Speaker 1: Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda land Audio in
Speaker 1: partnership with I Heart Radio. In an ordinary crime, how
Speaker 1: does one defend the accused? One calls up witnesses to
Speaker 1: prove his innocence. But witchcraft is ipso facto on its
Speaker 1: face and by its nature, an invisible crime, is it? Not?
Speaker 1: The witch and the victim none other. Now we cannot
Speaker 1: hope the witch will accuse herself. Granted, therefore we must
Speaker 1: rely upon her victims. And they do testify. The children
Speaker 1: certainly do testify. That quote is from Arthur Miller's partially
Speaker 1: fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials, The Crucible, written
Speaker 1: in Welcome to criminal Lea. I'm mariach Murky and I'm
Speaker 1: Holly Fry. And let's talk about which panic. If your
Speaker 1: crime is falsely accusing and then punishing an alleged witch,
Speaker 1: what led up to that moment? Well, it was probably
Speaker 1: more than one thing. There's a lot of talk about
Speaker 1: the religious factors that have long been part of purging,
Speaker 1: which is, and while that is often a fair explanation
Speaker 1: based on the time and place, it isn't and can't
Speaker 1: be the only explanation. Things like misogyny jealousy, dreams. There
Speaker 1: are a lot of ingredients in this particular cauldron, and
Speaker 1: it's kind of unclear exactly when which has hit the
Speaker 1: world's radar, But there they are in historical and fictional
Speaker 1: writing that goes back thousands of years into ancient times.
Speaker 1: These stories about them and references to them teach us
Speaker 1: that which is have long been considered dangerous and that
Speaker 1: we should fear, punish and silence them. Marian Gibson, Professor
Speaker 1: of Renaissance and Magical Literatures at the University of Exeter,
Speaker 1: continues along this idea, saying which is are often used
Speaker 1: as quote a shorthand symbol for persecution and resistance, misogyny
Speaker 1: and feminism in partic killer, So let's go back, way
Speaker 1: back looking for witches. The Code of Hammurabi was one
Speaker 1: of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, two
Speaker 1: hund eighty two laws in total, ranging from topics like
Speaker 1: family law to criminal law. It was proclaimed by the
Speaker 1: Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from sevent b c E
Speaker 1: to seventeen fifty BC. In this text is a record
Speaker 1: of some of the earliest examples of the laws of retribution.
Speaker 1: Rules we all actually know, such as an I for
Speaker 1: an eye. It's also one of the earliest written examples
Speaker 1: of the idea of an accused person being considered innocent
Speaker 1: until proven guilty. But what we're interested in really is
Speaker 1: in the second Edict about how to punish witches, and
Speaker 1: it reads quote, if a man has put a spell
Speaker 1: upon another man, and it is not yet justified, he
Speaker 1: upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the
Speaker 1: Holy River. Into the Holy rivers shall he plunge. If
Speaker 1: the Holy River overcomes him and he is drowned, the
Speaker 1: man who put the spell upon him shall take possession
Speaker 1: of his house. If the Holy River declares him innocent,
Speaker 1: and he remains unharmed, the man who laid the spell
Speaker 1: shall be put to death. He that plunged into the
Speaker 1: river shall take possession of the house of him who
Speaker 1: laid the spell upon him. So malevolent magic, it's practice
Speaker 1: and its punishment is also addressed in the early law
Speaker 1: codes of ancient Egypt. So we're talking to three thirty
Speaker 1: two b C. A very long period of time. One
Speaker 1: of the earliest written stories of a specific which comes
Speaker 1: from the Bible and was composed probably between and seven roughly,
Speaker 1: so according to a story in the Book of Samuel
Speaker 1: in the Old Testament, the Witch of Endor had an
Speaker 1: interesting power. She had a fetish with which she could
Speaker 1: summon the dead. At the request of King Saul of Israel,
Speaker 1: she summoned to the recently deceased prophet Samuel's spirits to
Speaker 1: help the king defeat the Philistine army. She did raise Samuel,
Speaker 1: but he did not offer any advice against the Philistines.
Speaker 1: He instead prophesied the death of Saul and his sons.
Speaker 1: What came to pass was as he had said. After
Speaker 1: fighting the Philistines at Mount Gilboa, Saul wounded killed himself
Speaker 1: by falling on his own sword to avoid being captured
Speaker 1: by the enemy. Another early written record of a witch
Speaker 1: is found in Homer's Odyssey, written right about eight hundred BC.
Speaker 1: It's in this poem where we meet Searcy, a sorceress
Speaker 1: known for her knowledge of potions and herbs, and who,
Speaker 1: according to her myth, could transmute humans into swine. And
Speaker 1: Greek mythology is of course filled with witches. And then
Speaker 1: there's Empress Chen of Wu. She was empress of the
Speaker 1: Han dynasty and the first wife of Emperor Wu of Han.
Speaker 1: She lived between one st E and one ten BC,
Speaker 1: give or take a year on both of those numbers,
Speaker 1: and first ten had trouble getting pregnant and couldn't give
Speaker 1: birth to a child. She had not had a son.
Speaker 1: Becoming jealous of her husband's mistresses who were bearing his children,
Speaker 1: she turned to magic. She retained witches to help her
Speaker 1: curse his concubines and to win his love back, and
Speaker 1: in some versions of her life story she's described as
Speaker 1: having her own witchcraft practice, but not all include that.
Speaker 1: When she was found out, she was placed under house arrest,
Speaker 1: where she would stay through the end of her life.
Speaker 1: Nearly three hundred of her attendants were accused and executed
Speaker 1: on witchcraft charges. We are going to take a break
Speaker 1: for a word from our sponsor, and when we're back,
Speaker 1: we're going to look at some of the large scale
Speaker 1: witch trials that took place in Europe. Welcome back to Criminalia.
Speaker 1: Let's talk about what the Hammer of the Witches was
Speaker 1: and why it was the bestseller for almost two hundred years.
Speaker 1: Stories and images of witches have described, which is in
Speaker 1: various ways throughout history, from wart No sisters huddling over
Speaker 1: a cauldron of boiling liquid to those wearing pointy hats
Speaker 1: and cackling while riding through the sky on broomsticks, and
Speaker 1: pretty much everything in between. If you were to describe
Speaker 1: almost any human, that's what a witch has looked like
Speaker 1: at some point in time. The actual history of witches
Speaker 1: is dark, and, as we've seen throughout the season, often
Speaker 1: deadly for the accused witches. Historians have identified a number
Speaker 1: of key developments that led to what is known as
Speaker 1: witch panic. We're gonna start in when Pope John whose
Speaker 1: papacy lasted from thirteen sixteen to four, officially declared that
Speaker 1: witchcraft was heresy and that meant that those who were
Speaker 1: accused of practicing it could be tried under the inquisition.
Speaker 1: The idea that which is were in bed literally and
Speaker 1: figuratively with the devil was game changing, and that idea
Speaker 1: caught like wildfire. The publication of the book Malleus Maleficarum,
Speaker 1: or The Hammer of Witches, was written in fourteen eight six,
Speaker 1: and that continued to stoke people's fears. The Hammer of
Speaker 1: which is was essentially a handbook on how to identify, interrogate,
Speaker 1: and punish whiches, and it did not take long for
Speaker 1: it to become the authority for both Protestants and Catholics,
Speaker 1: trying to purge their villages and cities of that perceived evil.
Speaker 1: It was republished twenty six times between fourteen six and
Speaker 1: sixteen sixty nine, and for more than one hundred years
Speaker 1: that book sold more copies of any other book in
Speaker 1: Europe except for the Bible, which is were believed by
Speaker 1: early Christians in Europe to be evil. There was no
Speaker 1: concept of a white witch or a benevolent magic, which
Speaker 1: hysteria really had a grip on Europe during the mid
Speaker 1: fifteenth century, and things kept snowballing. Up to eighty thousand
Speaker 1: accused whitches were executed in Europe between the years fifteen
Speaker 1: hundred and sixteen sixty, and as many as eight of
Speaker 1: them were women who were believed to have had a
Speaker 1: pact with the devil. Witch hunts were common, and being
Speaker 1: a witch hunter was an actual occupation, although many of
Speaker 1: the accused confessed, as we know, that was often under torture,
Speaker 1: and often that was extreme torture. Most were executed by
Speaker 1: burning at the steak or hanging. Single women, widows, and
Speaker 1: other women on the margins of society were especially targeted.
Speaker 1: Madeline Miller, an American novelist and author of the book
Speaker 1: Sercy and Adaptation of Various Greek myths talks about which
Speaker 1: is as women with quote more power than men have
Speaker 1: felt comfortable with. Looking with a modern eye at the
Speaker 1: large scale witch trials in Europe and in colonial America
Speaker 1: makes a lot of us wonder how could this happen?
Speaker 1: And why wasn't it stopped? It wasn't like it was
Speaker 1: done in secret, So what was going on? Let's talk
Speaker 1: about a few of these now infamous trials and what
Speaker 1: scholars think about the events now that we are centuries
Speaker 1: down the road. The largest single witch trial in Swedish history,
Speaker 1: and also one of the largest mass killings of which
Speaker 1: is in recorded history, took place in tour Soccer, a
Speaker 1: village in central Sweden in sixteen seventy five. It began
Speaker 1: when Laurentios Kristofori Hornios, a priest of the Church of Sweden,
Speaker 1: was instructed to investigate witchcraft within his parish. He did
Speaker 1: so by then instructing two young boys to identify, which
Speaker 1: is by the invisible devil's mark on their forehead as
Speaker 1: they walked into church. They did this, and the accused
Speaker 1: suspected of abducting children and taking them to Satan's Sabbath.
Speaker 1: Seventy one people were executed by beheading and burning in
Speaker 1: a single day after two children claimed they saw a
Speaker 1: mark on them that no one else could see. Also
Speaker 1: happening during the mid seventeenth century. Let's let's turn to
Speaker 1: Germany's Which trials. The Vertzburg Witch Trials took place in
Speaker 1: southwestern Germany, a region where the highest concentration of which
Speaker 1: trials occurred during the years fifteen sixty one to sixteen seventy.
Speaker 1: It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany,
Speaker 1: alongside the Trier Which Trials, the Fulda Witch Trials, and
Speaker 1: the Bamberg Witch Trials. The Vertzburg Witch Trials took place
Speaker 1: between sixteen twenty five and sixteen thirty one, and that
Speaker 1: was one of the biggest mass trials and one of
Speaker 1: the biggest witch trials in history. One hundred fifty seven
Speaker 1: people men, women and children in the city of Verurtzburg
Speaker 1: are confirmed to have been executed, and an estimated nine
Speaker 1: hundred were executed or died in custody in the entire
Speaker 1: prince Bishopric of Wurzburg. That was the larger ecclesiastical principality
Speaker 1: of the Holy Roman Empire. The accusations and executions took
Speaker 1: place during the Thirty Years War, a conflict between Protestants
Speaker 1: and Catholics between sixteen eighteen and sixteen forty eight. The
Speaker 1: trials were conducted by a Catholic prince bishop with an
Speaker 1: agenda of introducing the counter Reformation, a Catholic resurgence to
Speaker 1: his lamp. This isn't a unique story, and the craze
Speaker 1: of the sixteen twenties was not confined to Germany. Scholars
Speaker 1: have suggested that politics, weather, poor economy, and weak government
Speaker 1: could all have contributed to the witch trial period in Europe.
Speaker 1: But according to a relatively new theory argued by economists
Speaker 1: Peter Leeson and Jacob Russ, these trials were also away
Speaker 1: for both the Catholic and Protestant churches to compete with
Speaker 1: each other for religious followers. They right and we quote.
Speaker 1: Similar to how contemporary Republican and Democrat candidates focused campaign
Speaker 1: activity in political battle grounds, historical Catholic and Protestant officials
Speaker 1: focused which trial activity in confessional battle grounds during the
Speaker 1: Reformation and Counter Reformation to attract the loyalty of undecided Christians.
Speaker 1: So these battle grounds were places where Protestantism had made
Speaker 1: in roads, and that meant that people had a choice
Speaker 1: about which church they wanted to be a part of.
Speaker 1: And that is an interesting ingredient to add to this cauldron. Indeed,
Speaker 1: we're going to take a break for a word from
Speaker 1: our sponsors, So get ready for the Salem witch Trials
Speaker 1: and how Massachusetts has since apologized when we returned. Welcome
Speaker 1: back to Criminalia. There are so many theories about what
Speaker 1: caused the Salem witch trials. At least one has to
Speaker 1: be true, perhaps more than one. Let's review. Just as
Speaker 1: this hysteria was beginning to wane in Europe, it was
Speaker 1: growing in the Americas. The Salem witch Trials, though not
Speaker 1: the first witch hunt in the Thirteen Colonies or Colonial America,
Speaker 1: are perhaps the most famous in that time and place.
Speaker 1: So this is back to January of six two in
Speaker 1: Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, when Reverend Paris's
Speaker 1: daughter Betty, aged nine, and his niece Abigail Williams, age eleven,
Speaker 1: began having what we're described as fits. The girls screamed,
Speaker 1: uttered peculiar sounds, and contorted themselves into strange positions with
Speaker 1: no explanation for their alarming behavior. A local doctor was
Speaker 1: summoned and diagnosed them as being under the control of
Speaker 1: something supernatural. You got it, This was the work of
Speaker 1: a spell and they were bewitched. And Putnam, age eleven,
Speaker 1: also began to experience similar episodes, as did Elizabeth Hubbard,
Speaker 1: aged seventeen. By the end of February, Pressured by local
Speaker 1: magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne, the girls accused three women, Tichiba,
Speaker 1: an enslaved woman in the Paris' is home, Sarah Good,
Speaker 1: a widow who was living in poverty, and Sarah Osborne,
Speaker 1: a woman in her late forties who had scandalously married
Speaker 1: a man who she had hired to work in her home.
Speaker 1: Four leaders in the community, Sergeant Thomas Putnam and his brother,
Speaker 1: Deacon Edward Putnam, Joseph Hutchinson, and Thomas Preston, filed claims
Speaker 1: on behalf of the miners, which led to the arrests
Speaker 1: of the three women. All three of them were tried
Speaker 1: and sentenced to execution by hanging. On June tenth, Bridget Bishop,
Speaker 1: an older woman known for her gossipy habits and rumored promiscuity,
Speaker 1: was not the first to be accused, but what as
Speaker 1: the first to be put to death when she was
Speaker 1: hanged at Proctor's Ledge. In total, more than two hundred
Speaker 1: people were accused and one fifty people were arrested, thirty
Speaker 1: were found guilty, and nineteen were executed by hanging. Five
Speaker 1: others died in jail. Women weren't the only victims here.
Speaker 1: Six men were also accused, convicted, and executed. One man,
Speaker 1: an elderly farmer named Giles Corey, is the only person
Speaker 1: ever to be pressed to death by order of a
Speaker 1: court to bewitched. Dogs were also killed. The trials ended
Speaker 1: in six when a new Superior Court of Judicature banned
Speaker 1: the use of spectral evidence, such as dreams or visions
Speaker 1: as testimony. It had been a key component in the
Speaker 1: conviction of many witches. The girls, for instance, testified that
Speaker 1: Sarah Osborne had appeared to them and pinched and poked
Speaker 1: them with knitting needles. That's spectral evidence at work in
Speaker 1: the courtroom. Hearsay, gossip and really any unsupported assertions were
Speaker 1: routinely admitted in court, and of course that kind of
Speaker 1: evidence is impossible to disprove those accused of being which
Speaker 1: is were slandered, and they were denied their rights. The
Speaker 1: exact cause of the Salem which trials remains contested, but
Speaker 1: there's no lack of theories for how such a frenzy
Speaker 1: of defamation and wrongful death could happen. At the time,
Speaker 1: Salem Village was a very small town and populated mostly
Speaker 1: by Puritans. Those who lived there were religious, and they
Speaker 1: absolutely believed in the existence of the devil. Fear of
Speaker 1: the devil, we should say, is never really doubted here
Speaker 1: as a significant factor, but there are several other contributing ideas.
Speaker 1: Some experts have suggested over the years that it was
Speaker 1: actually war that drove this. The American Indian Wars were ongoing,
Speaker 1: in particular King Philip's War between indigenous inhabitants of New
Speaker 1: England and New England's colonists and their indigenous allies during
Speaker 1: the late sixteen seventies may well have contributed to the
Speaker 1: hysteria that descended upon Salem. The war between France and
Speaker 1: the American colonies, known as King William's War to the Colonists,
Speaker 1: began in sixteen eighty nine and covered regions of Upstate
Speaker 1: New York, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. Salem housed refugees, so
Speaker 1: that offered up a source of financial strain for the village,
Speaker 1: and at the very least, war fought at your door
Speaker 1: was sure to have caused some intense anxiety. Mary Beth Norton,
Speaker 1: an American historians specializing in American colonial history, believes that
Speaker 1: the wars may have impacted the trials in another way.
Speaker 1: She suggests that because of the number of failed military
Speaker 1: campaigns in King Philip's War, local officials blamed not their
Speaker 1: own weaknesses on the battlefield, but rather that any failure
Speaker 1: was clearly the work of the devil, and that would
Speaker 1: have normalized that idea as an excuse, and it made
Speaker 1: it really easy for people to point fingers at anyone
Speaker 1: that they thought was in league with Satan, especially if
Speaker 1: their life was just going wrong in some way. Another
Speaker 1: theory is discussed in the book Entertaining Satan, Witchcraft and
Speaker 1: the Culture of Early New England, where author and historian
Speaker 1: John Putnam Demos explores the idea that the Salem witch
Speaker 1: Trials can be boiled down to teenage rebellion and boredom
Speaker 1: in a strict Puritan society, in addition to war and
Speaker 1: various social factors coming into play. The weather is also
Speaker 1: something that has been suggested as a potential cause or
Speaker 1: contributing ingredient for all of the trials that we've talked about.
Speaker 1: In two thousand four, now economics professor at Brown University
Speaker 1: Emily Auster pointed out that both Europe and North America
Speaker 1: were experiencing a little ice age between roughly thirteen hundred
Speaker 1: and eighteen seventy, and the effects of that meant things
Speaker 1: like food shortages, crops would fail, fish and animals didn't migrate,
Speaker 1: and the economy to a downturn and people suffered. Says
Speaker 1: Aust quote, people would have searched for a scapegoat in
Speaker 1: the face of deadly changes in weather patterns, and because
Speaker 1: people believed, which is, could control natural forces such as
Speaker 1: the weather, which is, we're blamed. Let's talk about one
Speaker 1: more theory at play here. Proposed in the nineties seventies,
Speaker 1: this theory suggests that hallucinogenic fungi is to blame for
Speaker 1: the salem which trials. First introduced by Linda Kapol, professor
Speaker 1: at renstile Or Polytechnic Institute. This theory suggests that urgic
Speaker 1: poisoning may have caused the girl's symptoms. Urge can be
Speaker 1: found growing in rye and wheat under the right conditions,
Speaker 1: and researchers have found that the weather conditions in Salem
Speaker 1: that winter met those growing conditions. Ergotism can cause hallucinatory
Speaker 1: L s D like effects in a person and can
Speaker 1: cause vertigo, crawling sensations on your skin, extremity, tingling, headaches, hallucinations,
Speaker 1: and seizure like muscle contractions. It's entirely possible and really
Speaker 1: pretty likely in terms of odds, that several of these
Speaker 1: influences were in play, and of course the people in
Speaker 1: the middle of these events would not have recognized these
Speaker 1: factors as the drivers for their behavior. No one was like,
Speaker 1: I have anxiety about the war, I'm going to find
Speaker 1: a witch to blame it on. They just felt fear
Speaker 1: and anxiety and suspected there must be something mystical involved.
Speaker 1: Some towns and countries have since acknowledged the tragic events
Speaker 1: and have expressed regret for the accusations and deaths. On
Speaker 1: January fourteenth, the General Court ordered a day of fasting
Speaker 1: and prayer in remembrance of the victims of the Salem
Speaker 1: witch trials. Five years after those trials, and executions. Samuel Sewell,
Speaker 1: the judge who presided over the Salem witch trials, publicly
Speaker 1: apologized for his misjudgments. In seventeen o two, the court
Speaker 1: formally declared the trials unlawful, and in seventeen eleven the
Speaker 1: colony passed a bill restoring the rights of those accused
Speaker 1: and cleared their names. It granted restitution to their heirs
Speaker 1: as well. It wasn't until the nineteen fifty seven that
Speaker 1: the General Court of Massachusetts issued an apology to the
Speaker 1: descendants of some of the witches who were executed. It read,
Speaker 1: and we quote, the General Court of Massachusetts declares its
Speaker 1: belief that such proceedings, even if lawful under the province
Speaker 1: Charter and the law of Massachusetts as it then was, were,
Speaker 1: and are shocking and the result of a wave of
Speaker 1: popular hysterical fear of the devil in the community. Massachusetts
Speaker 1: state legislature was officially exonerating names of the accused witches
Speaker 1: as recently as the two thousands. Massachusetts was the first
Speaker 1: widely publicized witch pardon, but it is certainly not the
Speaker 1: only occurrence. Just earlier this year, more than seven hundred
Speaker 1: women executed for witchcraft between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries
Speaker 1: were posthumously pardoned by the Catalan Regional Parliament. Similar initiatives
Speaker 1: have happened in Scotland, Switzerland and Norway. Let's have a
Speaker 1: drink to toast all of this. This is a super
Speaker 1: yummy one. It's also a really easy one to make,
Speaker 1: a non alcoholic form if you want just a little refreshing,
Speaker 1: slightly bubbly sip. I am calling it witchcraft, which means
Speaker 1: that you get to do your own little bit of
Speaker 1: alchemy in the kitchen because you gotta make some rosemary syrup.
Speaker 1: That's all. It's super easy. So all you need to
Speaker 1: do for that is get a couple of nice, kind
Speaker 1: of fat spriggs of rosemary, throw it in a saucepan
Speaker 1: with like a couple of water. Get it boiling. I
Speaker 1: know there's a diversion here. Some people will pull the
Speaker 1: rosemary out at that point and then add the sugar.
Speaker 1: I add the sugar and let it keep going, and
Speaker 1: I turned it down quite low. I let the rosemary
Speaker 1: sit in there a little longer because it just infuses
Speaker 1: a little better. In my opinion, you get a fuller flavor,
Speaker 1: and I always want more. I'm that person that's like
Speaker 1: it's a delicate flavor. No, thank you. I just like
Speaker 1: more robust flavor. So then when it starts to thicken up,
Speaker 1: you will go ahead and pull those rosemary springs out.
Speaker 1: If any of the little prickly pine like leaves are
Speaker 1: stuck in there, give them a little scoop out, and
Speaker 1: then let it go for just a little longer until
Speaker 1: it starts to thicken, and then you can turn the
Speaker 1: heat off and let it cool. And then when it's cool,
Speaker 1: you're ready to make your cocktail. It's gonna be an
Speaker 1: ounce and a half of vodka. I just did a
Speaker 1: regular one. I think if you play with flavored particularly
Speaker 1: herbal voe, because you can get something really interesting here.
Speaker 1: But ann ounce and a half of vodka, three quarters
Speaker 1: of an ounce of your rosemary syrup that you've just made,
Speaker 1: three quarters of an ounce of lemon juice, and then
Speaker 1: three ounces of pomegranate juice. You're gonna combine that all
Speaker 1: you can do in a shaker, or you can do
Speaker 1: in the glass, and then on top of it. Because
Speaker 1: I found that to be a little too that's a
Speaker 1: little too heavy on the flavor, because the pomegranate juice
Speaker 1: is so it has a lot of flavor or and
Speaker 1: it totally will take over everything. So I put another
Speaker 1: two ounces of just club soda on top of it,
Speaker 1: and that made it like super refreshing and softened up
Speaker 1: that heavy, almost syrupy flavor you can get sometimes from pomegranate.
Speaker 1: And it was absolutely delightful, And so we're calling that witchcraft.
Speaker 1: This is one of those ones where I really hope
Speaker 1: that people will use the basic structure and do some experiments,
Speaker 1: because like you could make your syrup with different herbal ingredients.
Speaker 1: You can do that syrup with sage or with mint
Speaker 1: syrup is obviously super easy, peasy and lovely to do,
Speaker 1: or like coriander, you could do dill syrup very interesting.
Speaker 1: So you could play with that. You can play with
Speaker 1: your juice, You could play with whatever spirit you want
Speaker 1: to do. Just remember the kind of balanced formula of
Speaker 1: two parts of your spirit, whether you're using like gin
Speaker 1: or vodka, or you could try it with some of
Speaker 1: the brown spirits. I didn't, but you do could. And
Speaker 1: then two parts of your spirit, one part of syrup
Speaker 1: and one part of lemon juice, which you could also
Speaker 1: do as a lime juice. You want that citrus in
Speaker 1: there to make the syrup flow a little more evenly,
Speaker 1: in combine with everything together, and then whatever juice you
Speaker 1: delight in. You could make all kinds of things, and
Speaker 1: then you add club soda or like I've done but
Speaker 1: many times on the show, a sugar free ginger ale
Speaker 1: when you need to soften it up a little delightful.
Speaker 1: The mocktail version is super easy. Just leave out the vodka,
Speaker 1: do everything else. You're still going to get that really bright,
Speaker 1: beautiful flavor that the citrus and the syrup bring out.
Speaker 1: Kind of interact with the juice in a fun way,
Speaker 1: play and play. I encourage you to do your own
Speaker 1: little your own cocktail spells with that one. But we
Speaker 1: just call it witchcraft. And now I have Frank Sinatra
Speaker 1: in my head. I do want to give myself a
Speaker 1: personal shout out and some points. Anyone that knows me
Speaker 1: knows I love Star Wars, and yet I did not
Speaker 1: make a witch of end or cocktail based on her heart.
Speaker 1: I was surprised by that too. I'm not saying I'm
Speaker 1: not making one for home use, just not for this show.
Speaker 1: I won't even go deep. But if you've never watched
Speaker 1: the Ewok animated series. I'm just saying there's some precedent here.
Speaker 1: In any case, I hope that you try some cocktail
Speaker 1: witchcraft of your own and come up with something utterly delicious.
Speaker 1: If you do, if you come up with a real winner,
Speaker 1: share it with us on social with the hashtag Criminalia.
Speaker 1: We'll find it, probably make it ourselves. It should be
Speaker 1: like in alchemy symbols, where you're like your weight tiger,
Speaker 1: hide your secrets. But in any case, thank you so
Speaker 1: much for hanging out with us this week and talking
Speaker 1: through this sort of strange history of witch trials and
Speaker 1: what possibly led to them. We will be right back
Speaker 1: here next week with the discussion of our favorite stuff
Speaker 1: this season, so we hope you are here for that.
Speaker 1: We will sure be here on Criminalia h Criminalia is
Speaker 1: a production of Shonda land Audio in partnership with I
Speaker 1: Heart Radio. For more podcasts from Shonda land Audio, please
Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.