1
00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:03,800
Speaker 1: Hey there, everybody, it's Josh and for this week's select,

2
00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:07,400
Speaker 1: I've chosen our June of twenty twenty one episode on

3
00:00:07,600 --> 00:00:12,119
Speaker 1: slime Mold. It's actually a powerhouse episode and it's filled

4
00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:15,480
Speaker 1: with maybe more amazing facts than any other episode we've

5
00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:19,800
Speaker 1: ever recorded. It's just like mind blow after mind blow

6
00:00:20,040 --> 00:00:23,920
Speaker 1: after mind blow. So strap on your old timey football

7
00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:27,440
Speaker 1: helmet and prepare for slime Mold. I really think you're

8
00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:28,440
Speaker 1: going to enjoy it.

9
00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:39,680
Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

10
00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:45,680
Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's

11
00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:51,040
Speaker 1: Charles W. Chuck, Wayne Bryant, and this is Stuff you

12
00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:57,480
Speaker 1: should Know. No producer edition, that's right, it's just us, buddy,

13
00:00:57,480 --> 00:00:59,560
Speaker 1: We're going to do it. We're going to be just fine.

14
00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,760
Speaker 2: Jerry took an early vacation for Memorial Day.

15
00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,720
Speaker 1: I know she's always doing stuff like that.

16
00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,280
Speaker 2: She knows how to live, and we're stuck with slime

17
00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:10,760
Speaker 2: Mold in her absence.

18
00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:13,280
Speaker 1: I like slime Mold.

19
00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:14,640
Speaker 2: I knew you would love slime Mold.

20
00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:17,800
Speaker 1: Uh yeah, I think it's pretty interesting stuff.

21
00:01:17,920 --> 00:01:19,000
Speaker 2: It's very Josh Clarky.

22
00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:21,440
Speaker 1: It is kind of Josh Clarky so much so that

23
00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:25,160
Speaker 1: as I was researching this, like, I mean, I just

24
00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:28,000
Speaker 1: kind of generally knew about slime mold that it exhibited,

25
00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:31,200
Speaker 1: you know, some weird level of intelligence here there, but

26
00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:33,120
Speaker 1: I didn't know much about it. And then as I

27
00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:35,600
Speaker 1: was researching, I was like, I'm kind of into slime

28
00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:38,080
Speaker 1: mold now, Yeah, like all the different kinds of it.

29
00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,080
Speaker 1: I like regressed into like, you know, the nerdy eight

30
00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:42,280
Speaker 1: year old I never was.

31
00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:44,360
Speaker 2: Yeah, and then you're like, let me clark this over

32
00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:47,440
Speaker 2: to Chuck and see what he thinks. Yes, yeah, I

33
00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:48,920
Speaker 2: like slimold too. I think it's kind of cool.

34
00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:54,120
Speaker 1: Let's do it, Okay, Chuck, I'm ready. All right, everybody

35
00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:55,680
Speaker 1: stand back because we are doing it.

36
00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:58,760
Speaker 2: Yeah, and I think you could file this. I mean,

37
00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:01,600
Speaker 2: it's not an animal slime mold. I guess we should

38
00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:04,600
Speaker 2: just tell you right away. It's not an animal. It's

39
00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:06,880
Speaker 2: not a fungus, even though you would think it's a

40
00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:09,680
Speaker 2: fungus if you saw it on the forest floor. And

41
00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:14,240
Speaker 2: we'll get to all this stuff, but it feels like

42
00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:16,760
Speaker 2: an animal one of our animal episodes anyway, sort of.

43
00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:20,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, I was gonna say the fact that it's not

44
00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:22,200
Speaker 1: an animal or fungus or at the very end, but

45
00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:24,040
Speaker 1: sure we could do it at the beginning, I guess.

46
00:02:24,120 --> 00:02:25,920
Speaker 2: I mean, like literally in the last minute they were like,

47
00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:27,639
Speaker 2: I still don't know if this is an animal? Is

48
00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:29,320
Speaker 2: it a dog in disguise?

49
00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,080
Speaker 1: You know everything we just told you about. It's not

50
00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:34,679
Speaker 1: an animal, it's not even a fungus. And then we

51
00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:35,760
Speaker 1: just go to listener mail.

52
00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:40,160
Speaker 2: So what is it though, besides super ancient as in

53
00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:42,680
Speaker 2: like maybe one of the very first living things.

54
00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:45,680
Speaker 1: Well, it's a protest, actually, they figured out, and protest

55
00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:47,760
Speaker 1: seems to be well, it's one of the five main

56
00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:54,200
Speaker 1: Kingdom's animal bacteria, plants, fungi, and then protests and protusts

57
00:02:54,200 --> 00:02:58,760
Speaker 1: are typically single celled organisms like a meba, yeah, or

58
00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:03,320
Speaker 1: protozoans things like that, and they have I couldn't find

59
00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:06,440
Speaker 1: out exactly when they did it, but they fairly recently,

60
00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:11,000
Speaker 1: I guess in the history of biology, fairly recently reclassified

61
00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:14,640
Speaker 1: slime molds from the Kingdom fung guy over to the

62
00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:15,920
Speaker 1: Kingdom protista.

63
00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:19,639
Speaker 2: Yeah, which is interesting because for years they had been

64
00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,679
Speaker 2: studied by mycologists who were fun, fun guys. Yeah, And

65
00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:26,880
Speaker 2: they found out later they were like you know what, sorry,

66
00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:30,720
Speaker 2: they should really go over to the protostologists and they said,

67
00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:33,440
Speaker 2: we kind of like these guys, Can we keep studying

68
00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:36,840
Speaker 2: them since we have been? And they said sure, And

69
00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:39,520
Speaker 2: the protostologists were superbist.

70
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:43,120
Speaker 1: They were, they were. They're still actually not over it.

71
00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:47,800
Speaker 1: They're frequently tpeeing the academic halls of the mycologists whenever

72
00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:48,440
Speaker 1: they get the chance.

73
00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:49,880
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's just very bitter battle.

74
00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:54,000
Speaker 1: So that is pretty cute that that the fung guy

75
00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:56,480
Speaker 1: people are still are still studying slime molds even though

76
00:03:56,480 --> 00:03:59,760
Speaker 1: they're not fung guy. But there's you know, some good

77
00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:02,840
Speaker 1: reas is why they were originally considered to be fungi,

78
00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:06,480
Speaker 1: Mostly that they're like these big kind of clumps, and

79
00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:09,600
Speaker 1: there's all sorts of different ways that they take shape

80
00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:13,000
Speaker 1: and form depending on the species. They're different colors, some

81
00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:16,680
Speaker 1: of them form kind of netlike honeycomb structures. Some of

82
00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:18,920
Speaker 1: them look like dog barf. One of the main ones

83
00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:21,039
Speaker 1: we'll talk about today looks a lot like dog barf.

84
00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:24,160
Speaker 2: They look like a fungus though, Like if you were

85
00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:26,600
Speaker 2: walking in the woods and you saw this, nine out

86
00:04:26,640 --> 00:04:28,080
Speaker 2: of ten people would say, well, it's got to be

87
00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:28,880
Speaker 2: some kind of fungus.

88
00:04:29,279 --> 00:04:32,599
Speaker 1: Yeah, especially because if you're staring at them. You would

89
00:04:32,680 --> 00:04:35,440
Speaker 1: have to stare at them for about five, six ten

90
00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:40,160
Speaker 1: hours to see that they have a huge difference between

91
00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:43,719
Speaker 1: them and fungi, and that they move. They just move

92
00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:47,680
Speaker 1: so slowly it's not apparent to the naked eye. But

93
00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:51,760
Speaker 1: if you film these things with time lapse cameras and

94
00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:54,400
Speaker 1: speed it up, you can see all they very clearly

95
00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:57,880
Speaker 1: move about from place to place. So that's a big

96
00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:00,880
Speaker 1: differentiator between them and fungi. But one of the reasons

97
00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:02,960
Speaker 1: they thought they were like funger, that they were funger

98
00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:05,520
Speaker 1: is because they produce spores to reproduce.

99
00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:10,039
Speaker 2: Right, And I mentioned their ancient origins. They are about

100
00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:13,560
Speaker 2: a billion years old, and like I said, could be

101
00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:16,200
Speaker 2: like as soon as there was stuff, it seems like

102
00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:21,200
Speaker 2: there was slime mold eating basically eating the bacteria that

103
00:05:21,279 --> 00:05:24,160
Speaker 2: breaks down other stuff that dies, and that's what they

104
00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:29,520
Speaker 2: feed on. Bacteria, mold, yeast, basically anything that decomposes dead things,

105
00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:34,640
Speaker 2: slime molds in Gulf. I think it's it's not called photography,

106
00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:36,520
Speaker 2: it's called figotrophy.

107
00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,159
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, it's not how I was going to say it.

108
00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,880
Speaker 1: But are you going to say fego travo trophy? Yeah,

109
00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:44,280
Speaker 1: but I think you're absolutely right.

110
00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:46,960
Speaker 2: Well, you know us, it wouldn't be ues if we

111
00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,680
Speaker 2: didn't probably both get it wrong, right, But that's when

112
00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:55,080
Speaker 2: you basically surround something and engulf it and just sort

113
00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:58,520
Speaker 2: of like move it into your body just like sort

114
00:05:58,560 --> 00:05:59,880
Speaker 2: of absorb it basically.

115
00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, which is another difference between slime molds and fungi,

116
00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:06,400
Speaker 1: because fungi actually break the food down and then absorb

117
00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:09,719
Speaker 1: the broken down nutrients. But the fact is, if you

118
00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:13,919
Speaker 1: have things that are decomposing, other things like bacteria, molds, yeast,

119
00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:18,320
Speaker 1: the things that crawl onto or grow on dead people,

120
00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:21,840
Speaker 1: dead trees, all that stuff break them back down into

121
00:06:21,839 --> 00:06:25,400
Speaker 1: their constituents. So the fact that this slime mold feeds

122
00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:27,600
Speaker 1: on other things, it makes it a really important part

123
00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:30,719
Speaker 1: of the food web sure, as part of the nutrient cycle,

124
00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:34,599
Speaker 1: because other things come along and eat the slime molds.

125
00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:38,159
Speaker 1: There's apparently a kind of beetle that has a specialized

126
00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:42,120
Speaker 1: jaw that allows it to slurp up slime molds. I

127
00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:44,680
Speaker 1: think some kinds of insect larva eat them, and then

128
00:06:44,720 --> 00:06:46,440
Speaker 1: so it just kind of keeps going. But they're a

129
00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:49,160
Speaker 1: really important part where you just have these microbes that

130
00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:52,240
Speaker 1: like the beetle couldn't get to that. They're able to

131
00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:56,320
Speaker 1: basically get that energy from you know, the bacteria by

132
00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:57,880
Speaker 1: eating the slime molds.

133
00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:02,280
Speaker 2: Right, And even though other protists can carry disease, slime

134
00:07:02,320 --> 00:07:06,320
Speaker 2: mold is quite human friendly. Actually, you can eat the

135
00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:08,520
Speaker 2: stuff if you want. There's a dish in Mexico, in

136
00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,960
Speaker 2: some parts of Mexico called Coca de Luna, which is

137
00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:15,480
Speaker 2: exactly what you think it is. Yeah, poop of the moon,

138
00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:19,320
Speaker 2: moon poop, yep, and they eat the stuff. I even

139
00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:21,160
Speaker 2: looked online to try and get a good recipe, but

140
00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:25,680
Speaker 2: it's not on like the pages of Martha Stewart Living

141
00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:28,080
Speaker 2: like it's you got to dive deep into Reddit and

142
00:07:28,120 --> 00:07:29,760
Speaker 2: stuff like that to get some good recipes.

143
00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:34,560
Speaker 1: It seems like almost almost smacks of urban legend. But

144
00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:37,880
Speaker 1: I'm seeing it in different enough forms yeah that I

145
00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,400
Speaker 1: think it's probable that it actually is a thing. The

146
00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:43,920
Speaker 1: thing that scares me is that people say, like in

147
00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,520
Speaker 1: some regions of Mexico, it's like, that's not super specific,

148
00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:47,840
Speaker 1: you know.

149
00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:52,120
Speaker 2: True, and we pointed out they weren't animals or plants,

150
00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,640
Speaker 2: but we definitely need to point out that slime mold

151
00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:57,400
Speaker 2: is also not mold. No as a protest.

152
00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:03,160
Speaker 1: That's right. So one of the really amazing things about

153
00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:06,200
Speaker 1: slime mold is there's a couple of different kinds, as

154
00:08:06,200 --> 00:08:10,040
Speaker 1: we'll talk about in a second, but a whole bunch

155
00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:12,720
Speaker 1: of different kinds of species. One type of slime mold

156
00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:15,760
Speaker 1: can get really big. I mean some of them can

157
00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,400
Speaker 1: get up to the size of like a medium or

158
00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:21,320
Speaker 1: pizza large pizza, I guess, depending on whether you're getting

159
00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:24,040
Speaker 1: ripped off by your pizza guy. But like twelve inches

160
00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:27,120
Speaker 1: in diameter. Yeah, that's enormous. Right, So you're like, well,

161
00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:29,920
Speaker 1: that's pretty cool. It's a big blob of mold. Well,

162
00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:32,400
Speaker 1: put your sockgarters on, because I'm about to blow your

163
00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:35,240
Speaker 1: socks right off your feet. Some of those types of

164
00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:37,199
Speaker 1: slime mold that are as big as a pizza are

165
00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:39,000
Speaker 1: one giant cell.

166
00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:43,560
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, this is truly amazing. The plasmodial slime mold,

167
00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:45,360
Speaker 2: which is I guess you could call it one of

168
00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:49,559
Speaker 2: the true slime mold is it has all the stuff

169
00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:53,719
Speaker 2: like as if it were undergoing cellular division, and all

170
00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:57,840
Speaker 2: the different nuclei, like millions of nuclei, organelles, cytoplasm, all

171
00:08:57,920 --> 00:09:01,120
Speaker 2: that stuff, but it's just not it doesn't have cell walls.

172
00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,480
Speaker 2: It's not individual little cells. It's just it splits and

173
00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:07,040
Speaker 2: lives inside this giant fortress wall.

174
00:09:07,559 --> 00:09:10,000
Speaker 1: Yeah. It's almost like if you took all the cells

175
00:09:10,040 --> 00:09:13,640
Speaker 1: that should have made this giant blob up as a

176
00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,040
Speaker 1: multi cellular organism and just kind of broke them open

177
00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:19,760
Speaker 1: and dumped all the contents into this blob. Yeah, and

178
00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:21,960
Speaker 1: then through the cell walls away, that's what you would have.

179
00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:23,599
Speaker 2: It's super interesting.

180
00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:26,040
Speaker 1: It is, and it's it's really kind of straightforward if

181
00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:28,720
Speaker 1: you just hear it. But it's also really easy to

182
00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:32,080
Speaker 1: just keep going like wait, why why is it like that?

183
00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,200
Speaker 1: And how is it like this? What's going on here?

184
00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:36,320
Speaker 1: Which is one of those things that it just it

185
00:09:36,360 --> 00:09:38,960
Speaker 1: makes slime mold. It's its own thing. And we're still

186
00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:42,360
Speaker 1: learning about this stuff, you know, every day.

187
00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:45,160
Speaker 2: Yeah, and I mean it gets there's quite a few

188
00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,560
Speaker 2: times in here where we're going to say, and here's

189
00:09:47,559 --> 00:09:48,800
Speaker 2: where it gets even crazier.

190
00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:50,000
Speaker 1: That's right.

191
00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:53,559
Speaker 2: This isn't super crazy. But the other kind of slime mold,

192
00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,400
Speaker 2: or the other big broad categories, the cellular slime mold,

193
00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:02,319
Speaker 2: and these are lots of individ vidual, single celled organisms,

194
00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:06,240
Speaker 2: but the kind of knockout fact about them is when

195
00:10:06,240 --> 00:10:08,040
Speaker 2: they're stressed out, if they don't have a lot of

196
00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:13,960
Speaker 2: food around, they can join up together and sort of

197
00:10:14,120 --> 00:10:18,000
Speaker 2: look like one of those plasmodial slime molds, but it's not.

198
00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:22,640
Speaker 2: It's called I guess pseudo plasmodial, yeah, because it's not

199
00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:24,800
Speaker 2: a real one. But it basically says, all right, we're

200
00:10:24,800 --> 00:10:27,440
Speaker 2: gonna all come together to try and find food together,

201
00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:29,640
Speaker 2: and then when they do have food, they can be like,

202
00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:31,560
Speaker 2: all right, we'll just go along our merry way and

203
00:10:31,559 --> 00:10:32,040
Speaker 2: split up.

204
00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:35,360
Speaker 1: Again, yeah, which is pretty nuts. They also will come

205
00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:38,439
Speaker 1: together apparently it makes it harder for predators like those

206
00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:42,920
Speaker 1: specialized beetles to eat them, because those individual slime molds

207
00:10:42,920 --> 00:10:48,200
Speaker 1: can be you know, a millimeter in size or smaller. Yeah,

208
00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:50,720
Speaker 1: so it's pretty easy for a beetle to eat that.

209
00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:52,640
Speaker 1: It's much harder for a beetle to eat something the

210
00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:55,840
Speaker 1: size of like, you know, a quarter. Right, So they

211
00:10:55,880 --> 00:10:58,600
Speaker 1: actually do come together. They come together to move. They

212
00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:01,959
Speaker 1: also come together to reproduce and produce spores. But the

213
00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:06,000
Speaker 1: characteristic of this that what makes it a pseudoplasmodium rather

214
00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:10,320
Speaker 1: than actual true slime mold, is that they retain their

215
00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,280
Speaker 1: cell walls, their individual cells. When they come together, they

216
00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:16,679
Speaker 1: just kind of loosely formed together. And a really good

217
00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:20,240
Speaker 1: way of understanding what the cellular slime molds create is

218
00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:21,320
Speaker 1: kind of like a swarm.

219
00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:23,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's a good way to put it, I think.

220
00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:27,719
Speaker 2: Or what's the uh god, that my favorite thing? When

221
00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:29,000
Speaker 2: the birds do that? What's that called?

222
00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:31,600
Speaker 1: Flock of seagulls? Haircut?

223
00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:39,960
Speaker 2: Sure, that's it, boy, you threw me there. So these

224
00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:43,160
Speaker 2: the plasmodium is covered by a layer of slime. And

225
00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:45,000
Speaker 2: you're gonna want to put a pin in this because

226
00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,880
Speaker 2: when they do move around, they leave behind a little

227
00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:52,560
Speaker 2: these little collapse tubules and it looks basically like not

228
00:11:52,679 --> 00:11:54,360
Speaker 2: exactly like a snail trail, but sort of like a

229
00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,600
Speaker 2: layer of slime. And you're gonna want to remember that

230
00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,280
Speaker 2: for later on because these actually kind of serve as

231
00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:01,640
Speaker 2: important little markers.

232
00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:04,240
Speaker 1: As a matter of fact. Write it down, everybody. We'll

233
00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:06,120
Speaker 1: wait until you get a pen and a piece of paper.

234
00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:11,880
Speaker 2: Bullover, go inside the CBS closest to you. Yeah, yeah,

235
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,560
Speaker 2: put on your mask by a pin. Yep, buy a

236
00:12:14,559 --> 00:12:15,600
Speaker 2: piece of paper.

237
00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:17,680
Speaker 1: Pay ten twelve times what you should have paid for

238
00:12:17,679 --> 00:12:20,520
Speaker 1: that pen. Really, Oh my god.

239
00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:22,120
Speaker 2: Pin markup is big at CBS.

240
00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:25,200
Speaker 1: I think the general mark up at CVS is fairly high.

241
00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:27,439
Speaker 2: Oh, they're like, we get him in here for the aspirin,

242
00:12:27,520 --> 00:12:29,640
Speaker 2: then we really juice them with this ballpoint pen.

243
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,560
Speaker 1: That's right. I hope there's no CVS ads in this episode,

244
00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:34,400
Speaker 1: but we'll find out.

245
00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,240
Speaker 2: What is a what's a good deal at a drug store?

246
00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:39,600
Speaker 1: Is there like a there's zero?

247
00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:40,839
Speaker 2: Are they all mark it up?

248
00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:44,640
Speaker 1: Yeah? Everything's marked up because it's like it's like convenience

249
00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:45,440
Speaker 1: kind of thing.

250
00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:47,600
Speaker 2: You sound like a lot of sound like a grandfather.

251
00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:48,839
Speaker 2: It's all marked up.

252
00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:51,720
Speaker 1: Right Back in my day, you just go to a

253
00:12:51,760 --> 00:12:53,640
Speaker 1: regular grocery store and buy your pens.

254
00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:57,000
Speaker 2: Well, you buy from the pin factory, straight from the

255
00:12:57,040 --> 00:13:00,200
Speaker 2: man who made it. It's right, you know, when I

256
00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:02,680
Speaker 2: was little, you would for a short time. I'm not

257
00:13:02,679 --> 00:13:04,640
Speaker 2: sure why we did this, because it's not like we

258
00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:06,240
Speaker 2: lived out in the country and this is a very

259
00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:08,679
Speaker 2: old timey country thing to do. We bought our milk

260
00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:11,600
Speaker 2: direct from a farm nice and we would pull up

261
00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:14,640
Speaker 2: and I would get to walk inside this huge walk

262
00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:16,520
Speaker 2: in cooler, like next to a loading dock, and I

263
00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:18,240
Speaker 2: just thought it was like the coolest thing in the

264
00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:20,439
Speaker 2: world somehow to get that fresh milk.

265
00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:24,520
Speaker 1: Sure didn't. They back the cow up and it makes

266
00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,040
Speaker 1: a beeping sound and they just scort the milk right

267
00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:28,360
Speaker 1: into the back of your station.

268
00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:31,120
Speaker 2: Way. It's right, they mark it up first, wash your

269
00:13:31,120 --> 00:13:34,160
Speaker 2: way home. So where were we? Okay? If you do

270
00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:36,800
Speaker 2: see this stuff in the woods, if you ever hiking

271
00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:41,040
Speaker 2: along and you see a big or medium size pizza

272
00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:45,720
Speaker 2: like yellow blob or orange blob. They can be red,

273
00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:49,480
Speaker 2: they can be white, they can be maroon. Very rarely,

274
00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:52,800
Speaker 2: they can be black, blue, or green, but usually it's

275
00:13:52,880 --> 00:13:56,160
Speaker 2: sort of yellowish an orange. And you see that in

276
00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:58,959
Speaker 2: the forest, you're probably looking at a slime mold.

277
00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:03,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, especially if it's really hot out and it just rained.

278
00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:05,959
Speaker 2: Yeah, the worst thing in the world for me.

279
00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:09,160
Speaker 1: You can also see them like on your grass too. Apparently,

280
00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:12,280
Speaker 1: if it gets really rainy and hot, slime molds will

281
00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:14,720
Speaker 1: actually come out of the woods into your grass and

282
00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:18,040
Speaker 1: be like, oh, this is pretty nice and they aren't

283
00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:21,000
Speaker 1: gonna do any harm. It's not a problem for your grass.

284
00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:23,160
Speaker 1: It just looks kind of gross. It's certainly not gonna

285
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:25,880
Speaker 1: hurt you or your pets. And then eventually it'll dry

286
00:14:25,960 --> 00:14:27,720
Speaker 1: up and turned to kind of a gray or tam

287
00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:30,160
Speaker 1: powder and blow away. And that means that it just

288
00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:33,200
Speaker 1: turned into spores and it just reproduced all over your place.

289
00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:37,080
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think maybe we should take a break because

290
00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:41,880
Speaker 2: right now people are probably like, dudes, you promised greatness here,

291
00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:44,320
Speaker 2: and so far it's a little hum drum.

292
00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:45,120
Speaker 1: What.

293
00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:49,280
Speaker 2: So put those salt guarters back on, because when we

294
00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:52,000
Speaker 2: come back, we're really gonna start knocking them off with

295
00:14:52,040 --> 00:15:17,360
Speaker 2: some of these amazing facts.

296
00:15:18,280 --> 00:15:21,560
Speaker 1: Okay, chuck, we set them up, let's knock them back down.

297
00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:28,120
Speaker 2: So here's one cool fact is that slime molds basically

298
00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:31,400
Speaker 2: can do the equivalent and do the equivalent of throwing

299
00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:35,920
Speaker 2: themselves on the grenade. They will sacrifice themselves to save others.

300
00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:38,040
Speaker 2: And these are things without a brain or a central

301
00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:41,200
Speaker 2: nervous system. Like it's not like they think, hmmm, I'm

302
00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:44,880
Speaker 2: feeling empathy today for my fellow mold. Sure, and so

303
00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:48,320
Speaker 2: I'm gonna save everybody because I've come across some infectious bacteria.

304
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,040
Speaker 2: But what they do is they come across it, they

305
00:15:52,120 --> 00:15:55,440
Speaker 2: engulf it, and then they say, let me go, and

306
00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:58,400
Speaker 2: they cut themselves off from the pack, from the swarm

307
00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:02,600
Speaker 2: and detach themselves and die of that infection, but save

308
00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:04,000
Speaker 2: the rest of the group.

309
00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:08,400
Speaker 1: And my heart will go on played in the background

310
00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:12,240
Speaker 1: as they get further and further away, exactly. But that's

311
00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:16,240
Speaker 1: that's altruism, yeah, which is pretty amazing considering, like you said,

312
00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:18,320
Speaker 1: they don't have a brain or anything like that. So

313
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,920
Speaker 1: how how are they doing this? We'll get to that later.

314
00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:28,960
Speaker 2: So what about tell everyone about the dick Dystellium diyscoitus

315
00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,239
Speaker 2: discods discoids.

316
00:16:31,280 --> 00:16:34,880
Speaker 1: Okay, that's one of my favorite words now, discods.

317
00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:35,560
Speaker 2: Just because as disco in it.

318
00:16:36,080 --> 00:16:39,479
Speaker 1: So that this was this is a kind of cellular

319
00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:42,960
Speaker 1: slime mold, right, So it's made up of a bunch

320
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,080
Speaker 1: of different individual organisms that come together and when they

321
00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:51,520
Speaker 1: come together they practice altruism to some degree as well,

322
00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:54,800
Speaker 1: because some of them will basically be like, Okay, I'm dead.

323
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:57,160
Speaker 1: Now I'm dead. I'm going to turn into a bundle

324
00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:01,160
Speaker 1: of cellulose fibers, and that cellulose is going to connect

325
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:05,000
Speaker 1: with other slime mold cells that have dyed and turned

326
00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:09,119
Speaker 1: into cellulose and come together and form a stalk, and

327
00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:11,040
Speaker 1: then at the top of the stalk a bunch of

328
00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:15,280
Speaker 1: different slime mold cells. They're called slugs. When they're individual

329
00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:17,440
Speaker 1: like that will climb up the stalk and then they'll

330
00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:20,280
Speaker 1: turn into spores. And then in that way, they're sticking

331
00:17:20,359 --> 00:17:23,400
Speaker 1: up out of the ground and a passing animal will

332
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:25,119
Speaker 1: come and they'll stick to it and it'll get a

333
00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:28,919
Speaker 1: ride to greener pastures. But to do that, some of

334
00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:33,480
Speaker 1: them have to die to form the stalk to let

335
00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:36,640
Speaker 1: the spores grow on top of which is pretty amazing itself.

336
00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:39,320
Speaker 2: It is. And you know we mentioned that they move,

337
00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:41,879
Speaker 2: you know, they're not. They don't just sit around and

338
00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:45,479
Speaker 2: wait for someone to drop a pepperoni near their pizza

339
00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:48,240
Speaker 2: shape in the woods so they can eat it. They

340
00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:50,920
Speaker 2: got to go where the food is, and they either

341
00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:54,240
Speaker 2: move by these little appendages that like little feet like appendages.

342
00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:57,680
Speaker 2: Those are the cellular slime molds, the individual single celled

343
00:17:57,760 --> 00:18:01,800
Speaker 2: organisms that can come together, and this is crazy. The

344
00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:05,399
Speaker 2: other kind they move as one big mass because you know,

345
00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:07,440
Speaker 2: there's no cell wall going on, so they just sort

346
00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:11,840
Speaker 2: of expand and contract the cytoplasm to kind of gush

347
00:18:11,880 --> 00:18:13,919
Speaker 2: their way along the ground very slowly.

348
00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:17,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, which is really neat to see because when they're

349
00:18:17,720 --> 00:18:20,119
Speaker 1: especially when they're searching for food, which is basically all

350
00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,720
Speaker 1: they're ever doing. Like everything that they do is either

351
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,239
Speaker 1: to get away from some noxious stimuli or to go

352
00:18:26,359 --> 00:18:29,080
Speaker 1: toward food. Usually to go toward food. It sounds like

353
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:34,080
Speaker 1: us it basically, Yeah, I don't like that smell. Wonder

354
00:18:34,119 --> 00:18:36,359
Speaker 1: we love them, but I like that smell. I'm going

355
00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:41,280
Speaker 1: to go toward that. So they make these amazing kind

356
00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:44,159
Speaker 1: of they look almost like seafans, you know what I'm

357
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:47,400
Speaker 1: talking about. They look very fractally and they just kind

358
00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:50,000
Speaker 1: of they fan out, is the best way to put it.

359
00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:53,160
Speaker 1: When they start to go look for food, and when

360
00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:55,280
Speaker 1: they do fine food, they start moving toward it. It's

361
00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:59,240
Speaker 1: the cell walls contract and that cytoplasm goes that way

362
00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:02,119
Speaker 1: and next you know, over a very long period of time.

363
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:04,040
Speaker 2: See you know, five days later.

364
00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:09,560
Speaker 1: The slime mold has moved and actually sli molds. If

365
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,560
Speaker 1: you don't they like they they're totally fine living in

366
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:14,760
Speaker 1: petrie dishes for as long as you want them to,

367
00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,360
Speaker 1: as long as you feed them. If you stop feeding them,

368
00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:21,040
Speaker 1: they'll just get out of the petrie dish and start

369
00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:22,400
Speaker 1: looking for food elsewhere.

370
00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:23,960
Speaker 2: So they'll they'll stay creepy.

371
00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:27,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, but I mean again, it's not like you're just

372
00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:29,720
Speaker 1: sitting there watching this thing crawl out of it's Petrie dishes.

373
00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:32,280
Speaker 1: You leave overnight and you forget to feed the thing,

374
00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:34,480
Speaker 1: and you come back and it's half of it is

375
00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:36,600
Speaker 1: out onto the table or something.

376
00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:40,000
Speaker 2: It's something like right out of Gremlins kind of you.

377
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:41,600
Speaker 2: And I think you said they move it about a

378
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,120
Speaker 2: millimeter an hour, but some of them, actually, if they're

379
00:19:45,160 --> 00:19:47,600
Speaker 2: really cooking, can go about an inch and a half

380
00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:50,240
Speaker 2: in an hour, which it's really fast. I mean, it

381
00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:52,440
Speaker 2: doesn't sound fast, but when you're talking about what we're

382
00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:54,480
Speaker 2: talking about, it is pretty fast.

383
00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:57,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I saw that a couple of places. Most

384
00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:00,600
Speaker 1: people cite something like a millimeter an hour. Remember which

385
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,000
Speaker 1: one goes that fast? But yeah, I mean you can't

386
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:04,880
Speaker 1: see it moving when you're staring at it, but over

387
00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:06,440
Speaker 1: time you can for sure.

388
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,280
Speaker 2: Sure, or you know, if you're just really patient and

389
00:20:09,359 --> 00:20:12,240
Speaker 2: you can lock in on something, you might be able

390
00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:12,560
Speaker 2: to see that.

391
00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:17,320
Speaker 1: So when they started figuring out in the early two

392
00:20:17,359 --> 00:20:20,119
Speaker 1: thousands of Japanese researchers were some of the first to

393
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,639
Speaker 1: like really study slime molds, is showing some sort of intelligence.

394
00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,840
Speaker 1: They figure this out from you know, from watching these

395
00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:30,320
Speaker 1: things actually move about and when you when you film

396
00:20:30,359 --> 00:20:34,760
Speaker 1: them in like high speed and then replay it. You

397
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,320
Speaker 1: can see their movements are deliberate in a lot of ways.

398
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,560
Speaker 1: They're they're not just blind dumb movements where they happen

399
00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:46,840
Speaker 1: on to food. They clearly can sense food somehow or

400
00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:50,560
Speaker 1: some way, and they spread out and they seem to

401
00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:53,080
Speaker 1: spread out and again in a really deliberate way. And

402
00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:57,960
Speaker 1: so some some researchers started to test slime molds to

403
00:20:58,040 --> 00:21:01,119
Speaker 1: see what they were capable of. One of the first one,

404
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:05,280
Speaker 1: one of the first researchers was a Japanese scientist named

405
00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:11,680
Speaker 1: Toshiyuki Nakagaki, and I think so too. And doctor Nakagaki,

406
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:15,040
Speaker 1: which is even better. Yeah, Yeah, built a maze, like

407
00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,920
Speaker 1: a pretty simple maze, but an actual three dimensional maze,

408
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:23,000
Speaker 1: and a good sized peatree dish put what has come

409
00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:26,360
Speaker 1: to be known as probably the smartest size slime mold,

410
00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:30,320
Speaker 1: Phizarium polycephalum, which is kind of like the rock star

411
00:21:30,359 --> 00:21:33,640
Speaker 1: of the slime mold world these days, put a phaisarium

412
00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:36,320
Speaker 1: in it and said go to town, go find your

413
00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:40,840
Speaker 1: little favorite oat flake treat, which is their their favorite food. Yeah.

414
00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:43,320
Speaker 2: And the key here is is there were four different

415
00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:47,000
Speaker 2: routes to two different endpoints where this food was. It

416
00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:50,200
Speaker 2: wasn't just like, there's only one way to solve this maze.

417
00:21:50,840 --> 00:21:53,800
Speaker 2: And so they put the little oat flake at these endpoints.

418
00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:57,280
Speaker 2: And the micro organisms that grow on the oat flakes

419
00:21:57,320 --> 00:21:59,320
Speaker 2: is what they're after. It's not like they love oatmeal

420
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:02,200
Speaker 2: or anything like that, right, right, And so he put

421
00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:06,720
Speaker 2: them there and studied them, and over the course of hours,

422
00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:11,679
Speaker 2: these things basically learned to get to that food in

423
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:15,119
Speaker 2: the quickest, fastest way every single time.

424
00:22:15,680 --> 00:22:18,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, like it could, it could conceivably get to it,

425
00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:21,680
Speaker 1: like you said, four different ways, but that fast way

426
00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:24,200
Speaker 1: was the way that it would. Just like, that's impressive.

427
00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:27,800
Speaker 1: That's definitely noworthy. You can write multiple papers on that

428
00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:31,080
Speaker 1: kind of study. And so another Japanese researcher came along

429
00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:35,440
Speaker 1: and said, hold mysake, a researcher named at Sushi Taro

430
00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:38,479
Speaker 1: from Hokkaido University, did you like that?

431
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:39,160
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's good.

432
00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:43,800
Speaker 1: And doctor Tiro said, all right, what about this. What

433
00:22:43,880 --> 00:22:47,159
Speaker 1: if we take some oat flakes and basically make a

434
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:52,199
Speaker 1: general map of the neighborhoods in Tokyo and see what

435
00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:54,160
Speaker 1: the slime mold does with that. Put a little slime

436
00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,119
Speaker 1: mold in a petri dish with these oat flakes that

437
00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:59,439
Speaker 1: kind of mimic the neighborhoods of Tokyo, and watched it

438
00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:02,480
Speaker 1: go think over the course of like four or five days.

439
00:23:02,280 --> 00:23:06,840
Speaker 2: Right, yeah, and you might think cool, it does what

440
00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:08,720
Speaker 2: it does and it goes after that food in the

441
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:12,199
Speaker 2: most direct way possible, which is what it did. But

442
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:17,639
Speaker 2: here's where it gets genuinely amazing. Is they went back

443
00:23:18,119 --> 00:23:22,400
Speaker 2: and they overlaid a map of the current Tokyo railway

444
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,800
Speaker 2: commuter system, the subway system, and they laid it over

445
00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:30,119
Speaker 2: this grid of this slime and it was almost a

446
00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:31,199
Speaker 2: perfect match.

447
00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:32,600
Speaker 1: Is that nuts?

448
00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:36,080
Speaker 2: That's I mean I had to reread that like five

449
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:39,359
Speaker 2: times to even believe that that's what happened. That this

450
00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:44,120
Speaker 2: slime basically figured out the most efficient route to get

451
00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:45,760
Speaker 2: around essentially Tokyo.

452
00:23:46,320 --> 00:23:49,840
Speaker 1: Yes, which I mean humans had figured out too, but

453
00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:53,960
Speaker 1: it took teams of human engineers and a very long

454
00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:56,560
Speaker 1: time for them to figure this out. Right, So the

455
00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:59,520
Speaker 1: slime mold was just like, this is nothing. What else

456
00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:01,840
Speaker 1: you got? You got any more cities that are more

457
00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:04,600
Speaker 1: densely populated with more neighborhoods, because I'll just make your

458
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:05,960
Speaker 1: subway maps all day long.

459
00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:08,320
Speaker 2: Basically, and they're like, nah, Tokyo is probably one of

460
00:24:08,359 --> 00:24:11,159
Speaker 2: the most dense, right, Okay.

461
00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:15,639
Speaker 1: I saw another another similar kind of a bit of

462
00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:19,600
Speaker 1: research chuck where they actually used oat flakes to signify

463
00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:24,720
Speaker 1: ancient Roman cities in the Balkans. Wow, this is this

464
00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:28,320
Speaker 1: is crazy. It's like an archaeological study. And they put

465
00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:31,639
Speaker 1: some they sicked some faisarium on it and paiserum on it,

466
00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:37,520
Speaker 1: and it mimicked ancient Roman roads that had been lost,

467
00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:41,840
Speaker 1: were very obscure, had largely been forgotten, and ones that

468
00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:45,960
Speaker 1: were well known in the Balkans. It mimicked these these

469
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,760
Speaker 1: Roman roads like things that people had been like, okay,

470
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:50,840
Speaker 1: this is the best route from this city to this city.

471
00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:53,960
Speaker 1: That the sli mold did basically the same thing and

472
00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,320
Speaker 1: apparently revealed some lost stuff.

473
00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:59,160
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, I guess it could. Also it's interesting

474
00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:01,720
Speaker 2: like if it does match up, if they do an

475
00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:05,560
Speaker 2: experiment like this, does that mean like the humans get

476
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,560
Speaker 2: it wrong? Like can they use this as a test

477
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:10,800
Speaker 2: and be like, sorry, the slime mold is spoken.

478
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,720
Speaker 1: I guess so. I kind of like the octopus picking

479
00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:17,320
Speaker 1: the World Cup. You know, they always take the World

480
00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:19,600
Speaker 1: Cup away if the other team that the octopus didn't

481
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:20,840
Speaker 1: right ends up winning.

482
00:25:20,920 --> 00:25:23,320
Speaker 2: You know, well, I wonder if you I mean, and

483
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:25,800
Speaker 2: we'll get to real applications of this, but I wonder

484
00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:28,240
Speaker 2: if they could do something like that where they let's

485
00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:30,040
Speaker 2: say they look at the Tokyo system in a couple

486
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:33,000
Speaker 2: of places it didn't match. They're like, we totally should

487
00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:33,720
Speaker 2: have gone this way.

488
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:37,639
Speaker 1: Yes, I feel like that that is the direction that

489
00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:40,320
Speaker 1: people are kind of going in that they they could

490
00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:44,200
Speaker 1: conceivably use this for planning new stuff.

491
00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:48,080
Speaker 2: You know, wow, so every city planner will have a

492
00:25:48,119 --> 00:25:50,520
Speaker 2: slime mold researcher at their best.

493
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:54,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, like, this is crazy. Why not? You know,

494
00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:57,679
Speaker 1: all you have to do is have some oat flakes

495
00:25:57,680 --> 00:26:00,400
Speaker 1: and a Petri dish and you're good. So I think

496
00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:01,440
Speaker 1: we should take another break.

497
00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:03,919
Speaker 2: What do you think, I'm quite frankly we want to

498
00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:05,240
Speaker 2: eat some oat flakes right about now.

499
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,800
Speaker 1: I'm kind of in the mood for that too. We'll

500
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:36,280
Speaker 1: be right back. Okay, did you just see some moat flakes?

501
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:37,399
Speaker 1: I did not.

502
00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:42,160
Speaker 2: We'll get you some, because here's the secret, everybody, when

503
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:44,520
Speaker 2: we take a break, we don't really go take a break.

504
00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,239
Speaker 1: We should have had some crusty old oat flakes on

505
00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:51,800
Speaker 1: your desk and just eating them real quick. I don't know,

506
00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:52,440
Speaker 1: I can't see.

507
00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:55,959
Speaker 2: So all right, we've said that these things don't have brains.

508
00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:58,440
Speaker 2: They don't have, and I don't think we mentioned that.

509
00:26:58,720 --> 00:27:01,560
Speaker 2: It's not like they have. It's not like they're jellyfish

510
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:03,880
Speaker 2: and they have some sort of weird neural net, right.

511
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:07,880
Speaker 1: They got nothing like that at all, nothing like. They

512
00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:12,760
Speaker 1: have no way of generating consciousness in any form that

513
00:27:12,840 --> 00:27:16,639
Speaker 1: we recognize. And yet slime mold is teaching us to

514
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:21,800
Speaker 1: open and open our horizons in hearts, to sure to

515
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,399
Speaker 1: new ideas of what constitutes consciousness and intelligence, you know

516
00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:27,880
Speaker 1: what I'm saying. Yeah, it makes sense as a swarm,

517
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:31,760
Speaker 1: as a bunch of cellular cellular slime mold makes sense.

518
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:34,639
Speaker 1: We're already familiar with the hive mind, and you know,

519
00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:37,439
Speaker 1: the emergent property of a bunch of different things, you know,

520
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:42,760
Speaker 1: operating together. The real puzzler, though, is the single cell

521
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:47,159
Speaker 1: plasmodial slime mold. That's one big giant cell and the

522
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:50,159
Speaker 1: fact that it behaves in ways that seem conscious to

523
00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:51,640
Speaker 1: some degree.

524
00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,000
Speaker 2: Yeah. So if you want to kind of go back

525
00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:57,760
Speaker 2: in time to where a lot of this research research started,

526
00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,840
Speaker 2: it wasn't actually in but it was. In the nineteen sixties,

527
00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:07,040
Speaker 2: a physicist named Evelyn Fox Keller was curious if she

528
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:12,320
Speaker 2: could use math to model biological systems because they had

529
00:28:12,359 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 2: had success using math to explain and expand our understanding

530
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:18,600
Speaker 2: of physics. So she was like, let me see if

531
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,280
Speaker 2: we can do this with biology. And someone said, well,

532
00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:25,320
Speaker 2: you got to meet Lee Siegel. Lee Siegel is got

533
00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:27,359
Speaker 2: a little surprised for you. And Lee Siegel got together

534
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:31,720
Speaker 2: and said, oh, doctor Keller, you need to meet our

535
00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:35,200
Speaker 2: friend slime mold. And doctor Keller was like, this is

536
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,440
Speaker 2: the nineteen sixties. I don't know what slime mold is yet.

537
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:41,400
Speaker 2: And Keller and sorry Siegel said oh, we'll just take

538
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:45,320
Speaker 2: a seat and let me tell you about this, which

539
00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:56,160
Speaker 2: is dictio dictyo stell stellium, dicta stellium, right, dictyo stellium, discudium.

540
00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:58,920
Speaker 1: I think that's discoides discoidium.

541
00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:01,120
Speaker 2: Yeah, okay, but it's.

542
00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:04,000
Speaker 1: The one we were talking about earlier that creates the stems.

543
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,360
Speaker 1: They sacrifice themselves to create stems for the spores, right.

544
00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,360
Speaker 2: And I think this was just significant because it was

545
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,360
Speaker 2: kind of like the first time anyone had observed and

546
00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:15,880
Speaker 2: you know, fell off of their lab stool and could

547
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:19,560
Speaker 2: explain it to others, these pseudo plasmodiums. But what they

548
00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:21,080
Speaker 2: were missing was they were like, all right, we see

549
00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:25,800
Speaker 2: this happening, and it's amazing and how are they doing this? Though?

550
00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:28,640
Speaker 2: And the very first thing they thought of is like,

551
00:29:28,680 --> 00:29:30,800
Speaker 2: maybe it's like an ant colony or something, and maybe

552
00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:34,440
Speaker 2: there's like a leader or a pacemaker sell or maybe

553
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:36,920
Speaker 2: a few of them. They get together and they just

554
00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:40,080
Speaker 2: sort of send out chemical signals to everyone else and

555
00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,560
Speaker 2: say go this way, and the rest are just sort

556
00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:45,080
Speaker 2: of the worker ants that follow along.

557
00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:48,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, And they knew in particular that there was a

558
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:53,680
Speaker 1: chemical called cyclical amp which is related to ATP the

559
00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:58,840
Speaker 1: dinocne triphosphate, and that that was how they were signaling.

560
00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:01,840
Speaker 1: But they thought that like you're saying, that there are

561
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:04,200
Speaker 1: just a few signaling, everybody else was responding. And what

562
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,760
Speaker 1: they figured out is that that they had that totally wrong.

563
00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:10,080
Speaker 1: That there weren't leaders, there weren't pacemakers who were in

564
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,000
Speaker 1: charge of like you know, signaling and in effect making

565
00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:15,360
Speaker 1: decisions for the group. That it was actually like a

566
00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:20,719
Speaker 1: group effort, and that the the whatever whatever cell or

567
00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:24,560
Speaker 1: slug that they're called in this cellular slime mold swarm

568
00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:30,080
Speaker 1: was closest to food, it would signal with AMP that hey,

569
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:32,120
Speaker 1: there's some food over here, let's all go over this way,

570
00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:34,920
Speaker 1: and that signal would just kind of be passed along

571
00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:37,720
Speaker 1: through the swarm, through the cellular slime mold, and the

572
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:40,400
Speaker 1: slime mold would move toward the food and start eating.

573
00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:43,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, and this was you know, I mean, you can

574
00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:45,280
Speaker 2: see why they went in that initial direction because it

575
00:30:45,320 --> 00:30:49,200
Speaker 2: made sense. And a lot of nature is organized with

576
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:53,600
Speaker 2: a top down principle. In mind, humans often organized with

577
00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:57,320
Speaker 2: a top down principle, big business, government, it's just a

578
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,120
Speaker 2: it's a system that we're used to seeing in in

579
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,080
Speaker 2: nature and in people. And so it made sense that

580
00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:05,720
Speaker 2: they went that way. And they never they never really

581
00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:07,720
Speaker 2: thought about the fact that it could be like, no,

582
00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,960
Speaker 2: it's a total bottom up system and whatever is closest

583
00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:14,120
Speaker 2: can figure out send out these signals.

584
00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:19,000
Speaker 1: Yeah. So instead of like a hierarchy, it's more like

585
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:21,280
Speaker 1: like it's like how a flock of birds operate. So

586
00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:24,200
Speaker 1: a flock of seagulls haircut operates where.

587
00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:25,160
Speaker 2: It runs so far away.

588
00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:30,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's the hair that's closest to whatever it's

589
00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:33,440
Speaker 1: running from is the first to run and everybody else follows.

590
00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:35,480
Speaker 1: It's kind of like how a flock of birds will

591
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 1: turn depending on you know, which way they need to

592
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:41,080
Speaker 1: turn based on that bird making that decision, and the

593
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:44,440
Speaker 1: rest of the flock basically following it. The bottom up,

594
00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:47,360
Speaker 1: bottom up decision making kind of thing. And so we

595
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:49,560
Speaker 1: started to learn a lot, and we know a lot

596
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,720
Speaker 1: about bottom up decision making now as opposed to when

597
00:31:53,720 --> 00:31:56,240
Speaker 1: these guys were working back in the sixties, I think.

598
00:31:57,080 --> 00:31:59,800
Speaker 1: But in the twenty first century, that whole idea of

599
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:05,760
Speaker 1: autom up decision making or decentralized decision making has become

600
00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:11,760
Speaker 1: a real component in artificial intelligence design, because if you've

601
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:13,680
Speaker 1: listened to the End of the World with Josh Clark,

602
00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:15,240
Speaker 1: you know that one of the hardest things in the

603
00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:19,640
Speaker 1: world to do is program something to understand everything, because

604
00:32:19,680 --> 00:32:22,760
Speaker 1: you have to input all the stuff it needs to know.

605
00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:24,960
Speaker 1: Whereas if you can just kind of set up some

606
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:29,000
Speaker 1: sort of simple algorithm to let the machine think for itself,

607
00:32:29,720 --> 00:32:31,320
Speaker 1: you finally got something.

608
00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:34,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, and I would imagine I didn't see this anywhere,

609
00:32:34,320 --> 00:32:36,680
Speaker 2: but it seems like this might could have some applications

610
00:32:36,680 --> 00:32:41,480
Speaker 2: in nanotechnology as well. Like the idea that we could program,

611
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,640
Speaker 2: you know, billions of tiny little nanobot bugs to clean

612
00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:48,360
Speaker 2: the windows of your house every day. Nice like a

613
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:53,440
Speaker 2: lot of things collectively doing one bigger thing. Yeah, am

614
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:55,800
Speaker 2: I base there? Or could that potentially be a thing?

615
00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:58,560
Speaker 1: Not at all. I think it totally could be a thing.

616
00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:01,800
Speaker 1: It's anytime you have a huge amount of things that

617
00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:04,120
Speaker 1: you're trying to all get to do roughly the same

618
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:09,040
Speaker 1: thing that they need to not you know, redouble their

619
00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:13,360
Speaker 1: efforts or replicate their efforts. So you don't want one

620
00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,360
Speaker 1: cleaning one part of the window and the other one

621
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:17,880
Speaker 1: coming over and cleaning the same part of the window

622
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:20,800
Speaker 1: that's already clean. All you have to do is figure

623
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:24,560
Speaker 1: out how to teach them if if this happens, do this,

624
00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:27,600
Speaker 1: and if you can figure out how to strip it

625
00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: down to a basic enough algorithm that could conceivably be

626
00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:38,320
Speaker 1: used for just about any situation, you've got the key

627
00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:40,160
Speaker 1: to the universe in your hand, Like there's actually I

628
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:43,360
Speaker 1: read We'll have to do an episode on it one day.

629
00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:45,600
Speaker 1: But I read an article but a guy who was

630
00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:47,800
Speaker 1: I think he was a physicist back in the eighties

631
00:33:48,240 --> 00:33:51,360
Speaker 1: who was like, I think the universe is basically an

632
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:56,200
Speaker 1: operating system. That is, that is goes down to two.

633
00:33:56,360 --> 00:33:59,400
Speaker 1: There's two bits. You could say it's black and white,

634
00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:03,320
Speaker 1: one zero, it doesn't matter. But there are two kinds

635
00:34:03,320 --> 00:34:06,600
Speaker 1: of bits, and depending on the combinations that these things form,

636
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:13,520
Speaker 1: everything else in the universe arises from that, including consciousness, planets, slime, mold.

637
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:16,319
Speaker 1: Everything comes out of these two types of bits that

638
00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:19,759
Speaker 1: basically make up the fabric of space and time, interacting

639
00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:23,719
Speaker 1: with one another in increasingly sophisticated patterns. Wow, and that

640
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:27,160
Speaker 1: is exactly what you're talking about. So if we can

641
00:34:27,239 --> 00:34:31,520
Speaker 1: figure out what that that computation is, what those algorithms

642
00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:34,239
Speaker 1: are that give rise to larger and larger stuff, you

643
00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:37,120
Speaker 1: can you can do anything. It's it's weird. You can

644
00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:42,279
Speaker 1: do increasingly sophisticated stuff. The more basic your algorithm is.

645
00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:43,799
Speaker 1: It's almost a paradox.

646
00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:49,120
Speaker 2: Yeah, this is like doctor Octagon stuff. Doctor Octagon.

647
00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:52,080
Speaker 1: I don't know, is that right from Spot? I don't

648
00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:54,480
Speaker 1: Yeah he was Alchequalina.

649
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:56,839
Speaker 2: You mean yeah, sure, all right.

650
00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:00,520
Speaker 1: I like al from Alina. I think he makes some

651
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:02,600
Speaker 1: really weird choices for parts.

652
00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:03,520
Speaker 2: He's great.

653
00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:06,440
Speaker 1: I'm sure somebody's like, hey, we'll give you ten million

654
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:08,840
Speaker 1: dollars to play doctor Octagon. I'd be like, sure, you

655
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:10,680
Speaker 1: got it. Where do I sign up?

656
00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:12,600
Speaker 2: Yeah? I need to get him a movie crush because

657
00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:16,439
Speaker 2: he actually is friends of the network. He's a friend

658
00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:17,879
Speaker 2: of the network. I think he's been on The Daily

659
00:35:17,960 --> 00:35:20,160
Speaker 2: z eyite Geist a few times. Oh yeah, and like

660
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:22,320
Speaker 2: they booked him on some other comedy shows. I'm like, guys,

661
00:35:22,320 --> 00:35:24,040
Speaker 2: throw a little Molina my way for.

662
00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,200
Speaker 1: Real, Molina spread all over. Movie Crush.

663
00:35:27,239 --> 00:35:30,359
Speaker 2: You've been on Daily's Eyed Guys twice. I've never half.

664
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:32,439
Speaker 1: I've been on a movie Crush once too.

665
00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:35,839
Speaker 2: I had Miles on the Movie Crush the other day

666
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:37,640
Speaker 2: and I was given my heart time because they haven't

667
00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:39,799
Speaker 2: asked me on and they think twice.

668
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:42,080
Speaker 1: It's a hilarious keep it up, Chuck.

669
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,719
Speaker 2: Yeah, he was like, uh no, man, I was like,

670
00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:45,840
Speaker 2: Miles's cool.

671
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:48,160
Speaker 1: Did he really flustered him?

672
00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:50,440
Speaker 2: I feel like he was on skates for a second there,

673
00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:53,080
Speaker 2: but I let him off the hook. I'm having Jack

674
00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:55,439
Speaker 2: on next week, so I'm really like going full court

675
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:55,879
Speaker 2: press here.

676
00:35:56,320 --> 00:35:59,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, Miles is like man beat beyond guard. Chuck does

677
00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:00,759
Speaker 1: not punches.

678
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:02,920
Speaker 2: It's funny because Miles, you know, as you know, is

679
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:08,000
Speaker 2: such a smart smart guy and just like having a

680
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:10,759
Speaker 2: conversation with him is always amazing. And then he comes

681
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:13,720
Speaker 2: on and he picks Maul Rats. What's his favorite movie?

682
00:36:14,719 --> 00:36:15,320
Speaker 2: Was it? Really?

683
00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:16,799
Speaker 1: That's his favorite movie of all time?

684
00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:18,759
Speaker 2: Huh? I mean that's what he picked. And he was like, hey, man,

685
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:20,840
Speaker 2: I never said I had good tastes, so nice. It

686
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:21,520
Speaker 2: was pretty fun.

687
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:23,600
Speaker 1: Do you have any hints of what Jacks is going

688
00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:23,840
Speaker 1: to be?

689
00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:27,520
Speaker 2: Well, I know it's pulp fiction because he he had

690
00:36:27,520 --> 00:36:29,319
Speaker 2: me save it like two years ago, and I just

691
00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:31,719
Speaker 2: you know, we kept slipping through the crack. So he's

692
00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:34,520
Speaker 2: gonna come on next week for pulp fiction. Very nice,

693
00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:36,719
Speaker 2: all right, So let's get back to I mean, we

694
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,440
Speaker 2: talked about how the the d D as we're going

695
00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:45,320
Speaker 2: to call it, moves around without yeah, without the pacemaker sells.

696
00:36:45,360 --> 00:36:48,840
Speaker 2: But that original true slime mold, the big single celled

697
00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:51,879
Speaker 2: one that's just made up of all the goopy cytoplasm.

698
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,680
Speaker 2: We didn't really talk about what they do. And because

699
00:36:55,719 --> 00:36:57,359
Speaker 2: if you don't have cell walls, you're like, well, how's

700
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,879
Speaker 2: this stuff moving around? It's actually made up of what's

701
00:37:00,880 --> 00:37:05,759
Speaker 2: called oscillating units, and so these units oscillate at different frequencies.

702
00:37:06,239 --> 00:37:10,000
Speaker 2: Depending what's going on, like where they are and then

703
00:37:10,239 --> 00:37:14,319
Speaker 2: what their little neighbor oscillating units are doing. And so

704
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:17,720
Speaker 2: when they go close to food, they start oscillating, shaking

705
00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:21,080
Speaker 2: like hey, hey, I'm near some food. And then that

706
00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:23,880
Speaker 2: just sort of gets that flow. Everyone else starts oscillating

707
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:26,319
Speaker 2: in a similar manner, and that gets that flow of

708
00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:28,640
Speaker 2: cytoplasm going in that food direction.

709
00:37:29,120 --> 00:37:32,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so the slime mold effectively moves to the

710
00:37:32,239 --> 00:37:36,160
Speaker 1: food because of that oscillating unit that looks again like

711
00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:39,840
Speaker 1: a fan spreading out going to find food and then

712
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,600
Speaker 1: finding it, the slime mold moves toward it.

713
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:45,480
Speaker 2: Or like you said, away from something that they don't like.

714
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:50,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, yes, which is pretty neat. So those are the

715
00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:52,800
Speaker 1: two things. It's moving toward food and moving away from something.

716
00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,719
Speaker 1: And one of the things that they found is that

717
00:37:55,800 --> 00:38:00,600
Speaker 1: slime mold can actually learn and not only learn to

718
00:38:00,680 --> 00:38:03,960
Speaker 1: like stay away from something, it can actually teach other

719
00:38:04,120 --> 00:38:07,719
Speaker 1: slime mold to stay away from it, even slime mold

720
00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:11,920
Speaker 1: it's never been introduced to it, or alternately, it can

721
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:16,359
Speaker 1: teach this is the really the salt garter fact. It

722
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:20,680
Speaker 1: can teach other slime mold that something that seems harmful

723
00:38:20,840 --> 00:38:22,040
Speaker 1: is actually harmless?

724
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,399
Speaker 2: Yeah, this is a pretty cool experiment. Yeah, so these

725
00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:29,480
Speaker 2: researchers put slime molds. They built it a little tiny bridge.

726
00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:32,960
Speaker 2: It was very cute, and they coated this bridge in

727
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:37,680
Speaker 2: a noxious substance. It wasn't harmful to them, it was harmless.

728
00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:40,359
Speaker 2: It was like salt or something, let's say. And then

729
00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:43,279
Speaker 2: they put the those little oat flakes on the other

730
00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:47,840
Speaker 2: side as their ultimate temptation. And so these first slime

731
00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:50,439
Speaker 2: molds start creeping up to it and sort of dipping

732
00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:54,280
Speaker 2: their little toe in the water and saying, this stuff

733
00:38:54,320 --> 00:38:58,200
Speaker 2: is pretty noxious. But then they learned, right like, oh okay,

734
00:38:58,239 --> 00:39:01,400
Speaker 2: so it's not actually harmful. I can go across this stuff.

735
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:05,120
Speaker 2: And what they found was that it learned to cross

736
00:39:05,120 --> 00:39:08,799
Speaker 2: this little bridge just as fast as slime molds that

737
00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:12,279
Speaker 2: were placed on bridges that didn't have any coating going on.

738
00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:15,720
Speaker 1: Right, So it said, okay, this stuff's fine. It's gross,

739
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:17,520
Speaker 1: is way too salty, but it's not gonna hurt me.

740
00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:19,520
Speaker 1: So I'm going to get to food just as fast.

741
00:39:19,640 --> 00:39:19,719
Speaker 2: Right.

742
00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:22,880
Speaker 1: That's pretty amazing in and of self. But where it

743
00:39:22,880 --> 00:39:26,560
Speaker 1: gets crazy, yes, right, they we need like a banner

744
00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:27,799
Speaker 1: matter nole to come in.

745
00:39:27,719 --> 00:39:28,920
Speaker 2: And say that, yeah, totally.

746
00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:33,480
Speaker 1: So they take the slime mold and break it apart

747
00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:36,600
Speaker 1: and fuse it together with other slime molds that have

748
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:40,279
Speaker 1: never been exposed to this noxious stuff before. They're called

749
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:43,239
Speaker 1: naive and the other ones are called habituated. And those

750
00:39:43,320 --> 00:39:46,000
Speaker 1: naive ones when they encounter this noxious stuff like a

751
00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:49,759
Speaker 1: salt bridge for the first time, they don't approach it

752
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:53,239
Speaker 1: with trepidation. They go right across it as fast as

753
00:39:53,280 --> 00:39:56,839
Speaker 1: the habituated ones that it's fused to. This is really

754
00:39:56,880 --> 00:39:59,759
Speaker 1: weird because this is the first time the stuff's encountering it,

755
00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:04,279
Speaker 1: and they think that somehow the habituated slime molds are

756
00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:07,240
Speaker 1: passing on the information like no, no, we know it's gross,

757
00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:11,359
Speaker 1: but it's actually fine to the naive slime molds. And

758
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,040
Speaker 1: they figured out, chuck, that it doesn't matter if you

759
00:40:14,120 --> 00:40:18,239
Speaker 1: take three habituated slime molds and fuse them with one

760
00:40:18,320 --> 00:40:21,920
Speaker 1: naive slime mold, or take three naive slime molds and

761
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:25,320
Speaker 1: one just one habituated slime mold, it's going to approach

762
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:28,640
Speaker 1: us and move across it just as fast as in

763
00:40:28,680 --> 00:40:29,520
Speaker 1: either situation.

764
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:32,680
Speaker 2: Yeah, And then they also sort of figured out how

765
00:40:32,719 --> 00:40:36,920
Speaker 2: long this took, so the naive slime molds. They separated

766
00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:41,799
Speaker 2: after an hour of fusion with those habituated I'm gonna

767
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:44,800
Speaker 2: call them in the no molds, okay, And it forgot.

768
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:48,200
Speaker 2: It forgot that the coding was harmless, and it sort

769
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:50,360
Speaker 2: of had to approach it with a little more trepidation.

770
00:40:50,960 --> 00:40:52,960
Speaker 2: But if they had been fused for three hours or

771
00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:58,040
Speaker 2: more and then separated, it it remembered. I mean, it

772
00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:02,120
Speaker 2: technically can't remember, but they do have this weird sort

773
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:06,040
Speaker 2: of memory that works. And I think they even figured

774
00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:09,160
Speaker 2: out some of this snail trail stuff that they leave

775
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:12,080
Speaker 2: behind acts as sort of like a spatial memory, because

776
00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:15,840
Speaker 2: they come across this snail trail and say, oh, someone's

777
00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:17,279
Speaker 2: already been here before.

778
00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:20,680
Speaker 1: Me, right, so there's no reason to go research this

779
00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:25,120
Speaker 1: area because there clearly wasn't food there. Yeah, and again

780
00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:27,839
Speaker 1: here's your ten minute reminder that slime mold don't have

781
00:41:27,920 --> 00:41:31,840
Speaker 1: brains or neuron So all of this is just just

782
00:41:31,920 --> 00:41:34,160
Speaker 1: astounding stuff that we're still trying to get to the

783
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:37,239
Speaker 1: bottom up, Like that habituation thing. They're like, we don't know,

784
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:39,200
Speaker 1: we have no idea, but we're going to go find

785
00:41:39,239 --> 00:41:41,120
Speaker 1: out and maybe in ten years we'll be able to

786
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:42,879
Speaker 1: explain it right.

787
00:41:43,040 --> 00:41:48,480
Speaker 2: So eventually, you know, the people that are people that

788
00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:51,680
Speaker 2: are hip to the slime mold thing are like.

789
00:41:52,080 --> 00:41:53,080
Speaker 1: Trying to spread though.

790
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:54,960
Speaker 2: They're trying to spread the word to me, like this

791
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,480
Speaker 2: stuff is really amazing. They're doing TED talks on it.

792
00:41:57,480 --> 00:41:59,040
Speaker 2: It was a really good TED talk on it, in fact,

793
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:04,279
Speaker 2: and some coders said, hey, wait a minute, you know

794
00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:06,759
Speaker 2: they're doing all this amazing stuff like the overlay of

795
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,920
Speaker 2: the Tokyo subway and it's lining up perfectly. What if

796
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:14,640
Speaker 2: we actually generated code of the slime mold and kind

797
00:42:14,640 --> 00:42:17,680
Speaker 2: of a reverse engineered it and we could see what

798
00:42:17,719 --> 00:42:19,279
Speaker 2: that looked like and how we could use it.

799
00:42:20,680 --> 00:42:25,560
Speaker 1: So yeah, this one artist named Sage Jensen basically figured

800
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:30,080
Speaker 1: out or took I don't know exactly who figured out

801
00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:35,520
Speaker 1: exactly what the slime mold's algorithms were, but somebody wrote

802
00:42:35,520 --> 00:42:38,000
Speaker 1: them down and Sage Jensen came along and turned them

803
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:42,040
Speaker 1: into a C plus plus code and basically ran these

804
00:42:42,080 --> 00:42:47,440
Speaker 1: things it's like algorithms, and found that these fractals started

805
00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:51,320
Speaker 1: forming that looked essentially just like slime mold moving across

806
00:42:51,360 --> 00:42:54,200
Speaker 1: a peatri edish in search of food, which is pretty

807
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:56,719
Speaker 1: cool in and of itself. It was an art art

808
00:42:56,760 --> 00:43:01,480
Speaker 1: project basically, but someone on a tea of astrophysicists heard

809
00:43:01,480 --> 00:43:04,920
Speaker 1: about Sage Jensen's work and they used it when they

810
00:43:04,960 --> 00:43:11,240
Speaker 1: were stumped trying to figure out how to map the

811
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:15,080
Speaker 1: invisible matter that makes up basically the structure of our universe.

812
00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:19,360
Speaker 1: That if we can just crack that nut, we'll understand

813
00:43:19,400 --> 00:43:23,040
Speaker 1: the universe exponentially better than we do now, but we

814
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:25,600
Speaker 1: cannot figure out how to do it. And so, just

815
00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:29,560
Speaker 1: like with the ancient roads between the Roman cities or

816
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:33,600
Speaker 1: the Tokyo subway map, someone figured out to use slime

817
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:37,280
Speaker 1: mold to basically try to try to create the structure

818
00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:40,400
Speaker 1: of the universe. This invisible these invisible filaments.

819
00:43:40,640 --> 00:43:42,760
Speaker 2: Yeah, these filaments that came out of the Big Bang.

820
00:43:43,640 --> 00:43:46,440
Speaker 2: So I guess they went back to Sage Jensen and said,

821
00:43:47,080 --> 00:43:50,200
Speaker 2: first of all, Sage U c plus plus code. Isn't

822
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:52,360
Speaker 2: it really just be minus code? And we're being honest,

823
00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:55,200
Speaker 2: And he said, that's not how it works. Get out

824
00:43:55,239 --> 00:43:55,520
Speaker 2: of the mouth.

825
00:43:55,719 --> 00:43:57,399
Speaker 1: That's great coding joke.

826
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:01,920
Speaker 2: Thank you. It's my own coding joke, and I just.

827
00:44:01,880 --> 00:44:03,960
Speaker 1: Made it the only coding joke I think.

828
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:06,720
Speaker 2: No, I think it's not a bug. It's a feature,

829
00:44:06,840 --> 00:44:10,759
Speaker 2: isn't that one? Oh that's true, true to old timy.

830
00:44:10,840 --> 00:44:15,000
Speaker 2: So yeah, they went to Sage and they said, you're

831
00:44:15,040 --> 00:44:17,000
Speaker 2: an artist, but this is pretty amazing. I think we

832
00:44:17,040 --> 00:44:21,520
Speaker 2: can apply it here. And they modified it. And what

833
00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:24,120
Speaker 2: they did was, and of course there's always oats involved,

834
00:44:25,120 --> 00:44:28,800
Speaker 2: they put a model in place with virtual slime mold cells,

835
00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:30,600
Speaker 2: and they put it on a map with thirty seven

836
00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:36,600
Speaker 2: thousand real galaxies and they used I guess, virtual piles

837
00:44:36,640 --> 00:44:40,800
Speaker 2: of food to represent the galaxies, and the bigger the galaxy,

838
00:44:40,840 --> 00:44:43,040
Speaker 2: the bigger the pile of food. And so they did

839
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:46,640
Speaker 2: this modeling through the coating and had the virtual slime

840
00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:49,640
Speaker 2: mold seek out the most efficient way to reach this,

841
00:44:49,960 --> 00:44:53,680
Speaker 2: and I guess in theory they're hoping that they get

842
00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:56,200
Speaker 2: a sort of map of the universe out of it.

843
00:44:56,440 --> 00:44:59,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, So when the slime mold was finished, they all

844
00:44:59,120 --> 00:45:03,040
Speaker 1: stood background that that's amazing. How accurate is it? And

845
00:45:03,080 --> 00:45:05,000
Speaker 1: they all just realize that they had no idea how

846
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:09,319
Speaker 1: to verify but no, surely, Like I think what they're

847
00:45:09,320 --> 00:45:12,480
Speaker 1: doing is they're taking this as an initial, you know, guide,

848
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:14,759
Speaker 1: and then they'll go back and try to figure out

849
00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:18,080
Speaker 1: how to verify it. And maybe the slime mold did

850
00:45:18,080 --> 00:45:21,000
Speaker 1: figure out the most efficient way to link together these galaxies.

851
00:45:21,040 --> 00:45:25,720
Speaker 1: But that would be I can't even put a word

852
00:45:25,760 --> 00:45:28,520
Speaker 1: on that of what that would how impressive that would

853
00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:31,920
Speaker 1: be if the slime mold recreated how the universe is

854
00:45:31,960 --> 00:45:35,000
Speaker 1: invisibly linked together, the structure of it.

855
00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:37,520
Speaker 2: You know, what if slime mold is God?

856
00:45:37,880 --> 00:45:39,640
Speaker 1: What if we're your sleep right now and this is

857
00:45:39,680 --> 00:45:41,160
Speaker 1: all just one dream, chuck.

858
00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:44,240
Speaker 2: The other cool thing they figured out with the slime

859
00:45:44,280 --> 00:45:47,920
Speaker 2: mold moving around is when they were researching them, they

860
00:45:47,960 --> 00:45:50,520
Speaker 2: found that they those mazes that they were running through,

861
00:45:50,960 --> 00:45:52,960
Speaker 2: they went even faster through the maze when they had

862
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:55,920
Speaker 2: some sort of noise like a bright light or something

863
00:45:56,080 --> 00:45:57,680
Speaker 2: like we said. They like to go away from things

864
00:45:57,719 --> 00:46:01,399
Speaker 2: they don't like, and that negative input of that light

865
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:04,160
Speaker 2: basically made them say, all right, let's let's pick up

866
00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:06,879
Speaker 2: the pace and make make these decisions quicker and get

867
00:46:06,880 --> 00:46:07,719
Speaker 2: to that food.

868
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:10,800
Speaker 1: And stop fussing around. I don't like this light staring

869
00:46:10,840 --> 00:46:11,120
Speaker 1: at me.

870
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:13,560
Speaker 2: I think we kind of blew some minds today.

871
00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:16,240
Speaker 1: I think so, my mind's definitely been blown.

872
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:17,759
Speaker 2: Did you want to cover the Amazon thing?

873
00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:23,960
Speaker 1: Nope? Okay, good, that's it for slimld unless you got

874
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:25,000
Speaker 1: anything else, right now? Do you?

875
00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:25,799
Speaker 2: I got nothing else?

876
00:46:26,040 --> 00:46:27,879
Speaker 1: We'll have to revisit us in ten years. And thanks

877
00:46:27,920 --> 00:46:31,160
Speaker 1: to Dave rus for helping us with this one. And

878
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:34,359
Speaker 1: since I said Dave Ruse, I think Chuck, it means

879
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:35,720
Speaker 1: it's time for listener mail.

880
00:46:38,239 --> 00:46:42,560
Speaker 2: Hey guys, I'm gonna call this night Trap response.

881
00:46:43,360 --> 00:46:45,359
Speaker 1: I just laugh every time I hear those words together.

882
00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:48,080
Speaker 2: Now, no night Trap. This is from Aaron. Hey, guys,

883
00:46:48,080 --> 00:46:50,160
Speaker 2: just finish the Night Trap video game show. Thanks for

884
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:53,520
Speaker 2: bringing it to everyone. I own the twenty fifth anniversary edition.

885
00:46:53,960 --> 00:46:55,680
Speaker 2: Like you said, it's not a good game, but has

886
00:46:55,719 --> 00:46:59,040
Speaker 2: its moments. One other game worth noting is called Double Switch.

887
00:46:59,440 --> 00:47:02,480
Speaker 2: It's the same style and video camera control quality, and

888
00:47:02,520 --> 00:47:06,960
Speaker 2: it starred Corey Ham. Perhaps arguably a little better game,

889
00:47:07,680 --> 00:47:10,120
Speaker 2: but still had the same thing going on. Really, I'm

890
00:47:10,160 --> 00:47:12,480
Speaker 2: sure your research finds lots of things that don't quite

891
00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:15,040
Speaker 2: make it into the final show. Aaron, we did not

892
00:47:15,080 --> 00:47:17,960
Speaker 2: know about Double Switch, so nice work there. Yeah, and

893
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:19,719
Speaker 2: Aaron says, I've listened to so many shows I feel

894
00:47:19,760 --> 00:47:21,919
Speaker 2: that Chuck and I are some sort of long lost

895
00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:24,919
Speaker 2: brothers separated at birth. I generally agree with just about

896
00:47:24,920 --> 00:47:27,319
Speaker 2: everything he says, and I'm always fully entertained. It would

897
00:47:27,320 --> 00:47:28,680
Speaker 2: be nice to meet you guys if you ever get

898
00:47:28,719 --> 00:47:32,640
Speaker 2: another tour started and make it back to Michigan. Keep

899
00:47:32,680 --> 00:47:34,640
Speaker 2: up the good work of finish your book. And I

900
00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:38,160
Speaker 2: have the pre order poster in my office and I've

901
00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:42,040
Speaker 2: converted friends and family, So that is from Aaron and Michigan.

902
00:47:42,080 --> 00:47:44,879
Speaker 2: And we're definitely gonna start touring again. I would say

903
00:47:44,920 --> 00:47:48,640
Speaker 2: probably next year, although we haven't really talked much about.

904
00:47:48,360 --> 00:47:52,239
Speaker 1: It, no, but we need to. It's definitely starting to

905
00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:55,200
Speaker 1: get to be time to get talking, I guess, although

906
00:47:55,960 --> 00:47:58,040
Speaker 1: I admit I have not missed the traveling. I've missed

907
00:47:58,040 --> 00:47:59,800
Speaker 1: being on stage, but not the traveling.

908
00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:03,040
Speaker 2: Well, you know that's what they say. That's what rockstars say.

909
00:48:03,520 --> 00:48:05,279
Speaker 1: It's not the heat, it's the humidity.

910
00:48:07,239 --> 00:48:09,880
Speaker 2: Now they say that, you know, you get paid to travel,

911
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:11,759
Speaker 2: you don't get paid to play shows.

912
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,440
Speaker 1: I've never heard that before, but it really makes sense. Yeah,

913
00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:17,839
Speaker 1: if you can figure out how to get paid for both,

914
00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:20,319
Speaker 1: then you're really really doing something right.

915
00:48:21,280 --> 00:48:23,520
Speaker 2: Good stuff. Yeah, And if we get back to Michigan,

916
00:48:23,560 --> 00:48:25,879
Speaker 2: we've already done Detroit. We've had a lot of calls

917
00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:27,280
Speaker 2: over here for ann Arbor, so maybe.

918
00:48:27,120 --> 00:48:32,960
Speaker 1: That's where we go. Yes, well, who is that again, Aaron? Aaron,

919
00:48:32,960 --> 00:48:35,200
Speaker 1: That's what I was gonna guess. Thanks a lot, Aaron,

920
00:48:35,239 --> 00:48:37,080
Speaker 1: that was a great email. Thanks for the Corey Haym

921
00:48:37,160 --> 00:48:39,600
Speaker 1: reference and all that stuff. And if you want to

922
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:41,799
Speaker 1: get in touch with us, like Aaron did, you can

923
00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:47,160
Speaker 1: send us an email to Stuff Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com.

924
00:48:48,719 --> 00:48:51,600
Speaker 2: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

925
00:48:51,680 --> 00:48:55,879
Speaker 2: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

926
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:57,840
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.