WEBVTT - Dr. Joseph Warren: American Revolutionist and Secret Spunker 0:00:01.680 --> 0:00:05.320 Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda Land Audio in 0:00:05.400 --> 0:00:15.320 partnership with I Heart Radiom. No one truly knows the 0:00:15.400 --> 0:00:18.360 identities of those who participated in the Boston Tea Party 0:00:18.360 --> 0:00:22.480 in seventy three, but one man's name always ends up 0:00:22.520 --> 0:00:27.560 on the usual suspects list, and that is Dr Joseph Warren, physician, 0:00:27.920 --> 0:00:34.360 resurrection man, revolutionist. Welcome to Criminalia. I'm Maria Trumarquis and 0:00:34.479 --> 0:00:40.159 I'm Holly Fry. In July of a construction crew working 0:00:40.200 --> 0:00:44.200 inside the Holden Chapel in Harvard Yard found human remains 0:00:44.280 --> 0:00:48.080 in the walls of the building's basement. That may sound 0:00:48.120 --> 0:00:50.720 suspicious and like the start of a big murder mystery, 0:00:50.840 --> 0:00:53.440 but they had not been hidden there by a serial 0:00:53.560 --> 0:00:56.720 killer or any sort of murderer. They had been put 0:00:56.840 --> 0:01:00.360 there by the faculty, staff and students of the school 0:01:01.040 --> 0:01:04.759 on purpose. Those were the bones of the many people 0:01:04.800 --> 0:01:08.480 whose corpses had been snatched from local cemeteries during the 0:01:08.520 --> 0:01:12.440 eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to be used as cadavers by 0:01:12.480 --> 0:01:16.759 those who were learning anatomy at Harvard. Just like any 0:01:16.840 --> 0:01:20.360 other medical school in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 0:01:20.480 --> 0:01:23.880 Harvard had a shortage of cadavers. If you've been listening 0:01:23.920 --> 0:01:27.560 this season, that should sound pretty familiar to you at 0:01:27.560 --> 0:01:31.480 this point. Laws at this time in Massachusetts, where Harvard 0:01:31.560 --> 0:01:35.039 is located, we're a little bit less restrictive when it 0:01:35.080 --> 0:01:38.080 came to dissection than in other places, but not really 0:01:38.120 --> 0:01:41.679 by a whole lot. Legally, a medical school was allowed 0:01:41.720 --> 0:01:45.600 one cadaver her human body dissection once every four years. 0:01:45.959 --> 0:01:49.400 According to a seventeen eight issue of the Boston Gazette, 0:01:49.760 --> 0:01:52.680 a single body was made to do duty for a 0:01:52.760 --> 0:01:56.280 whole course of lectures. That may have been the law 0:01:56.320 --> 0:01:59.560 on the books, but in reality not all schools received 0:01:59.600 --> 0:02:03.840 equals share. The more prestigious the institution, sometimes the more 0:02:03.880 --> 0:02:10.200 cadavers they received, sometimes, though no not Harvard legally received 0:02:10.280 --> 0:02:14.480 one caldaver annually, but though they had more than other schools, 0:02:14.520 --> 0:02:18.240 it still was not enough. Medical education in the eighteenth 0:02:18.280 --> 0:02:21.240 century was a lot different than today and varied a 0:02:21.320 --> 0:02:24.880 lot among schools. It consisted of a few central things, 0:02:24.960 --> 0:02:28.919 though formal lectures for one or two semesters, followed by 0:02:28.960 --> 0:02:33.040 an apprenticeship with an established physician. There was really no 0:02:33.200 --> 0:02:37.680 academic preparation to attend lectures such as those an anatomy 0:02:37.800 --> 0:02:41.679 for instance, one would purchase a ticket for entry. As 0:02:41.720 --> 0:02:46.760 the lack of clinical material limited instructional experiences, class sizes, 0:02:46.800 --> 0:02:50.760 and opportunities for up close to section, the quality and 0:02:51.040 --> 0:02:54.360 quantity of doctors in Boston and in the United States 0:02:54.400 --> 0:02:58.480 as a whole really started to wane. Without the proper 0:02:58.520 --> 0:03:03.119 course materials and yes that did include fresh corpses, Harvard 0:03:03.160 --> 0:03:07.560 decided to change how it educated new doctors. It adopted 0:03:07.639 --> 0:03:10.320 a more hands on study of anatomy known as the 0:03:10.360 --> 0:03:13.880 Paris method, and according to that, each student learned by 0:03:13.880 --> 0:03:18.000 dissecting their own assigned cadaver. You can see where the 0:03:18.000 --> 0:03:20.280 problem is going to come up. Because while that would 0:03:20.320 --> 0:03:23.480 provide a more intense hands on training experience than just 0:03:23.639 --> 0:03:26.679 watching your anatomy lecturer dissect a single cadaver at the 0:03:26.720 --> 0:03:29.440 head of the class, it now also put the school 0:03:29.440 --> 0:03:32.400 in the position of needing to obtain all of the 0:03:32.440 --> 0:03:36.520 fresh corpses it would need to continue that type of curriculum. 0:03:36.560 --> 0:03:40.480 So Harvard, like many other schools, began to skirt the law. 0:03:41.200 --> 0:03:46.320 They hired body snatchers. Just around sev seventy, around the 0:03:46.360 --> 0:03:49.320 time the college was gifted funds to begin a professorship 0:03:49.320 --> 0:03:52.600 in anatomy. A group of Harvard's own took matters into 0:03:52.680 --> 0:03:55.360 their own hands when it came to the school's cadaver supply. 0:03:56.400 --> 0:03:59.839 Dr Joseph Warren, along with some very well known name 0:04:00.280 --> 0:04:04.800 founded an ilicit secret society known as the Anatomical Club, 0:04:05.040 --> 0:04:08.600 but it was better known as the Spunker Club, which 0:04:08.640 --> 0:04:14.040 appropriately featured a shovel as its representative symbol. The Spunker 0:04:14.120 --> 0:04:17.120 Club was, at least when it came to secrecy, kind 0:04:17.120 --> 0:04:21.000 of like fight club. The first rule of being a 0:04:21.160 --> 0:04:24.719 Spunker was you didn't talk about being a Spunker. The 0:04:24.760 --> 0:04:27.200 second rule of being as Funker was you didn't write 0:04:27.320 --> 0:04:29.920 or speak the name of the club. So you get 0:04:29.960 --> 0:04:32.919 the idea here. The purpose of the Spunker Club was 0:04:33.000 --> 0:04:37.160 to participate in anatomic dissection, and to do so using 0:04:37.200 --> 0:04:41.560 cadavers that they themselves had procured. John Warren, who was 0:04:41.680 --> 0:04:44.960 Joseph's brother, was also a member, and he is a 0:04:45.080 --> 0:04:49.560 notable member because he was also the founder of Harvard 0:04:49.600 --> 0:04:53.040 Medical School. Some of the club's other notable members included 0:04:53.080 --> 0:04:55.880 the sons of both Samuel Adams and Paul Revere, as 0:04:55.920 --> 0:04:59.280 well as William Eustace, the future Secretary of War under 0:04:59.320 --> 0:05:03.880 President James is Madison. Stealing a body from a fresh 0:05:03.880 --> 0:05:08.080 grave required at least three participants. You needed to to 0:05:08.240 --> 0:05:10.680 exhume the corpse and one to get ready to go 0:05:10.760 --> 0:05:14.279 with the getaway wagon. The club really took pride in 0:05:14.320 --> 0:05:18.320 their work. In a letter written in seventeen and published 0:05:18.640 --> 0:05:24.360 in the Journal of Social Archaeology, John Warren, remember Joseph's brother, 0:05:24.440 --> 0:05:26.839 and a club member who was not supposed to be 0:05:26.880 --> 0:05:30.000 writing about this, I need to point out, described body 0:05:30.040 --> 0:05:34.120 snatching by others as quote done with so little decency 0:05:34.240 --> 0:05:38.240 and caution that it quote needed scarcely be said. It 0:05:38.279 --> 0:05:40.279 could not have been the work of any of our 0:05:40.360 --> 0:05:44.359 friends of the Spunker Club when he wasn't leading doctors 0:05:44.360 --> 0:05:47.279 and students through the graveyard. As a physician and a 0:05:47.400 --> 0:05:52.200 popular one, Dr Warren treated everyone young old Wig Tory, 0:05:52.279 --> 0:05:56.159 it really didn't matter. His reputation in the city was impeccable, 0:05:56.360 --> 0:05:59.880 and he treated prominent people in Boston, including John Adam, 0:06:00.160 --> 0:06:04.520 Samuel Adams, and John Hancock. It's said he once saved 0:06:04.600 --> 0:06:08.800 seven year old future President John Quincy Adams's finger from amputation. 0:06:09.680 --> 0:06:12.640 He's also known to have treated the American born wife 0:06:12.680 --> 0:06:15.960 of British General Thomas Gage, and this year is with 0:06:16.080 --> 0:06:20.280 a mark of possible historical scandal. That's right, because some 0:06:20.440 --> 0:06:24.440 historians believe it was Margaret Gage who shared intelligence with 0:06:24.440 --> 0:06:28.680 Warren about the British Army's strategies and tactics, in particular 0:06:28.920 --> 0:06:34.920 British plans to raid Conquered Joseph never revealed his informants identity. 0:06:34.960 --> 0:06:39.000 But why you might be wondering, and most appropriately, would 0:06:39.000 --> 0:06:45.760 your family physician have an informant? That's because Bostonian physician 0:06:45.960 --> 0:06:49.719 and patriot Joseph Warren played a central role in the 0:06:49.800 --> 0:06:53.919 events leading up to the American Revolution. In addition to 0:06:54.000 --> 0:06:58.320 being a remarkable physician and resurrection man, Joseph was a 0:06:58.360 --> 0:07:04.119 remarkable revolutionist military officer. Paula Here's ride from Boston towards 0:07:04.160 --> 0:07:07.720 Conquered to Warren revolutionaries there that the British were planning 0:07:07.720 --> 0:07:11.680 to raid ammunition stores and arrest prominent patriots John Hancock 0:07:11.720 --> 0:07:16.120 and Samuel Adams is a famous story in American history. 0:07:16.160 --> 0:07:19.320 But did you know it was Dr Joseph Warren who 0:07:19.320 --> 0:07:23.960 dispatched him on that famous ride. Indeed, it was We're 0:07:23.960 --> 0:07:26.000 gonna take a quick break here for a word from 0:07:26.000 --> 0:07:29.200 our sponsor, and when we're back, we're gonna speculate what 0:07:29.400 --> 0:07:32.559 Dr Warren and his allies talked about at the Green 0:07:32.680 --> 0:07:48.880 Dragon Tavern. Welcome back to Criminaliat. Let's talk about why 0:07:49.000 --> 0:07:52.800 Joseph Warren has been called the quote de facto leader 0:07:53.000 --> 0:07:57.120 of the American Revolution. So let's talk for a minute 0:07:57.240 --> 0:08:00.520 about Joseph Warren's young life. He was born in the 0:08:00.560 --> 0:08:04.800 town of Roxbury, Massachusetts, in June of seventeen forty one, 0:08:04.960 --> 0:08:07.600 and he was the eldest of Joseph and Mary Stevens 0:08:07.640 --> 0:08:11.160 Warren's four sons. He was raised in a three story 0:08:11.240 --> 0:08:15.200 brick house surrounded by acres of pastures and orchards. It 0:08:15.280 --> 0:08:19.520 really sounds pretty idyllic. His father was a successful farmer, 0:08:19.560 --> 0:08:23.280 but unfortunately died after accidentally falling out of an apple 0:08:23.320 --> 0:08:27.200 tree while tending to those orchards. When he was ten 0:08:27.280 --> 0:08:31.120 years old. Joseph attended Roxbury Latin School, one of America's 0:08:31.160 --> 0:08:34.080 oldest public schools as well as one of its most 0:08:34.080 --> 0:08:39.280 prestigious prep schools, known for preparing students seeking admission to Harvard. 0:08:40.120 --> 0:08:43.000 At age fourteen, Joseph was admitted to Harvard as one 0:08:43.040 --> 0:08:46.079 of the youngest of a freshman class of forty five students. 0:08:46.679 --> 0:08:49.960 He graduated in seventeen fifty nine at the age of eighteen, 0:08:50.400 --> 0:08:53.560 and went on, of course, to become a physician and 0:08:53.720 --> 0:08:57.719 for his personal life. He married Elizabeth Houghton in September 0:08:57.760 --> 0:09:01.880 of seventeen sixty four. She was a woman of considerable fortune, 0:09:01.960 --> 0:09:05.520 so he married very well, and the couple had four children. 0:09:06.720 --> 0:09:10.000 Joseph was a Freemason. In fact, he was the grand 0:09:10.200 --> 0:09:13.320 master of his group. Together, the men were known to 0:09:13.360 --> 0:09:16.440 meet at the Green Dragon Tavern to talk about the Revolution. 0:09:17.320 --> 0:09:21.360 Joseph's revolutionary writings caught the eye of Samuel Adams, a 0:09:21.520 --> 0:09:24.760 statesman and political philosopher who became one of the founding 0:09:24.800 --> 0:09:28.559 fathers of the United States. It was through Samuel Adams 0:09:28.559 --> 0:09:32.240 that Warren met Paul Revere, John Hancock, John Adams, and 0:09:32.360 --> 0:09:36.280 other politically active and motivated people. Many of these names 0:09:36.280 --> 0:09:39.360 appear on some very important documents in the history of 0:09:39.400 --> 0:09:44.320 the United States. In February of seventeen seventy, it was 0:09:44.440 --> 0:09:47.719 Joseph who performed the autopsy of an eleven year old 0:09:47.760 --> 0:09:52.280 boy named Christopher Cider. Christopher was at the time allegedly 0:09:52.480 --> 0:09:55.120 killed by a loyalist during a protest in the North 0:09:55.240 --> 0:09:59.320 End of Boston. Warren was the doctor who confirmed that 0:09:59.480 --> 0:10:03.640 Cider's death at the hands of British customs officer Ebenezer Richardson, 0:10:04.120 --> 0:10:08.079 was the first in the American Revolution. Christopher had been 0:10:08.120 --> 0:10:12.760 fatally shot when Richardson, attempting to disperse the turbulent crowd, 0:10:12.920 --> 0:10:16.400 had fired a load of what's called swan shot, basically 0:10:16.400 --> 0:10:19.520 a lot of pea size lead balls out of a window. 0:10:20.080 --> 0:10:23.160 That was actually his second shot, his first he wasn't loaded. 0:10:24.000 --> 0:10:27.000 Cider was struck in the chest by one of these 0:10:27.040 --> 0:10:30.040 pieces of swan shot and also had a secondary hit. 0:10:30.480 --> 0:10:33.600 It's frequently described as hitting him above the eye, although 0:10:33.640 --> 0:10:36.200 sometimes you'll read that it hit him in the arm. 0:10:36.400 --> 0:10:42.360 Christopher Cider died on February seventeen seventy. That same gunfire 0:10:42.480 --> 0:10:46.439 also injured a local teenager, Samuel Gore, although he survived. 0:10:47.280 --> 0:10:51.240 Cider became a symbol of the Liberty movement. Richardson was 0:10:51.280 --> 0:10:54.280 tried and convicted for killing the boy, although then he 0:10:54.360 --> 0:10:57.240 was pardoned by King George the Third before fleeing North 0:10:57.280 --> 0:11:02.240 America for England. And Joseph Or was closely associated with 0:11:02.320 --> 0:11:06.200 this entire story because of his role in examining Citer's 0:11:06.240 --> 0:11:11.840 body Joseph was also talented in rhetoric and was asked 0:11:11.920 --> 0:11:15.280 to give a speech commemorating the Boston Massacre, an event 0:11:15.720 --> 0:11:19.920 when British soldiers shot and killed five Bostonians. Other names 0:11:19.920 --> 0:11:23.560 had been considered to speak, concluding John Hancock, Samuel Adams, 0:11:23.600 --> 0:11:26.720 and Benjamin Church, but it was Warren who was chosen 0:11:26.760 --> 0:11:30.079 for his oratorical talent. He delivered the speech. In fact, 0:11:30.080 --> 0:11:33.920 he delivered it twice. The first time was in March 0:11:34.000 --> 0:11:37.640 of seventeen seventy two, during the marking of the anniversary 0:11:37.679 --> 0:11:40.480 of the massacre, and the second time was in seventeen 0:11:40.520 --> 0:11:44.000 seventy five, during a time when the revolution in the 0:11:44.040 --> 0:11:48.360 air was palpable. He wore a costume during that second speech, 0:11:48.520 --> 0:11:52.199 a Ciceronian toga, the garment of a free born Roman 0:11:52.240 --> 0:11:56.600 male citizen. Of his forty five minute address, the Boston 0:11:56.640 --> 0:12:01.560 Gazette reported that Warren's words were quote celebrated with unanimous applause. 0:12:02.559 --> 0:12:06.000 The British, it was reported, were in attendance and they 0:12:06.000 --> 0:12:09.600 were not amused. In response to the set of punative 0:12:09.679 --> 0:12:12.960 laws called the Coercive Acts passed by British Parliament in 0:12:13.040 --> 0:12:16.520 seventeen seventy four after the Boston Tea Party. It was 0:12:16.640 --> 0:12:21.000 Joseph Warren who wrote the Suffolk Resolves. The Suffolk Resolves 0:12:21.080 --> 0:12:25.120 document basically said that the colonists weren't going to tolerate 0:12:25.120 --> 0:12:28.880 British rules. The text also encouraged the people of the 0:12:28.880 --> 0:12:32.600 British colonies to stop paying their taxes and to start 0:12:32.679 --> 0:12:37.920 training for armed conflict. The Continental Congress endorsed his declaration, 0:12:38.080 --> 0:12:41.320 which resulted in a boycott of imported goods from Britain 0:12:41.400 --> 0:12:44.320 until the intolerable Acts, as they were called by the 0:12:44.360 --> 0:12:49.880 colonists were repealed. We mentioned earlier that Warren was involved 0:12:49.920 --> 0:12:53.000 with the Freemasons, but he was also part of the 0:12:53.040 --> 0:12:56.800 Sons of Liberty, the North End Caucus, the Boston Committee 0:12:56.840 --> 0:13:01.599 of Correspondence, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, and the Massachusetts 0:13:01.679 --> 0:13:05.960 Provincial Congress. That, it turns out, made him involved in 0:13:06.120 --> 0:13:09.360 so many organizations that that is how he got that 0:13:09.520 --> 0:13:13.040 nickname the de facto leader of the American Revolution. He 0:13:13.160 --> 0:13:17.079 touched every branch of every group that was kind of 0:13:17.320 --> 0:13:21.160 forming as this revolution was fomenting. This man had more 0:13:21.200 --> 0:13:24.800 time in his day than I do for busy be 0:13:25.080 --> 0:13:29.000 He is a busy busy bee. He also was a 0:13:29.080 --> 0:13:32.800 hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill, where he was 0:13:32.880 --> 0:13:37.000 killed in action alongside the infantry, just six days after 0:13:37.040 --> 0:13:40.520 his thirty fourth birthday and three days after he was 0:13:40.600 --> 0:13:45.000 chosen as major general. According to British General Thomas Gage, 0:13:45.160 --> 0:13:49.640 Warren's death was quote worth the death of five hundred men. 0:13:51.640 --> 0:13:53.800 So we're going to take another break for a word 0:13:53.840 --> 0:13:57.480 from our sponsor here, and when we come back, we'll 0:13:57.480 --> 0:14:01.440 talk about what Harvard did without the Spunker Club, and 0:14:01.480 --> 0:14:17.000 the answer to that is a few different things. Welcome 0:14:17.000 --> 0:14:20.400 back to Criminalia. Let's talk about what became of the 0:14:20.440 --> 0:14:25.880 Spunker Club. Samuel Foreman, a visiting scientist in the Department 0:14:25.880 --> 0:14:29.240 of Environmental Health at Harvard School of Public Health and 0:14:29.480 --> 0:14:33.280 president of Oak and Ivy Health Systems, has called Joseph 0:14:33.360 --> 0:14:37.080 Warren quote a seminal figure, not only for his participation 0:14:37.200 --> 0:14:40.720 in proto public health activities, but more generally in the 0:14:40.840 --> 0:14:44.840 founding of medically related institutions of all types at Harvard. 0:14:45.760 --> 0:14:49.280 Foreman believes that had Warren lived beyond his early thirties, 0:14:49.680 --> 0:14:51.960 he would likely have gone on to do more great 0:14:52.040 --> 0:14:55.240 things in his role as a physician and his role 0:14:55.280 --> 0:14:58.960 as a politician. Foreman wrote, quote, he was a proponent 0:14:59.040 --> 0:15:02.760 of disciplined medical education and pushed for the most up 0:15:02.800 --> 0:15:06.760 to date knowledge and techniques in medicine, both in individual 0:15:06.840 --> 0:15:12.400 cases and in public health. A few years after Joseph's death, 0:15:12.600 --> 0:15:15.520 the founding of the Medical School in seventeen eighty two 0:15:15.560 --> 0:15:19.600 made Harvard a university. Previously, it had been known as 0:15:19.680 --> 0:15:23.800 Harvard College. In seventeen eighty three, when Harvard Medical School 0:15:23.840 --> 0:15:28.280 officially opened its doors, it opened as the Medical Institution 0:15:28.400 --> 0:15:33.160 of Harvard University, and its first home was yes the 0:15:33.320 --> 0:15:40.360 Holden Chapel in Harvard Yard. In eighteen fifteen, Massachusetts seems 0:15:40.400 --> 0:15:43.600 to have collectively felt like enough was enough when it 0:15:43.640 --> 0:15:47.360 came to stealing corpses. The state government passed the Act 0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:50.120 to Protect the Sepulchers of the Dead, which made it 0:15:50.120 --> 0:15:53.080 a felony to disturb a grave or steal a corpse. 0:15:53.960 --> 0:15:57.000 As you can imagine, this received a lot of pushback 0:15:57.040 --> 0:16:00.680 from the Massachusetts Medical Society. Air were they going to 0:16:00.760 --> 0:16:04.280 get fresh corpses now? For a brief period during the 0:16:04.320 --> 0:16:10.640 Revolutionary War, corpses had been, unfortunately pretty abundant. It's believed 0:16:10.800 --> 0:16:14.480 the members of the Spunker Club likely collected corpses from 0:16:14.520 --> 0:16:17.880 both sides. That was a practice that George Washington referred 0:16:17.880 --> 0:16:20.040 to and we're quoting him from the Journal of the 0:16:20.080 --> 0:16:24.640 American Revolution, as an abominable crime. But in the years 0:16:24.640 --> 0:16:28.080 after the war ended, that supply had dwindled back to 0:16:28.160 --> 0:16:31.800 pre conflict status, making it harder than ever to keep 0:16:31.880 --> 0:16:35.040 up with demand. In a rapidly growing country a lot 0:16:35.040 --> 0:16:38.280 of people who wanted to be doctors, So in eighteen 0:16:38.320 --> 0:16:42.720 thirty one, Massachusetts passed another law, the Anatomy Act, which 0:16:42.720 --> 0:16:46.040 allowed medical professionals to legally obtain the bodies of those 0:16:46.080 --> 0:16:48.880 who had been imprisoned, those who had been determined to 0:16:48.880 --> 0:16:52.120 be mentally ill, and those who had died in poverty. 0:16:53.120 --> 0:16:57.000 Around this time, to Harvard Medical School began moving to 0:16:57.240 --> 0:17:01.800 a new supply chain. They began bribing New York City 0:17:01.920 --> 0:17:06.239 officials to ship corpses from New York to Boston. It was, 0:17:06.320 --> 0:17:08.880 according to an article in the Boston Gazette, where body 0:17:08.920 --> 0:17:12.800 snatchers were quote emptying at least six hundred or seven 0:17:12.880 --> 0:17:17.760 hundred graves annually. By eighteen forty two, Harvard Medical School 0:17:17.800 --> 0:17:22.119 employed from Littlefield as a janitor, but his actual job 0:17:22.240 --> 0:17:25.200 was to supply the school with fresh corpses, and they 0:17:25.240 --> 0:17:29.040 paid him twenty five dollars per body. Now it's unclear 0:17:29.200 --> 0:17:32.439 if Efrem himself was snatching the bodies or if maybe 0:17:32.440 --> 0:17:34.960 instead he was a go between who was just kind 0:17:34.960 --> 0:17:39.000 of managing the whole thing. He was, though, also tasked 0:17:39.080 --> 0:17:42.600 with the disposal of the remains left over after dissections 0:17:43.359 --> 0:17:47.560 from dumped them in the basement of Holden Chapel. That 0:17:47.600 --> 0:17:50.560 makes those the bodies that construction workers discovered in n 0:17:52.520 --> 0:17:55.320 It's been determined that the remains belonged to at least 0:17:55.359 --> 0:17:59.360 eleven males and females, but most of the remaining bones 0:17:59.720 --> 0:18:03.800 are pretty bad condition and they make identification impossible or 0:18:03.840 --> 0:18:09.320 at least very unlikely. According to aarticle in student run 0:18:09.440 --> 0:18:13.520 Harvard Daily newspaper The Crimson, Carol A. S. Mandrick, the 0:18:13.560 --> 0:18:16.919 director of the Ocean Lifelong Learning Institute at University of 0:18:16.920 --> 0:18:21.679 Hawaii at MANOAH and former anthropology professor at Harvard, noted 0:18:21.720 --> 0:18:25.000 that quote, some of the bones have metal pieces sticking 0:18:25.000 --> 0:18:27.640 out of them, as if someone was trying to construct 0:18:27.680 --> 0:18:31.680 a skeleton. Amid these changes in the mid eight hundreds, 0:18:31.720 --> 0:18:35.760 the body snatching spunker club wasn't really needed anymore, although 0:18:36.240 --> 0:18:39.120 no one is exactly certain when they closed down, with 0:18:39.160 --> 0:18:44.920 their being a secret club and all. Surely somebody blabbed 0:18:44.920 --> 0:18:50.840 it in a letter, right, John Warren? Where are surely 0:18:50.880 --> 0:19:01.000 you could be better than this. We didn't really talk 0:19:01.040 --> 0:19:03.560 about embalming or anything in this episode, but would you 0:19:03.600 --> 0:19:06.840 like some embalming fluid, Marina? I would love some, perhaps 0:19:06.840 --> 0:19:10.159 to go along with my revolutionist reading materials. There you 0:19:10.200 --> 0:19:14.720 go over. In thinking about a cocktail for this one, 0:19:14.760 --> 0:19:18.680 I wanted to think of something at least vaguely related 0:19:19.320 --> 0:19:24.000 to time and place, and so I immediately thought about 0:19:24.240 --> 0:19:26.920 one of the popular drinks during this time, which would 0:19:26.920 --> 0:19:30.600 have been cider. But then I also got to thinking 0:19:30.600 --> 0:19:35.120 about how a lot of the founding fathers were also distillers, 0:19:35.119 --> 0:19:39.800 to varying degrees of success, and George Washington in particular 0:19:40.720 --> 0:19:43.119 made a lot of whiskey and brandy. You can actually 0:19:43.160 --> 0:19:47.959 still buy whiskey and brandy from the restored distilleries that 0:19:48.040 --> 0:19:50.240 he had. It's pricey. I do not have any on 0:19:50.320 --> 0:19:53.119 hand and did not use it in this recipe, although 0:19:53.160 --> 0:19:55.840 there is whiskey coming up, and I also just wanted 0:19:55.880 --> 0:19:59.400 to think of other yummy things to combine with such items. 0:19:59.440 --> 0:20:02.720 So this is a little drink that is a very 0:20:02.800 --> 0:20:08.840 delicious and I'm calling it secret society. But it's very 0:20:08.880 --> 0:20:13.200 easy to throw together, very easy drinking, and I think 0:20:13.240 --> 0:20:16.120 the mocktail version is really quite lovely as well. So 0:20:16.600 --> 0:20:19.320 for this, you are going to throw into your cocktail 0:20:19.359 --> 0:20:22.600 shaker a half ounce of lemon juice, a half ounce 0:20:22.640 --> 0:20:27.320 of simple syrup, and ten fat blueberries, and then you're 0:20:27.320 --> 0:20:30.000 gonna muddle those together. And then once you've done that, 0:20:30.000 --> 0:20:31.800 and again it's like what we've talked about before, this 0:20:31.880 --> 0:20:33.879 is not a pulverizer. You just kind of want to 0:20:34.280 --> 0:20:36.600 break those berries up. Usually if they're fat and right, 0:20:36.640 --> 0:20:39.359 they'll break up pretty easily anyway. And then you're going 0:20:39.400 --> 0:20:43.360 to add an ounce of whiskey of your choice. Rye 0:20:43.520 --> 0:20:46.240 is great for some folks, not everybody loves Rye. So 0:20:46.640 --> 0:20:49.520 really whichever whiskey you desire, and some ice, and you're 0:20:49.520 --> 0:20:52.440 gonna shake that all together. Just give it a good shake, 0:20:52.520 --> 0:20:54.600 make sure it's an all nice and cold, and then 0:20:54.640 --> 0:20:56.399 you'll pour it. You won't strain it. You'll pour it 0:20:56.440 --> 0:20:59.040 with the ice into a rocks glass and then you 0:20:59.160 --> 0:21:02.640 just top it with four ounces of hard cider. This 0:21:02.720 --> 0:21:05.199 is so stink and delicious. I don't even know it. 0:21:07.280 --> 0:21:10.639 I don't normally consider myself a big hard cider drinker, 0:21:10.720 --> 0:21:13.600 but this might change that game. A little whiskey and 0:21:13.600 --> 0:21:19.360 blueberries made everything new, and it doesn't really lends it 0:21:19.480 --> 0:21:21.840 and I don't know a different flavor, it's not. The 0:21:21.880 --> 0:21:27.400 blueberry is interesting. There are a lot of um whiskey 0:21:27.440 --> 0:21:29.879 and cider cocktails out in the world. A lot of 0:21:29.880 --> 0:21:32.680 people like to play with those two together, especially in autumn. 0:21:32.760 --> 0:21:34.359 But I wanted to do something that was a little 0:21:34.359 --> 0:21:38.040 summary and I again, I always like putting fresh fruit 0:21:38.080 --> 0:21:41.479 in a drink. It feels somehow a little fancier. But 0:21:41.520 --> 0:21:43.760 I also know I've been doing a lot of strawberry actions, 0:21:43.760 --> 0:21:48.520 so it was time to trot out. And also blueberries, 0:21:48.560 --> 0:21:51.919 so yum. This one's very easy to make. Is a mocktail. 0:21:52.400 --> 0:21:54.840 You'll start out the same way with the blueberries, the 0:21:54.920 --> 0:21:57.760 lemon juice and the simple syrup, and then you're not 0:21:57.800 --> 0:21:59.800 gonna put whiskey in there, but you can shake it. 0:22:00.680 --> 0:22:03.840 You can use a sparkling nonalcoholic cider here, and it's 0:22:03.920 --> 0:22:06.880 great if you want to give it a little kick 0:22:06.960 --> 0:22:10.760 of something that's different. Since you're skipping the whiskey, this 0:22:10.840 --> 0:22:13.640 becomes that choose your own adventure a little bit. We 0:22:13.760 --> 0:22:18.440 often throw in like a very strong, heavily steeped tea 0:22:18.640 --> 0:22:20.800 in lieu of a whiskey, which you can do and 0:22:20.880 --> 0:22:24.280 it almost makes it like an apple iced tea situation. 0:22:25.040 --> 0:22:28.000 But I would also suggest if you want more of 0:22:28.040 --> 0:22:31.840 that like alcohol, bite to it without the alcohol. This 0:22:31.960 --> 0:22:35.000 is a great time to trot out your habanero or 0:22:35.000 --> 0:22:37.600 your hallopeen, you know, syrup if you have it, and 0:22:37.720 --> 0:22:39.800 just throw a little in there and make it have 0:22:39.920 --> 0:22:43.120 that little bit of chi chow that feels a little 0:22:43.119 --> 0:22:45.720 bity on your tongue yet is just a delicious syrup 0:22:45.720 --> 0:22:49.760 and no alcohol in it. Yeah, and then pour several 0:22:49.800 --> 0:22:53.919 more for yourself. We're friends. I do like ciders, and 0:22:53.920 --> 0:22:56.240 I'm actually I'm happy to see that one has popped up. 0:22:56.720 --> 0:22:59.480 Done dune, dun listen. I'm trying to get around to 0:22:59.520 --> 0:23:06.360 everything eventually. If we did only what I naturally gravitate 0:23:06.400 --> 0:23:08.840 to would be all vodka and chartreuse all the time, 0:23:09.480 --> 0:23:14.560 which would be amazing but boring diet, and then a 0:23:14.600 --> 0:23:19.680 cordial of chartreuse some cogniac every evening and not predictable 0:23:19.840 --> 0:23:22.400 at all, not at all. I mean, did I want 0:23:22.440 --> 0:23:24.440 to put a cogniac or a brandy in it. Yes, 0:23:24.560 --> 0:23:27.680 did I know? Because I always try to stretch a little. 0:23:27.800 --> 0:23:29.760 I actually was wondering if you were going to go 0:23:30.240 --> 0:23:32.480 in a direction of an apple brandy, because that's a 0:23:32.560 --> 0:23:35.760 very New England kind of a business. I thought about it. 0:23:35.800 --> 0:23:39.520 But I'm actually I'm so like happy to see this 0:23:39.600 --> 0:23:43.400 direction that you have gone into, because there's how many 0:23:43.400 --> 0:23:45.240 apple jacks do we need in the world. Like, I'm 0:23:45.720 --> 0:23:48.000 very yummy, but it's fun to play with stuff and 0:23:48.040 --> 0:23:52.000 make new fun things. Blueberries are They do a magical 0:23:52.040 --> 0:23:55.239 thing here because it doesn't you don't really taste blueberry, 0:23:55.280 --> 0:23:57.960 but you taste like a fruity essence to it that 0:23:58.119 --> 0:24:02.159 is discernibly different from just apple, which is nice. The 0:24:02.240 --> 0:24:05.520 skins tended to settle on the bottom, and then the 0:24:05.640 --> 0:24:08.240 interior is like pulpy and lurks in like the middle 0:24:08.359 --> 0:24:10.399 range with your ice more than anything. And then the 0:24:10.440 --> 0:24:13.720 rest is about the golden tone you would expect. But 0:24:13.800 --> 0:24:18.320 you do get that nice, nice berry something. If I 0:24:18.359 --> 0:24:20.359 think if somebody didn't know blueberries were in it, they 0:24:20.400 --> 0:24:22.400 would be like, what, there's something in here I can't 0:24:22.440 --> 0:24:25.800 pick out. It is a fruit and possibly a berry, 0:24:25.840 --> 0:24:28.080 but they it's hard to figure out, like where the 0:24:28.080 --> 0:24:32.720 blueberry flavor is actually moving amongst your apple sip. So 0:24:33.040 --> 0:24:35.480 try it, but you can if you don't love blueberries, 0:24:35.560 --> 0:24:37.959 you could put in other things. You could try it with, 0:24:38.040 --> 0:24:41.280 of course strawberries which we mentioned, a raspberry. I think 0:24:41.280 --> 0:24:44.439 this would be very interesting and I don't think a 0:24:44.480 --> 0:24:47.680 disaster to try it with a mashed kiwi in it. Hey, 0:24:47.720 --> 0:24:50.320 that's interesting. Yeah. I love playing with fruit in a 0:24:50.320 --> 0:24:55.000 basic drink. It changes it considerably without becoming overwhelming usually 0:24:55.119 --> 0:24:58.199 unless you use some really pungent fruit, which I suppose 0:24:58.200 --> 0:25:00.200 you could. You could put a mango in this get 0:25:00.200 --> 0:25:02.320 a completely different drink out of it, So it would 0:25:02.320 --> 0:25:05.199 be a very different drink. I'm sure it'd be a 0:25:05.240 --> 0:25:07.560 very good drink, but it would be it would suddenly 0:25:07.560 --> 0:25:10.199 feel much more tropical and lass New England in like 0:25:10.280 --> 0:25:14.840 a second definitely not Roxbury like, not even a little. 0:25:15.440 --> 0:25:18.200 Hopefully you will give this a whirl and hopefully you 0:25:18.240 --> 0:25:21.080 will enjoy it as much as I do. And we 0:25:21.160 --> 0:25:23.199 also want to make sure we thank you for spending 0:25:23.200 --> 0:25:24.960 this time with us, and we hope we will see 0:25:25.000 --> 0:25:28.200 you back here next week for more digging up bodies 0:25:28.400 --> 0:25:40.480 on Criminalia. Criminalia is a production of Shonda land Audio 0:25:40.560 --> 0:25:43.920