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Speaker 1: Get in touch with technology with tech Stuff from how

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Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff.

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Speaker 1: I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer at

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Works and I love all things tech. And

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Speaker 1: we are continuing our epic series about space and space travel.

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Speaker 1: And I've covered the various spacecraft involved during the actual

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Speaker 1: space race, from the vast Stock to the saw Us,

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Speaker 1: from the Mercury to the Apollo, but I didn't really

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Speaker 1: go into much detail about the launch vehicles or what

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Speaker 1: we would more casually refer to as the rockets. So

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Speaker 1: today we're gonna talk about rockets and the science behind

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Speaker 1: them and some of the ones that have been used

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Speaker 1: to put stuff what was once on Earth out in

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Speaker 1: space somewhere. And don't worry, I'm not going to cover

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Speaker 1: every single rocket that ever was put to such use.

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Speaker 1: That would sound like I was reading off a very

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Speaker 1: weird phone book, because it would involve not just all

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Speaker 1: these odd names that we as Americans we asn't I'm

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Speaker 1: saying myself here the Americans created, but also all the

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Speaker 1: different designations that have been made by various countries around

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Speaker 1: the world. Lots of countries have made launch vehicles. So

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Speaker 1: I'm just gonna focus on some of the ones from

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Speaker 1: the space race period because I think, uh, you know,

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Speaker 1: it relates to the episodes I just did mainly, and

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Speaker 1: also it has a nice narrow focus. The history of

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Speaker 1: rockets stretches far back before there was ever a space race,

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Speaker 1: or before there was a Soviet Union, or before there

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Speaker 1: was a United States of America. And of course by

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Speaker 1: that I mean before there were those nations. Obviously the

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Speaker 1: land masses were there and there were people living on them.

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Speaker 1: But you know what I mean. The origins of the

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Speaker 1: rocket are closely tied to that of fireworks, and I've

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Speaker 1: covered fireworks in previous episodes. Scholars have nailed down the

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Speaker 1: emergence of rockets in Chinese alchemy sometime during the dynasty

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Speaker 1: that stretched from nine sixty Common era to twelve seventy

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Speaker 1: nine Common Era. The former curator of rockets for the

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Speaker 1: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, a guy named Frank Winter,

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Speaker 1: attempted to narrow that down a bit, and his work

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Speaker 1: suggested that during the eleventh century, Chinese alchemists were trying

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Speaker 1: to suss out a formula that would lead to eternal life.

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Speaker 1: They were attempting to make practical use of the Chinese

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Speaker 1: philosophy that all the universe is divided into passive and

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Speaker 1: active forces, and that mixing your yin and yang materials

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Speaker 1: in a proper way would create various amazing results, such

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Speaker 1: as presumably never dying. So they never landed on a

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Speaker 1: mixture that would preserve life indefinitely, but some of the

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Speaker 1: mixtures did up having other interesting properties, like blowing up

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Speaker 1: if you lit them, so they effectively invented an early

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Speaker 1: form of gun powder. By twelve thirty two, the Chinese

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Speaker 1: were using rockets in warfare. They had a weapon that

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Speaker 1: they called the fai Ju san Uh. And I know

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Speaker 1: I'm mispronouncing that. I apologize my Chinese is terrible, but

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Speaker 1: it means flying fire lances. And if you listen to

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Speaker 1: the fireworks episodes that we did on text of years ago,

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Speaker 1: you know there are various myths and legends about Chinese

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Speaker 1: thinkers who tried to use rockets for flight and the

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Speaker 1: various results of those experiments. So I'm not going to

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Speaker 1: go into those here. Instead, we're just gonna skip ahead

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Speaker 1: a few centuries. In the fifteen nineties, in Germany, there

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Speaker 1: was a fireworks maker named Johann schmid Lap, who attempted

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Speaker 1: to create fireworks that could reach much higher altitudes through

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Speaker 1: a process called staging. Staging is where you divide up

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Speaker 1: a rocket into two or more stages, and each stage

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Speaker 1: contains its own propellant. So when the first stage burns out,

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Speaker 1: it ignites the second stage, which in schmid Lab's case

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Speaker 1: was a smaller rocket that was carried by a larger

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Speaker 1: first stage rocket. So the first stage rocket ignites launches

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Speaker 1: as it gets towards the end of its fuel, it

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Speaker 1: ignites the fuel inside the second rocket, which then continues

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Speaker 1: to launch and go even higher into the sky and

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Speaker 1: deliver the payload way up in there, and you get

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Speaker 1: a really impressive firework. While schmid Lap made a practical,

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Speaker 1: practical multi stage rocket, the idea had previously been theorized

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Speaker 1: by an Austrian military engineer named Conrad hass hass wrote

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Speaker 1: a manuscript about his ideas that predated schmid Laps designs

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Speaker 1: by a few decades, including multi stage rockets. Even talked

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Speaker 1: about the possibility of using liquid fuels as propellant, although

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Speaker 1: that would take quite some time to come true. Now,

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Speaker 1: whether schmid Lap knew of Hassa's work or not. I

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Speaker 1: don't know. Maybe he did. It's possible that this was

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Speaker 1: a case of two people coming up with essentially the

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Speaker 1: same idea around the same time that has happened before.

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Speaker 1: Or it could be that schmid Lap had heard of

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Speaker 1: Hassa his ideas and that schmid Lap was the one

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Speaker 1: who was able to make practical use of them. Either way,

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Speaker 1: whether he came up with the idea or not, schmid

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Speaker 1: Lap was the one who actually made it work. In

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Speaker 1: seven Sir Isaac Newton published his work Principia, which included

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Speaker 1: his three Laws of motion. So we see that the

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Speaker 1: practical understanding of rocketry preceded a more nuanced scientific understanding

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Speaker 1: of what was going on by several centuries, which is

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Speaker 1: often the case where we notice something, we observe something interesting,

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Speaker 1: and we even make use of that something for some time,

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Speaker 1: but we don't have a full understanding of what's really

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Speaker 1: going on until much later. That has happened on numerous

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Speaker 1: occasions throughout human history. So what are the three laws

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Speaker 1: of motion and why are they important? Well, the first

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Speaker 1: law is every object in a state of uniform motion

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Speaker 1: tends to remain in that state of motion unless an

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Speaker 1: external force is applied to it. We also call this

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Speaker 1: the law of inertia. So, for example, if there is

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Speaker 1: a rock sitting on a level section of ground, we

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Speaker 1: would expect that rock to just sit there, to remain

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Speaker 1: in that position, to stay still, unless some external force

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Speaker 1: like someone's foot were to come in and be applied

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Speaker 1: to the rock. So soone kicks the rock, then we

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Speaker 1: would expect it to move. But we wouldn't expect the

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Speaker 1: rock to move on its own. It wouldn't just spontaneously

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Speaker 1: start rolling around. That would be in violation of the

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Speaker 1: first law of motion. The second law of motion is

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Speaker 1: that the relationship between an objects mass, it's acceleration and

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Speaker 1: the applied force is force equals mass times acceleration. Acceleration

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Speaker 1: and force are vectors, meaning they don't just have a magnitude.

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Speaker 1: They also have a direction, so you have to describe

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Speaker 1: them as having a direction while you're working with them.

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Speaker 1: You can't just give, you know, just a unit and

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Speaker 1: be accurate and this law. In this law, the direction

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Speaker 1: of the force vector is the same as the direction

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Speaker 1: of the acceleration victor, so you can't have an acceleration

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Speaker 1: vector that's an opposite direction of the force vector. The

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Speaker 1: equation lets us understand how velocities change when we apply

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Speaker 1: different forces to the system. And a change in velocity

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Speaker 1: is acceleration, right, Velocity itself is uh is speed and direction,

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Speaker 1: So acceleration is when you change something about that. You

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Speaker 1: either change the speed, so you make it speed up,

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Speaker 1: or you make it slow down, or you change the direction,

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Speaker 1: which you know because velocity is a vector, and either

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Speaker 1: one of those would be considered a change in acceleration,

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Speaker 1: or rather it would be acceleration itself. And the third

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Speaker 1: law of motion is for every action, there is an

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Speaker 1: equal and opposite reaction. So you've probably heard this before,

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Speaker 1: and I'm sure you have a decent understanding of it,

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Speaker 1: but just in case, here's a way of thinking about.

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Speaker 1: Imagine that you're standing on a platform that's suspended by ropes,

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Speaker 1: right like it's a square platform. There are four ropes,

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Speaker 1: one at each corner, and there's a second platform on

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Speaker 1: a column that's in front of you. But in order

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Speaker 1: to get there, you're gonna have to take a pretty

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Speaker 1: big step. Not not a huge step, but a decent one.

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Speaker 1: As you take that step, if there were another observer

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Speaker 1: watching all this, they would notice that the platform you

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Speaker 1: stand on would move the opposite direction of where you

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Speaker 1: were stepping. This is that equal but opposite reaction. That's

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Speaker 1: an exemplification of Newton's third law of motion. It's also

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Speaker 1: ultimately what explains the phenomenon of a rocket flying into

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Speaker 1: the air. When it's blasting what appears to just be

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Speaker 1: fire and smoke out of its business end, the rocket

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Speaker 1: is actually throwing mass in one direction in the form

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Speaker 1: of very high pressured gas. The rocket itself moves in

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Speaker 1: the opposite direction because of this. If you were to

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Speaker 1: sit in an office chair that has wheels on it,

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Speaker 1: and then you had a mess and ball in your hands,

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Speaker 1: and you threw the mess and ball straight ahead of you,

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Speaker 1: that you and the chair would roll backward. Because of

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Speaker 1: this principle, rockets work the same way. It's just that

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Speaker 1: the rocket is throwing up mass in the form of

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Speaker 1: that high pressure gas an incredible rate. So remember that

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Speaker 1: second law forces equal to mass times acceleration. That's also

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Speaker 1: very important. The rocket has a lot of mass, particularly

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Speaker 1: when it's full of fuel. You have the mass of

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Speaker 1: the rocket structure and you have the mass of all

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Speaker 1: the fuel inside of it. When a rockets engine, which

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Speaker 1: is a reaction engine, It's important to note because when

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Speaker 1: we hear the word engine. I don't know about you,

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Speaker 1: but when I hear the word engine, I'm usually thinking

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Speaker 1: about a mechanical device that forms some form of rotational power, right,

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Speaker 1: a rotational force, like a reciprocating gasolene engine. That's kind

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Speaker 1: of what I think about. But a rocket engine is

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Speaker 1: a reaction engine. Rocket engines fling mass in that form

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Speaker 1: of hot gas uh at a very high rate of acceleration,

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Speaker 1: and the combination creates a lot of force. Right. So,

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Speaker 1: however much mass it is times that acceleration that equals

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Speaker 1: the force. Well, the equal and obvious that reaction means,

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Speaker 1: if you're pushing that much mass downward at a very

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Speaker 1: fast rate, then you're moving upward. Uh. And the speed

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Speaker 1: at which you move is based upon how fast and

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Speaker 1: how much stuff you're pushing down That that equation tells

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Speaker 1: us all of this stuff, and we can actually figure

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Speaker 1: out how much acceleration the rocket will experience if we

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Speaker 1: know the mass and the acceleration of the hot gases

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Speaker 1: coming out of its engine. The two sides of the

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Speaker 1: equation have to balance out. It has to be equal

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Speaker 1: and opposite, right, So rocket science is hard But let's

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Speaker 1: go back to that office chair and medicine ball example,

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Speaker 1: because that makes it way easier to understand. So practical example,

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Speaker 1: let's say I'm sitting in an office chair and I

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Speaker 1: have a mass of about sixty eight ms. The chair

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Speaker 1: has a mass of about twenty two kilograms, so collectively

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Speaker 1: the chair and I are nine DRAMs. The medicine ball

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Speaker 1: I have has a mass of four point five rams.

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Speaker 1: So at the very beginning of this I have a

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Speaker 1: total mass of ninety four point five ms because I'm

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Speaker 1: holding the medicine ball right, and then I also have

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Speaker 1: a velocity of zero. I'm not moving, so I'm staying still.

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Speaker 1: I've got this messin ball in my hands, and then

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Speaker 1: I throw the mess and ball straight out in front

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Speaker 1: of me at fifteen per second. That's about thirty three

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Speaker 1: and a half miles per hour, and that's probably way

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Speaker 1: faster than I could actually throw a messin ball. But

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Speaker 1: forget that for now. How fast am I going to

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Speaker 1: travel back in my chair? How fast will the chair

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Speaker 1: roll backward in opposite direction from my throw? Well, to

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Speaker 1: understand that, we take the velocity of the messin ball

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Speaker 1: times it's mass, So we take that fifteen per second

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Speaker 1: times four point five ms, which gives us sixty seven

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Speaker 1: point five Newton's technically that represents the force of the

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Speaker 1: medicine ball flying away from me. There must be an

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Speaker 1: equal and opposite reaction, So that means the product of

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Speaker 1: my mass and vela city has to equal negative sixty

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Speaker 1: seven point five. It's equal and opposite of the original.

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Speaker 1: Now it's negative because we're looking at velocity in the

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Speaker 1: opposite direction of the medicine ball's flight, so it's it's

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Speaker 1: from the perspective of medicine ball's flight being positive. Mine

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Speaker 1: has to be negative. So it doesn't mean that I

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Speaker 1: have some sort of weird negative unit of measurement. Instead

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Speaker 1: is referring to it being a different direction and opposite direction.

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Speaker 1: So again forces mass times acceleration, and we know what

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Speaker 1: my mass is with the chair right, it's nine. And

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Speaker 1: we know that the force is equal and opposite of

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Speaker 1: the force that was in the medicine ball side of

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Speaker 1: the equation, so we know it's the forces minus sixty

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Speaker 1: seven point five. So that means we have to divide

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Speaker 1: both sides by my mass. We divide minus sixty seven

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Speaker 1: point five by my mass of ninety kilograms and we

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Speaker 1: end up getting minus point seven five meters per second,

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Speaker 1: So that means I'm traveling backward in my chair at

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Speaker 1: point seven five per second initially before friction slows me down.

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Speaker 1: Rocket science is exactly like that, only of course, way

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Speaker 1: more difficult. We'll get into why it gets way more

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Speaker 1: difficult in just a second, but first, y'all, I need

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Speaker 1: to take a quick break. I'm gonna thank my sponsor.

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Speaker 1: The science of rocketry continued in large part because rockets

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Speaker 1: could be effective weapons of war. In four engineers discovered

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Speaker 1: that by designing jet vents on an angle so they're

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Speaker 1: not coming just straight out, a rocket would spin when

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Speaker 1: it was ignited, and that spinning motion would actually create

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Speaker 1: a stabilization in the rockets flight path, kind of like

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Speaker 1: a bullet experience when it emerges from a gun, It

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Speaker 1: spins and that produces stability. Uh. The st to ability

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Speaker 1: of spinning objects would become a very important component, not

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Speaker 1: just in space travel, but in technology in general. It's

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Speaker 1: you know, I've talked about that with gyroscopes in Constantine.

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Speaker 1: Soolkov Sky, who I talked about in the first episode

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Speaker 1: of this whole series, proposed the possibility of space travel

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Speaker 1: through rocketry. Moreover, he theorized that a liquid propellant would

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Speaker 1: be a more suitable fuel source to provide the energy

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Speaker 1: necessary to push a rocket into space, but had not

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Speaker 1: quite worked out how that would actually happen. Solkovski worked

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Speaker 1: on some really important details about the relationship between a

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Speaker 1: rocket's mass and its speed and what it would take

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Speaker 1: to get a rocket into space. So let's take a

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Speaker 1: few moments to understand the calculations that are necessary. Now

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Speaker 1: we've already covered the equal and opposite reaction. We understand

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Speaker 1: that that whatever we want the rocket to do is

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Speaker 1: going to be based upon the amount of mass it's

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Speaker 1: throwing out through its engine and how fast it's throwing

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Speaker 1: that mass out. But now we have to consider some

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Speaker 1: other complicating fact. There's first, a rockets mass when it's

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Speaker 1: fully fueled is different than the rockets mass one second

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Speaker 1: before all the fuel burns up. That mass is decreasing.

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Speaker 1: Now the mass is not being destroyed, it's just being

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Speaker 1: thrown out of the engine. Because you cannot create or

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Speaker 1: destroy matter. You can't convert it from one form to another,

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Speaker 1: but you can't destroy it, So that mass isn't being destroyed.

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Speaker 1: If you talk about a rocket that has, you know,

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Speaker 1: twenty thousand tons of fuel aboard it. That twenty thousand

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Speaker 1: tons of fuel gets turned into twenty thousand tons of

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Speaker 1: high pressured gas during the process of being shot out

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Speaker 1: of the engine. So burning fuel means you're ejecting mass

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Speaker 1: through the rocket engine. So the rockets mass decreases throughout

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Speaker 1: the engine burn and that affects the equations. And if

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Speaker 1: you want that rocket to actually carry something into space,

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Speaker 1: the payloads mass has to be taken into account along

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Speaker 1: with the rocket in the fuel. Sometimes that can seem

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Speaker 1: like it's negligible, but it's still really important. So getting

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Speaker 1: a payload into space as a matter of the earning,

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Speaker 1: how much force you will need to escape Earth's gravity,

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Speaker 1: how large your rocket will need to be to do that,

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Speaker 1: how much fuel you're gonna need to move that rocket,

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Speaker 1: which in turn might mean that you have to make

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Speaker 1: changes to how big the rocket is. And as this continues,

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Speaker 1: you can easily see it get away from you. Right,

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Speaker 1: you could say, well, to move something of this mass,

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Speaker 1: i'm gonna need x amount of fuel. But if you

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Speaker 1: have X amount of fuel, that's too much fuel for

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Speaker 1: this rocket. So the rockets gonna have to be bigger,

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Speaker 1: but the rockets bigger than the mass is greater, which

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Speaker 1: means I'm actually gonna need more fuel than what I

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Speaker 1: thought before, and that can quickly run away from you.

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Speaker 1: So that's another complication. Any changed the design of the

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Speaker 1: rocket or the payload is going to affect the amount

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Speaker 1: of fuel you're gonna need to use. And of course,

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Speaker 1: when you add more fuel, you add more mass, so

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Speaker 1: it's really slippery slope. When you burn the fuel, you

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Speaker 1: create this high pressure gas, and releasing that gas in

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Speaker 1: a specific direction provides the thrust to push a rocket.

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Speaker 1: The weight of fuel you burn is equal to the

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Speaker 1: weight of the gas that is generated, So if you

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Speaker 1: burn a ton of fuel, you have created a ton

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Speaker 1: of high pressure gas. The burning process is what actually

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Speaker 1: accelerates the mass with the release through the nozzle that

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Speaker 1: provides thrust, and the nozzle also can increase the the

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Speaker 1: acceleration or it accelerates. Rather, I shouldn't say increases the acceleration,

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Speaker 1: it accelerates the mass further. And by this incredible acceleration

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Speaker 1: multiplied by the mass of the high pressure gas that

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Speaker 1: you're shooting out of this rocket engine, that's what creates

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Speaker 1: the force that allows a rocket to lift off the ground,

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Speaker 1: and we measured thrust in either Newton's as I mentioned earlier,

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Speaker 1: or in the good old us of A. Because we

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Speaker 1: obviously refuse to do things the way the rest of

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Speaker 1: the world does it, we refer to it as pounds

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Speaker 1: of thrust. One pound of thrust is equal to four

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Speaker 1: point four or five Newton's of thrust, and one pound

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Speaker 1: of thrust is what would take to keep a one

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Speaker 1: pound object stationary against the force of gravity on Earth.

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Speaker 1: One Newton is the amount of force necessary to make

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Speaker 1: one mass of one kilogram accelerate at a rate of

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Speaker 1: one m per second squared. This means on Earth, a

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Speaker 1: mass of one kilogram pushes against whatever it is resting

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Speaker 1: on with a force of nine point eight Newton's on average.

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Speaker 1: So if you have a kilogram weight on a table,

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Speaker 1: that kilogram is effectively pushing against the table with nine

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Speaker 1: point eight newtons of force, the tables pushing back with

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Speaker 1: nine point eight newtons, a force equal and opposite. And

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Speaker 1: the reason why it's nine point eight Newton's it's because

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Speaker 1: Earth's gravity, at least at mean sea level, is nine

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Speaker 1: point eight meters per second squared. To get space to

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Speaker 1: get up to space. You have to travel fast enough

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Speaker 1: to break free of the gravitational force of the Earth.

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Speaker 1: We actually figured out exactly what speed we need to

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Speaker 1: do that, so that speed would be eleven kilometers per

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Speaker 1: second or seven miles per second. You gotta get at

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Speaker 1: at that speed in order to breakthrough an escape Earth's gravity.

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Speaker 1: On March sixteenth, ninety, Robert Goddard, whom I also mentioned

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Speaker 1: in that earlier episode, created a rocket that used liquid

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Speaker 1: oxygen and gasoline as propellant. Liquid oxygen was used as

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Speaker 1: the oxidizer. He also got to work developing multi stage

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Speaker 1: rockets and liquid fuel rockets. This was a big deal.

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Speaker 1: It was the first liquid fuel rockets. They're very important,

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Speaker 1: but up until Goddard, no one had figured out how

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Speaker 1: to do them. They had been using solid fuel rockets,

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Speaker 1: like the gunpowder rockets that the Chinese had created way

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Speaker 1: back in the Sum dynasty. Uh. Solid fuel rockets burned quickly,

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Speaker 1: and if they're designed properly, they do not explode. It's

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Speaker 1: easier said than done. It requires finding the right mixture

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Speaker 1: of components so as you can have a rapid but

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Speaker 1: controlled burn, and uncontrolled burn turns into an explosion. So

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Speaker 1: typically solid fuel rockets have a whole kind of down

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Speaker 1: the center think of think of a solid fuel rocket.

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Speaker 1: Think of it as taking the case of the rocket

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Speaker 1: off and you have a a solid cylinder of fuel.

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Speaker 1: Down the center of that cylinder is a tube or

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Speaker 1: a hole, and you ignite the fuel in the center

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Speaker 1: of this tube and it burns from the center out

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Speaker 1: towards the edge where it's making contact with the casing

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Speaker 1: of the rocket, and then the fuel is spent. The

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Speaker 1: thing about it is, once you ignite a solid fuel rocket,

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Speaker 1: it burns until all the fuel's gone. There's no stopping

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Speaker 1: the engine once you start. Liquid rockets, however, offer up

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Speaker 1: more control. You can actually turn on or turn off

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Speaker 1: the burn process, so you can control the rocket engine

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Speaker 1: that way. But they also come with other challenges. So

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Speaker 1: to burn stuff, you need three things. We all remember

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Speaker 1: the triangle, right, You need heat, you need fuel, and

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Speaker 1: you need an oxidizer. And here on Earth we tend

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Speaker 1: to just rely on oxygen. Right, that's our oxidizer. We

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Speaker 1: also don't have to do anything special with it if

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Speaker 1: we're on the surface of the planet. But in liquid

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Speaker 1: rocket design, you need to have an oxidizer incorporated into

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Speaker 1: the design of the propulsion system in order to create

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Speaker 1: an environment in which fuel can actually burn. You cannot

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Speaker 1: burn fuel without an oxidizer. Liquid oxygen is a frequent oxidizer,

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Speaker 1: or at least in the early rockets, that was frequently used,

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Speaker 1: and that's what Goddard did. The oxidizer and fuel end

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Speaker 1: up being pumped into a combustion chamber and it's mixed there,

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Speaker 1: so you get a fine mix of oxidizer and fuel

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Speaker 1: which can then be ignited that ends up burning off

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Speaker 1: and creating this high pressure gas that then can be

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Speaker 1: directed through a nozzle to create the thrust. The combustion

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Speaker 1: chamber and the nozzle can get really really hot, like

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Speaker 1: hot enough to break down if the heat goes unchecked.

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Speaker 1: So typically a liquid fueled rocket design will include either

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Speaker 1: the oxidizer or the fuel as a super cold cryogenic

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Speaker 1: liquid like liquid oxygen obviously has to be a cryogenic liquid,

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Speaker 1: or liquid hydrogen has to be a cryogenic liquid. You

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Speaker 1: have to get them at very very cold temperatures in

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Speaker 1: order to keep that stuff in liquid form. Typically those

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Speaker 1: cryogenic liquids would pass through lines that are adjacent to

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Speaker 1: the combustion chamber and nozzle and transfer heat away from

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Speaker 1: those parts of the rocket engine and the pumps that

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Speaker 1: provide the oxidizer in the fuel to the combustion chamber

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Speaker 1: have to be incredibly strong because inside that combustion chamber

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Speaker 1: you're generating that high pressured gas. If the pumps are

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Speaker 1: not strong enough to overcome that high pressure, then the

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Speaker 1: gas is gonna go up those pump lines instead of

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Speaker 1: out the nozzle, or they'll go up the pump lines

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Speaker 1: and out the nozzle, and you don't want that. So

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Speaker 1: you have to have very very strong pumps in a

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Speaker 1: liquid fuel rocket, which is why, uh, it's a complicated process.

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Speaker 1: Is a complicated technology, and it's why it took a

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Speaker 1: good long time for someone to develop one that could

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Speaker 1: I actually work. Even Goddard's demonstration was pretty modest, and

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Speaker 1: if you saw the launch today and you just watched

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Speaker 1: as it happened, you'd think, well, what's the big deal.

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Speaker 1: It didn't even go that high and when a few

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Speaker 1: meters up in the air and then came right back down.

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Speaker 1: But when you understand the technology behind it, how complicated

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Speaker 1: it was, it was very impressive. Most importantly, you can

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Speaker 1: control the burn of a liquid fueled rocket because you

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Speaker 1: can stop the flow of oxidizer and fuel into the

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Speaker 1: combustion engine. You can turn the pumps off and once

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Speaker 1: there's nothing to burn the engines off, it's not gonna

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Speaker 1: create any more thrust, and then you could start it

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Speaker 1: back up again when you needed to, so you it

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Speaker 1: wasn't an all or nothing the way a solid fuel

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Speaker 1: rocket would be. Solid fuel was much more simple, but

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Speaker 1: it was more limited. So liquid fuel is the way

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Speaker 1: a lot. Pretty much all the propulsion systems of all

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Speaker 1: the spacecraft had to be liquid fueled. They there were

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Speaker 1: several spacecraft that would also depend on solid fuel for

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Speaker 1: some stage or another. May it was like a retro

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Speaker 1: rocket or a breaking rocket or something like that, or

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Speaker 1: sometimes solid fuel booster rockets to get up into space.

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Speaker 1: But when it came to fine tuning, we're talking about

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Speaker 1: liquid fueled rockets. Well, I've got a lot more to

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Speaker 1: say about rockets, but before I jump into that, let's

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Speaker 1: take another quick break to thank our sponsor. In the

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Speaker 1: nineteen forties, German engineer Werner von Braun, who would later

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Speaker 1: be brought over to the United States under Operation paper Clip,

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Speaker 1: worked on developing the V two rocket for Germany, and

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Speaker 1: those rockets used a mixture of oxygen and alcohol for propellant.

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Speaker 1: They consumed fuel at a rate of one ton of

433
00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:50,720
Speaker 1: fuel every seven seconds, So that tells you how much

434
00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:52,800
Speaker 1: mass is being thrown out by this rocket engine. It's

435
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,600
Speaker 1: a lot a ton of fuel every seven seconds. And

436
00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:58,639
Speaker 1: this was the first rocket design that could actually cross

437
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800
Speaker 1: the Carmen line into who space. The Americans would end

438
00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,080
Speaker 1: up taking not just the German scientists and engineers, but

439
00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:09,840
Speaker 1: also some of the V two rockets during Operation paper Clip,

440
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:12,959
Speaker 1: and then adapt those rockets for scientific experiments such as

441
00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:16,879
Speaker 1: making measurements of the atmosphere at very high altitudes. The

442
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,480
Speaker 1: nineteen fifties saw the development of i C b ms,

443
00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:26,960
Speaker 1: also known as intercontinental ballistic missiles scary scary technology. This

444
00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:29,280
Speaker 1: is where we get into the nuclear arms race, and

445
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:34,840
Speaker 1: that whole assured uh mutually assured mass destruction where you're

446
00:25:35,359 --> 00:25:38,159
Speaker 1: your whole philosophy is we need to build up our

447
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,480
Speaker 1: weapons enough so that no one will dare pick on us,

448
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:44,439
Speaker 1: and our enemies have their weapons built up in the

449
00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:47,440
Speaker 1: same way, so that way will always be at peace,

450
00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:50,920
Speaker 1: because if we were to launch an attack, everybody would die.

451
00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:52,399
Speaker 1: And so the only way to win is not to

452
00:25:52,480 --> 00:25:58,720
Speaker 1: play anyway without I c b ms. We also would

453
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:02,720
Speaker 1: not have had the launch vehicles that we use during

454
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,520
Speaker 1: the Space race. So some scientific good came out of this,

455
00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,360
Speaker 1: uh and a lot of scary military stuff came out

456
00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:13,159
Speaker 1: of it too, But this is where we started getting

457
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:16,120
Speaker 1: into putting stuff into space with satellites like spot Nick

458
00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:19,640
Speaker 1: or spacecraft like the Mercury Capsule. So now I can

459
00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:23,640
Speaker 1: talk a little bit more about specific rockets. Not generally speaking,

460
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:27,480
Speaker 1: a space rocket tends to have four major components, each

461
00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:31,959
Speaker 1: of which might have thousands of individual parts to them.

462
00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:34,879
Speaker 1: You've got the actual casing or structure of the rocket.

463
00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:37,400
Speaker 1: That's the physical form of the rocket. It's the bit

464
00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:40,280
Speaker 1: that holds all the other bits in place. And then

465
00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: you've got the propulsion system that would be the fuel,

466
00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:48,320
Speaker 1: the rocket engine, all the components necessary for providing thrust.

467
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:51,560
Speaker 1: There's a guidance system because you want the rocket to

468
00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:53,800
Speaker 1: go where you want it to go, so you have

469
00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:56,080
Speaker 1: to have some way of guiding it, of steering it,

470
00:26:56,840 --> 00:26:59,439
Speaker 1: and there are multiple ways that that has happened throughout

471
00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:02,119
Speaker 1: the years. So you gotta have a guidance system. And

472
00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,360
Speaker 1: then you have the payload that's whatever the rocket is carrying,

473
00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:09,720
Speaker 1: like in these cases we're talking about satellites or spacecraft. Obviously,

474
00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:13,560
Speaker 1: in military applications you might be talking about the satellite,

475
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:17,960
Speaker 1: but you're probably talking about some sort of warhead. And

476
00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:21,960
Speaker 1: most rockets contain at least two stages, with each stage

477
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,280
Speaker 1: having its own guidance system and propulsion system. The final

478
00:27:25,359 --> 00:27:28,960
Speaker 1: stage is usually what ends up carrying the payload. The

479
00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:31,440
Speaker 1: earliest designs for I C b m s which were

480
00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:34,000
Speaker 1: intended as weapons of mass destruction that would carry a

481
00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:37,399
Speaker 1: nuclear weapon. Uh, we're sort of the brainchild again of

482
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:40,240
Speaker 1: Werner von Brawn. He was working on a design in

483
00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:43,119
Speaker 1: Germany during World War Two. It was designated the A

484
00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:48,040
Speaker 1: nine Slash ten. The US and the Soviet Union both

485
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,000
Speaker 1: rushed to develop I C b ms in the wake

486
00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:53,560
Speaker 1: of World War Two. That was at the beginning of

487
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:56,600
Speaker 1: the Cold War between the two countries. The Soviets got

488
00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:58,920
Speaker 1: there first. They built the first I C b M.

489
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:01,359
Speaker 1: It was a two stage missile and it was called

490
00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:05,080
Speaker 1: the R seven. It was one twelve feet or thirty

491
00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:07,879
Speaker 1: four meters long and measured nine point nine ft or

492
00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:11,359
Speaker 1: three point two meters in diameter. It used liquid oxygen

493
00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:14,879
Speaker 1: as the oxidizer. In those early early ones and kerosene

494
00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:17,359
Speaker 1: was the fuel in the early ones. It weighed two

495
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: eight metric tons. The first stage of the rocket consisted

496
00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:25,359
Speaker 1: of four strap on rocket boosters around a central rocket engine.

497
00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 1: Uh The central engine would continue providing thrust through both

498
00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:32,840
Speaker 1: stages of the rocket. The R seven demonstrated that the

499
00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:34,879
Speaker 1: Soviet Union could launch a missile at targets on the

500
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,800
Speaker 1: other side of the world, and the Soviets used modified

501
00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:41,000
Speaker 1: versions of the R seven for splot Nick, for the

502
00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:44,880
Speaker 1: VOS stock spacecraft, for vos CAD, and for the early

503
00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:49,760
Speaker 1: Soya's launches. About half of the launches used using the

504
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:54,000
Speaker 1: early R seven launch vehicles suffered failures. It was notoriously

505
00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:58,280
Speaker 1: unreliable early early on in its design, and that prompted

506
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:01,400
Speaker 1: the Soviet engineers to revisit that design and make changes

507
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:07,120
Speaker 1: to improve reliability. But the R seven would continue to

508
00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:12,240
Speaker 1: the point where today the Soviets are using launch vehicles

509
00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:15,000
Speaker 1: that are based off that same design. Even the Soyuz

510
00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:19,640
Speaker 1: rockets that we use are relying upon those types of

511
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:22,760
Speaker 1: launch vehicles. They're still part of that our seven family.

512
00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:25,840
Speaker 1: So some of the variants also include the option of

513
00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:28,400
Speaker 1: a third stage of the rocket. That was one of

514
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:32,040
Speaker 1: the things that was planned when the Soviets were thinking

515
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:35,200
Speaker 1: about going to the Moon. Over in the United States,

516
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,720
Speaker 1: the Atlas rocket would become the first American I CBM.

517
00:29:39,760 --> 00:29:42,600
Speaker 1: The first successful demonstration of an Atlas rocket took place

518
00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:44,920
Speaker 1: a little more than a year after the Russians had

519
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,120
Speaker 1: launched sput Nik into orbit, and the Atlas, like the

520
00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:53,400
Speaker 1: R seven, had a notorious reputation for malfunctions and launch failures.

521
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,360
Speaker 1: Though General Dynamics and corvet Are, the companies that were

522
00:29:56,880 --> 00:29:59,680
Speaker 1: building the missile, worked very hard to solve those design

523
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:03,760
Speaker 1: problem loans, but it was a particularly complicated rocket design,

524
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,960
Speaker 1: liquid fueled rocket, and it was really complex, and that

525
00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:10,320
Speaker 1: created multiple points for potential failure, so all that stuff

526
00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:14,960
Speaker 1: had to be worked out. The Atlas LV three B

527
00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:19,240
Speaker 1: or Atlas D became the launch vehicle for the last

528
00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:24,440
Speaker 1: four manned Mercury Project missions. The failure rate created real concern,

529
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:28,200
Speaker 1: but the Atlas was literally the only vehicle that the

530
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:30,560
Speaker 1: United States had access to that would be capable of

531
00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:35,000
Speaker 1: putting a payload into orbit. Atlas had what was referred

532
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:39,160
Speaker 1: to as a stage and a half design, with a

533
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:42,400
Speaker 1: first stage that was bolstered by booster. A booster rocket

534
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:45,440
Speaker 1: now the first three manned Mercury missions. What did they use?

535
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,360
Speaker 1: I mean if the last four used the Atlas d

536
00:30:51,320 --> 00:30:55,400
Speaker 1: um what did the actually I guess the first two

537
00:30:55,440 --> 00:30:59,600
Speaker 1: Mercury missions, there were only six manned Mercury missions. What

538
00:30:59,680 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 1: did they rely on? Well, they relied on a rocket

539
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:06,200
Speaker 1: called the red Stone that was the first American space booster.

540
00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:10,440
Speaker 1: But the Redstone did not have enough fuel capacity or

541
00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:14,440
Speaker 1: thrust capability to put a payload into orbit. It could

542
00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:18,800
Speaker 1: only do suborbital flights. So while the Redstone was the

543
00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:23,480
Speaker 1: first space booster for a manned mission, UH, it was

544
00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:26,920
Speaker 1: not capable of putting anyone into orbit. For the Gemini missions,

545
00:31:27,320 --> 00:31:30,480
Speaker 1: NASA would end up using the Titan two g LV

546
00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:33,560
Speaker 1: that was their launch vehicle of choice. The Titan, too

547
00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:37,000
Speaker 1: was a second generation I C B M and it

548
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:39,800
Speaker 1: was a two stage liquid fuel rocket that used nitrogen

549
00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:44,400
Speaker 1: tetroxide as an oxidizer I mentioned that earlier and aerosigne

550
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:47,360
Speaker 1: fifty as a fuel. And it was a simpler design

551
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,400
Speaker 1: than the Atlas, which made it a little more reliable.

552
00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:53,720
Speaker 1: There were fewer things that could go wrong. The Apollo

553
00:31:53,720 --> 00:31:57,120
Speaker 1: program would rely on two variants of a launch vehicle

554
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:01,040
Speaker 1: called the Saturn. The Saturn one or I B if

555
00:32:01,040 --> 00:32:04,520
Speaker 1: you prefer, that's the one B for all Apollo missions

556
00:32:04,640 --> 00:32:09,200
Speaker 1: up to and including Apollo seven. Then starting with Apollo eight,

557
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:13,040
Speaker 1: they switched to the Saturn five, so a follow eight

558
00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:16,560
Speaker 1: to Apolo seventeen used the Saturn five launch vehicle. The

559
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:20,360
Speaker 1: Saturn one was the first heavy lift spacecraft launch vehicle

560
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:22,920
Speaker 1: in the United States, and while NASA was originally going

561
00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,560
Speaker 1: to use it for the early Apollo missions, the organization

562
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,320
Speaker 1: ultimately decided that the cuts they would need to make

563
00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:32,680
Speaker 1: in payload weight in order to make this work weren't

564
00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:35,800
Speaker 1: worth the efforts, so instead they decided that they would

565
00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:40,760
Speaker 1: use the upgraded Saturn one B instead. Uh It was

566
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:43,400
Speaker 1: a two stage rocket, with the second stage called the

567
00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,440
Speaker 1: S four B, which I talked to about in previous episodes.

568
00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:48,840
Speaker 1: A modified version of the S four B would become

569
00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:52,360
Speaker 1: the third stage for the Saturn five. The Saturn five

570
00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:56,000
Speaker 1: was capable of sending a fueled CSM Command Service Module

571
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:59,920
Speaker 1: and LM or lunar module to the Moon. The S

572
00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:02,240
Speaker 1: four B would provide the thrust needed to go from

573
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:06,760
Speaker 1: an Earth orbit into a translunar injection. So the Centurn

574
00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:10,200
Speaker 1: five was the only vehicle that the US had that

575
00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:13,480
Speaker 1: would have that capability of actually getting someone to the moon.

576
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:17,640
Speaker 1: The Soviet counterpart to the Saturn five was not an

577
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:20,600
Speaker 1: R seven variant. It was a launch vehicle called the

578
00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:24,440
Speaker 1: N one. It was a super heavy lift launch vehicle

579
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:27,760
Speaker 1: and had three stages. The Soviets wanted the INN one

580
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,600
Speaker 1: to deliver cosmonauts to the Moon during the Space Race,

581
00:33:31,240 --> 00:33:33,760
Speaker 1: so this was gonna be the launch vehicle that would

582
00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:36,880
Speaker 1: put cosmonauts to the Moon, hopefully beating the Americans in

583
00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:40,560
Speaker 1: the process. The development of the N one started several

584
00:33:40,640 --> 00:33:44,280
Speaker 1: years after the Saturn five development process had already begun,

585
00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:48,040
Speaker 1: so the Americans were already ahead on rocket design, so

586
00:33:48,080 --> 00:33:50,840
Speaker 1: the Soviets are behind. As a result, there was a

587
00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:54,239
Speaker 1: ton of political pressure to rush through the design and

588
00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:57,040
Speaker 1: production of the launch vehicle, and there was a lack

589
00:33:57,080 --> 00:33:58,680
Speaker 1: of funding to do it too, so it was the

590
00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:03,120
Speaker 1: worst of all worlds. Uh. This ended up including a

591
00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:07,480
Speaker 1: design for the most powerful first stage rocket ever constructed.

592
00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:11,440
Speaker 1: The designer of the N one was Sergei Koraev, but

593
00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:15,439
Speaker 1: he died during a surgical procedure in nineteen sixty six,

594
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:17,800
Speaker 1: which was kind of in the middle of the process

595
00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:21,000
Speaker 1: of developing the INN one that caused further problems in

596
00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:25,720
Speaker 1: that whole development process. Obviously, there were only four test

597
00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:30,080
Speaker 1: launches held for the N one, and every single one

598
00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:34,320
Speaker 1: of those test launches resulted in failure. The second one

599
00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:39,600
Speaker 1: resulted in a launch pad explosion so spectacular it entered

600
00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:44,080
Speaker 1: the history books as the ninth largest non nuclear man

601
00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:47,560
Speaker 1: made explosion. It was equal to the detonation of a

602
00:34:47,719 --> 00:34:51,840
Speaker 1: kilo ton of T and T. So the project was scrapped.

603
00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:54,960
Speaker 1: No one outside the Soviet Union would even learn about

604
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:59,880
Speaker 1: this until the Soviet Union itself collapsed. It was finally

605
00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:03,080
Speaker 1: revealed in the late nineteen eighties after the Soviet Union

606
00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:06,879
Speaker 1: had collapsed. So for for more than a decade, more

607
00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,920
Speaker 1: than two decades, the United States had no idea that

608
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,480
Speaker 1: this was going on over at the Soviet Union, or

609
00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:17,319
Speaker 1: at least very little confirmed idea of it. The Space

610
00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:19,759
Speaker 1: Shuttle program, which I'm going to talk about in our

611
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:23,040
Speaker 1: next episode, had its own launch vehicle. One of the

612
00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:27,960
Speaker 1: interesting things about that vehicle is that the Space Shuttle

613
00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:32,360
Speaker 1: would be attached to an external tank. And also attached

614
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,960
Speaker 1: to this external tank, we're a pair of solid fuel

615
00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:41,319
Speaker 1: rocket boosters, and those boosters could be recovered and reused.

616
00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:44,880
Speaker 1: The external tank could not be reused, so it was

617
00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:47,600
Speaker 1: not designed to be recovered. The tank was essentially just

618
00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:52,160
Speaker 1: a fuel tank. So the shuttle itself had three main engines,

619
00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:55,879
Speaker 1: and the external tank would provide fuel to those three

620
00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:58,640
Speaker 1: main engines. Those engines would ignite it left off, and

621
00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:02,120
Speaker 1: the two solid fuel rocket boosters would ignite at liftoff.

622
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:06,799
Speaker 1: Once the solid fuel rocket boosters had burned through, they

623
00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:10,880
Speaker 1: would jettison from the external tank, fall back to Earth

624
00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:15,200
Speaker 1: and get recovered for reuse. And then the Space Shuttle

625
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:18,480
Speaker 1: would eventually jettison the external tank as it was heading

626
00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:21,520
Speaker 1: up toward orbit. The external tank would not be reused.

627
00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:24,600
Speaker 1: But I'll talk more about the Space Shuttle in our

628
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:27,359
Speaker 1: next episode, and I'll also use that time to talk

629
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,319
Speaker 1: a little bit about the private launch vehicles that were

630
00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:32,520
Speaker 1: created by SpaceX. I was going to do it in

631
00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:35,240
Speaker 1: this episode, but these shows are running kind of along

632
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,520
Speaker 1: because I get gabby about all right, let's be honest,

633
00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:41,560
Speaker 1: I get gabby about everything, but I I get particularly

634
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:44,719
Speaker 1: gabby about space stuff. And I know that's the case.

635
00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:49,160
Speaker 1: So we're gonna save that SpaceX discussion for the end

636
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:51,680
Speaker 1: of the next episode. That's when we'll talk about the

637
00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:55,239
Speaker 1: Space Shuttle program. That will be the conclusion of the

638
00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:59,319
Speaker 1: space block of content, and then we'll switch gears or

639
00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:03,600
Speaker 1: we'll change navigation to go to some new destination. If

640
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:06,080
Speaker 1: you guys have suggestions for what I should talk about

641
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:08,760
Speaker 1: an upcoming episodes of tech Stuff, send me an email.

642
00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:12,080
Speaker 1: The address is tech Stuff at how stuff works dot com,

643
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,759
Speaker 1: or you can drop me a line on Facebook or

644
00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:16,600
Speaker 1: Twitter to handle at both of those is tech Stuff

645
00:37:16,719 --> 00:37:20,040
Speaker 1: hs W. Don't forget. We have a brand new merchandise

646
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,719
Speaker 1: store t public dot com slash tech Stuff that's t

647
00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,080
Speaker 1: e public dot com slash tech Stuff. You can go

648
00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:28,920
Speaker 1: check it out. We have a whole bunch of different

649
00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:32,840
Speaker 1: designs up there for various products. We've got the I

650
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Speaker 1: Heart Tech. If you want to be like me where

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Speaker 1: I start with every every podcast, but I love all

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00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,640
Speaker 1: things tech, get yourself an I heeart tech t shirt.

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Speaker 1: Everything you purchase a little portion of that ends up

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Speaker 1: going to the show, so you end up supporting the show,

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Speaker 1: but you also get something cool in return. So I'm

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Speaker 1: not asking for any donations or anything. I'm saying if

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Speaker 1: you've ever wanted a tech stuff T shirt, go check

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Speaker 1: it out and just know that if you buy one,

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Speaker 1: only do you get a really cool T shirt or

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Speaker 1: sticker or phone case or whatever. You also end up

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Speaker 1: throwing a couple of bucks the way of tech stuff

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Speaker 1: helping us keep our show going, I really appreciate it.

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Speaker 1: And also, hey, before I leave, don't forget go follow

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Speaker 1: us on Instagram Crystal Our our social media managers really

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Speaker 1: on my case about that, and I'll tell to you

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Speaker 1: again really soon. For more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics. Is that how stuff works dot com