna speculate what
Speaker 1: Dr Warren and his allies talked about at the Green
Speaker 1: Dragon Tavern. Welcome back to Criminaliat. Let's talk about why
Speaker 1: Joseph Warren has been called the quote de facto leader
Speaker 1: of the American Revolution. So let's talk for a minute
Speaker 1: about Joseph Warren's young life. He was born in the
Speaker 1: town of Roxbury, Massachusetts, in June of seventeen forty one,
Speaker 1: and he was the eldest of Joseph and Mary Stevens
Speaker 1: Warren's four sons. He was raised in a three story
Speaker 1: brick house surrounded by acres of pastures and orchards. It
Speaker 1: really sounds pretty idyllic. His father was a successful farmer,
Speaker 1: but unfortunately died after accidentally falling out of an apple
Speaker 1: tree while tending to those orchards. When he was ten
Speaker 1: years old. Joseph attended Roxbury Latin School, one of America's
Speaker 1: oldest public schools as well as one of its most
Speaker 1: prestigious prep schools, known for preparing students seeking admission to Harvard.
Speaker 1: At age fourteen, Joseph was admitted to Harvard as one
Speaker 1: of the youngest of a freshman class of forty five students.
Speaker 1: He graduated in seventeen fifty nine at the age of eighteen,
Speaker 1: and went on, of course, to become a physician and
Speaker 1: for his personal life. He married Elizabeth Houghton in September
Speaker 1: of seventeen sixty four. She was a woman of considerable fortune,
Speaker 1: so he married very well, and the couple had four children.
Speaker 1: Joseph was a Freemason. In fact, he was the grand
Speaker 1: master of his group. Together, the men were known to
Speaker 1: meet at the Green Dragon Tavern to talk about the Revolution.
Speaker 1: Joseph's revolutionary writings caught the eye of Samuel Adams, a
Speaker 1: statesman and political philosopher who became one of the founding
Speaker 1: fathers of the United States. It was through Samuel Adams
Speaker 1: that Warren met Paul Revere, John Hancock, John Adams, and
Speaker 1: other politically active and motivated people. Many of these names
Speaker 1: appear on some very important documents in the history of
Speaker 1: the United States. In February of seventeen seventy, it was
Speaker 1: Joseph who performed the autopsy of an eleven year old
Speaker 1: boy named Christopher Cider. Christopher was at the time allegedly
Speaker 1: killed by a loyalist during a protest in the North
Speaker 1: End of Boston. Warren was the doctor who confirmed that
Speaker 1: Cider's death at the hands of British customs officer Ebenezer Richardson,
Speaker 1: was the first in the American Revolution. Christopher had been
Speaker 1: fatally shot when Richardson, attempting to disperse the turbulent crowd,
Speaker 1: had fired a load of what's called swan shot, basically
Speaker 1: a lot of pea size lead balls out of a window.
Speaker 1: That was actually his second shot, his first he wasn't loaded.
Speaker 1: Cider was struck in the chest by one of these
Speaker 1: pieces of swan shot and also had a secondary hit.
Speaker 1: It's frequently described as hitting him above the eye, although
Speaker 1: sometimes you'll read that it hit him in the arm.
Speaker 1: Christopher Cider died on February seventeen seventy. That same gunfire
Speaker 1: also injured a local teenager, Samuel Gore, although he survived.
Speaker 1: Cider became a symbol of the Liberty movement. Richardson was
Speaker 1: tried and convicted for killing the boy, although then he
Speaker 1: was pardoned by King George the Third before fleeing North
Speaker 1: America for England. And Joseph Or was closely associated with
Speaker 1: this entire story because of his role in examining Citer's
Speaker 1: body Joseph was also talented in rhetoric and was asked
Speaker 1: to give a speech commemorating the Boston Massacre, an event
Speaker 1: when British soldiers shot and killed five Bostonians. Other names
Speaker 1: had been considered to speak, concluding John Hancock, Samuel Adams,
Speaker 1: and Benjamin Church, but it was Warren who was chosen
Speaker 1: for his oratorical talent. He delivered the speech. In fact,
Speaker 1: he delivered it twice. The first time was in March
Speaker 1: of seventeen seventy two, during the marking of the anniversary
Speaker 1: of the massacre, and the second time was in seventeen
Speaker 1: seventy five, during a time when the revolution in the
Speaker 1: air was palpable. He wore a costume during that second speech,
Speaker 1: a Ciceronian toga, the garment of a free born Roman
Speaker 1: male citizen. Of his forty five minute address, the Boston
Speaker 1: Gazette reported that Warren's words were quote celebrated with unanimous applause.
Speaker 1: The British, it was reported, were in attendance and they
Speaker 1: were not amused. In response to the set of punative
Speaker 1: laws called the Coercive Acts passed by British Parliament in
Speaker 1: seventeen seventy four after the Boston Tea Party. It was
Speaker 1: Joseph Warren who wrote the Suffolk Resolves. The Suffolk Resolves
Speaker 1: document basically said that the colonists weren't going to tolerate
Speaker 1: British rules. The text also encouraged the people of the
Speaker 1: British colonies to stop paying their taxes and to start
Speaker 1: training for armed conflict. The Continental Congress endorsed his declaration,
Speaker 1: which resulted in a boycott of imported goods from Britain
Speaker 1: until the intolerable Acts, as they were called by the
Speaker 1: colonists were repealed. We mentioned earlier that Warren was involved
Speaker 1: with the Freemasons, but he was also part of the
Speaker 1: Sons of Liberty, the North End Caucus, the Boston Committee
Speaker 1: of Correspondence, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, and the Massachusetts
Speaker 1: Provincial Congress. That, it turns out, made him involved in
Speaker 1: so many organizations that that is how he got that
Speaker 1: nickname the de facto leader of the American Revolution. He
Speaker 1: touched every branch of every group that was kind of
Speaker 1: forming as this revolution was fomenting. This man had more
Speaker 1: time in his day than I do for busy be
Speaker 1: He is a busy busy bee. He also was a
Speaker 1: hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill, where he was
Speaker 1: killed in action alongside the infantry, just six days after
Speaker 1: his thirty fourth birthday and three days after he was
Speaker 1: chosen as major general. According to British General Thomas Gage,
Speaker 1: Warren's death was quote worth the death of five hundred men.
Speaker 1: So we're going to take another break for a word
Speaker 1: from our sponsor here, and when we come back, we'll
Speaker 1: talk about what Harvard did without the Spunker Club, and
Speaker 1: the answer to that is a few different things. Welcome
Speaker 1: back to Criminalia. Let's talk about what became of the
Speaker 1: Spunker Club. Samuel Foreman, a visiting scientist in the Department
Speaker 1: of Environmental Health at Harvard School of Public Health and
Speaker 1: president of Oak and Ivy Health Systems, has called Joseph
Speaker 1: Warren quote a seminal figure, not only for his participation
Speaker 1: in proto public health activities, but more generally in the
Speaker 1: founding of medically related institutions of all types at Harvard.
Speaker 1: Foreman believes that had Warren lived beyond his early thirties,
Speaker 1: he would likely have gone on to do more great
Speaker 1: things in his role as a physician and his role
Speaker 1: as a politician. Foreman wrote, quote, he was a proponent
Speaker 1: of disciplined medical education and pushed for the most up
Speaker 1: to date knowledge and techniques in medicine, both in individual
Speaker 1: cases and in public health. A few years after Joseph's death,
Speaker 1: the founding of the Medical School in seventeen eighty two
Speaker 1: made Harvard a university. Previously, it had been known as
Speaker 1: Harvard College. In seventeen eighty three, when Harvard Medical School
Speaker 1: officially opened its doors, it opened as the Medical Institution
Speaker 1: of Harvard University, and its first home was yes the
Speaker 1: Holden Chapel in Harvard Yard. In eighteen fifteen, Massachusetts seems
Speaker 1: to have collectively felt like enough was enough when it
Speaker 1: came to stealing corpses. The state government passed the Act
Speaker 1: to Protect the Sepulchers of the Dead, which made it
Speaker 1: a felony to disturb a grave or steal a corpse.
Speaker 1: As you can imagine, this received a lot of pushback
Speaker 1: from the Massachusetts Medical Society. Air were they going to
Speaker 1: get fresh corpses now? For a brief period during the
Speaker 1: Revolutionary War, corpses had been, unfortunately pretty abundant. It's believed
Speaker 1: the members of the Spunker Club likely collected corpses from
Speaker 1: both sides. That was a practice that George Washington referred
Speaker 1: to and we're quoting him from the Journal of the
Speaker 1: American Revolution, as an abominable crime. But in the years
Speaker 1: after the war ended, that supply had dwindled back to
Speaker 1: pre conflict status, making it harder than ever to keep
Speaker 1: up with demand. In a rapidly growing country a lot
Speaker 1: of people who wanted to be doctors, So in eighteen
Speaker 1: thirty one, Massachusetts passed another law, the Anatomy Act, which
Speaker 1: allowed medical professionals to legally obtain the bodies of those
Speaker 1: who had been imprisoned, those who had been determined to
Speaker 1: be mentally ill, and those who had died in poverty.
Speaker 1: Around this time, to Harvard Medical School began moving to
Speaker 1: a new supply chain. They began bribing New York City
Speaker 1: officials to ship corpses from New York to Boston. It was,
Speaker 1: according to an article in the Boston Gazette, where body
Speaker 1: snatchers were quote emptying at least six hundred or seven
Speaker 1: hundred graves annually. By eighteen forty two, Harvard Medical School
Speaker 1: employed from Littlefield as a janitor, but his actual job
Speaker 1: was to supply the school with fresh corpses, and they
Speaker 1: paid him twenty five dollars per body. Now it's unclear
Speaker 1: if Efrem himself was snatching the bodies or if maybe
Speaker 1: instead he was a go between who was just kind
Speaker 1: of managing the whole thing. He was, though, also tasked
Speaker 1: with the disposal of the remains left over after dissections
Speaker 1: from dumped them in the basement of Holden Chapel. That
Speaker 1: makes those the bodies that construction workers discovered in n
Speaker 1: It's been determined that the remains belonged to at least
Speaker 1: eleven males and females, but most of the remaining bones
Speaker 1: are pretty bad condition and they make identification impossible or
Speaker 1: at least very unlikely. According to aarticle in student run
Speaker 1: Harvard Daily newspaper The Crimson, Carol A. S. Mandrick, the
Speaker 1: director of the Ocean Lifelong Learning Institute at University of
Speaker 1: Hawaii at MANOAH and former anthropology professor at Harvard, noted
Speaker 1: that quote, some of the bones have metal pieces sticking
Speaker 1: out of them, as if someone was trying to construct
Speaker 1: a skeleton. Amid these changes in the mid eight hundreds,
Speaker 1: the body snatching spunker club wasn't really needed anymore, although
Speaker 1: no one is exactly certain when they closed down, with
Speaker 1: their being a secret club and all. Surely somebody blabbed
Speaker 1: it in a letter, right, John Warren? Where are surely
Speaker 1: you could be better than this. We didn't really talk
Speaker 1: about embalming or anything in this episode, but would you
Speaker 1: like some embalming fluid, Marina? I would love some, perhaps
Speaker 1: to go along with my revolutionist reading materials. There you
Speaker 1: go over. In thinking about a cocktail for this one,
Speaker 1: I wanted to think of something at least vaguely related
Speaker 1: to time and place, and so I immediately thought about
Speaker 1: one of the popular drinks during this time, which would
Speaker 1: have been cider. But then I also got to thinking
Speaker 1: about how a lot of the founding fathers were also distillers,
Speaker 1: to varying degrees of success, and George Washington in particular
Speaker 1: made a lot of whiskey and brandy. You can actually
Speaker 1: still buy whiskey and brandy from the restored distilleries that
Speaker 1: he had. It's pricey. I do not have any on
Speaker 1: hand and did not use it in this recipe, although
Speaker 1: there is whiskey coming up, and I also just wanted
Speaker 1: to think of other yummy things to combine with such items.
Speaker 1: So this is a little drink that is a very
Speaker 1: delicious and I'm calling it secret society. But it's very
Speaker 1: easy to throw together, very easy drinking, and I think
Speaker 1: the mocktail version is really quite lovely as well. So
Speaker 1: for this, you are going to throw into your cocktail
Speaker 1: shaker a half ounce of lemon juice, a half ounce
Speaker 1: of simple syrup, and ten fat blueberries, and then you're
Speaker 1: gonna muddle those together. And then once you've done that,
Speaker 1: and again it's like what we've talked about before, this
Speaker 1: is not a pulverizer. You just kind of want to
Speaker 1: break those berries up. Usually if they're fat and right,
Speaker 1: they'll break up pretty easily anyway. And then you're going
Speaker 1: to add an ounce of whiskey of your choice. Rye
Speaker 1: is great for some folks, not everybody loves Rye. So
Speaker 1: really whichever whiskey you desire, and some ice, and you're
Speaker 1: gonna shake that all together. Just give it a good shake,
Speaker 1: make sure it's an all nice and cold, and then
Speaker 1: you'll pour it. You won't strain it. You'll pour it
Speaker 1: with the ice into a rocks glass and then you
Speaker 1: just top it with four ounces of hard cider. This
Speaker 1: is so stink and delicious. I don't even know it.
Speaker 1: I don't normally consider myself a big hard cider drinker,
Speaker 1: but this might change that game. A little whiskey and
Speaker 1: blueberries made everything new, and it doesn't really lends it
Speaker 1: and I don't know a different flavor, it's not. The
Speaker 1: blueberry is interesting. There are a lot of um whiskey
Speaker 1: and cider cocktails out in the world. A lot of
Speaker 1: people like to play with those two together, especially in autumn.
Speaker 1: But I wanted to do something that was a little
Speaker 1: summary and I again, I always like putting fresh fruit
Speaker 1: in a drink. It feels somehow a little fancier. But
Speaker 1: I also know I've been doing a lot of strawberry actions,
Speaker 1: so it was time to trot out. And also blueberries,
Speaker 1: so yum. This one's very easy to make. Is a mocktail.
Speaker 1: You'll start out the same way with the blueberries, the
Speaker 1: lemon juice and the simple syrup, and then you're not
Speaker 1: gonna put whiskey in there, but you can shake it.
Speaker 1: You can use a sparkling nonalcoholic cider here, and it's
Speaker 1: great if you want to give it a little kick
Speaker 1: of something that's different. Since you're skipping the whiskey, this
Speaker 1: becomes that choose your own adventure a little bit. We
Speaker 1: often throw in like a very strong, heavily steeped tea
Speaker 1: in lieu of a whiskey, which you can do and
Speaker 1: it almost makes it like an apple iced tea situation.
Speaker 1: But I would also suggest if you want more of
Speaker 1: that like alcohol, bite to it without the alcohol. This
Speaker 1: is a great time to trot out your habanero or
Speaker 1: your hallopeen, you know, syrup if you have it, and
Speaker 1: just throw a little in there and make it have
Speaker 1: that little bit of chi chow that feels a little
Speaker 1: bity on your tongue yet is just a delicious syrup
Speaker 1: and no alcohol in it. Yeah, and then pour several
Speaker 1: more for yourself. We're friends. I do like ciders, and
Speaker 1: I'm actually I'm happy to see that one has popped up.
Speaker 1: Done dune, dun listen. I'm trying to get around to
Speaker 1: everything eventually. If we did only what I naturally gravitate
Speaker 1: to would be all vodka and chartreuse all the time,
Speaker 1: which would be amazing but boring diet, and then a
Speaker 1: cordial of chartreuse some cogniac every evening and not predictable
Speaker 1: at all, not at all. I mean, did I want
Speaker 1: to put a cogniac or a brandy in it. Yes,
Speaker 1: did I know? Because I always try to stretch a little.
Speaker 1: I actually was wondering if you were going to go
Speaker 1: in a direction of an apple brandy, because that's a
Speaker 1: very New England kind of a business. I thought about it.
Speaker 1: But I'm actually I'm so like happy to see this
Speaker 1: direction that you have gone into, because there's how many
Speaker 1: apple jacks do we need in the world. Like, I'm
Speaker 1: very yummy, but it's fun to play with stuff and
Speaker 1: make new fun things. Blueberries are They do a magical
Speaker 1: thing here because it doesn't you don't really taste blueberry,
Speaker 1: but you taste like a fruity essence to it that
Speaker 1: is discernibly different from just apple, which is nice. The
Speaker 1: skins tended to settle on the bottom, and then the
Speaker 1: interior is like pulpy and lurks in like the middle
Speaker 1: range with your ice more than anything. And then the
Speaker 1: rest is about the golden tone you would expect. But
Speaker 1: you do get that nice, nice berry something. If I
Speaker 1: think if somebody didn't know blueberries were in it, they
Speaker 1: would be like, what, there's something in here I can't
Speaker 1: pick out. It is a fruit and possibly a berry,
Speaker 1: but they it's hard to figure out, like where the
Speaker 1: blueberry flavor is actually moving amongst your apple sip. So
Speaker 1: try it, but you can if you don't love blueberries,
Speaker 1: you could put in other things. You could try it with,
Speaker 1: of course strawberries which we mentioned, a raspberry. I think
Speaker 1: this would be very interesting and I don't think a
Speaker 1: disaster to try it with a mashed kiwi in it. Hey,
Speaker 1: that's interesting. Yeah. I love playing with fruit in a
Speaker 1: basic drink. It changes it considerably without becoming overwhelming usually
Speaker 1: unless you use some really pungent fruit, which I suppose
Speaker 1: you could. You could put a mango in this get
Speaker 1: a completely different drink out of it, So it would
Speaker 1: be a very different drink. I'm sure it'd be a
Speaker 1: very good drink, but it would be it would suddenly
Speaker 1: feel much more tropical and lass New England in like
Speaker 1: a second definitely not Roxbury like, not even a little.
Speaker 1: Hopefully you will give this a whirl and hopefully you
Speaker 1: will enjoy it as much as I do. And we
Speaker 1: also want to make sure we thank you for spending
Speaker 1: this time with us, and we hope we will see
Speaker 1: you back here next week for more digging up bodies
Speaker 1: on Criminalia. Criminalia is a production of Shonda land Audio
Speaker 1: in partnership with I heart Radio. For more podcasts from
Speaker 1: Shonda land Audio, please visit the I heart Radio app,
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.