1 00:00:00,240 --> 00:00:02,880 Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should know 3 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: from house Stuff Works dot com? Hey, and welcome to 4 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. 5 00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:24,280 Speaker 1: Someone asked me on Facebook what the w stood forward? 6 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:26,319 Speaker 1: You see that? And I thought, and you said, will Amina, Yeah, 7 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: it's not true, but I'm not telling I know what. 8 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,159 Speaker 1: It's Dandsbard. I don't know if I know your name. 9 00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:36,680 Speaker 1: I'm not telling. Why don't I know that? I'm doubting 10 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:39,760 Speaker 1: reality right now? Okay, all right, moving on? What's your 11 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:44,120 Speaker 1: shut up? Buddy? Um, I don't really have a setup, Chuck. Frankly, 12 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: I'm getting a little sick of my own setups? Do 13 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: you have one? Okay, let's talk about Twins? That is 14 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,600 Speaker 1: not a tuma. How's that? That's pretty good from the 15 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:58,800 Speaker 1: movie Twins. Yeah, No, that's from Kindergarten Cop. It's so lame. Yeah, 16 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: I can't believe I give that. It's okay, man, you 17 00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:03,320 Speaker 1: got the you got the exit down. Perfect. Twins was 18 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:06,800 Speaker 1: when he sang the yackac don't talk back, don't talk back, 19 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 1: don't talk back. You. Okay, So twins, Yes, we're talking 20 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:18,480 Speaker 1: about twins obviously, um or we're talking about kindergarten cop 21 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:21,720 Speaker 1: to toss up at this point. Actually, um, let's go 22 00:01:21,760 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 1: with twins, chuckers. All right. So you've known some twins, 23 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:26,920 Speaker 1: I'm sure in your life. Yeah, I've done a few. 24 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:28,840 Speaker 1: I used to know a lot more back when I 25 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:32,160 Speaker 1: was in school. Um, I knew twins. I don't know 26 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:36,240 Speaker 1: any now, I don't think. Yeah, I don't know actively 27 00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 1: know any twins. You never jog with any of them. Okay, 28 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: so you are familiar then, as I'm sure most people are. 29 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:47,800 Speaker 1: There not entirely uncommon, although there's a lot fewer of 30 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: them than one might imagine, especially identical twins. Right, Fraternal 31 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: twins are actually way more common. Uh, And we'll get 32 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:57,880 Speaker 1: into how these things are made. And by these things, 33 00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:01,760 Speaker 1: I mean people who are twins to will soon be 34 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:05,400 Speaker 1: corralled like gingers. Right, Yes, two thirds more common I 35 00:02:05,440 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: think is is the fraternal twins. Okay, Um, I guess 36 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:12,400 Speaker 1: to to get to the point of how twins are made, 37 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:15,920 Speaker 1: we should maybe talk a little bit about how babies 38 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:19,480 Speaker 1: are made. And what we're talking about are called singletons 39 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:24,399 Speaker 1: like you me, Jerry, Jerry, you're not a twin, are you? Okay, 40 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:26,880 Speaker 1: Jerry says no, So we're all singletons, is what people 41 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:32,000 Speaker 1: like us are called, very unique little snowflakes. Yeah, uh so, Chuck, 42 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:35,359 Speaker 1: let's talk about how a singleton is made. Okay, I'll 43 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 1: get the ball rolling. We're not going to talk about 44 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:41,960 Speaker 1: the nasty, dirty things that go into making babies. We'll 45 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 1: just go with the science of it all. Uh about 46 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:51,200 Speaker 1: midway through a women's menstrual cycle, she releases an egg. Yes, 47 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:54,520 Speaker 1: that's that's what it sounds like. Think so as it 48 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:59,040 Speaker 1: travels down the fallopian tube, and then, uh, that single 49 00:02:59,120 --> 00:03:02,480 Speaker 1: egg is for eyes by a little swimmer, a little 50 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:05,640 Speaker 1: spermy guy, right, and a bunch of them are coming 51 00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:08,560 Speaker 1: at it at once. Yeah, imagine that's rather intimidating. And 52 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:13,800 Speaker 1: apparently I understand that um, brothers brother sperm related sperm 53 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:18,680 Speaker 1: can recognize one another in the uterus and will tag 54 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 1: team to like get there faster. They'll draft, or they'll 55 00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:23,919 Speaker 1: they'll connect, and they'll try to like put other people 56 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:27,560 Speaker 1: out teammates in a NASCAR race exactly. But um, when 57 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 1: they get to the egg gets every man for himself, right, 58 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: And so the sperm gets to the egg and fertilizes it. Yes, 59 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 1: and then um, what you have About a day and 60 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 1: a half later, it's conception, and then it's called a 61 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:43,640 Speaker 1: z I got right. And then after that it divides 62 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,280 Speaker 1: into the fertilized egg divides into two yeah. Uh, and 63 00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:49,720 Speaker 1: this is we're talking about single tents. Don't don't get 64 00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: all crazy yet, the twins. The fertilizing divides into two. 65 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: And then right four days later it is about one 66 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: d cells keeps dividing and it's called a blast asist. Right, well, 67 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:06,000 Speaker 1: you keep hogging all the great words. And then the 68 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 1: sixth day after that, the blast assist and plants the 69 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:12,560 Speaker 1: uterine wall. And that's where it just states into human being. 70 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:15,840 Speaker 1: And along the way, we all developed vestigial tails. Did 71 00:04:15,880 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: you know that? Yeah, I've heard that fall off for 72 00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:21,479 Speaker 1: most people. Yeah. And if not, what are you called 73 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:26,360 Speaker 1: or what is it called? It's called a vestigial tail. Okay, 74 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: I can't know there's a name for like being born 75 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,039 Speaker 1: with stuff like that, And I can't remember. We have 76 00:04:33,040 --> 00:04:36,719 Speaker 1: an article on this site. I think Clambert wrote it. Um, okay, 77 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:41,120 Speaker 1: so chuck uh. Week nine, you've got a fetus Prior 78 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:45,039 Speaker 1: to that, it's an embryo, and as the baby develops, um, 79 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:49,440 Speaker 1: it's surrounded by a fluid filled amniotic sac right, that's 80 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:52,359 Speaker 1: where it gets all of the food and oxygen and 81 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: all the things little little fetus needs to progress, right, 82 00:04:55,720 --> 00:04:58,839 Speaker 1: and it evacuates its bowels and its little tinkler into 83 00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:03,720 Speaker 1: the umbilical core. Right. Yeah. Uh and so today, nine 84 00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:10,080 Speaker 1: months later, approximately singleton, a little singleton, not necessarily simpleton, 85 00:05:10,160 --> 00:05:14,279 Speaker 1: but definitely singleton, right, right, So that's normal, regular old, 86 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:19,120 Speaker 1: straight up, I have a new, little single baby. Right. 87 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:23,320 Speaker 1: So what happens when you have twins? There's two types? Right, Yes, 88 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: we talked about identical infraternal. There's much more egg heading 89 00:05:26,720 --> 00:05:30,400 Speaker 1: names for those than that. Yeah, monozygotic is identical and 90 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:34,839 Speaker 1: dizygotic is fraternal. So we're we'll go with can we 91 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: call him identical infraternal? Okay? Uh so starting with let's 92 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:42,159 Speaker 1: we'll start with fraternal, right, Yeah, that's an easy one. Yeah, 93 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: they're pretty simple in fraternal. Twins, by the way, don't 94 00:05:45,040 --> 00:05:48,240 Speaker 1: have any more shared DNA than you know, Chuck and 95 00:05:48,279 --> 00:05:51,920 Speaker 1: his very handsome brother share. Yeah, I wish I shared 96 00:05:51,960 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: that much with my brother. Um, so what what happens 97 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:59,919 Speaker 1: is the the mom releases two eggs rather than one 98 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:04,320 Speaker 1: in the dad uh hits them with the sperm. Yeah, 99 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:06,920 Speaker 1: like fifty million sperm, right, and then one gets in 100 00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:12,560 Speaker 1: and then another gets in and you have to developing. Yeah, 101 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 1: it's basically the same thing. It's like having two Singleton's 102 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 1: at the same time, baking two buns in the same oven. Right. 103 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: And with with the die zygotic twin, I'm sorry, a 104 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:27,159 Speaker 1: fraternal twin, you've got three possible sets of combinations, two males, 105 00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 1: two females, or a male and a female. And actually 106 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:32,760 Speaker 1: male and female are the most common. They represent half 107 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:36,080 Speaker 1: of all, um fraternal twins. Yeah, those are my favorites. 108 00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:40,200 Speaker 1: Mine to love it. Stephen Katie Duty. I don't know 109 00:06:40,279 --> 00:06:44,040 Speaker 1: any personally, although Scott and Stacy Freylick were my brother's age, 110 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:47,840 Speaker 1: and um, I just always thought that was the coolest thing. Yeah, 111 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:51,920 Speaker 1: they're all they're very close, they're they're always very sweet. Yeah, 112 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: where you're sweet. Yeah, and plus the whole you know, 113 00:06:54,200 --> 00:06:56,680 Speaker 1: the brother protecting the sister and the sister setting up 114 00:06:56,680 --> 00:06:58,800 Speaker 1: their brother with her friends. Yeah, it's a great It's 115 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:02,240 Speaker 1: it's the perfect superlation and boy girl fraternal twins are 116 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:04,800 Speaker 1: super cute. Yes, we need a T shirt that says 117 00:07:04,839 --> 00:07:09,920 Speaker 1: that not like those weirdos that look alike. Um, alright, 118 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:14,840 Speaker 1: chuck uh. The same thing can happen with multiple births, triplets. 119 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:16,920 Speaker 1: We have triplets that listen to us as we know, 120 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:21,800 Speaker 1: tri zygotic, right and so on. Sure, Now with a 121 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:27,880 Speaker 1: monozygotic birth, UM, you've got one egg that is fertilized 122 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: by the sperm, and it splits into two after it's 123 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: fertilized and starts developing two identical human beings. That's called 124 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:42,280 Speaker 1: cool science. It really is the fact that this can happen. 125 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: I love it. And the sooner the split happens, say 126 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:49,400 Speaker 1: within day two, the more independent the children are going 127 00:07:49,440 --> 00:07:52,440 Speaker 1: to be in utero. Right, they're they're going to have 128 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:56,000 Speaker 1: their own amniotic sacks. They're going to have their own placenta. 129 00:07:56,880 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: As time wears on the U and the division occurs later, 130 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:05,840 Speaker 1: they could have the chance of having fused placenta UM, 131 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:11,120 Speaker 1: fused amniotic sacks. And this is not necessarily a good thing. Actually, no, 132 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 1: you can UM if you share a placenta. And sometimes 133 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: the twins will not develop equally because one twin is 134 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: hogging all the nourishment then the other and that's called 135 00:08:21,760 --> 00:08:26,400 Speaker 1: fetal growth restriction with just like Danny DeVitto and um 136 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: Arnold Schwartzen, Yes, that was that the scenario. Yeah, I 137 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:33,000 Speaker 1: remember they said, they said, Uh, Danny DeVito was like 138 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: an accident. They weren't expecting him. He comes to realize 139 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:39,600 Speaker 1: that he's after birth and it was really sad. It 140 00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:42,280 Speaker 1: was a sad point in the movie. That's what he said. 141 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:45,440 Speaker 1: He's like, I'm after birth, right, it was sad slash 142 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 1: funny frank, Yeah, but I imagine that that's what happened. 143 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: Arnold just kind of took all of the a nourishment 144 00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:56,360 Speaker 1: for himself, leaving little Danny DeVito with very little. The 145 00:08:56,440 --> 00:09:00,320 Speaker 1: stingy governatory and Josh. Another thing can happen called twin 146 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:05,440 Speaker 1: to twin transfusion syndrome, and that is when the twins 147 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,480 Speaker 1: are sharing circulation, so they can actually transfuse blood from 148 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:11,680 Speaker 1: one to the other. But that can be bad because 149 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: the donor twin can you know, hog some of that 150 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:19,000 Speaker 1: some of the blood and uh will be unusually small, 151 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:23,319 Speaker 1: whereas the recipient twin will have too much blood and 152 00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:27,360 Speaker 1: be unusually large for their age, developing baby small baby 153 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:31,600 Speaker 1: in the same womb at the same time fighting for 154 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:34,680 Speaker 1: their stuff, right what It's something that UM I thought 155 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: was really interesting. In this article, which is written by 156 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:39,840 Speaker 1: Catherine Near, she's one of our head editors in A 157 00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: Twin and a Twin UM, she refers to herself in 158 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:47,160 Speaker 1: first person as the author in this throughout UM. She 159 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:51,439 Speaker 1: mentioned that, UH, twins that have UM undergone twin to 160 00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:55,040 Speaker 1: twin transfusion syndrome or t T t S for those 161 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: in the know, UM can actually the circulation can be 162 00:09:58,320 --> 00:10:02,960 Speaker 1: separated by laser. Do you know how much Dough, the 163 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: surgeon who who performs in utero operations charges, I imagine 164 00:10:09,880 --> 00:10:11,600 Speaker 1: where does that fit into the health care package? That's 165 00:10:11,640 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: what I want to and the accounts for like sixty 166 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,840 Speaker 1: of it and that's like one surgery. Yeah, but that's 167 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:21,640 Speaker 1: my calculation. I would imagine that really tricky specialized stuff. 168 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 1: It really is, but it can be done, and you 169 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:25,400 Speaker 1: kind of want to do it because one twin can 170 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:28,040 Speaker 1: come out of nemic the other can just be enormous. 171 00:10:28,320 --> 00:10:32,760 Speaker 1: Again like Arnold Swartzenegger and Danny de Vito, right, and 172 00:10:33,040 --> 00:10:37,000 Speaker 1: identical twins Josh. Obviously, UM can only be two males 173 00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:41,520 Speaker 1: or two females. Because they share identical genetic material. True 174 00:10:41,559 --> 00:10:48,160 Speaker 1: debt check. There's also a syndrome that's pretty that's a 175 00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:52,200 Speaker 1: lot more frequent than we once imagine, called vanishing twin syndrome, 176 00:10:53,120 --> 00:10:56,880 Speaker 1: where you start out with twins or multiples, then all 177 00:10:56,880 --> 00:11:01,760 Speaker 1: of a sudden, you're down one. And they used to 178 00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:04,200 Speaker 1: think that this was a very rare and frequent thing. 179 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:08,080 Speaker 1: And actually, I imagine an old timey eras they had 180 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:11,200 Speaker 1: no idea that this was happening. For the ultrasound, sure right, uh. 181 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: And then once yeah, once the ultrasound came around, we 182 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:15,800 Speaker 1: could start to kind of track what was going on. 183 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:20,319 Speaker 1: We discovered that the mother was actually absorbing one during 184 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 1: her pregnancy. Yeah, that's gotta feel a little odd. Well, 185 00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: and they set of multi fetal gestations has happened. Yeah, 186 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:29,920 Speaker 1: that's way more than I would thought. Yeah, and I 187 00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:32,520 Speaker 1: wonder if it's just nature's way of saying, like, no, 188 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: eight is too many. You know, seven that's fine, but 189 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 1: eight now eight is enough? Uh? And then of course, chuck, 190 00:11:42,679 --> 00:11:47,280 Speaker 1: we get to a different kind of twinning called conjoined twinning. Yeah. 191 00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:49,640 Speaker 1: I got to mention this, and this is awesome, uh, 192 00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: in that no one really knows how this happens. But 193 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:59,959 Speaker 1: the prevalent theory is that the the z I got right. Yeah, okay, 194 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: the zigo splits very late, like twelve days, which apparently 195 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: is late during just station uh, and it never fully 196 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: uh divides, It doesn't have a chance to fully divide, 197 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:15,400 Speaker 1: And so all of a sudden you have can join twins. Yeah, 198 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:19,040 Speaker 1: that makes that seems to be pretty logical. It definitely does. Um. 199 00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:22,840 Speaker 1: And there's a whole slew of different kinds of conjoined 200 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,320 Speaker 1: twins and it's all based on where the body is fused, right. Yeah. 201 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 1: I won't go over all the the different categories within 202 00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:33,720 Speaker 1: the subcategories within the category, but I will give the 203 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: three main terrata didema. That's if you're joined at the 204 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:41,559 Speaker 1: lower portion of your body. And I have to say 205 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:46,320 Speaker 1: that includes an issio fagus which lakshmid Tatma, the little 206 00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:49,400 Speaker 1: Indian girl who was born with her twin, her headless twin. 207 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:55,240 Speaker 1: She basically looked like the goddess Lakshmi. Yeah, and actually 208 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:56,960 Speaker 1: I checked I checked it out and make sure she's 209 00:12:56,960 --> 00:13:01,080 Speaker 1: still going strong and uh. A January twenty eighth article 210 00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:03,240 Speaker 1: in The Daily Mail had a picture of her post 211 00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 1: surgery going to school, wearing a little plaid skirt and 212 00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:09,400 Speaker 1: a tie and waving hute cute is a button. I 213 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:13,480 Speaker 1: thought you said Podma Lachama from Top Chef or whatever 214 00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:15,480 Speaker 1: her last name is, and I thought she was a 215 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:20,720 Speaker 1: conjoined twin. No nice work. Well, she does have that 216 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:22,680 Speaker 1: scar on her arm, but I knew that was from 217 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 1: a arm. Just thought it could have been she could 218 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:28,840 Speaker 1: have been joined at the forearm. You know a lot 219 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:33,199 Speaker 1: about Padma. I'm a top Chef nut. Uh. So then 220 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,600 Speaker 1: we have the terrata and a didema, and that is 221 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:40,839 Speaker 1: with one single upper body with a double lower half, 222 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: or if you're connected by a single body part, like 223 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:47,120 Speaker 1: connected at the head, let's say, or this also includes 224 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,680 Speaker 1: kids with like a from the waist down have two 225 00:13:49,679 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: sets of legs, but everything else above is just single, right, 226 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:57,559 Speaker 1: And then the final one is terata and a katata 227 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:03,199 Speaker 1: didema and a di didema. And that's joined somewhere at 228 00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,840 Speaker 1: the mid section, so maybe joined at the chest. You 229 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:09,000 Speaker 1: might share a heart, you might share some other organs 230 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: or back to back, let's say above the spine, that 231 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 1: kind of thing, right, and chuck, that includes umflow Pegas 232 00:14:17,120 --> 00:14:20,120 Speaker 1: and you know who is M flow Pegas can joined twins, 233 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: don't you Ronnie and Donnie. Ronnie and Donnie Gallian. That's right, 234 00:14:23,040 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: the world's oldest living can join twins from Ohio somewhere, right. Yeah. 235 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:30,280 Speaker 1: Then they turned fifty eight last October. Yeah. Yeah, we 236 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:32,120 Speaker 1: did a bit on them on the webcast and they 237 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,560 Speaker 1: there as you would expect, kind of cantanker us with 238 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,000 Speaker 1: each other, but also like love and hug on each other. 239 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:42,200 Speaker 1: I think it's Donnie who is uh, he gets he's 240 00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: afraid of the dark, so Ronnie like cuddles him. Yeah, 241 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:48,560 Speaker 1: it's really sweet. If you haven't ever seen any footage 242 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:51,680 Speaker 1: of Ronnie and Donnie Galleon right hanging out, you should 243 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: look it up. They also punch each other in the 244 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:57,440 Speaker 1: face when they're watching TV when well, they have two TVs, right, 245 00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:59,960 Speaker 1: and then they'll be watching them obviously at the same time, 246 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:02,280 Speaker 1: and one will turn the volume up and the other 247 00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 1: trains his volume up and it keeps going and then 248 00:15:04,520 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: somebody gets punched in the face. It's kind of funny. Yeah, 249 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,880 Speaker 1: it is uh that moves us on. Josh to another 250 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 1: form of conjoined twin called parasitic twining, and this is 251 00:15:15,320 --> 00:15:19,280 Speaker 1: when one conjoined twin is a lot smaller and maybe 252 00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:23,120 Speaker 1: not as fully formed. And sometimes this is when you 253 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: can get like a limb and an odd part of 254 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:27,720 Speaker 1: your body, like an arm growing out of your back 255 00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 1: or something like that. Right, And a subset even rarer 256 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:34,600 Speaker 1: than this is uh parasitic twinning. And by the way, 257 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: Andy Garcia was born with the parasitic twin. Didn't know 258 00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:39,520 Speaker 1: that until I read this. I didn't either. But a 259 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 1: very rare form of um parasitic twinning is fetus and feetsu, 260 00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:48,600 Speaker 1: which is where the twin, the unformed or underdeveloped twin, 261 00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:52,320 Speaker 1: is found in the body of the living twin, the 262 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:56,000 Speaker 1: surviving twin UH, and often in it in the form 263 00:15:56,040 --> 00:16:03,600 Speaker 1: of a taratoma. You'll find teeth, hair, um, spinal bones, segments, bones, 264 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:07,960 Speaker 1: uh and these are all just called teratomas. What makes 265 00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:11,360 Speaker 1: it a fetus and feet you, is when there's a 266 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: recognizable trunk and limbs. Imagine finding that in your abdomen, 267 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: which is commonly where it grows. It's really it's really sad, 268 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:23,120 Speaker 1: is what it is. It was about to say creepy, 269 00:16:23,160 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 1: but but I mean imagine it's it's just a tragedy. 270 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:28,800 Speaker 1: Imagine if you and your parents never had any idea 271 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 1: that you were part of a twin and then all 272 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: of a sudden it's like, oh, here he is. Well 273 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:35,800 Speaker 1: that's where he got to, you know, and you got 274 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:37,960 Speaker 1: would be kind of shaking. That happens a little more 275 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: often than my I'm comfortable with it, said one and 276 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:42,920 Speaker 1: every five hundred thousand. Oh, I thought you were about 277 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:45,600 Speaker 1: to reveal your own story. No, no, no, no no. 278 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:47,600 Speaker 1: But I just saw one in every five hundred thousand. 279 00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:49,480 Speaker 1: My first thought was, oh, wow, that's really rare. Then 280 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:51,640 Speaker 1: I thought, there's a lot of people on the earth, 281 00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:53,240 Speaker 1: and that's not as rare as I would like it 282 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:56,000 Speaker 1: to be. Yeah, And with conjoint twins, actually they're rarer 283 00:16:56,040 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: than I thought. Um. Apparently, by Catherine Near's estimate, there's 284 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:06,960 Speaker 1: only about fifty un conjoined conjoined twins unconnected conjoined twins 285 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:11,520 Speaker 1: uh in the world today, he said, I think one 286 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:14,840 Speaker 1: and every forty verse but only one in every two 287 00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:19,360 Speaker 1: hundred thousand live births because of conjoined twins are still 288 00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:22,760 Speaker 1: born or die you know, a day or two after birth, 289 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:26,679 Speaker 1: which is really sad. Right, So about of conjoined twins 290 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:30,280 Speaker 1: don't make it past the day. So the ones that do, Yeah, 291 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:33,640 Speaker 1: and then that that five percent. Probably most of them 292 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 1: are going to be disconnected at some point yea if possible. Um. 293 00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:41,639 Speaker 1: Of course there have been some famous ones, right Ronnie 294 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:44,080 Speaker 1: and Donnie. Uh, yeah, who who are the Guinness guys? 295 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:50,480 Speaker 1: Hang and Chang bunker Archie their brother Hang and Chang. 296 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:54,320 Speaker 1: We're born in eighteen eleven and Siam which we call 297 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:58,720 Speaker 1: Thailand now uh. And pretty early on they realized like, hey, 298 00:17:58,760 --> 00:18:00,879 Speaker 1: we can make a lot of money off of ourselves, 299 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:04,960 Speaker 1: so they started touring the world. Um, and they did 300 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:07,680 Speaker 1: make a pretty respectable sum for themselves, and they actually 301 00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: um retired. They think Wilkesboro, North Carolina, didn't get married 302 00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: to They married sisters Sally and Adelaide Yates and the 303 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:22,600 Speaker 1: couples together uh had to combine twenty one children and 304 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:25,639 Speaker 1: they were never separated. That's the word I was looking 305 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:31,200 Speaker 1: for that connected. Now they were where at the chest? 306 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:34,240 Speaker 1: They were at the chest and and an autopsy performed 307 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 1: on them afterward, um, after their death, which accounts for 308 00:18:38,840 --> 00:18:42,600 Speaker 1: the word autopsy. UH found that they shared no organs. 309 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:46,440 Speaker 1: They could have just gone skin graft. They did two 310 00:18:46,440 --> 00:18:49,760 Speaker 1: sexual organs. They had two of everything, except they were 311 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:53,000 Speaker 1: joined at the chest, so they had two sexual Organs, 312 00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:56,960 Speaker 1: and they fathered twenty one kids with two sisters. But 313 00:18:57,240 --> 00:19:00,520 Speaker 1: they had to be a weird Saturday night. It was room. 314 00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:03,880 Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, well, yeah, everybody's in the room. That's a 315 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:06,120 Speaker 1: managa whatever. I don't even know what that is, right. 316 00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:10,000 Speaker 1: But they lived to be sixty three actually, and then 317 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:12,359 Speaker 1: I think they were the oldest living conjoined twins of 318 00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: their time. I imagine it's probably in history. And there 319 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:20,840 Speaker 1: was another set that's fairly um well known, I guess I. 320 00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:23,040 Speaker 1: I didn't hear them until this article. Did you read 321 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:25,919 Speaker 1: this part? I did not about the bidden In Maids 322 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:30,719 Speaker 1: Mary and Eliza chulk Hurst. They were born a d 323 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:35,000 Speaker 1: in England, I take it. And they were pago pagas. 324 00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:39,239 Speaker 1: That's a fun way to say say that pig pegas. Uh. 325 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:41,800 Speaker 1: They were pago pagas. So they were connected along their 326 00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:44,960 Speaker 1: lower back and the butt hawks so they're not facing 327 00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,399 Speaker 1: each other, no, which I think would probably be a 328 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:52,640 Speaker 1: real pain. Yeah. Well, I mean there's probably no scenario 329 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,840 Speaker 1: that's really easy to live with about it. They lived 330 00:19:55,880 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: to be thirty four though, that's pretty old, especially back then. 331 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:04,360 Speaker 1: And I think Chang and hang and uh, the Biddenden 332 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:08,080 Speaker 1: Maids died within hours of each other, which is fairly frequent. 333 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:10,720 Speaker 1: Remember when we were researching Ronnie and Donnie. Yeah, the 334 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:14,240 Speaker 1: doctor was talking about how, you know, sometimes people can 335 00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: live up to eighteen hours, but usually it's not very long. 336 00:20:18,840 --> 00:20:23,200 Speaker 1: So can we talk about my other two favorite types 337 00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:29,199 Speaker 1: of twinning? Though favorite too. Sometimes, Josh, a woman can 338 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:32,240 Speaker 1: release two eggs, like you would when you would have 339 00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: fraternal twins, but maybe one might be let's say, two 340 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:40,600 Speaker 1: weeks later than the other. Your husband or boyfriend or whoever, Uh, 341 00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:45,080 Speaker 1: you're having your baby with you still liberal fertilizes both 342 00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:49,560 Speaker 1: eggs at different times, and you're actually pregnant with quote 343 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:53,119 Speaker 1: unquote twins, but one would be born two weeks after 344 00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:56,800 Speaker 1: the other, right, depending on the moment of conception. And 345 00:20:56,840 --> 00:21:00,600 Speaker 1: that's called superfication, and that's at never heard of that. 346 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:02,640 Speaker 1: I'm kind of blown away. Yeah i am too. I'm 347 00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:06,520 Speaker 1: even more blown away, Chuck by a little term called 348 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 1: super feet condition. Yeah. They'd added a little extra few 349 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:14,199 Speaker 1: letters in there because because it's like bonus. Yeah. Um, 350 00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:18,400 Speaker 1: if a woman releases more than one egg during ovulation, uh, 351 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,200 Speaker 1: and two different males fertilize the eggs, so you get 352 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,120 Speaker 1: sperm from one male and then spurn from another male 353 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:29,399 Speaker 1: and both of them are fertilized and take in just 354 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:36,040 Speaker 1: eight she can have siblings half siblings at the same time, 355 00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: virtually the same time. But boom, super fee condition and 356 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:43,719 Speaker 1: actually the first one you talked about, superfetation. They can 357 00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:49,119 Speaker 1: lead to half identical twins where um, the egg splits 358 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: before fertilization and is infertilized by two separate sperm. So 359 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:57,120 Speaker 1: these twins actually share sev their d n A. Yeah, 360 00:21:57,160 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: polar body twins. Yeah, pretty cool term. Yeah, so that's yeah, 361 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 1: it's the same thing, except it's not two eggs to 362 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: begin with. It's one egg that splits. That makes sense. So, Chuck, 363 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:09,600 Speaker 1: you want to talk about some you want to just 364 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:14,320 Speaker 1: put some twin myths down, take them around the barn 365 00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: and shoot them. Sure, or we can validate them. Yes, okay. 366 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,720 Speaker 1: There's a study called the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, 367 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:26,440 Speaker 1: and it's an ongoing four part deal where their study um, 368 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:29,680 Speaker 1: fraternal and identical twins raised together and separate to see 369 00:22:29,680 --> 00:22:32,320 Speaker 1: like what the big all the hullabaloo is all about. 370 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:36,000 Speaker 1: And what they found a lot of times is that 371 00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:40,280 Speaker 1: twins separated at birth identical twins, uh or I guess 372 00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:42,920 Speaker 1: fraternal too. They share a lot of the same characteristics 373 00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:48,720 Speaker 1: in life. And Jim and Jim Lewis and Springer were 374 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:52,400 Speaker 1: separated at four weeks old, right, and they were adopted. 375 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:54,640 Speaker 1: So note both of their first names are the same. 376 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: They were given the same first name by their adoptive parents, right, 377 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,160 Speaker 1: instead of the same last name. Very odd. Uh. They 378 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:04,040 Speaker 1: were apart until they were thirty nine years old. They 379 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:06,880 Speaker 1: both grew to six ft tall weight exactly a hundred 380 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:10,280 Speaker 1: and eighty pounds when they were little boys. Each one 381 00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:13,199 Speaker 1: had a dog named Toy right. Each one had been 382 00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:17,080 Speaker 1: married two times. The first wives of both were called Linda, 383 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:19,720 Speaker 1: and the second wives of both were called Betty yea. 384 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,359 Speaker 1: Each one had a son they named James Allen, which 385 00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:28,720 Speaker 1: is interesting. They and and here's another little fact for you. 386 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:31,760 Speaker 1: My dad's name is James Allen and he had a 387 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:36,080 Speaker 1: twin that died at birth. This is getting out of hand. Yeah. 388 00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:37,679 Speaker 1: I remember when my dad first told me that. I 389 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:39,560 Speaker 1: was like, oh. And then a couple of years later 390 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: I was like, Wow, that's so weird to think that 391 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:45,199 Speaker 1: I would have had an identical twin uncle. Yeah, that 392 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:47,320 Speaker 1: just never happened. That would have changed the course of 393 00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:53,359 Speaker 1: your life entirely. Uncle look alike? How it called him? Uh? What? What? 394 00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: What other things that they have in common? Each one 395 00:23:55,359 --> 00:23:58,480 Speaker 1: had driven a had a light blue Chevrolet, and they 396 00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:01,560 Speaker 1: both vacationed at past a grilled beach in Florida. Right, 397 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 1: here's my favorite. Uh. They both enjoyed Salem cigarettes and 398 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:08,840 Speaker 1: Miller Lite beer. Yes, I love that one too. Um. 399 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 1: They were both nail biters, they both held part time 400 00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:15,199 Speaker 1: job as sheriffs. They both had migraines. And then the 401 00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:18,520 Speaker 1: little love note thing. Yeah, and uh, and how the 402 00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:22,400 Speaker 1: Mind Works, I think is what it's called Stephen Pinker's book. Um. 403 00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:26,880 Speaker 1: He he off handedly mentions that. Uh. And he's saying, 404 00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:29,400 Speaker 1: is there a gene for leaving love notes around the house? 405 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:33,160 Speaker 1: And he's saying, twins rude apart kind of suggest Yeah, right, 406 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,840 Speaker 1: they both left love notes for their wives. It's so odd. 407 00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: It is what an odd characteristic to share. So they 408 00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:43,439 Speaker 1: were obviously studied in that in that Minnesota study of 409 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:46,520 Speaker 1: twins reared apart, But they do mention I thought this 410 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,119 Speaker 1: is funny that they had different hairstyles. Well, yeah, I 411 00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:52,840 Speaker 1: mean like it is easily sensationalized you know, and you 412 00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:55,320 Speaker 1: you you've got to say, like, you know, those facts 413 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 1: lead you to believe that they were the exact same 414 00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:59,880 Speaker 1: person in every single way. So when they said had 415 00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:02,520 Speaker 1: the mop top Beatles haircut and one had like the 416 00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 1: pompadoor Johnny Cash with the sideburns even longer CIDs. Yeah, 417 00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:09,320 Speaker 1: so maybe they just listened to different music and well 418 00:25:09,359 --> 00:25:12,159 Speaker 1: another one was more articulate than the other, and the 419 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:17,520 Speaker 1: other was a better writer than the articulate one. Alright, yes, 420 00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,000 Speaker 1: interesting stuff. Imagine having a twin with the same first 421 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:24,600 Speaker 1: name being like hey Jim, Hey Jim. They get old 422 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:28,359 Speaker 1: really fast, nice sideburns, nice mop top, let's go smoke 423 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:33,720 Speaker 1: some Salem's let's oh boy um and then uh forty 424 00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:36,159 Speaker 1: eight hours the TV show did did a special on 425 00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:40,440 Speaker 1: identical twins raised Apart, and they found interesting things like 426 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:45,080 Speaker 1: Barbara and Daphne that were twins and they both had 427 00:25:45,160 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 1: miscarriages and then had two boys and one girl. A 428 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:52,000 Speaker 1: little bit of a connection there, I don't know, however, 429 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 1: the top that is though, are those the giggle twins? Yeah, 430 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:57,480 Speaker 1: because they apparently had the same laugh. Well they crossed 431 00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:01,320 Speaker 1: their arms and giggle in the same way, right, which 432 00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: you could have picked up from watching ALF. They could 433 00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:06,480 Speaker 1: have both been watching ALF. Yeah you never know? Yeah 434 00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 1: did you watch ALF? Yeah? I didn't watch OFF. I 435 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,719 Speaker 1: never got it. It's like a puppet. Have you ever 436 00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: seen Permanent Midnight? Oh yeah, that's the guy who wrote 437 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:19,520 Speaker 1: the first season of ALF. That's what Permanent Midnight is about. 438 00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:21,800 Speaker 1: If you go watch Permanent Midnight and then you go 439 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:24,280 Speaker 1: watch the first season at ALF, there's a lot of 440 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:27,600 Speaker 1: like kind of really quick, dark funny things in there 441 00:26:27,640 --> 00:26:30,760 Speaker 1: that My favorite part of that movie is when he 442 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:34,000 Speaker 1: and Owen Wilson are had lost their drugs and Owen 443 00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:36,800 Speaker 1: Wilson says, if I was a Perka Dan, where would 444 00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:41,879 Speaker 1: I be? Great line and chuck. You know, um, twins 445 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,760 Speaker 1: root apart is like a perfect natural experiment to try 446 00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:50,040 Speaker 1: to settle nature versus nurture. Yeah right, Um, it's not 447 00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:53,040 Speaker 1: always a natural experiment. And I'm making air quotes for 448 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:55,439 Speaker 1: those of you who can't see. There's a group in 449 00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:59,120 Speaker 1: New York that was affiliated well, they had an end 450 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:01,680 Speaker 1: with a your adoption agency in New York and I 451 00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:05,600 Speaker 1: think the sixties, and they were basically like, oh, you've 452 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:07,919 Speaker 1: got some twins up for adoption. Make sure that this 453 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:09,840 Speaker 1: goes this one to this family, and this goes to 454 00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:12,280 Speaker 1: this family, and then they kept tabs. So they were 455 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:16,440 Speaker 1: like purposefully separating twins and in the adoption through the 456 00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:22,360 Speaker 1: adoption agency and then studying them like this huge longitudinal study. Uh. 457 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,680 Speaker 1: And actually, uh, they apparently got some really great results, 458 00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: but they became so afraid. Is apparently the public sentiment of, 459 00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: you know, separating twins for the study of nature versus nurture. 460 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,439 Speaker 1: Public sentiment changed. So by the eighties, I think they 461 00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:40,840 Speaker 1: concluded this twenty year study. Um, they were like, Okay, 462 00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:42,760 Speaker 1: we're just going to never talk about this for the 463 00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:44,880 Speaker 1: next sixty years. So they sealed it and I think 464 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:48,200 Speaker 1: it's in like a the Yale University Library under lock 465 00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:50,280 Speaker 1: and key. But it's coming out in the next like 466 00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:53,200 Speaker 1: ten or twenty years. I think, Yeah, it's gonna rock 467 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: our world. Yeah that in the whole Kennedy assassination, the 468 00:27:57,440 --> 00:27:58,960 Speaker 1: truth will be out there. I don't know if that 469 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,320 Speaker 1: one's overcoming out. We'll know when their dates set for 470 00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:03,919 Speaker 1: it is there. Yeah, I think so where the records 471 00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,879 Speaker 1: are gonna be open? Awesome, can't wait. I need to 472 00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:09,880 Speaker 1: watch more stuff they don't want you to know. Huh. Yes, 473 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 1: are awesome Conspiracy Theorist podcast. Yeah, uh so, Josh, we 474 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:17,840 Speaker 1: do know that, Um, we don't know what causes the 475 00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: uh the MZ twins right now, but we do know 476 00:28:20,920 --> 00:28:23,520 Speaker 1: that the rate is consistent throughout the world, which is 477 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,439 Speaker 1: about one and two fifty right now. That's that doesn't 478 00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:31,520 Speaker 1: necessarily mean that, like it's every time there's what did 479 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:33,600 Speaker 1: you say, one in to fifty or four in a thousand? 480 00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:36,119 Speaker 1: One in fifty is a little easier, okay, But it 481 00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,320 Speaker 1: doesn't mean that every time there's a thousand births, you 482 00:28:39,320 --> 00:28:42,440 Speaker 1: know there's four equally distributed. No, of course, not right. 483 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:45,480 Speaker 1: But if you take the birth statistics across the entire world, 484 00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:48,520 Speaker 1: you're gonna find about four per one thousand, and actually 485 00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: by ethnic group, uh it changes. African Americans tend to 486 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:57,320 Speaker 1: have far more twins than any other group. And Africans 487 00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,920 Speaker 1: and I'm sorry African people of African descent um, and 488 00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:03,960 Speaker 1: Africans themselves. Sure that I think they said that Yoruba 489 00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:08,600 Speaker 1: tribe in Nigeria has forty five per one thousand births, 490 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,400 Speaker 1: and that's a lot. That is a whole lot. Uh. 491 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:15,160 Speaker 1: On the low end, Chinese people have eleven point two 492 00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:18,720 Speaker 1: per one thousand berths right, right, And that that's in 493 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:22,800 Speaker 1: the United States, by the way, not in China. Chinese 494 00:29:22,840 --> 00:29:25,080 Speaker 1: people living in the United States, So Chinese Americans have 495 00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 1: eleven point two per one thousand, but if you go 496 00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,080 Speaker 1: to China, it's like eight hundred per one thousand. I 497 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:31,680 Speaker 1: don't think that's the right number. That is not the 498 00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 1: right number. But um, there are a couple of factors involved, 499 00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:38,160 Speaker 1: chuck real quick. Um the the uh. I think the 500 00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:41,000 Speaker 1: follicle stimulating hormone can cause a woman to have more 501 00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:45,400 Speaker 1: than one egg. Um. And that's usually found more frequently 502 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:48,760 Speaker 1: in heavy women and older women. Uh. And we've been 503 00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: kind of trending towards he and right as far as 504 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,600 Speaker 1: parents go. So twinning as a result in the US 505 00:29:55,720 --> 00:30:00,480 Speaker 1: has risen eighty or thirty eight percent and sixty five percent. 506 00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:04,560 Speaker 1: Since that's pretty big jump. Okay, so let's move along 507 00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:08,680 Speaker 1: and get rid of some myth. Dude. Twin language josh right, 508 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:14,440 Speaker 1: also known as idea glossia and cryptophagia. That is, uh, 509 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:16,600 Speaker 1: when some people say it, twins have like a secret 510 00:30:16,680 --> 00:30:19,720 Speaker 1: language that they speak to each other, sort of not true. 511 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: What the deal usually is is, um, let's say when 512 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:26,320 Speaker 1: they're developing. Let's say the first little twin has like 513 00:30:26,360 --> 00:30:29,200 Speaker 1: a slower development with the language than the second twin. 514 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:32,200 Speaker 1: The second twin will kind of hang back or mimic 515 00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:36,800 Speaker 1: and mimic mirror neurons, maybe mimic the other twin, and 516 00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:39,280 Speaker 1: then all of a sudden they kind of developed this 517 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:45,240 Speaker 1: code if you will, right. Uh, so twin language, no 518 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: technically no, all right? Uh? And then you always hear 519 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:54,360 Speaker 1: about twins having esp like one of them gets injured 520 00:30:54,440 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: somewhere and the other one across the country knows about 521 00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: it right then or or something. So this have been 522 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:03,760 Speaker 1: tested actually, and uh. In one experiment, it's kind of clever. 523 00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:07,280 Speaker 1: They took two twins and they put one. They put 524 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:09,960 Speaker 1: them in separate rooms, split them up. Well, yeah, you 525 00:31:10,040 --> 00:31:12,240 Speaker 1: got to, or else they'll just cheat like crazy. I 526 00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:13,720 Speaker 1: wonder if they faked it though, and they're like they 527 00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:18,440 Speaker 1: really thought they had Donnie when they had Ronnie. Yeah 528 00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:21,240 Speaker 1: you have both, yeah, yeah, um, but you split one. 529 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: You split them up and you give one some cards 530 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,160 Speaker 1: to pick to choose from with different illustrations on it, 531 00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:29,040 Speaker 1: and then the other one has the same set of 532 00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:31,000 Speaker 1: cards in another room. So you have the one that 533 00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:36,200 Speaker 1: chose to the card, the sender send the image telepathically 534 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:40,120 Speaker 1: to the target, the recipient twin, and then the recipient 535 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 1: twin is supposed to choose that card. Well, the crazy 536 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:46,160 Speaker 1: thing is is, in the first round of this experiment 537 00:31:46,240 --> 00:31:48,840 Speaker 1: they got it right like half of the time, which 538 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:52,520 Speaker 1: is pretty significant. But then they altered the experiment a 539 00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:57,760 Speaker 1: little bit and they had a an assistant choose the 540 00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:00,840 Speaker 1: card for the twin, and then the twins sent them telepathically, 541 00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:04,200 Speaker 1: and all of a sudden it dropped the right. And 542 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:06,840 Speaker 1: they think that it was because the twins were hitting 543 00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:13,880 Speaker 1: at because of shared preferences, not uh tell telleth telepathy. 544 00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:17,320 Speaker 1: There's something really wrong with me today. Yeah, I think 545 00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:19,480 Speaker 1: that's probably the deal. That a lot of experiments don't 546 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,840 Speaker 1: show any kind of special bond. Some do, but the 547 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:27,080 Speaker 1: same experiments show that special bond between let's say a 548 00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:29,040 Speaker 1: mother and a daughter or a brother and a sister 549 00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 1: that aren't twins, and they think that it probably just 550 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:36,680 Speaker 1: has more to do with um, like you said, growing 551 00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:39,320 Speaker 1: up together, shared preferences and interest, that kind of thing. 552 00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:42,240 Speaker 1: So what do you want to do celebs or movies 553 00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:45,920 Speaker 1: famous twins? Josh, have you ever heard of Mario Andretti 554 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:51,680 Speaker 1: race car driver. Yes, no, I have been either. That's see. 555 00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:54,160 Speaker 1: I highlighted the ones that I was like. I didn't 556 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:56,480 Speaker 1: know they had a twin because some of them obviously, 557 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,840 Speaker 1: you know, like Jenna and Barbara Bush. Yeah, but they're 558 00:32:59,880 --> 00:33:04,800 Speaker 1: for turn A right. Uh yeah, Giselle Bunch in the 559 00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,440 Speaker 1: smoking hot model. Yeah, Jesus sister. I imagine a smoking 560 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:11,720 Speaker 1: hot sister. She is good looking, she's her manager. She's 561 00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:15,120 Speaker 1: not model hot, but she is very attractive. Are they 562 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:20,320 Speaker 1: identical or fraternal? Their fraternal? Vin Diesel really yeah? He 563 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:23,200 Speaker 1: has a kind of a funny looking brother named Paul Vincent. 564 00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:26,960 Speaker 1: A picture of him. How do you name your kid? 565 00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:31,200 Speaker 1: Paul Vincent? And then Vin Diesel's a stage name, dude. 566 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:34,600 Speaker 1: I wonder if his name is Vincent Paul. Oh. Maybe 567 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:37,720 Speaker 1: maybe his parents were very unamazed innative, or maybe Paul 568 00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:39,680 Speaker 1: Diesel changed his name to Vincent because he thought it 569 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:44,520 Speaker 1: was too you know. Gear Head Scarlett Johansson has a 570 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:48,840 Speaker 1: brother named Hunter. They look a lot alike Ashton Kutcher, 571 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,480 Speaker 1: Did you know that? I think that rang a bell? Actually? Yeah? 572 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:56,560 Speaker 1: The Cutch has a brother named Michael, who has cerebral palsy. Sadly. Yes, 573 00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:58,560 Speaker 1: that does ring a bell. Yeah, and he like it's 574 00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:00,800 Speaker 1: his kind of lives for him him and has brought 575 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:04,479 Speaker 1: a lot of awareness to that um altist. Morrissett as 576 00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:08,080 Speaker 1: a brother named Wade who cares. And Wade Morrisset is 577 00:34:08,120 --> 00:34:12,000 Speaker 1: a singer, yoga dude and a cureton. It's just like 578 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:16,440 Speaker 1: an Indian chanter. Can we be done now? Uh? Parker 579 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:19,839 Speaker 1: Posey as a brother named Chris Cool. I'll bet he's cool. Uh. 580 00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 1: And then Keifer William, Frederick Dempsey, George Rufus Sutherland. Did 581 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:27,440 Speaker 1: you know he had that many names? Yes, he has 582 00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:31,239 Speaker 1: a fraternal twin sister named Rachel. Why would you give 583 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:35,200 Speaker 1: a kid that many names? Donald Southerland is probably smoking 584 00:34:35,239 --> 00:34:36,879 Speaker 1: a lot of something back in the day. Oh yeah, 585 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:39,200 Speaker 1: at least he did an animal House. And then, of 586 00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:43,120 Speaker 1: course my favorite twins, Kim and Kelly deal. Kim deal 587 00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:45,040 Speaker 1: with the Breeders. Okay, well they're both in the Breeders 588 00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:48,400 Speaker 1: and Kim was in the Pixies. Pixies Uh. And before 589 00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:50,560 Speaker 1: we move on, I want to put a call out 590 00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:54,800 Speaker 1: because I saw a special one time on a TV 591 00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:58,760 Speaker 1: show about these two twins. Two I think like twelve 592 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:06,160 Speaker 1: year old black girls in England, and they mimicked everything exactly. 593 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:10,440 Speaker 1: They spoken stereo at the same exact time, they walked 594 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:13,400 Speaker 1: exactly the same in synchronousy. It's like the twins in 595 00:35:13,680 --> 00:35:16,359 Speaker 1: the Shiny It's very creepy and that's exactly what they were. 596 00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:19,000 Speaker 1: And you know what happened. But one day they found 597 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:20,720 Speaker 1: one of them drowning the other one in a creek. 598 00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:23,480 Speaker 1: Did they save the one? I don't know and I 599 00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:25,600 Speaker 1: can't find I saw this like years ago and I 600 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:27,840 Speaker 1: have never, ever ever been able to find anything on it. 601 00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:30,799 Speaker 1: So putting the call out there to the s Y 602 00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:33,440 Speaker 1: s k army anyone knows about this, I'm dying to 603 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,759 Speaker 1: know the story. Well, if you want to read one 604 00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,239 Speaker 1: of the better articles on how stuff works, check out 605 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:41,719 Speaker 1: twins is type twins in the handy search bar how 606 00:35:41,719 --> 00:35:48,239 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com and that leads us to listener mail. Yes, Josh, 607 00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:50,560 Speaker 1: I have a couple of quick ones. This is from 608 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:55,919 Speaker 1: Adrian and Canadian City, fredericton n B. What does that mean? 609 00:35:56,080 --> 00:35:59,080 Speaker 1: I have no idea. Yeah, probably he's eleven. It's called 610 00:35:59,120 --> 00:36:05,800 Speaker 1: Canadian City, New Brunswick. Or he's saying, yeah, it's hey, guys, 611 00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:07,759 Speaker 1: my name is Adrian. In case you're wondering, I'm a boy, 612 00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:10,640 Speaker 1: and surprisingly enough, I am only eleven years old and 613 00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:13,560 Speaker 1: I listen to your podcast every night. I can I 614 00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:16,680 Speaker 1: believe that thanks to you guys, I'm the smartest boy 615 00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:20,600 Speaker 1: in my class in the subject of interesting facts. And Jerry, 616 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:24,160 Speaker 1: I have not forgotten about you. I believe that without you, 617 00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,000 Speaker 1: the sound effects would run for the hills. Keep up 618 00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:29,480 Speaker 1: the good work, people. Please put this in your next podcast, 619 00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:31,400 Speaker 1: because if I heard myself on the show, then it 620 00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:33,600 Speaker 1: would be one of the highlights of my life. Well, 621 00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,480 Speaker 1: technically you're not hearing yourself, but you're hearing Chuck read 622 00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:39,200 Speaker 1: you Adrian. But that's close enough. That's right. Jerry loved this. 623 00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:41,400 Speaker 1: When Jerry Ford did this after we had already seen it, 624 00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:45,400 Speaker 1: did she go cute, Well, i've the sound effects. They 625 00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:48,000 Speaker 1: would run for the hills and that's adorable. No, she 626 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,920 Speaker 1: just wanted to remind us of her place and exactly. 627 00:36:51,840 --> 00:36:54,000 Speaker 1: And then this is from Abu and this is another 628 00:36:54,080 --> 00:36:56,640 Speaker 1: kind of call out to the fans because we said 629 00:36:56,680 --> 00:36:59,480 Speaker 1: something about Arthur the weather man in our little YouTube 630 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:02,640 Speaker 1: bar last well, which one was at And do you 631 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:05,440 Speaker 1: remember I had nothing to do with whatever we were 632 00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:07,720 Speaker 1: talking about it now, I don't remember. It will probably 633 00:37:07,719 --> 00:37:10,640 Speaker 1: come out after this one. No, it already came out. Okay, 634 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,200 Speaker 1: But we heard from Abu that Arthur the weather Man 635 00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,680 Speaker 1: actually perished in the Hate the earthquake. I don't think 636 00:37:17,719 --> 00:37:19,640 Speaker 1: that's true, but we don't know if that's true. I 637 00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:21,600 Speaker 1: looked it up on the Internet and everything points back 638 00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:25,080 Speaker 1: to the single source that isn't reputable. So if anyone 639 00:37:25,080 --> 00:37:28,359 Speaker 1: out there has any information on Arthur, No, Arthur, if 640 00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,759 Speaker 1: you're out there, let us know you're alive. Please. Yeah, 641 00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:36,279 Speaker 1: we're praying and hoping that you're alive. It's gonna be hot. Yeah, 642 00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:39,040 Speaker 1: if you have any information on Arthur the weather Man 643 00:37:39,160 --> 00:37:41,080 Speaker 1: or you live in a Canadian city. And by the way, 644 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:44,440 Speaker 1: thank you Adrian and Abu Uh. Send us an email. 645 00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:48,040 Speaker 1: We love getting emails. Chuck loves responding to emails. Jerry 646 00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:51,240 Speaker 1: loves forwarding emails. Just send us an email to Stuff 647 00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:58,640 Speaker 1: Podcast at how stuff works dot com. For more on 648 00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other time fixed, visit how stuff 649 00:38:01,160 --> 00:38:04,719 Speaker 1: works dot com. Want more how stuff works, check out 650 00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:07,320 Speaker 1: our blogs on the house stuff works dot com home page. 651 00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:12,840 Speaker 1: M brought to you by the Reinvented two thousand, twelve camera. 652 00:38:13,160 --> 00:38:14,319 Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you