WEBVTT - Maria and Nate’s Guide to GTO Travel

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<v Speaker 1>Pushkin.

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<v Speaker 2>Thank you guys so much for writing in last week

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<v Speaker 2>and giving us your feedback about the show. We really

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<v Speaker 2>appreciate that, and we're going to ask you to write

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<v Speaker 2>in one more time, this time with one any questions

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<v Speaker 2>that you have about your lives, decisions that you're making,

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<v Speaker 2>things that you might want to know the expected value of,

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<v Speaker 2>and Nate and I are going to do our best

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<v Speaker 2>to have some segments where we respond to those questions.

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<v Speaker 2>So again, our email is Risky Business at Pushkin dot fm,

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<v Speaker 2>all one word, and we hope to hear from you,

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<v Speaker 2>and we hope to see some of your life dilemmas

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<v Speaker 2>and hopefully we'll help you with them. Welcome back to

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<v Speaker 2>Risky Business, our show about making better decisions. I'm Maria

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<v Speaker 2>Kanakova and I'm Nate Silver.

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<v Speaker 3>Today on the show, we know a lot of you

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<v Speaker 3>are in their process of traveling to and from places,

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<v Speaker 3>so we'll have Nate and Marie's guide to gto travel.

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<v Speaker 3>What do we do with people who think a lot

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<v Speaker 3>about optimization to make our lives easier when we travel?

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<v Speaker 3>And then what glaring and hypocritical mistakes do we make

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<v Speaker 3>as you'll also find out about and.

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<v Speaker 2>After that We're going to switch gears and talk about

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<v Speaker 2>cheating in academia, in business schools, and specifically with several

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<v Speaker 2>researchers who have been accused of cheating in cheating research

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<v Speaker 2>research on dishonesty. So that'll be a fun one, especially

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<v Speaker 2>for me since I'm working on a book about cheating.

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<v Speaker 2>So this is Thanksgiving week. We're taping this on Tuesday.

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<v Speaker 2>By the time everyone hears that, it will actually be

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<v Speaker 2>Thanksgiving and they will already be at their destination, we hope,

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<v Speaker 2>unless some major travelsnaff's happened. But this will still be

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<v Speaker 2>very useful because we're in holiday season right, We're going

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<v Speaker 2>to have holiday travel all through December as well. Nate,

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<v Speaker 2>are you traveling for Thanksgiving this year?

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, going to Kansas City to see my partner's family.

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<v Speaker 3>I got a lot of travel, my whole I got

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<v Speaker 3>and then we're going to Vegas, then Japan, Korea at

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<v Speaker 3>some point probably make it home to Michigan. So I

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<v Speaker 3>need these tips, Maria.

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<v Speaker 2>All Right, So we're going to actually do this segment

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<v Speaker 2>in a slightly different fun way, I hope fun, and

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<v Speaker 2>we're going to ask each other questions. Nate and I

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<v Speaker 2>do not know what the questions are We have not

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<v Speaker 2>seen each other's questions ahead of time, so this is

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<v Speaker 2>going to be kind of a spur of the moment

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<v Speaker 2>response to each other. Nate, Shall I start us off

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<v Speaker 2>with our questions?

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<v Speaker 3>How you start? Yeah?

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<v Speaker 1>All right, all right?

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<v Speaker 2>Question number one? How early should you get to the airport?

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<v Speaker 3>Oh? Boy, Robbie and I my partner, are just having

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<v Speaker 3>an argument about this today.

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<v Speaker 1>I love it. Those are the best arguments.

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<v Speaker 3>I aim. Traditionally, I aim to be at the airport

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<v Speaker 3>an hour before departure time for a domestic flight. It's

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<v Speaker 3>departure time, not boarding time. Now, in practice, like the

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<v Speaker 3>security system has improved, I have like pre check. Actually

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<v Speaker 3>don't have pre check, which is weird. Nate.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, we need to talk about this. Okay, everyone listening.

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<v Speaker 2>This is like the number one thing to do in

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<v Speaker 2>gto travel, get tsa pre check, get global entry if

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<v Speaker 2>you travel abroad. I am shocked that my co host

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<v Speaker 2>could be so neglitch of Nate.

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<v Speaker 3>Well, there are workarounds. Clear is pretty good. Clear is

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<v Speaker 3>basically pre check. No I should I should? Yeah, I'm

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<v Speaker 3>committing like the sunk cost. I'm committing lots of cognitive

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<v Speaker 3>errors by not doing that.

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<v Speaker 2>You're right, yes, all right, So without pre check, I

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<v Speaker 2>would say, and without clear you should probably be getting

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<v Speaker 2>to the airport earlier then one hour, right, especially around

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<v Speaker 2>the holiday because the lines going.

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<v Speaker 3>Maybe the holidays in particular. I mean, look, yeah, if

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<v Speaker 3>you arrive at the airport an hour before departure time

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<v Speaker 3>for a domestic flight, you should not miss your flight

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<v Speaker 3>if you have, unless you're in like the cattle car

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<v Speaker 3>line with no clear or no premium or anything like that. Right,

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<v Speaker 3>you should be able to make it through on time.

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<v Speaker 2>All right, Well, I actually happen to agree with you

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<v Speaker 2>on this. One an hour is what I do as well.

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<v Speaker 2>For domestic travel around the holidays, especially if you don't

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<v Speaker 2>have tsa pre check like some people, you might want

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<v Speaker 2>to consider longer. But if you are in that cattle

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<v Speaker 2>line with no pre check, no anything, and you are

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<v Speaker 2>cutting it close, come up to the agents and tell

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<v Speaker 2>them what time your flight is. They will often let

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<v Speaker 2>you skip the line and actually not miss your flight

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<v Speaker 2>because they don't want you missing your flight either, because

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<v Speaker 2>that fucks up travel for everyone.

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<v Speaker 3>Maria, what is your best travel hack?

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<v Speaker 2>My best travel hack is never checking luggage. And when

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<v Speaker 2>I say never, I actually mean never I am a female,

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<v Speaker 2>as people might have noticed, and I am capable of

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<v Speaker 2>going on a month long trip, six week long trip

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<v Speaker 2>with just carry ons. I have a carry on suitcase,

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<v Speaker 2>a little you know, roller board which is the MAC size,

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<v Speaker 2>and I have a backpack which has which is always

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<v Speaker 2>my extra travel thing in the backpack fits a lot

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<v Speaker 2>as well.

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<v Speaker 1>And I am very.

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<v Speaker 2>Very good at recycling outfits, at packing, you know, very

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<v Speaker 2>packing very well, so that I can manage without any

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<v Speaker 2>carry ons. I think this saves you huge amounts of time,

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<v Speaker 2>huge amounts of hassle. I don't have a single friend

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<v Speaker 2>or family member who has checked luggage who has not

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<v Speaker 2>had it lost at some point. And yeah, so I

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<v Speaker 2>think that that's the single best piece of advice I

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<v Speaker 2>can offer. Learn to pack light, Do not check your

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<v Speaker 2>bags if.

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<v Speaker 3>You are going to an international destination and you have

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<v Speaker 3>to your customs when you arrive. There's less cost to

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<v Speaker 3>that because I mean, I'm generally agreeing, right, but like

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<v Speaker 3>because there by the time you're through customs, magically your

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<v Speaker 3>bags might be there at the little carousel. But yeah,

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<v Speaker 3>I mean, the the risk of having your bag. I'm

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<v Speaker 3>surprised that more strangers don't like steal people's bags. Right.

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<v Speaker 2>It's it's so weird because you have all the security

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<v Speaker 2>in the airport and then like you get to the

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<v Speaker 2>carousel and like take your pick, tack whatever you want.

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<v Speaker 2>So I am actually shocked that, you know, knowing what

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<v Speaker 2>we know about human nature, I'm shocked that more bags

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<v Speaker 2>don't get stolen. All right, Next question, Nate, what is

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<v Speaker 2>your most underrated thing to always pack when you're traveling?

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<v Speaker 3>A podcast? Microphone?

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<v Speaker 1>Like, I okay, that's amazing.

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<v Speaker 3>I usually bring a little bit of cash because you

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<v Speaker 3>never know when you're gonna get bored and there might

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<v Speaker 3>be a poker room nearby.

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<v Speaker 2>M h, this is this is very good. That is

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<v Speaker 2>that is very good advice. I think you should always

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<v Speaker 2>have cash on you, and you should always have more

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<v Speaker 2>cash than you think you need.

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<v Speaker 1>Don't go over the limits.

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<v Speaker 3>Well, the limits are internationally there's a ten thousand dollars limit.

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<v Speaker 3>Domestically there's not supposed to be, although I've had a

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<v Speaker 3>problem with it one So bestally, if you fly to

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<v Speaker 3>like Vegas or New York, people are used to having

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<v Speaker 3>a lot of cash in those cities. I don't know

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<v Speaker 3>what people are doing with the cash in New York,

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<v Speaker 3>but like you know, some some law off the records

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<v Speaker 3>something or another. Yeah. I mean if an uninformed security

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<v Speaker 3>person asks do you have more than ten thousand dollars,

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<v Speaker 3>and you should say I'm allowed to because I'm American

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<v Speaker 3>citizens is my currency and what you might call it,

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<v Speaker 3>and like, I'm not flying internationally where these rules apply.

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<v Speaker 3>Don't like try to bring fifty thousand dollars like the

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<v Speaker 3>Bahamas or something. That's a really big mistake.

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<v Speaker 1>That's a horrible mistake. Yep.

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<v Speaker 3>So what's what's the best airport? What's your favorite airport?

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<v Speaker 2>My favorite airport, I would say say is Heathrow because

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<v Speaker 2>talk about nice places to hang out, nice places to eat.

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<v Speaker 2>I don't think anything can beat Heathrow. I mean you can, yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>you can.

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<v Speaker 3>Do associate with like very very very long lines and

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<v Speaker 3>very I hate.

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<v Speaker 2>So here's the thing, So what's my most My favorite

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<v Speaker 2>airport to travel through is absolutely not Heathrow. Right, he

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<v Speaker 2>throws a nightmare in terms of lines. But if I

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<v Speaker 2>have to be stuck in an airport, I want to

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<v Speaker 2>be stuck in Heathrow because I can get good food, right,

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<v Speaker 2>I can. I can go to the fucking caviar bar there.

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<v Speaker 2>I can, you know, and there are good bookshops, which

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<v Speaker 2>I really admit, Like, I really like that, and it's

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<v Speaker 2>just it's nice, right. There are lots of places to

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<v Speaker 2>spend time in terms of efficiency. Absolutely not Heathrow. I

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<v Speaker 2>don't like traveling through Heathrow. I have heard so I

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<v Speaker 2>haven't done a lot of travel through Asia, but I

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<v Speaker 2>have heard that some of the best airports in the

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<v Speaker 2>world are some of the Asian airports that are like

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<v Speaker 2>many countries with you know, tropical rainforests. I look forward

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<v Speaker 2>to visiting those one day. All right, Nate, let's let's

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<v Speaker 2>do the other way. What's the most overrated airport?

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<v Speaker 3>Uh? You know, I think La. I mean La. The

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<v Speaker 3>problem is, like all these terminals are changing and turning

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<v Speaker 3>around and so like I used to think there's some

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<v Speaker 3>terminals in lax that are like quite annoying. Miami Airport

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<v Speaker 3>is kind of a total shit show. Fort Lardale might

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<v Speaker 3>be a little bit better, but then it takes over

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<v Speaker 3>to get an uber. Yeah, those are on the Natelet

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<v Speaker 3>you know, Phoenix is kind of a shitty airport.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna I'm going to add one that you haven't

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<v Speaker 2>to the over rated airport, which is O'Hare because people

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<v Speaker 2>always say that O'Hare is so, you know, lovely and efficient,

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<v Speaker 2>But I think O'Hare is such a shit show. And

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<v Speaker 2>I have never been delayed more often than I have

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<v Speaker 2>been in O'Hare.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I used to. And again I can you blame

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<v Speaker 3>airports for having I mean, they have two airlines that

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<v Speaker 3>try to have hubs there, but like, yeah, and like

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<v Speaker 3>the facilities have not been like updated O'Hare, No, they

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<v Speaker 3>haven't a long time. They do have a Tortesse Fronterra,

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<v Speaker 3>which is like this amazing Rick Bayliss restaurant, but like,

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<v Speaker 3>but there's never any place to like sit down. And

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<v Speaker 3>if you do have like one of those long winter

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<v Speaker 3>delays in Chicago, then it's pretty unpleasant.

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<v Speaker 2>It is, it is pretty unpleasant. And also talk about

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<v Speaker 2>having to walk far Ohara is one of those airports

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<v Speaker 2>where you might be walking for half an hour before

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<v Speaker 2>you finally take it to your destination.

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<v Speaker 3>Maria, what is your go to airport meal?

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<v Speaker 2>My go to airport meal is I actually bring food

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<v Speaker 2>with me? I refuse, so I never eat on planes.

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<v Speaker 2>I don't care unless there are some exceptions, like when

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<v Speaker 2>I fly to Hong Kong, right where I'm on a

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<v Speaker 2>plane for so long that it's not even funny. Or

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<v Speaker 2>when I, you know, when I fly to South Africa,

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<v Speaker 2>like when I fly somewhere really really really far away.

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<v Speaker 2>But otherwise I don't eat on airplanes. And that's actually,

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<v Speaker 2>by the way, little tip from kind of the psychology

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<v Speaker 2>of sleep and how to help your body adjust to

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<v Speaker 2>time zones. I did a lot of research on this

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<v Speaker 2>and spend some time with the best sleep researchers at

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<v Speaker 2>Harvard for a fellowship. I did it at one point,

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<v Speaker 2>and that's one of the best hacks that you can

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<v Speaker 2>have in order to transition and to not be jet

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<v Speaker 2>lagged is do not eat on the airplane, but do

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<v Speaker 2>drink a lot. So I usually will get sushi actually

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<v Speaker 2>ahead of time and will bring sushi because I like

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<v Speaker 2>to eat something really nice and light and.

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<v Speaker 3>Eat it at the air Allow take that through security.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you can absolutely take sushi through security. That's it's

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<v Speaker 2>not a liquid.

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<v Speaker 3>It's liquid sauce. About the soy sauce, you don't.

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<v Speaker 2>Have to eat so the soy sauce I've actually never

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<v Speaker 2>had a problem with. But if you do have a

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<v Speaker 2>problem and they confiscate your soy sauce, there is always

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<v Speaker 2>soy sauce.

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<v Speaker 1>And the Panda Express exactly just just.

0:12:03.084 --> 0:12:06.164
<v Speaker 2>Go go somewhere in the airport and get soy sauce.

0:12:06.284 --> 0:12:09.364
<v Speaker 2>But I recommend eat light, no carbs, do not eat pea.

0:12:09.404 --> 0:12:13.164
<v Speaker 2>It's the worst mistake I ever made was at one

0:12:13.204 --> 0:12:17.244
<v Speaker 2>point eating a Hamburger in a Boston airport because I

0:12:17.284 --> 0:12:20.564
<v Speaker 2>was really really hungry and I was so suck So

0:12:20.724 --> 0:12:23.804
<v Speaker 2>do not do that.

0:12:23.524 --> 0:12:25.964
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's that's my that's funny thing.

0:12:26.124 --> 0:12:29.564
<v Speaker 3>But I think airports is like the best setting for

0:12:29.684 --> 0:12:31.964
<v Speaker 3>like fast food, right, Like I want like a Wendy's

0:12:32.604 --> 0:12:35.244
<v Speaker 3>or some shit, and not some weird off brand Hamburger

0:12:35.924 --> 0:12:38.404
<v Speaker 3>restaurant that probably sucks, right, like the one time when

0:12:38.404 --> 0:12:40.804
<v Speaker 3>you want logistics of like serving people food quickly. I

0:12:40.804 --> 0:12:43.204
<v Speaker 3>mean I agree about like even if you're in business

0:12:43.204 --> 0:12:49.004
<v Speaker 3>class or something, it's just very hard to prepare good

0:12:49.764 --> 0:12:52.604
<v Speaker 3>airline food for like a mass audience unless you get

0:12:52.604 --> 0:12:56.244
<v Speaker 3>to the real high end luxury market Emirates or one

0:12:56.244 --> 0:12:59.644
<v Speaker 3>of the Asian airlines or whatnot. Yeah, people have this

0:12:59.724 --> 0:13:04.044
<v Speaker 3>like sunk cost fallacy of oh, I'm getting this free

0:13:04.044 --> 0:13:07.164
<v Speaker 3>meal because I'm flying business and you actually a lot

0:13:07.204 --> 0:13:09.164
<v Speaker 3>of time you're better off just sleeping or doing what

0:13:09.404 --> 0:13:12.924
<v Speaker 3>I'll be reading, drinking, et cetera, and like, have your

0:13:12.924 --> 0:13:16.204
<v Speaker 3>meal first, you'll have a better meal almost for sure.

0:13:16.644 --> 0:13:18.924
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I'm so glad you agree with me. Yes, it

0:13:19.004 --> 0:13:21.524
<v Speaker 2>is crazy to me that there are so many people

0:13:21.564 --> 0:13:25.444
<v Speaker 2>who fly first class business class, who have the money

0:13:25.444 --> 0:13:27.564
<v Speaker 2>to pay for that ticket, who are like, ooh, free food.

0:13:27.884 --> 0:13:29.924
<v Speaker 1>Right, that doesn't change from college.

0:13:30.124 --> 0:13:32.564
<v Speaker 2>Right, free food. You want to get the free food.

0:13:32.724 --> 0:13:34.684
<v Speaker 2>It's much better for your body. It's much better for you.

0:13:34.724 --> 0:13:39.124
<v Speaker 2>It's much tastier if you don't do that, Nate, when

0:13:39.164 --> 0:13:42.244
<v Speaker 2>you go into a new city, what's the most underrated

0:13:42.244 --> 0:13:42.644
<v Speaker 2>thing to do?

0:13:43.924 --> 0:13:46.124
<v Speaker 3>I mean, I just am a big walker. I walk

0:13:46.204 --> 0:13:52.364
<v Speaker 3>around a lot, right. I hate being confined to a hotel. Yeah,

0:13:52.444 --> 0:13:54.204
<v Speaker 3>you know, I'll look up. I'll look up, do a

0:13:54.204 --> 0:13:57.604
<v Speaker 3>little scouting, do some restaurant. Yeah, work, you know, I'm

0:13:57.604 --> 0:14:02.324
<v Speaker 3>trying to find cuisines, like, for example, the Vietnamese food

0:14:02.964 --> 0:14:05.244
<v Speaker 3>tends to be better on the West Coast and in

0:14:05.564 --> 0:14:08.564
<v Speaker 3>New York and so that's a comparative advantage category for example,

0:14:08.924 --> 0:14:14.804
<v Speaker 3>or you know tacos in La or Texas. So yeah,

0:14:15.124 --> 0:14:17.004
<v Speaker 3>take an uber or something to like a fun neighborhood,

0:14:17.044 --> 0:14:18.404
<v Speaker 3>have some tacos and then walk around.

0:14:18.964 --> 0:14:21.764
<v Speaker 2>I'm totally with you, and I actually love traveling with you, Nate,

0:14:21.804 --> 0:14:24.004
<v Speaker 2>because you and I both love food and you are

0:14:24.004 --> 0:14:27.124
<v Speaker 2>always up for culinary adventures, and that is something that

0:14:27.244 --> 0:14:30.604
<v Speaker 2>I really appreciate. Walking and then and then having some

0:14:30.644 --> 0:14:32.444
<v Speaker 2>good food. Is I think the best thing to do

0:14:32.484 --> 0:14:34.844
<v Speaker 2>in a new city. I don't know how underrated it is,

0:14:34.924 --> 0:14:35.924
<v Speaker 2>but it's wonderful.

0:14:37.324 --> 0:14:39.524
<v Speaker 3>What's the best place to kill time in an airport?

0:14:39.564 --> 0:14:42.924
<v Speaker 3>Is there any scenario, let's say, and let's exclude any

0:14:42.964 --> 0:14:47.044
<v Speaker 3>type of exclusive lounges or anything like that, right, think

0:14:47.084 --> 0:14:49.644
<v Speaker 3>about any airport and now let's say, oh, your flight's

0:14:49.644 --> 0:14:51.644
<v Speaker 3>been delayed for an hour and a half. Is there

0:14:51.644 --> 0:14:53.164
<v Speaker 3>any airport where you're like, Oh, actually, I'm kind of

0:14:53.164 --> 0:14:54.604
<v Speaker 3>happy about that because I get to hang out in

0:14:54.684 --> 0:14:55.244
<v Speaker 3>place X.

0:14:56.124 --> 0:15:00.924
<v Speaker 2>No, I'm never happy about place that is absolutely not happening.

0:15:01.364 --> 0:15:03.644
<v Speaker 2>But if you don't have a good book, I would say,

0:15:03.684 --> 0:15:06.084
<v Speaker 2>go to the bookstore, pick up a good book and

0:15:06.404 --> 0:15:09.644
<v Speaker 2>get lost in it. That's that's the best thing I

0:15:09.644 --> 0:15:14.364
<v Speaker 2>can think of. Otherwise, if you if you're with someone

0:15:14.604 --> 0:15:17.244
<v Speaker 2>and your flight is really delayed, get some alcohol and

0:15:17.364 --> 0:15:20.884
<v Speaker 2>get some get some food, and just pretend you're not

0:15:21.004 --> 0:15:25.044
<v Speaker 2>stuck in the airport, but be careful with that because

0:15:25.284 --> 0:15:28.124
<v Speaker 2>you also don't want to be dehydrated and drunk when

0:15:28.124 --> 0:15:31.684
<v Speaker 2>you get onto the plane. So that's a that's a

0:15:31.724 --> 0:15:33.804
<v Speaker 2>short term solution. No more than one drink.

0:15:34.684 --> 0:15:36.444
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I don't. I don't pledge to bye By that.

0:15:37.524 --> 0:15:41.844
<v Speaker 1>That's fine, that's fine. When you rent a car, do

0:15:41.884 --> 0:15:42.644
<v Speaker 1>you get insurance?

0:15:43.564 --> 0:15:47.364
<v Speaker 3>I don't have a license, Yeah, there you go.

0:15:47.844 --> 0:15:50.364
<v Speaker 2>And I didn't have I didn't know how to drive

0:15:50.524 --> 0:15:53.004
<v Speaker 2>up until a few years ago and I just learned. So,

0:15:53.364 --> 0:15:55.924
<v Speaker 2>but I have heard that rental car insurance is a scam,

0:15:56.004 --> 0:15:56.884
<v Speaker 2>so I never parted it.

0:15:57.004 --> 0:16:01.524
<v Speaker 3>I'm I really think that rental cars are pretty often

0:16:01.564 --> 0:16:04.284
<v Speaker 3>not worth it. I mean, you know, even down into

0:16:04.324 --> 0:16:08.564
<v Speaker 3>like the kind of small to medium size metro areas,

0:16:09.844 --> 0:16:11.404
<v Speaker 3>the uber is pretty good and people have just like

0:16:11.444 --> 0:16:14.084
<v Speaker 3>Fallacy where love you're like, oh, I have to pay

0:16:14.124 --> 0:16:17.364
<v Speaker 3>marginally for these Uber or lyft rides when like Brunnea

0:16:17.404 --> 0:16:19.324
<v Speaker 3>car can be pretty expensive. There is insurance. I've had

0:16:19.364 --> 0:16:22.284
<v Speaker 3>rental cars that I wasn't dragging myself broken into and

0:16:22.324 --> 0:16:24.924
<v Speaker 3>things like that, and like, yeah, yeah, I'm very anti

0:16:24.964 --> 0:16:26.924
<v Speaker 3>rental car and it takes a long time to return

0:16:27.044 --> 0:16:29.084
<v Speaker 3>the car, and like, oh, I mean there's something if

0:16:29.124 --> 0:16:30.924
<v Speaker 3>you're like a national park or something you have to

0:16:31.244 --> 0:16:34.524
<v Speaker 3>but like usually should be avoided.

0:16:34.924 --> 0:16:38.244
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I'm with you in cities unless you really need it,

0:16:38.524 --> 0:16:40.244
<v Speaker 2>no rental cars, totally agree.

0:16:41.684 --> 0:16:44.964
<v Speaker 3>What is the median amount of airline credit you require

0:16:45.044 --> 0:16:46.204
<v Speaker 3>to be bumped off your flight?

0:16:48.244 --> 0:16:50.724
<v Speaker 1>A million? I would never.

0:16:51.164 --> 0:16:54.684
<v Speaker 2>I mean I book my travel because I need to

0:16:54.724 --> 0:16:56.884
<v Speaker 2>get places and I need to get shit done, and

0:16:56.924 --> 0:16:58.804
<v Speaker 2>you are not getting me off my flight. I'm sorry,

0:16:59.564 --> 0:17:03.124
<v Speaker 2>I'm not getting bumped to the next day. I hate delays.

0:17:03.564 --> 0:17:06.164
<v Speaker 2>I mean, let me rephrase. If there's a flight in

0:17:06.204 --> 0:17:10.084
<v Speaker 2>like twenty minutes, sure you can bump me, but usually

0:17:10.084 --> 0:17:12.484
<v Speaker 2>that's not the case. Right, Whenever they're offering a lot

0:17:12.484 --> 0:17:15.204
<v Speaker 2>of money, that means that you're going to be bumped

0:17:15.284 --> 0:17:18.644
<v Speaker 2>you know, that evening or the next day or something

0:17:18.764 --> 0:17:21.044
<v Speaker 2>horrible like that, And to me, it's just not worth it, Like,

0:17:21.084 --> 0:17:23.084
<v Speaker 2>there's my time is more valuable.

0:17:23.964 --> 0:17:25.764
<v Speaker 3>You don't think people are a little bit irrational about that.

0:17:26.924 --> 0:17:29.644
<v Speaker 2>I think that some people will irrationally accept any amount

0:17:29.644 --> 0:17:32.324
<v Speaker 2>of money because they're like, ooh money, awesome, that's great.

0:17:33.164 --> 0:17:35.564
<v Speaker 2>But when like I said, when I book my travel,

0:17:35.604 --> 0:17:39.644
<v Speaker 2>like I don't like traveling, and like I like being places,

0:17:39.684 --> 0:17:42.004
<v Speaker 2>but I don't like the process of travel, and I

0:17:42.124 --> 0:17:46.044
<v Speaker 2>usually do it with you know, without that much margin

0:17:46.084 --> 0:17:50.604
<v Speaker 2>of error, in the sense that I need to be

0:17:50.724 --> 0:17:53.804
<v Speaker 2>somewhere by a specific time and that's where I'm going,

0:17:54.644 --> 0:17:57.084
<v Speaker 2>And even if it's vacation, like I want to start

0:17:57.124 --> 0:17:59.724
<v Speaker 2>my vacation. I don't want to spend another day in

0:17:59.764 --> 0:18:02.724
<v Speaker 2>whatever city I'm in. If you give me, like there

0:18:02.764 --> 0:18:04.604
<v Speaker 2>is an amount of money, like if you give me

0:18:04.684 --> 0:18:06.964
<v Speaker 2>thousands of dollars, Like if you give me five K,

0:18:08.364 --> 0:18:11.324
<v Speaker 2>I'll probably be okay with being bumped on a flight

0:18:11.364 --> 0:18:13.084
<v Speaker 2>if I'm going on vacation, right, if you give me

0:18:13.084 --> 0:18:15.404
<v Speaker 2>an amount of money that pays for my vacation, like sure,

0:18:15.644 --> 0:18:18.404
<v Speaker 2>and you give it to me in cash, But oftentimes

0:18:18.844 --> 0:18:21.684
<v Speaker 2>that's often not the case. Either it's like travel credit

0:18:21.844 --> 0:18:24.804
<v Speaker 2>or some bullshit where you're not actually getting the money.

0:18:24.884 --> 0:18:26.484
<v Speaker 2>And by the way, no one's paying you five K

0:18:27.044 --> 0:18:29.204
<v Speaker 2>like that that is an outlandish amount.

0:18:29.444 --> 0:18:31.684
<v Speaker 3>Do any airport to have poker rooms? I'm looking this up.

0:18:31.804 --> 0:18:35.244
<v Speaker 2>I guess not right, I have no idea, but that's hilarious.

0:18:36.444 --> 0:18:40.484
<v Speaker 2>While you're looking up poker rooms business class versus first class.

0:18:42.764 --> 0:18:43.644
<v Speaker 3>Versus first class.

0:18:43.684 --> 0:18:46.244
<v Speaker 1>I mean, these days, I think it's basically the same thing.

0:18:47.324 --> 0:18:49.324
<v Speaker 3>There are so many funny distinct I mean, you have

0:18:49.364 --> 0:18:52.284
<v Speaker 3>to know the airline and the route, right, if you

0:18:52.324 --> 0:18:55.084
<v Speaker 3>really care about this stuff, then, like I mean, I like,

0:18:55.164 --> 0:18:59.364
<v Speaker 3>there's only there's only so many things an airline can

0:18:59.444 --> 0:19:05.204
<v Speaker 3>ultimately provide you with, right even until you get to, like,

0:19:05.204 --> 0:19:07.284
<v Speaker 3>like I said, the very top tier first classes. Like

0:19:08.444 --> 0:19:10.284
<v Speaker 3>you know, if you have a bid you can recline.

0:19:10.604 --> 0:19:11.884
<v Speaker 3>I mean, I know, I guess you have like the

0:19:11.964 --> 0:19:15.324
<v Speaker 3>private suites, but you're getting mediocre free food. You're getting

0:19:16.284 --> 0:19:18.564
<v Speaker 3>as much freebooze as you want, but you maybe don't

0:19:18.604 --> 0:19:20.844
<v Speaker 3>want that much, and you're getting a seat that you

0:19:20.884 --> 0:19:24.004
<v Speaker 3>can fully recline in. Then I don't know. Beyond that,

0:19:24.444 --> 0:19:27.324
<v Speaker 3>I tend to think that like there's diminishing returns on

0:19:27.364 --> 0:19:28.684
<v Speaker 3>the amends that you get.

0:19:28.924 --> 0:19:30.804
<v Speaker 1>But yeah, totally agree with you.

0:19:30.844 --> 0:19:32.524
<v Speaker 3>I did, what's take a shower in a plane? I

0:19:32.564 --> 0:19:36.964
<v Speaker 3>got bumped up, bumped up on Emirates flying back from Dangkok,

0:19:37.164 --> 0:19:38.004
<v Speaker 3>and that was pretty cool.

0:19:38.484 --> 0:19:40.364
<v Speaker 1>All right, do you have any more questions for me?

0:19:41.644 --> 0:19:43.524
<v Speaker 3>Worst travel decision you've ever made?

0:19:44.684 --> 0:19:47.244
<v Speaker 2>Worst travel decision I've ever made. I think I kind

0:19:47.244 --> 0:19:51.404
<v Speaker 2>of already answered this, and that was checking bags on

0:19:51.444 --> 0:19:55.564
<v Speaker 2>my way to Georgia. But other than checking bags, I

0:19:55.564 --> 0:19:58.444
<v Speaker 2>think that you have to be really, really careful with

0:19:58.484 --> 0:20:02.724
<v Speaker 2>your layovers, and sometimes you make really shitty decisions without

0:20:02.724 --> 0:20:05.444
<v Speaker 2>realizing it because there's an airport that's known for a delay,

0:20:05.764 --> 0:20:08.524
<v Speaker 2>or the airline will let you book a flight where

0:20:08.564 --> 0:20:11.164
<v Speaker 2>the layovers just way too tight, and if you don't

0:20:11.164 --> 0:20:14.364
<v Speaker 2>know the airport, you're fucked. Like I once had Delta

0:20:14.484 --> 0:20:17.164
<v Speaker 2>allow me to book an international flight and it was

0:20:17.324 --> 0:20:20.844
<v Speaker 2>not direct, it was through Atlanta, and I think my

0:20:20.884 --> 0:20:23.684
<v Speaker 2>connection was thirty minutes long something like that. I have

0:20:23.884 --> 0:20:26.684
<v Speaker 2>no idea why they let me do that. And if

0:20:26.764 --> 0:20:30.284
<v Speaker 2>you've been to the Atlanta airport, like Atlanta has multiple terminals,

0:20:30.324 --> 0:20:33.644
<v Speaker 2>like you have to take a little tram in between them,

0:20:34.044 --> 0:20:38.364
<v Speaker 2>like that, shit ate fast and I missed an international

0:20:38.364 --> 0:20:41.604
<v Speaker 2>connection and I didn't do anything wrong, like Delta let

0:20:41.604 --> 0:20:44.844
<v Speaker 2>me book this, but it was just way not enough time.

0:20:45.004 --> 0:20:47.724
<v Speaker 2>And I think that paying attention to that is actually

0:20:47.804 --> 0:20:51.844
<v Speaker 2>really important, and sometimes you don't because you just assume

0:20:51.924 --> 0:20:53.764
<v Speaker 2>that an airline is not going to let you book

0:20:54.004 --> 0:20:56.844
<v Speaker 2>a connection that's too tight to miss but they just

0:20:56.884 --> 0:20:59.124
<v Speaker 2>assume that it's going to be the best case scenario, right,

0:20:59.164 --> 0:21:01.764
<v Speaker 2>like everything's on time, Like you arrive on time, but

0:21:01.804 --> 0:21:04.124
<v Speaker 2>the moment your flight's twenty minutes late, like you're fucked.

0:21:05.124 --> 0:21:06.644
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I mean you have to know the I mean

0:21:06.644 --> 0:21:10.124
<v Speaker 3>because they actually have tables of how long minimum connection

0:21:10.164 --> 0:21:12.444
<v Speaker 3>time is at different airports, and just like like I

0:21:12.484 --> 0:21:15.324
<v Speaker 3>will take a short connection in Detroit because the airport'

0:21:15.364 --> 0:21:16.764
<v Speaker 3>is not that big and to get from went into

0:21:16.764 --> 0:21:21.524
<v Speaker 3>the other little skytrain thing takes ten minutes. Right Atlanta Atlanta,

0:21:21.564 --> 0:21:24.564
<v Speaker 3>you gotta I mean, Atlanta's an overrated airport too. People

0:21:24.564 --> 0:21:25.924
<v Speaker 3>are like, oh Atlanta, I don't know.

0:21:26.204 --> 0:21:28.524
<v Speaker 2>I haven't talked about Atlanta. Yes, Atlanta is very much

0:21:28.524 --> 0:21:29.684
<v Speaker 2>an overfrated airport.

0:21:30.684 --> 0:21:32.404
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I mean it has a little bit more capacity

0:21:32.444 --> 0:21:38.524
<v Speaker 3>than Yeah. Look, my worst decision. I'm not gonna blame

0:21:38.524 --> 0:21:40.764
<v Speaker 3>myself for this, but let's say somebody in the traveling

0:21:40.804 --> 0:21:45.644
<v Speaker 3>party made the following calculation. Right, we were flying back

0:21:45.644 --> 0:21:52.524
<v Speaker 3>home from Rio to New York via sal Paolo, and

0:21:52.564 --> 0:21:56.084
<v Speaker 3>the person who made this booking didn't realize that there

0:21:56.164 --> 0:21:58.364
<v Speaker 3>are more than an airport in Salt Paolo. It's one

0:21:58.404 --> 0:21:59.964
<v Speaker 3>of the biggest materias in the world. And so we

0:22:00.004 --> 0:22:03.404
<v Speaker 3>flew into this little commuter domestic airport, and of course

0:22:03.404 --> 0:22:05.484
<v Speaker 3>our flights and the big flew me. I don't know

0:22:05.484 --> 0:22:07.764
<v Speaker 3>what the fuck it's called, the big international airport that's

0:22:07.764 --> 0:22:14.084
<v Speaker 3>about forty five minutes by uh uber or taxi if

0:22:14.124 --> 0:22:17.924
<v Speaker 3>you're taking the right route. So we did't uber. We

0:22:17.964 --> 0:22:20.004
<v Speaker 3>explained to the guy that we're kind of in a hurry,

0:22:20.084 --> 0:22:22.764
<v Speaker 3>and then lo and behold, we're kind of out on

0:22:22.804 --> 0:22:29.044
<v Speaker 3>this like country road and we were getting further and

0:22:29.084 --> 0:22:33.324
<v Speaker 3>further away from the airport, and I guess ostensibly he

0:22:33.444 --> 0:22:36.764
<v Speaker 3>was taking some very circuitous route that was going to

0:22:36.804 --> 0:22:38.524
<v Speaker 3>take an hour and a half, which wasn't gonna work.

0:22:38.524 --> 0:22:40.444
<v Speaker 3>And so, you know, we don't speak English. We're in

0:22:40.524 --> 0:22:43.444
<v Speaker 3>we don't speak Spanish. Excuse me, we're thinking Portuguese. I

0:22:43.524 --> 0:22:47.484
<v Speaker 3>do speak a tiny bit of Spanish, but not Portuguese

0:22:47.524 --> 0:22:49.324
<v Speaker 3>at all. And you know, we kind of think we

0:22:49.404 --> 0:22:52.964
<v Speaker 3>might be getting like kidnapped, and I'm not quite sure what,

0:22:53.284 --> 0:22:56.524
<v Speaker 3>and so we start like getting hysterical at the guy

0:22:56.644 --> 0:22:59.044
<v Speaker 3>and then and then eventually he kind of is like, Okay,

0:22:59.044 --> 0:23:02.484
<v Speaker 3>these guys are gonna fucking I don't know what, but

0:23:02.564 --> 0:23:04.684
<v Speaker 3>he felt like he had to stop this premise of

0:23:04.724 --> 0:23:07.044
<v Speaker 3>like taking us in this very long route at best

0:23:07.084 --> 0:23:10.404
<v Speaker 3>being kidnapped at worse. And then I don't know what

0:23:10.444 --> 0:23:11.724
<v Speaker 3>was wrong with the guy, right, and then we're trying

0:23:11.724 --> 0:23:13.604
<v Speaker 3>to tell him which gate to go to or which terminal,

0:23:13.604 --> 0:23:15.164
<v Speaker 3>and he like wouldn't listen to us, and so like

0:23:15.724 --> 0:23:17.604
<v Speaker 3>we're just so fluster when we finally to the airport

0:23:17.644 --> 0:23:20.364
<v Speaker 3>that like, I leave my passport had fallen out of

0:23:20.364 --> 0:23:24.644
<v Speaker 3>my wallet, and U in this guy's fucking uber right,

0:23:24.804 --> 0:23:29.564
<v Speaker 3>and he comes rushing in and actually gives us the

0:23:29.604 --> 0:23:33.044
<v Speaker 3>passport right, So it seemed to travel nightmare.

0:23:33.884 --> 0:23:34.164
<v Speaker 1>Wow.

0:23:34.164 --> 0:23:36.084
<v Speaker 3>So I wasn't sure what's star rating? So you try

0:23:36.124 --> 0:23:39.484
<v Speaker 3>to kidnap us, but do so on.

0:23:39.444 --> 0:23:41.444
<v Speaker 2>The one hand, he tried to kidnap us, but on

0:23:41.484 --> 0:23:44.244
<v Speaker 2>the other hand, he gave us back our past, So

0:23:44.284 --> 0:23:44.684
<v Speaker 2>I gave.

0:23:44.564 --> 0:23:47.884
<v Speaker 3>Him three stars. Okay, that averages out.

0:23:50.964 --> 0:23:54.044
<v Speaker 1>That is a that is a horror story. Oh my god. Yeah,

0:23:54.084 --> 0:23:54.524
<v Speaker 1>I'm uh.

0:23:55.444 --> 0:23:59.284
<v Speaker 2>I get very nervous, especially by myself when when things

0:23:59.324 --> 0:24:01.164
<v Speaker 2>like that start happening. I love that you can share

0:24:01.204 --> 0:24:04.244
<v Speaker 2>your location these days, and I highly recommend it, whether

0:24:04.284 --> 0:24:07.804
<v Speaker 2>you're male or female. You know, if if something's going wrong,

0:24:07.924 --> 0:24:10.244
<v Speaker 2>Just share your location and to make sure that the

0:24:10.364 --> 0:24:15.964
<v Speaker 2>driver knows it, and use Google Translate Nate for Portuguese to.

0:24:15.484 --> 0:24:18.524
<v Speaker 1>Tell them how to say it. Say, you know, my.

0:24:20.044 --> 0:24:23.964
<v Speaker 2>Big bodyguard friend knows exactly where I am at this moment,

0:24:25.084 --> 0:24:25.684
<v Speaker 2>but I've got.

0:24:25.564 --> 0:24:26.204
<v Speaker 1>It all worked out.

0:24:26.484 --> 0:24:29.644
<v Speaker 2>And on that note, we hope you've enjoyed our gto guide.

0:24:29.684 --> 0:24:40.484
<v Speaker 2>And let's take a break and talk about some cheating. So, Nate,

0:24:40.524 --> 0:24:44.844
<v Speaker 2>have you been following this story about academic cheating that

0:24:45.044 --> 0:24:49.204
<v Speaker 2>first broke in the public sphere last year twenty twenty three,

0:24:49.764 --> 0:24:54.284
<v Speaker 2>about Francesca Gino and Dan Arielli Harvard Business School and

0:24:54.524 --> 0:24:59.284
<v Speaker 2>Duke Business School and how there are potentially fabricated and

0:24:59.324 --> 0:25:02.604
<v Speaker 2>manipulated results in some of their work on dishonesty.

0:25:04.124 --> 0:25:08.724
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, as a I don't know, as someone who likes

0:25:08.724 --> 0:25:10.724
<v Speaker 3>to tweak the S class when it flexs things up,

0:25:10.724 --> 0:25:12.524
<v Speaker 3>I've been following this, but probably not as closely as

0:25:12.844 --> 0:25:13.324
<v Speaker 3>as you have.

0:25:14.764 --> 0:25:18.804
<v Speaker 2>This came out because a team of researchers that call

0:25:18.844 --> 0:25:23.164
<v Speaker 2>themselves Data Colata were able to do some statistical analysis

0:25:23.404 --> 0:25:28.564
<v Speaker 2>very in depth. These are brilliant guys, and they were

0:25:28.604 --> 0:25:31.804
<v Speaker 2>able to kind of publish this series of reports that

0:25:31.844 --> 0:25:38.124
<v Speaker 2>showed uh, oh, this work on being unethical is actually

0:25:38.204 --> 0:25:41.244
<v Speaker 2>unethical in and of itself, and this prompted, you know,

0:25:41.364 --> 0:25:45.564
<v Speaker 2>big reckoning. Francesca Gino was placed on leave and she

0:25:45.804 --> 0:25:49.804
<v Speaker 2>ended up suing both Harvard and Data Colada. Her lawsuit

0:25:49.804 --> 0:25:55.564
<v Speaker 2>against Data Colada has since been dismissed, but Danareeli, as

0:25:55.604 --> 0:25:58.924
<v Speaker 2>far as I know, is still on faculty at Duke.

0:25:59.044 --> 0:26:00.644
<v Speaker 2>And by the way, this is not the first time

0:26:00.644 --> 0:26:03.684
<v Speaker 2>he has been accused. There have been multiple accusations of

0:26:04.524 --> 0:26:09.604
<v Speaker 2>improper research in the past. There has been a crisis

0:26:09.724 --> 0:26:14.084
<v Speaker 2>of confidence in social psychology for a long time, and

0:26:14.364 --> 0:26:18.364
<v Speaker 2>because of replication issues, not because of fraud and misconduct.

0:26:18.364 --> 0:26:22.524
<v Speaker 2>But now you know, we're adding academic misconduct. And there

0:26:22.604 --> 0:26:25.644
<v Speaker 2>was a recent piece that just came out last week,

0:26:26.324 --> 0:26:31.164
<v Speaker 2>it's going to be in the next print issue of

0:26:31.204 --> 0:26:37.004
<v Speaker 2>The Atlantic by Daniel Enber who actually showed that it

0:26:37.164 --> 0:26:41.484
<v Speaker 2>turns out that multiple people may have been fabricating data

0:26:41.884 --> 0:26:46.124
<v Speaker 2>and that this is an endemic problem, especially among business

0:26:46.124 --> 0:26:50.044
<v Speaker 2>school researchers. So what do we think about this date

0:26:50.684 --> 0:26:53.884
<v Speaker 2>Other than the obvious irony that like, holy shit, you know,

0:26:54.364 --> 0:26:57.604
<v Speaker 2>people who are researching ethics are not ethical.

0:26:57.964 --> 0:26:59.964
<v Speaker 3>There is some irony in comparing it to like the

0:26:59.964 --> 0:27:02.164
<v Speaker 3>poker community, which is also a place that seems to

0:27:02.204 --> 0:27:06.044
<v Speaker 3>like be quite tolerant of cheating. Yeah. Look, I have

0:27:06.244 --> 0:27:08.284
<v Speaker 3>various critiques. I mean, number one, I think the modal

0:27:08.324 --> 0:27:14.444
<v Speaker 3>academic paper is agreed because it's hard to have original

0:27:14.524 --> 0:27:16.804
<v Speaker 3>findings in a competitive field. There's a lot of pressure

0:27:16.804 --> 0:27:19.724
<v Speaker 3>to published, and so like the motive paper is a

0:27:19.764 --> 0:27:24.084
<v Speaker 3>paper that applies some and siscal inference is hard and

0:27:24.124 --> 0:27:26.204
<v Speaker 3>people don't they have formal training in it, but like

0:27:26.244 --> 0:27:31.204
<v Speaker 3>having intuition is harder, right, And so the motolctemic paper

0:27:31.324 --> 0:27:36.884
<v Speaker 3>is either coming to some counterintuitive conclusion that seems needed,

0:27:36.924 --> 0:27:39.124
<v Speaker 3>but it's actually just an artifact of the research design,

0:27:39.764 --> 0:27:43.044
<v Speaker 3>or a politically correct conclusion because those papers tend to

0:27:43.084 --> 0:27:48.084
<v Speaker 3>get greenlit more right, you know, the fact that there

0:27:48.164 --> 0:27:50.524
<v Speaker 3>is I don't know, is there a fine line between

0:27:51.524 --> 0:27:54.804
<v Speaker 3>cheating and just shitty methodology. I think there is, probably,

0:27:56.844 --> 0:27:58.924
<v Speaker 3>But I think the peer review system is pretty broken.

0:27:58.964 --> 0:28:02.724
<v Speaker 3>And we both know about the replication crisis, whereby various definitions,

0:28:02.724 --> 0:28:05.884
<v Speaker 3>when you try to recreate independently is a positive study

0:28:05.924 --> 0:28:08.444
<v Speaker 3>result than those recreation rates are are low.

0:28:09.484 --> 0:28:12.244
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I think that you're raising a really really important

0:28:12.244 --> 0:28:14.004
<v Speaker 2>point though, that I want to just go back to

0:28:14.084 --> 0:28:16.764
<v Speaker 2>a little bit before we dive further into kind of

0:28:16.804 --> 0:28:20.244
<v Speaker 2>this actual fraud and misconduct, which is this lack of

0:28:20.284 --> 0:28:24.284
<v Speaker 2>statistical knowledge sometimes. So I have a pH d in psychology, right,

0:28:24.484 --> 0:28:27.884
<v Speaker 2>So I actually I went through this academic training. I

0:28:27.924 --> 0:28:30.844
<v Speaker 2>had to take some stats classes, but it's not like

0:28:30.924 --> 0:28:35.444
<v Speaker 2>I had to take advanced statistics right like I, you know,

0:28:35.484 --> 0:28:37.844
<v Speaker 2>and I knew how little of a sense I had

0:28:37.844 --> 0:28:40.164
<v Speaker 2>for a lot of these things. So when it actually

0:28:40.244 --> 0:28:44.364
<v Speaker 2>came time to analyze my final data set, which was

0:28:44.444 --> 0:28:48.044
<v Speaker 2>you know, thousands and thousands of participants, I wanted to

0:28:48.044 --> 0:28:51.204
<v Speaker 2>make sure that I avoided any potential pitfall. So I

0:28:51.244 --> 0:28:53.724
<v Speaker 2>did some analysis myself that I could do, right, you know,

0:28:53.804 --> 0:28:57.564
<v Speaker 2>some more basic tests, but I knew what I knew

0:28:57.604 --> 0:29:00.964
<v Speaker 2>what conclusion. You know, I knew what my research premise was,

0:29:01.724 --> 0:29:03.524
<v Speaker 2>and so that can buy us you in different ways.

0:29:03.644 --> 0:29:05.684
<v Speaker 2>So what I then did was I hired a statistician

0:29:05.724 --> 0:29:07.644
<v Speaker 2>who had no idea what I was researching, who was

0:29:07.644 --> 0:29:10.004
<v Speaker 2>not a psychologist. I just gave them all the data

0:29:10.324 --> 0:29:12.564
<v Speaker 2>and said, this is what I need you to do, right,

0:29:12.644 --> 0:29:15.204
<v Speaker 2>build build me models, run these analyzes, and tell me

0:29:15.244 --> 0:29:18.044
<v Speaker 2>what you find. And that's actually how I ended up

0:29:18.204 --> 0:29:20.204
<v Speaker 2>taking care of that problem. I was like, if he finds,

0:29:21.044 --> 0:29:23.924
<v Speaker 2>if he finds things that actually are done in a

0:29:24.124 --> 0:29:27.844
<v Speaker 2>much more complicated way, then I'm doing great. Because one

0:29:27.884 --> 0:29:29.764
<v Speaker 2>of the things that has actually been a huge problem

0:29:29.804 --> 0:29:32.084
<v Speaker 2>in academia for a very long time, hence part of

0:29:32.124 --> 0:29:36.764
<v Speaker 2>the replication crisis, is a concept known as P hacking

0:29:37.284 --> 0:29:40.684
<v Speaker 2>and P hacking. So the P value is your significance

0:29:40.764 --> 0:29:44.644
<v Speaker 2>value on a paper, right, and it's somewhat arbitrarily. Point

0:29:44.724 --> 0:29:48.684
<v Speaker 2>oh five is kind of your threshold, right, So if

0:29:48.724 --> 0:29:51.444
<v Speaker 2>you're below point oh five, the finding significant. If you're not,

0:29:51.564 --> 0:29:53.764
<v Speaker 2>the finding's not significant. So it can be like marginally

0:29:53.804 --> 0:29:56.644
<v Speaker 2>significant if you have like a point zero six. Anyway,

0:29:57.044 --> 0:30:00.204
<v Speaker 2>it is a little bit arbitrarian and funny, but people

0:30:00.964 --> 0:30:03.124
<v Speaker 2>would do something known as P hacking, which is you

0:30:03.204 --> 0:30:06.324
<v Speaker 2>run your analysis, right, you have some sort of hypothesis,

0:30:06.404 --> 0:30:08.804
<v Speaker 2>You gather your data, and you find that your P

0:30:08.964 --> 0:30:12.124
<v Speaker 2>value is now significant, and you're like, hmm, what if

0:30:12.164 --> 0:30:16.484
<v Speaker 2>I excluded this set of participants, or what if I

0:30:16.564 --> 0:30:20.084
<v Speaker 2>excluded this set of data. What if I excluded you know,

0:30:20.124 --> 0:30:23.724
<v Speaker 2>based on education, or excluded all men, or excluded you know, blah,

0:30:23.764 --> 0:30:26.324
<v Speaker 2>blah blah. Usually it's not excluding all men. But they

0:30:26.644 --> 0:30:30.044
<v Speaker 2>end up trying to manipulate the statistics a little bit

0:30:30.284 --> 0:30:31.684
<v Speaker 2>by saying, oh, well, is.

0:30:31.684 --> 0:30:33.684
<v Speaker 1>It going to be significant? Now? What about now? What

0:30:33.764 --> 0:30:34.244
<v Speaker 1>about now?

0:30:34.444 --> 0:30:37.044
<v Speaker 2>Until they find a result that is significant and that's

0:30:37.084 --> 0:30:40.124
<v Speaker 2>what they publish. But they didn't have any a priori

0:30:40.244 --> 0:30:43.844
<v Speaker 2>hypotheses about why you're going to do that to the data.

0:30:43.924 --> 0:30:45.804
<v Speaker 2>So I had a lot of times when I was

0:30:45.844 --> 0:30:47.844
<v Speaker 2>excluding certain things from the data, but I would say

0:30:47.844 --> 0:30:50.804
<v Speaker 2>ahead of time, right, like, I'm going to be excluding X,

0:30:50.924 --> 0:30:53.684
<v Speaker 2>Y and Z for these reasons, right because I actually

0:30:53.724 --> 0:30:57.084
<v Speaker 2>have a hypothesis that this is going to matter, and

0:30:57.324 --> 0:30:59.564
<v Speaker 2>that's not you know, that's not what I'm looking at.

0:30:59.604 --> 0:31:01.724
<v Speaker 2>So if you fall into these categories, I'm just not

0:31:01.764 --> 0:31:05.764
<v Speaker 2>going to use your data. People have tried to Now

0:31:05.804 --> 0:31:07.964
<v Speaker 2>that people are aware that this is a problem, they

0:31:08.004 --> 0:31:11.324
<v Speaker 2>are trying to kind of remedy it by saying, Okay,

0:31:11.364 --> 0:31:15.284
<v Speaker 2>let's pre register all studies, let's preregister your conclusions, pre

0:31:15.284 --> 0:31:18.844
<v Speaker 2>register all of your analyzes to try to avoid P hacking.

0:31:19.084 --> 0:31:21.684
<v Speaker 2>But you raise a really interesting point. When P hacking

0:31:21.764 --> 0:31:25.164
<v Speaker 2>was prevalent, I had someone at Columbia in the Columbia

0:31:25.204 --> 0:31:30.204
<v Speaker 2>psychology department, not my advisor, who was Walter Michelle, who's amazing.

0:31:30.204 --> 0:31:32.404
<v Speaker 2>But I had someone when I had an analysis that

0:31:32.404 --> 0:31:34.804
<v Speaker 2>didn't quite work, be like, have you tried running it

0:31:34.884 --> 0:31:36.884
<v Speaker 2>without X or have you tried doing it in this

0:31:36.964 --> 0:31:40.324
<v Speaker 2>type of analysis instead? And I was like no, and

0:31:40.364 --> 0:31:43.964
<v Speaker 2>I'm not going to But that is a frequent response.

0:31:44.284 --> 0:31:47.244
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I mean you have to be really I mean

0:31:47.284 --> 0:31:50.324
<v Speaker 3>this also applies to journalism when you're writing about things

0:31:50.364 --> 0:31:53.524
<v Speaker 3>that have some amount of complexity, right, is it's kind

0:31:53.524 --> 0:31:55.044
<v Speaker 3>of just on you. I mean, it's very hard to

0:31:55.124 --> 0:32:02.684
<v Speaker 3>detect a story that like omits certain relevant qualifying facts

0:32:02.964 --> 0:32:07.844
<v Speaker 3>or arranges the chairs in a way that tells a

0:32:07.844 --> 0:32:09.804
<v Speaker 3>certain narrative, and you have to kind to be just

0:32:09.844 --> 0:32:12.924
<v Speaker 3>a real stickler for accuracy, right, And you also have

0:32:12.964 --> 0:32:14.004
<v Speaker 3>to know that like when you I mean I have

0:32:14.084 --> 0:32:15.924
<v Speaker 3>lots of I use for like newsletter post right, and

0:32:15.964 --> 0:32:19.084
<v Speaker 3>then you have something that seems promising and then maybe

0:32:19.124 --> 0:32:20.964
<v Speaker 3>you look at in a second way and then you're like,

0:32:20.964 --> 0:32:23.804
<v Speaker 3>this seems like there's not much there, and then you

0:32:23.884 --> 0:32:25.684
<v Speaker 3>probably just have to shelve that post right or every

0:32:25.684 --> 0:32:28.004
<v Speaker 3>now and then you can find some way to salvage

0:32:28.044 --> 0:32:31.724
<v Speaker 3>it for something. But like, yeah, I think some people

0:32:31.764 --> 0:32:33.404
<v Speaker 3>don't know it's bad, right, They think, oh, I'm doing

0:32:33.484 --> 0:32:36.764
<v Speaker 3>science by like trying new regression formula until I find

0:32:36.764 --> 0:32:39.564
<v Speaker 3>one that has a high R squared and like yeah,

0:32:40.124 --> 0:32:42.124
<v Speaker 3>and that's not good. And then there's also pressure to like,

0:32:42.764 --> 0:32:44.644
<v Speaker 3>you know, if you look at like what the p

0:32:44.844 --> 0:32:46.764
<v Speaker 3>values are in published paper, there's a big spike it

0:32:46.884 --> 0:32:50.364
<v Speaker 3>exactly point oh five because point oh five is deemed

0:32:50.404 --> 0:32:52.204
<v Speaker 3>is good and point oh six is deemed is bad.

0:32:53.764 --> 0:32:55.724
<v Speaker 3>And we'll be right back after this break.

0:33:06.084 --> 0:33:08.044
<v Speaker 2>I think that there are a lot of people who

0:33:08.084 --> 0:33:11.564
<v Speaker 2>aren't like as you, who aren't fabricating data right, who

0:33:11.644 --> 0:33:15.644
<v Speaker 2>aren't actually manipulating data manipulating data sets, but who are

0:33:15.964 --> 0:33:20.484
<v Speaker 2>doing these like more subtle things that seem okay and

0:33:20.724 --> 0:33:23.444
<v Speaker 2>you know see, seem like they'll get your get your

0:33:23.444 --> 0:33:27.124
<v Speaker 2>research over the line, which actually dovetails really nicely. Which

0:33:27.284 --> 0:33:29.764
<v Speaker 2>with one of the other reasons why I think we're

0:33:29.804 --> 0:33:33.284
<v Speaker 2>getting these sources of scandals, these sources of crises, you know,

0:33:33.404 --> 0:33:38.484
<v Speaker 2>replication crisis before and now this just realization that a

0:33:38.524 --> 0:33:41.964
<v Speaker 2>lot of studies that are published by researchers, especially in

0:33:42.004 --> 0:33:46.404
<v Speaker 2>business schools, where peer review is even more broken than

0:33:46.444 --> 0:33:48.844
<v Speaker 2>it is in other places. I think one of the

0:33:48.884 --> 0:33:54.404
<v Speaker 2>reasons is the misaligned incentives. Right, the incentives for tenure,

0:33:54.564 --> 0:33:59.044
<v Speaker 2>the incentives for promotion are quantity over quality a lot

0:33:59.084 --> 0:34:03.004
<v Speaker 2>of the times, right they the publish or parish mantra

0:34:03.764 --> 0:34:07.124
<v Speaker 2>is not bullshit. And I was very lucky when I

0:34:07.164 --> 0:34:09.284
<v Speaker 2>was in when I was in grad school that I

0:34:09.564 --> 0:34:12.044
<v Speaker 2>knew I had zero desire to go into academia, So

0:34:12.124 --> 0:34:15.164
<v Speaker 2>my incentives were pure, right Like, I just wanted to

0:34:15.164 --> 0:34:17.444
<v Speaker 2>do the research because I was really interested in it,

0:34:17.804 --> 0:34:19.604
<v Speaker 2>and I knew that I was never going to be

0:34:19.684 --> 0:34:21.564
<v Speaker 2>on the academic job market, so I didn't care if

0:34:21.564 --> 0:34:24.724
<v Speaker 2>it was publishable, right Like, I didn't actually care what

0:34:24.764 --> 0:34:27.644
<v Speaker 2>the significance was. I didn't care what would end up happening.

0:34:27.804 --> 0:34:30.884
<v Speaker 2>I got very lucky that I had cool, significant findings,

0:34:31.044 --> 0:34:33.044
<v Speaker 2>but I never ended up publishing them. But there are

0:34:33.084 --> 0:34:35.724
<v Speaker 2>so many people for whom the incentives are right from

0:34:35.764 --> 0:34:38.804
<v Speaker 2>the very very beginning, you have to publish, published, publish

0:34:39.044 --> 0:34:41.044
<v Speaker 2>in order to get that first appointment, in order to

0:34:41.084 --> 0:34:45.324
<v Speaker 2>get a promotion, in order to get tenure, and quantity

0:34:45.564 --> 0:34:49.364
<v Speaker 2>is rewarded. I remember having a conversation with my advisor,

0:34:49.404 --> 0:34:53.724
<v Speaker 2>Walter Michelle, who for people who don't know, was kind

0:34:53.724 --> 0:34:57.124
<v Speaker 2>of one of the most prominent social psychologists of the

0:34:57.164 --> 0:35:01.204
<v Speaker 2>twentieth century who did kind of the Marshmallow studies, but

0:35:01.244 --> 0:35:04.164
<v Speaker 2>he did a lot of other work as well, and

0:35:04.324 --> 0:35:09.564
<v Speaker 2>incredibly an incredibly prominent researcher who has since passed away.

0:35:09.964 --> 0:35:14.364
<v Speaker 2>And I remember having this conversation with him about academia,

0:35:14.524 --> 0:35:17.044
<v Speaker 2>and he said, and I think that this was very true,

0:35:17.044 --> 0:35:20.204
<v Speaker 2>that he never would have gotten his first job, he

0:35:20.284 --> 0:35:22.244
<v Speaker 2>never would have gotten tenure, he never would have had

0:35:22.244 --> 0:35:25.004
<v Speaker 2>his career progression in the modern market because when he

0:35:25.124 --> 0:35:28.284
<v Speaker 2>was hired for the first time, he had two publications

0:35:28.324 --> 0:35:31.964
<v Speaker 2>and they happened to be incredibly important publications with very

0:35:32.004 --> 0:35:34.364
<v Speaker 2>deep theory, and so back in that schools were like, oh,

0:35:34.364 --> 0:35:36.724
<v Speaker 2>this is really really interesting. But he said that he

0:35:36.724 --> 0:35:40.284
<v Speaker 2>wouldn't go into academia these days because you can't do

0:35:40.404 --> 0:35:44.044
<v Speaker 2>theory work right. You can't do research that's longitudinal, that

0:35:44.124 --> 0:35:46.884
<v Speaker 2>takes years and years and years. And so I feel

0:35:46.924 --> 0:35:49.244
<v Speaker 2>like the field of psychology, and not just psychology, I

0:35:49.244 --> 0:35:52.204
<v Speaker 2>think this is true in academic work in general has

0:35:52.244 --> 0:35:56.124
<v Speaker 2>become diminished because you can't do important studies right. You

0:35:56.164 --> 0:35:58.804
<v Speaker 2>can't do a lot of this important work anymore because

0:35:58.804 --> 0:36:01.124
<v Speaker 2>it's not going to produce results for years, and some

0:36:01.244 --> 0:36:03.764
<v Speaker 2>of it is kind of very theoretical when you're trying

0:36:03.804 --> 0:36:07.244
<v Speaker 2>to develop these big ideas and big theories, and instead,

0:36:07.564 --> 0:36:11.764
<v Speaker 2>you know, you are incentivized to focus on one specific

0:36:11.844 --> 0:36:15.164
<v Speaker 2>type of neuron that does one very specific thing in

0:36:15.204 --> 0:36:17.404
<v Speaker 2>the brain and we you know, and we're just going

0:36:17.444 --> 0:36:20.084
<v Speaker 2>to publish a lot about that. And I think that

0:36:20.124 --> 0:36:23.724
<v Speaker 2>those are very misaligned incentives if you want good research,

0:36:23.844 --> 0:36:27.484
<v Speaker 2>if you want ethical research, and if you want research

0:36:27.524 --> 0:36:31.404
<v Speaker 2>that's actually going to be meaningful and make a difference

0:36:31.444 --> 0:36:32.324
<v Speaker 2>in the world.

0:36:33.524 --> 0:36:38.004
<v Speaker 3>There's another irony too, which is that because academic prose

0:36:38.204 --> 0:36:42.764
<v Speaker 3>kind of is willfully obfuscatory, is aditive, it off skates

0:36:43.044 --> 0:36:45.724
<v Speaker 3>and it's just never said that.

0:36:45.644 --> 0:36:47.884
<v Speaker 1>Word out loud night, but it's that's the right word.

0:36:48.204 --> 0:36:52.764
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. It's harder to detect flaws because the writing is

0:36:52.804 --> 0:36:58.924
<v Speaker 3>so bad that often it conceals really sloppy thinking, and

0:36:59.004 --> 0:36:59.924
<v Speaker 3>the opposite.

0:36:59.604 --> 0:37:00.124
<v Speaker 1>Can be true.

0:37:00.404 --> 0:37:03.324
<v Speaker 2>So people like Dan Arieli are really good writers, and

0:37:03.404 --> 0:37:07.044
<v Speaker 2>so you actually miss the logical leaps that they're taking

0:37:07.524 --> 0:37:10.444
<v Speaker 2>where wait a doesn't actually lead to be But because

0:37:10.484 --> 0:37:12.244
<v Speaker 2>you're such a good writer and you made it sound

0:37:12.284 --> 0:37:15.764
<v Speaker 2>so nice. I thought that it led to be please continue.

0:37:16.204 --> 0:37:17.524
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, Now, I guess it's kind of like a U

0:37:17.604 --> 0:37:21.444
<v Speaker 3>shaped curve where like mediocre to good writing, it's easier

0:37:21.444 --> 0:37:23.804
<v Speaker 3>to detect problems, and like very persuasive writing which is

0:37:23.804 --> 0:37:26.564
<v Speaker 3>aiming to persuade you, or very unclear writing, which is

0:37:26.764 --> 0:37:30.324
<v Speaker 3>you know, again, I unless you are writing in a

0:37:30.524 --> 0:37:33.644
<v Speaker 3>non native language, then in general we're not doing part

0:37:33.644 --> 0:37:35.964
<v Speaker 3>of particle physics here, right. In general, for a type

0:37:35.964 --> 0:37:38.004
<v Speaker 3>of B school study, if you can't explain it, well,

0:37:38.044 --> 0:37:39.284
<v Speaker 3>you probably don't know what you're talking about.

0:37:39.804 --> 0:37:42.124
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I think I think that's very true. And I

0:37:42.124 --> 0:37:44.284
<v Speaker 2>think the other one of the other problems that we

0:37:44.324 --> 0:37:48.284
<v Speaker 2>see is that you also have an incentive to kind

0:37:48.284 --> 0:37:51.324
<v Speaker 2>of have your work, especially for business school, have your

0:37:51.324 --> 0:37:53.484
<v Speaker 2>work be out there, right, and have journalists write about that.

0:37:53.684 --> 0:37:57.164
<v Speaker 2>Journalists often don't have statistical training, right, then they don't

0:37:57.164 --> 0:37:59.764
<v Speaker 2>actually when they're looking at a paper. There are some

0:37:59.844 --> 0:38:03.124
<v Speaker 2>journalists who do absolutely who are very rigorous about this,

0:38:03.364 --> 0:38:05.444
<v Speaker 2>but most journalists, like they you know, they look at

0:38:05.484 --> 0:38:08.564
<v Speaker 2>the abstract, right, they look at a few things, but

0:38:08.604 --> 0:38:11.084
<v Speaker 2>it's not like they have the resources to be able

0:38:11.084 --> 0:38:14.084
<v Speaker 2>to tell is this a solid study or not? And

0:38:14.164 --> 0:38:18.044
<v Speaker 2>so they might report it the way that more misaligned incentives,

0:38:18.044 --> 0:38:20.844
<v Speaker 2>the way that the press release puts it right, the

0:38:20.844 --> 0:38:25.044
<v Speaker 2>way that the PR Department actually puts it the.

0:38:25.004 --> 0:38:28.324
<v Speaker 3>Way that And that's a problem even more so in

0:38:28.364 --> 0:38:32.524
<v Speaker 3>this era where you know, journalists are concerned or liberal

0:38:32.604 --> 0:38:35.204
<v Speaker 3>journists are concerned that, oh, science is under attack from Trump.

0:38:35.284 --> 0:38:40.484
<v Speaker 3>Then like there is some degree of expertise laundering that

0:38:40.524 --> 0:38:43.684
<v Speaker 3>you go shopping for an academic study that tells you

0:38:43.724 --> 0:38:46.124
<v Speaker 3>the thing that you want to hear, and then you

0:38:46.204 --> 0:38:49.644
<v Speaker 3>get quotes from the same group of four people. A

0:38:49.644 --> 0:38:50.964
<v Speaker 3>lot of problems, Maria.

0:38:51.444 --> 0:38:54.364
<v Speaker 2>There are a lot of problems, And I think this

0:38:54.404 --> 0:38:56.764
<v Speaker 2>is a topic that we'll be returning to. It's something

0:38:56.804 --> 0:38:59.204
<v Speaker 2>that I'm writing about in my next book, which is

0:38:59.244 --> 0:39:03.004
<v Speaker 2>about cheating, and I think that is just something that

0:39:03.044 --> 0:39:05.644
<v Speaker 2>everyone needs to be aware of. And one other thing,

0:39:05.724 --> 0:39:08.324
<v Speaker 2>you know, once this is something that I actually wrote

0:39:08.324 --> 0:39:12.484
<v Speaker 2>on my substack last week. You know, once misinformation, once

0:39:12.564 --> 0:39:16.324
<v Speaker 2>kind of incorrect results get out there, it's really difficult.

0:39:16.524 --> 0:39:19.204
<v Speaker 2>You can't just take it back because the way that

0:39:19.284 --> 0:39:21.924
<v Speaker 2>our brains work, they don't work that way, right, Like

0:39:21.964 --> 0:39:24.564
<v Speaker 2>you just misremember it, not on purpose, but like there's

0:39:24.604 --> 0:39:27.004
<v Speaker 2>so much stuff that I remember from you know, my

0:39:27.004 --> 0:39:29.244
<v Speaker 2>grad school days, where I'm like, oh, right, like if

0:39:29.244 --> 0:39:31.844
<v Speaker 2>you do X, then Y happens, and like that shit's

0:39:31.844 --> 0:39:35.524
<v Speaker 2>been retracted. But I don't necessarily either I wasn't aware

0:39:35.564 --> 0:39:38.404
<v Speaker 2>of it or I didn't you know, didn't really register.

0:39:38.564 --> 0:39:41.604
<v Speaker 2>But it still informs my thinking. Right, So even if

0:39:41.644 --> 0:39:46.044
<v Speaker 2>you know about it, it is incredibly difficult to undo those effects.

0:39:46.364 --> 0:39:48.764
<v Speaker 2>So if you're you know, I think if you're a journalist,

0:39:48.804 --> 0:39:51.804
<v Speaker 2>you have to be try to be vigilant. You're gonna

0:39:51.804 --> 0:39:54.164
<v Speaker 2>make mistakes, like you know, I've made mistakes. Just make

0:39:54.204 --> 0:39:57.564
<v Speaker 2>sure that you correct yourself and try to just try

0:39:57.564 --> 0:40:00.324
<v Speaker 2>to hold yourself to a high standard. But if you're

0:40:00.364 --> 0:40:02.564
<v Speaker 2>an academic researcher, you have to do that as well,

0:40:02.924 --> 0:40:06.404
<v Speaker 2>and the incentives aren't there, And when the incentives aren't there,

0:40:06.524 --> 0:40:07.084
<v Speaker 2>I think the.

0:40:07.004 --> 0:40:10.804
<v Speaker 3>Behavior doesn't really change. Yeah, people very efficient, even if

0:40:11.804 --> 0:40:14.444
<v Speaker 3>even if a lot of people are truth seeking, and

0:40:14.484 --> 0:40:19.804
<v Speaker 3>academia has that capacity more than some. Right, we know

0:40:19.964 --> 0:40:22.684
<v Speaker 3>from studying games that like, if there's a way to

0:40:22.724 --> 0:40:26.844
<v Speaker 3>exploit something and it's a profitable exploit, then some unscrupulous

0:40:26.884 --> 0:40:29.284
<v Speaker 3>person is going to take advantage of it.

0:40:29.324 --> 0:40:33.804
<v Speaker 2>Right, absolutely, absolutely, and if the incentives are so out

0:40:33.844 --> 0:40:36.404
<v Speaker 2>of whack as they are in academia, it doesn't take

0:40:36.524 --> 0:40:40.244
<v Speaker 2>like a really unscrupulous person. There are degrees of this, right.

0:40:40.324 --> 0:40:43.164
<v Speaker 2>There are people who aren't going to fabricate data sets,

0:40:43.244 --> 0:40:47.084
<v Speaker 2>but who will potentially get rid of some outlier results

0:40:47.204 --> 0:40:51.244
<v Speaker 2>or like swap data points around just a tiny bit, right,

0:40:51.324 --> 0:40:52.964
<v Speaker 2>like little things, and they'll be like, oh, well, it's

0:40:52.964 --> 0:40:55.244
<v Speaker 2>not as bad as fabricating a data I'm not that bad.

0:40:55.284 --> 0:40:57.804
<v Speaker 2>I didn't really do anything wrong, and I know my

0:40:57.884 --> 0:41:02.404
<v Speaker 2>results are correct, right, I believe in me, and I

0:41:02.484 --> 0:41:04.644
<v Speaker 2>know that this thesis is accurate, so I'm just doing

0:41:04.724 --> 0:41:08.044
<v Speaker 2>something good. It's really easy to start justifying bad behavior

0:41:08.644 --> 0:41:12.084
<v Speaker 2>when you're incentive to do that, and every single institution

0:41:12.164 --> 0:41:14.484
<v Speaker 2>right now incentivizes that. And this is true you know

0:41:14.564 --> 0:41:17.244
<v Speaker 2>outside of academia as well. Whenever you're trying to figure

0:41:17.244 --> 0:41:20.124
<v Speaker 2>out like what are how are people going to behave?

0:41:20.284 --> 0:41:23.204
<v Speaker 2>Look at the incentive structures, right, look at what type

0:41:23.244 --> 0:41:24.724
<v Speaker 2>of behavior is incentivized.

0:41:25.004 --> 0:41:26.644
<v Speaker 3>Since I am sort of a journalist, I mean like

0:41:26.724 --> 0:41:31.884
<v Speaker 3>having more skepticism about things you read in an academic paper,

0:41:32.244 --> 0:41:35.604
<v Speaker 3>just you need the level has to be like two

0:41:35.644 --> 0:41:38.164
<v Speaker 3>to three x higher than it is right now.

0:41:38.924 --> 0:41:42.044
<v Speaker 2>I totally agree with that, and yeah, that's it's a

0:41:42.084 --> 0:41:46.164
<v Speaker 2>sobering conclusion. And as someone who does you know, who

0:41:46.204 --> 0:41:48.204
<v Speaker 2>does have a PhD in psychology and who believes in

0:41:48.244 --> 0:41:50.484
<v Speaker 2>the discipline, who thinks that it has a ton to

0:41:50.524 --> 0:41:53.244
<v Speaker 2>add like, it breaks my heart because I want, you know,

0:41:53.284 --> 0:41:55.484
<v Speaker 2>I want good data, I want good studies. I think

0:41:55.524 --> 0:41:57.964
<v Speaker 2>there's so much that we can learn about the human mind.

0:41:58.324 --> 0:42:00.684
<v Speaker 2>I just want people to do good work. So please,

0:42:00.764 --> 0:42:09.084
<v Speaker 2>please do good work. Let us know what you think

0:42:09.124 --> 0:42:12.724
<v Speaker 2>of this. Reach out to us at Risky Business at

0:42:12.884 --> 0:42:19.124
<v Speaker 2>pushkin dot FM. Risky Business is hosted by me Maria Kannikova.

0:42:18.964 --> 0:42:20.324
<v Speaker 3>And byby Nate Silver.

0:42:20.884 --> 0:42:24.404
<v Speaker 2>The show is a co production of Pushkin Industries and iHeartMedia.

0:42:24.924 --> 0:42:28.484
<v Speaker 2>This episode was produced by Isabel Carter. Our associate producer

0:42:28.564 --> 0:42:32.084
<v Speaker 2>is Gabriel Hunter Chang. Our executive producer is Jacob Goldstein.

0:42:32.884 --> 0:42:35.044
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0:42:35.044 --> 0:42:37.124
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0:42:37.124 --> 0:42:39.484
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0:42:42.124 --> 0:42:44.964
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