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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frown and today

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Speaker 1: we have an episode that is right from the suggestion

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Speaker 1: boxes from the Twitter user Anti Purvis, who asked us

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Speaker 1: if we could please talk about the Emu War of um.

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Speaker 1: The reference that as one of the most bizarre wildlife

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Speaker 1: management stories I would like to just go ahead and

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Speaker 1: put out there. Yes, correct, that's that's completely accurate, um.

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Speaker 1: But it's also a story that needs a little bit

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Speaker 1: of context. Uh. Yeah. After World War One, there were

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Speaker 1: a lot of soldiers in Australia, both Australian and British,

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Speaker 1: and they moved to rural parts of the country as

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Speaker 1: part of a rural settlement effort described as a state scheme.

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Speaker 1: This is in quotes a state scheme intended to turn

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Speaker 1: swords into plowshares by Murray Johnson in the Journal of

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Speaker 1: Australian Studies. So the government purchased about ninety thousand hectares

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Speaker 1: of land. Uh, and much of it was not actually

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Speaker 1: very good for farmland. There's there's a lot of land

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Speaker 1: in Australia but a lot of it does not work

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Speaker 1: for quote, conventional farming very well, and that puts a

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Speaker 1: high demand on the parts that are going to be

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Speaker 1: the best for farming. So a lot of the soldiers

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Speaker 1: wound up in more of the marginal areas that weren't

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Speaker 1: actually that great for farming. So they were already set

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Speaker 1: up to have some challenges in their farming work. And

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Speaker 1: in particular in the Campion while Ghulan district, which is

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Speaker 1: northeast of Perth in Western Australia, the population was largely

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Speaker 1: soldier settlers, many of whom were growing wheat, and about

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Speaker 1: five thousand of them were trying their hand at agricultural

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Speaker 1: work as part of soldier settlement. Many hedge their bets

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Speaker 1: using their land for mixed farming, like they would try

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Speaker 1: to grow wheat and produce wool at the same time,

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Speaker 1: and when the price of one commodity went down sometimes

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Speaker 1: they could make up the difference with the other thing

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Speaker 1: that they were working on. So in spite of the

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Speaker 1: fact that this a lot of this was not really

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Speaker 1: prime farmland, through the nineteen twittings, things had gone pretty well.

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Speaker 1: They'd had several good seasons in a row, but by

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Speaker 1: the time the thirties rolled around, things started to go

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Speaker 1: south a little bit. They were becoming a little strained.

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Speaker 1: Commodity prices were dropping, droughts had become really common. There

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Speaker 1: was a lot of problems, a lot of problems with

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Speaker 1: rabbit infestation, and even when things had been better, sometimes

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Speaker 1: there had already been problems with really hard frosts and

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Speaker 1: the rabbits. We will talk about the rabbits again in

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Speaker 1: a future episode, because there's a whole other story there.

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Speaker 1: And then, of course the Great Depression happened UH, and

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Speaker 1: the value for many of Australia's goods was really dropping

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Speaker 1: and the deficit was out of control. In a hurry,

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Speaker 1: the Australian government, which was under Prime Minister James Schooling

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Speaker 1: at the time, used the country's wheat farming as an

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Speaker 1: attempt to prevent the financial dis aster that was falling

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Speaker 1: upon all of them UH. And under the Grow More

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Speaker 1: Wheat campaign, the government had actually promised a price of

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Speaker 1: four shillings per bushel for wheat. The idea was that

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Speaker 1: the government could use wheat to offset the collapsing price

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Speaker 1: of other goods, and people were really tempted by this

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Speaker 1: idea of four shillings a bushel. Getting a guaranteed price

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Speaker 1: for something was great and unexpected. It was a better

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Speaker 1: price than they could really expect other places. But unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: after this deal had been promoted to everyone, the price

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Speaker 1: of wheat started collapsing too. And the price of wheat

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Speaker 1: had already declined just tremendously when the Wheat Marketing Bill,

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Speaker 1: which would have actually gotten the money that had been

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Speaker 1: promised to the farmers, was voted down in the Senate

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Speaker 1: on July. So people had been expecting that they could

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Speaker 1: grow all this wheat sell it guaranteed four shillings a bushel,

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Speaker 1: and then they funding essentially fell through when the bill

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Speaker 1: was voted down. It was a hugely important bill, especially

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Speaker 1: in Western Australia where these particular farmers were living. It

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Speaker 1: was so important that there were talks of Western Australian

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Speaker 1: secession from the rest of Australia as the debate was

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Speaker 1: going on. One of the people making this sort of

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Speaker 1: threat was Mr H. Gregory of West Australia in the

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Speaker 1: House of Representatives, who said that Western Australia was going

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Speaker 1: to have way more difficulty than any other Australian state

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Speaker 1: if the farmers didn't get their money for their wheat.

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Speaker 1: There were other initiatives attempted to try to make good

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Speaker 1: on the promise, either by Australia or by the individual states,

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Speaker 1: but they just could not get off the ground. Another

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Speaker 1: bill to pay three shillings per usual was passed, but

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Speaker 1: by then the situation was so dire and the country

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Speaker 1: was having so many fiscal issues that they didn't have

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Speaker 1: the money to actually pay it. It was just words

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Speaker 1: that the price of wheat kept falling during the depression. Uh,

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Speaker 1: the farmers were becoming angrier and angrier and more frustrated

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Speaker 1: because they were waiting for this higher price that the

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Speaker 1: government had promised them while watching the market price fall,

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Speaker 1: so they were losing the ability to cut their losses

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Speaker 1: the longer they waited on the government to pay them.

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Speaker 1: At one point, they got so frustrated that they even

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Speaker 1: stopped loading their grain in an attempt to force the

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Speaker 1: government to pay up. It was sort of effectively the

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Speaker 1: same thing as going on strike, but that didn't work,

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Speaker 1: and finally the Wheat Bounty Act was passed on November

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Speaker 1: and that paid four and a halfpence per bushel on

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Speaker 1: all wheat marketed in two and other relief measures did follow.

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Speaker 1: These measures unfortunately did not offer that much actual relief um.

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Speaker 1: It's a little hard to compare because Australian money was

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Speaker 1: not on the decimal system at the time. Now Australian

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Speaker 1: money is on the dollar, but there are twenty shillings

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Speaker 1: in a pound and two forty pence in a pound,

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Speaker 1: so to drop from four shillings to four and a

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Speaker 1: halfpence per bushel is incredible. That's a pretty significant it

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Speaker 1: um tank at. So that's the context. You have all

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Speaker 1: of these farmers who have been farming all of this wheat.

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Speaker 1: They're desperate to be able to sell their wheat for something.

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Speaker 1: All the government's efforts to be able to pay them

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Speaker 1: money have pretty much fallen through. They're they're now sort

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Speaker 1: of scraping together this tiny, tiny amount perbicial. This is

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Speaker 1: what's going on when just before the ninety two wheat

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Speaker 1: harvest the EMUs came. So a little bit of background

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Speaker 1: in case you don't know what an email is, which

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Speaker 1: I found out some people I know who are smart

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Speaker 1: did not, so, so so that's where we're spelling this out.

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Speaker 1: That's surprising because we actually have EMUs in Georgia that

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Speaker 1: are places. It's apparently a very hospitable environment for them.

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Speaker 1: So it's a large ostrich like flightless bird that's native

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Speaker 1: to Australia. It's about one and a half meters, which

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Speaker 1: is five feet tall and a hundred pounds, so a

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Speaker 1: big flightless bird. UH. Some of some species have been

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Speaker 1: exterminated by settlers in our extinct ext The ones that

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Speaker 1: are left can run really fast, they kick when they're cornered,

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Speaker 1: and they liked to eat fruit, insects and wheat. It

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Speaker 1: turns out UM they generally migrate kind of westward out

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Speaker 1: of drier areas and towards the coast after their breeding

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Speaker 1: season rabbit fruit Rabbit proof fences that are in parts

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Speaker 1: of Australia that were built between nine one and nineteen

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Speaker 1: o seven keep them away from much of the coast.

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Speaker 1: But it runs sort of north south and even though

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Speaker 1: they're migrating westward, they're also going northwards, so they're pretty

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Speaker 1: much running the same direction as the fences going. So

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Speaker 1: there's not a lot of protection offered with this fence. UM.

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Speaker 1: It also turns out that they're wiley, which people were

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Speaker 1: not expecting when they concocted this plan. Uh. Evens had

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Speaker 1: been protected under the Game Act of eighteen seventy four,

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Speaker 1: but in night new legislation which went into effect in

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Speaker 1: two actually listed them as vermin because of their really

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Speaker 1: devastating effect on wheat farms. Twenty thousand giant kicking running

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Speaker 1: bird vermin descended upon the wheat farms. Uh. It was

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Speaker 1: not good for anyone. Uh. They were making their way

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Speaker 1: through farms around Campion and while Ghulin, which are east

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Speaker 1: and northeast of Perth, as we said before, UH, causing

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Speaker 1: huge damage to the wheat farms. And some of the

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Speaker 1: soldier settlers were like, we remember a very effective weapon

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Speaker 1: from World War One, and we're gonna go ask if

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Speaker 1: we can get help. So they went to Sir George Pierce,

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Speaker 1: who was the Minister of Defense, and said, we would

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Speaker 1: like the military's help with this EMU problem. That can

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Speaker 1: we have some machine guns league which we laugh, but

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Speaker 1: it's like, uh, it's just one of those things that

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Speaker 1: seems so extreme it's almost hard to process. And I

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Speaker 1: want to fight a bird, let me get some heavy artillery.

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Speaker 1: But it really was that dire at that point. It

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Speaker 1: was people were really desperately seeking help. At this point.

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Speaker 1: Um Pierce agreed that he was going to send some soldiers.

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Speaker 1: There were some conditions though. Local defense personnel not civilians,

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Speaker 1: had to be there to man the machine guns. There

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Speaker 1: had to be a commanding officer present, The State of

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Speaker 1: Western Australia would have to pay for the troop transport,

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Speaker 1: and the soldier settlers would have to provide the housing

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Speaker 1: and the AMMO and the food for the troops. He

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Speaker 1: did all of this without informing the Military Board. Colonel

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Speaker 1: Hoade of the first Cavalry Division in Sydney had also

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Speaker 1: requested on skins with the hope of using feathers for

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Speaker 1: his light horseman's hat. So the troops really like they

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Speaker 1: felt like they had put a plan together that was

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Speaker 1: gonna work. Yes, they thought success was imminent, yes and inevitable.

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Speaker 1: They were going to just be able to slaughter e moves,

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Speaker 1: retrieve their skins everybody. Major GPW. Meredith was the commander

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Speaker 1: of the seventh Heavy Battery and he was in charge

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Speaker 1: of this event. Also to quote Murray Johnson who we

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Speaker 1: referenced earlier, Sergeant McMurray and Gunner O'Halloran and their equipment

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Speaker 1: consisting of two Lewis machine guns and ten thousand rounds

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Speaker 1: of ammunition. Their task force was also joined by a

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Speaker 1: Fox movie tone cinematographer to record the forthcoming campaign, which

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Speaker 1: suggests that someone in authority, possibly Pierce, saw direct military

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Speaker 1: activity in the Wheatlands as useful government propaganda. So we've

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Speaker 1: got the major, the sergeant, the gunner, and the movie

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Speaker 1: team coming to Western Australia. They were in Western Australia already,

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Speaker 1: but coming to this part of Western Australia to kill

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Speaker 1: Imus in filment? How could this go anyway than success? Uh?

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Speaker 1: Just for context. The Lewis machine gun is a light

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Speaker 1: machine gun. It was invented by U. S. Colonel Isaac

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Speaker 1: Newton Lewis and it was used extensively by the British

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Speaker 1: Empire in World War One. It has a flat pan

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Speaker 1: magazine on top instead of a belt feed as you

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Speaker 1: might imagine. You can actually look up YouTube videos of

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Speaker 1: this and see what we're talking about. It's kind of

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Speaker 1: fascinating the way it feeds through. It's a big flat

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Speaker 1: pan of ammunition that sits on top. Yeah, where the

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Speaker 1: MMO is actually loaded into the pan, almost like the

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Speaker 1: rays of the sun if you were drawing like a

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Speaker 1: childish drawing of the sun, and then you flip it

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Speaker 1: onto the the machine gun and it feeds from that

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Speaker 1: pan rather than we've all seen in films like those

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Speaker 1: long the belt feed. But it doesn't work like that now.

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Speaker 1: This team arrived in early October, but just after they

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Speaker 1: got there a rainstorm drove all the EMUs out of

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Speaker 1: the fields. Were long enough that they said, okay, this

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Speaker 1: is actually we're not We're not worth waiting around here.

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Speaker 1: We're going to go home. Um. When the EMUs came back.

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Speaker 1: About a month later, Merritt, Major Meredith and his team

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Speaker 1: came back as well, and they arrived at the fields

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Speaker 1: near Campion on November two at about the time at

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Speaker 1: about the same time time as I heard of about

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Speaker 1: fifty EMUs. Uh. The problem was that the EMUs were

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Speaker 1: out of range of the machine guns, and some soldiers

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Speaker 1: tried to come and heard the EMUs towards the guns,

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Speaker 1: which was not all that effective. They finally did manage

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Speaker 1: to strike a few birds as they were fleeing for

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Speaker 1: the cover of nearby trees. And they actually made a

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Speaker 1: base camp on the land of a man named Joseph Joyce,

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Speaker 1: and they did recon on the surrounding farms for EMU activity. UH.

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Speaker 1: They managed to take out about a dozen birds before

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Speaker 1: deciding to change their tactics from seek out and shoot

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Speaker 1: to set ambushes near water sources. Right. The ambush strategy

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Speaker 1: was a little more successful than the seek and shoot strategy,

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Speaker 1: but but not really by much. November three passed without

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Speaker 1: any kind of incident. On November four, about a thousand

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Speaker 1: EMUs came out of the trees and approached the ambush directly.

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Speaker 1: The ambush was set on the walls of a dam,

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Speaker 1: and the machine gunners opened fire and hit a few

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Speaker 1: birds before the machine gun jammed. The settlers who were

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Speaker 1: assisting with this operation open fire with their rifles, but

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Speaker 1: by that point the birds were scattering and running for

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Speaker 1: the tree line. They waited for the rest of the

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Speaker 1: day for the birds to come back to this watering hole.

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Speaker 1: When they didn't come back, uh, if everybody started to

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Speaker 1: get the idea that maybe these EMUs were a little

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Speaker 1: smarter than they had thought. Yeah, they didn't count on

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Speaker 1: them using the logic of that thing is dangerous, I

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Speaker 1: will stay away from it. Lets uh. And so they

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Speaker 1: moved their operations south and they tried to mount a

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Speaker 1: Lewis machine gun onto a truck so that they could

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Speaker 1: fire while driving and hit EMUs that were on the move,

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Speaker 1: but the EMUs outran them and escaped into the trees,

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Speaker 1: and the gunner found the ride so rough that he

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Speaker 1: really wasn't able to fire the machine gun anyway. Now Elsewhere,

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Speaker 1: on the same day, a truck ran down an EMU

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Speaker 1: hit it, ran out of control and destroyed a long

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Speaker 1: length of fence. So the battle against the EMUs was

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Speaker 1: not really going very well anywhere that day. By the

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Speaker 1: eighth of November Major Meredith's Meredith's team had used about

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Speaker 1: a quarter of their ammunition, which was about rounds, and

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Speaker 1: with that they had killed two uh Meredith later called

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Speaker 1: it three hundred, and the soldier settlers rounded it up

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Speaker 1: to five hundred, maybe to raise their spirits. They were

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Speaker 1: the ones paying for the ammo, so the idea that

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Speaker 1: such a tiny proportion of AMMO was actually killing EMUs

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Speaker 1: was a little distressing when they were the ones paying

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Speaker 1: for the bullets. And then on November nine, yes, we're

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Speaker 1: actually got to parliament about what was going on. When

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Speaker 1: parliament Member Harold Thornby actually asked Prime Minister Lions about

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Speaker 1: the farce that was going on in Western Australia. That

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Speaker 1: same day, the Secretary of Defense sent a telegram ordering

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Speaker 1: the operation to end. Yes, this is an example of

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Speaker 1: we would rather ask for forgiveness than permission. Did not

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Speaker 1: work out because, having not asked for permission, they were

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Speaker 1: ordered to return home. It was not as the scessful

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Speaker 1: attempt well, and it most likely actually made things worse,

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Speaker 1: since the fleeing EMUs than not only had they been

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Speaker 1: eating week, but now they were trampling crops. So the

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Speaker 1: soldier settlers, though, continued to ask for aid, and Meredith's

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Speaker 1: reports spoke of the extensive damage that the emu's had done.

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Speaker 1: He also explained as best as he could why he

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Speaker 1: had used so much ammo on so few birds, And

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Speaker 1: these are his words. It must be realized that an

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Speaker 1: emu full out can do forty five. Consequently, the target is,

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Speaker 1: after the first burst, a very rapidly moving one, and

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Speaker 1: is only visible for a very short time. Moreover, the

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Speaker 1: emu is an amazingly hard bird to kill outright, and

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Speaker 1: many mortal. Many carry mortal wounds up to the distance

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Speaker 1: of half a mile on actual observation. UH. Much later

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Speaker 1: in this campaign, a farmer named A. E. Johnson killed

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Speaker 1: an emu with his truck and that bird had five

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Speaker 1: bullets in his body which appeared to have been from

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Speaker 1: the first onslaught. So this EMU was still alive days

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Speaker 1: after being shot with multiple rounds. Yeah, it had survived

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Speaker 1: and was just carrying around metal while it ran about

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Speaker 1: its business People in the government appeared to try to

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Speaker 1: distance themselves from the idea of a second campaign. Uh

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Speaker 1: and the Minister of Defense finally said that no military

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Speaker 1: personnel could be placed there, but that the state government

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Speaker 1: could have equipment if it found its own qualified operators.

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Speaker 1: So they didn't want to waste man hours, but they

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Speaker 1: were willing to offer them the materials needed to continue

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Speaker 1: trying to fight the EMUs on their own, but there

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Speaker 1: were no experience machine gunners in the civil service list,

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Speaker 1: so it was back to Meredith and team, who were

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Speaker 1: being lampooned as Major Meredith and his married men. They

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Speaker 1: came back to the area and launched a second offensive

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Speaker 1: on November, and they used Joseph Joyce's property as their

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Speaker 1: starting point again. They killed about EMUs on November and

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Speaker 1: about the twenty about twenty more the day after. At

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Speaker 1: about this time, I'm an animal welfare officer was sent

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Speaker 1: to oversee the reports that so many birds were apparently

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Speaker 1: being injured and then continuing to run. It's not likely

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Speaker 1: that he was able to do that much. So he

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Speaker 1: was basically there to try to ensure that the animals

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Speaker 1: weren't suffering, that they were being hit and killed and

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Speaker 1: not needlessly carrying on in an inhumane way. Right that

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Speaker 1: that was That was his role, but it's unlikely that

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Speaker 1: it actually made much of an effect. By November fifteen,

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Speaker 1: the birds had started to become release cautious of the

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Speaker 1: soldiers activities, which I think people weren't quite expecting them

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Speaker 1: to learn from experience. Um, they would stay out of

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Speaker 1: range of the machine gun, so they were smarter than

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Speaker 1: people thought they were. They were learning range distance and

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Speaker 1: where was safe and where wasn't. They had boundaries in

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Speaker 1: their head of how close they could get. The team

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Speaker 1: moved around the area as various farmers would report to

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Speaker 1: them that they had seen EMUs and had crop damage,

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Speaker 1: and by December two they were pretty consistently killing uh

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Speaker 1: by reports about a hundred eves a week. That's what

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Speaker 1: they were telling people. Brigadier Martin recalled Major Meredith on

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Speaker 1: December ten. In Martin's reports, he gave an estimated nine

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Speaker 1: hundred and eighty six birds killed and nine thousand, eight

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Speaker 1: hundred sixty bullets used. That's the suspicious accounting of birds

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Speaker 1: versus bullets, and that is just multiplying by ten. Yes,

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Speaker 1: there was an ongoing attempt to get the soldier settlers

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Speaker 1: to repay the military for that that ammunition. The way

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Speaker 1: that it went down is that the Agricultural Bank reimbursed

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Speaker 1: the military on the soldier's behalf, and then the bank

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Speaker 1: put off asking the soldiers to repay them until nineteen

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Speaker 1: thirty three because they know times are hard for everybody. Eventually,

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Speaker 1: Te Dixon, who was the president of the Wheat Growers

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Speaker 1: Union at Campion, got a demand for thirty five pounds,

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Speaker 1: and Daniel O'Leary, who was an executive member of the

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Speaker 1: while Gulan Wheat Growers Union, got a demand for twenty

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Speaker 1: four pounds. O Larry eventually got his payment reduced, though

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Speaker 1: to one pound fourteen shillings. He didn't want to pay

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Speaker 1: anything encountered with an accounting of how much money he

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Speaker 1: had spent personally on the effort, including nine pounds for

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Speaker 1: victualling his Majesty's troops, ten pounds for transport with a

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Speaker 1: further five pounds for damage to same and nine hundred

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Speaker 1: pounds for the loss of six thousand bushels of wheat

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Speaker 1: valued at three shillings per bushel. The whole thing remained suspended,

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Speaker 1: and many sources don't show that anybody ever actually got paid,

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Speaker 1: that no money changed hands for reimbursement. Now, even though

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Speaker 1: this is pretty roundly seen as an unsuccessful attempt to

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Speaker 1: curb the population of e news, Western Australians continued to

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Speaker 1: ask for military help again in eight and nineteen forty three.

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Speaker 1: The military turned down the request all three times. The

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Speaker 1: soldier settlers used their own arms to fight the EMUs instead.

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Speaker 1: O Leary, who we mentioned a few minutes ago in

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Speaker 1: nineteen forty three also mentioned getting an RSPC a letter

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Speaker 1: about uh their destruction of the EMUs and how it

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Speaker 1: was cruel. His response was that they were going to

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Speaker 1: defend their crops and they did not need anyone's permission,

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Speaker 1: and after World War Two, farmers were actually issued free

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Speaker 1: immunition for dealing with vermon. Two hundred and eighty four thousand,

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Speaker 1: seven hundred four EMUs were known to have been killed

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Speaker 1: by farmers between ninety and nineteen sixty so in just

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Speaker 1: fifteen years time, right, So it seems like while the

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Speaker 1: firing of machine guns at herds of EMUs not very

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Speaker 1: successful as an attempt to control their population, people have

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Speaker 1: been able to do a little better with a rifle

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Speaker 1: sort of singling out one at a time. There are

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Speaker 1: still lots and lots of EMUs in Australia. Their population

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Speaker 1: now is controlled by a bounty. There are payments given

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Speaker 1: for between five thousand and forty thousand birds a year

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Speaker 1: in Western Australia. Even though there are that many being shot, reportedly,

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Speaker 1: their population are still pretty healthy. It's sort of like

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Speaker 1: the idea of if if the bird is really being

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Speaker 1: a pest and it's not negatively affecting their overall population

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Speaker 1: to the point of threatening them to be able to

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Speaker 1: keep them out of farmlands, then generally people seem to

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Speaker 1: be okay with this situation. Yeah, it's always you know,

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Speaker 1: as a compassionate human being, it's always hard to think

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Speaker 1: about animals being killed. But this is one of those

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Speaker 1: cases where the government is really trying to balance the

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Speaker 1: health of the animal population and the welfare of the

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Speaker 1: human population, and it's tricky. There's no easy answer really,

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Speaker 1: that's going to make everybody happy. So that's where they've

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Speaker 1: landed is with bounty, so that that one attempt they

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Speaker 1: fought a battle. They fought a battle. And at the

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Speaker 1: time things were they were obviously things were hard in

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Speaker 1: the Great Depression. People really took the opportunity to to

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Speaker 1: lampoon the military and the government when that was going on.

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Speaker 1: It became a source of entertainment for people, which people

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Speaker 1: kind of needed then, and it was it was nice

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Speaker 1: for people to have a government target that they could

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Speaker 1: laugh at when people felt like the government was taking

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Speaker 1: a lot of blame for what was going on in

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Speaker 1: the community at the time. So that's the story of

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Speaker 1: the Emy War, the brief and indeed bizarre wildlife management

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Speaker 1: attempt in Western Australia. I also have listener mails in

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Speaker 1: her room. This gets an a lord. I think as

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Speaker 1: as one of the greatest listener mails that we've gotten.

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Speaker 1: It is so awesome that you instant messaged me the

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Speaker 1: minute at our ind box and tell me how great

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Speaker 1: it was. I think they're leading. So this is from Megan.

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Speaker 1: Megan says, I don't know who's spearheading the recent spate

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Speaker 1: of medieval themed podcasts, but it's awesome. In college, part

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Speaker 1: of my senior thesis focused on anchors is I almost

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00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:10,800
Speaker 1: fell over when I heard you mentioned them in the

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Speaker 1: Marjorie Camp episode. This year, at Valentine's Day, a friend

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Speaker 1: and I spent an inordinate amount of time coming up

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Speaker 1: with Valentine's that anchorses might send to their friends. A sampling.

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Speaker 1: Roses are red, violets are blue, the wall has a hole,

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00:23:25,240 --> 00:23:31,720
Speaker 1: please pass my lunch through. And roses are red, violets

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00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,600
Speaker 1: are blue. Too bad. I'm an anchoress, and I'm dead

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Speaker 1: to you. I think I'll be working in the greedy

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Speaker 1: car business in no time. I love them. I love

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Speaker 1: them so much. They just made me giggle and giggle

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Speaker 1: the second I saw them. Thank you so much for

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Speaker 1: sending those, Megan h And I kind of want to

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Speaker 1: hang them above my desk. I find them to be great.

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Speaker 1: I also want to pass on a correction, in case

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Speaker 1: you missed it earlier. In that Marjorie episode, I referred

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Speaker 1: to the Tomb of St. Peter as being in uh

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00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:09,000
Speaker 1: in Santiago. It is not. It is the Tomb of St. James.

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00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:13,439
Speaker 1: I said that all wrong, So so we have so

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Speaker 1: many tombs. If them in your head, I just the wrong,

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Speaker 1: completely wrong word just came right out of my mouth.

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Speaker 1: It seems St. Peter is not where I say it was.

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Speaker 1: If you would like to learn more about this, if

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00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:27,600
Speaker 1: you have things that you would like to talk to

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00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:29,639
Speaker 1: us about, if you would like to send us a note,

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00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,080
Speaker 1: you can email us at History Podcast at Discovery dot com.

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00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:37,439
Speaker 1: We're also on Facebook at facebook dot com slash history

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00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:40,679
Speaker 1: class stuff, and on Twitter at missed in History. We

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00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:43,439
Speaker 1: also just started a tumbler. It's at missed in History

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00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:46,520
Speaker 1: dot tumbler dot com, and we have a pen board

427
00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,440
Speaker 1: on Pinterest. We are everywhere. If you would like to

428
00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:52,679
Speaker 1: learn more about the instrument of destruction that did not

429
00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:55,879
Speaker 1: destroy nearly as many EMUs as people hoped it would,

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00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:58,560
Speaker 1: you can go to our website. Put the word machine

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