1 00:00:02,440 --> 00:00:06,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Feature production of iHeartRadio. I'm your host 2 00:00:06,320 --> 00:00:07,920 Speaker 1: of Many Parasites. 3 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:08,360 Speaker 2: Katie Golden. 4 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:13,080 Speaker 1: I studied psychology and evolutionary biology, and today on this show, 5 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:18,319 Speaker 1: it's a listener's Questions episode. You can write to me 6 00:00:18,640 --> 00:00:22,079 Speaker 1: your questions and then guess what I try to answer them. 7 00:00:22,239 --> 00:00:23,160 Speaker 2: That's what happens. 8 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:25,959 Speaker 1: So if you're listening to this Q and A and 9 00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:28,440 Speaker 1: you're like, hey, wait a minute, I have a question. 10 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,960 Speaker 1: Why doesn't Katie answer my question about animals and stuff? 11 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:33,479 Speaker 2: Well, it's easy. 12 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:36,600 Speaker 1: You can write to me at Creature Featurepod at gmail 13 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: dot com with your question and I will do my 14 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:45,760 Speaker 1: best to answer it accurately. Let's get right into it. 15 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:49,400 Speaker 1: First question, Hey, Katie, We here in my part of 16 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,680 Speaker 1: Newfoundland were fortunate enough to be right in the path 17 00:00:52,720 --> 00:00:56,520 Speaker 1: of totality of the eclipse. So a friend and I 18 00:00:56,560 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 1: decided to move a bit closer to the center of 19 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:01,040 Speaker 1: the path and observe it next to a ghost ship 20 00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: that recently appeared on a beach. 21 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:03,760 Speaker 2: That's spooky. 22 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: Okay, it was awesome and Sareel got way colder than 23 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:11,000 Speaker 1: I anticipated. The horizon was orange, which was confusing, and 24 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:12,959 Speaker 1: thankfully we got a break in the clouds right before 25 00:01:12,959 --> 00:01:15,920 Speaker 1: the sun turned black with the eerie white glow. As 26 00:01:15,959 --> 00:01:18,640 Speaker 1: it became darker, I didn't hear or see any animals 27 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:20,920 Speaker 1: around us. I was a bit disappointed because I wanted 28 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 1: to know how they'd react to this, but nothing. Our 29 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: animals usually quiet as it darkens in anticipation of night. 30 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:29,120 Speaker 1: I don't know, or are they just thrown off by 31 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:32,959 Speaker 1: the timing. However, as soon as the sun started peeking out, 32 00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:35,399 Speaker 1: the world became lighter, even before it really warmed up, 33 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:39,520 Speaker 1: birds started chirping. There were animals around us apparently, and 34 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 1: one other strange animal behavior that I'm mostly curious about. 35 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:45,800 Speaker 1: As we walked back to where we parked the car, 36 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:48,240 Speaker 1: we met a young man and his saint Bernard. He 37 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: the giant doggie seemed friendly enough. My friend got close 38 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 1: because it seemed fine, leaned over, and the dog suddenly 39 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,480 Speaker 1: bit him in the arm, like pretty deep. The man 40 00:01:57,560 --> 00:01:59,440 Speaker 1: had to use force on the leash to get him 41 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: to back off. It was really on edge suddenly. My 42 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:04,480 Speaker 1: friend had never been bitten before, and the guy said 43 00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:07,720 Speaker 1: his dog had never bitten anyone before. He was very 44 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: apologetic and it seems sincere, although we don't know for 45 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: sure if he was telling the truth, but if he was, 46 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:15,720 Speaker 1: it had me wondering if dogs have a very sensitive 47 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:19,959 Speaker 1: circadian clock and if this behavior was the result of 48 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:22,520 Speaker 1: him being thrown out of whack. I'm curious if you 49 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:24,800 Speaker 1: know of other stories like this or if other listeners 50 00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:27,520 Speaker 1: might have recent animal eclipse stories as well. And this 51 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:30,880 Speaker 1: is from PK. Thank you so much for your story, PK. 52 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:34,360 Speaker 1: I am very jealous that you got to watch the 53 00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: eclipse next to a ghost ship. Also, apparently people were 54 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:41,760 Speaker 1: able to see the northern lights. But hey, guess what. 55 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:44,119 Speaker 1: Guess who's got two thumbs and didn't get to see 56 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:45,639 Speaker 1: the eclipse or the northern lights. 57 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:49,800 Speaker 2: Uh me, it's me. So I'm very jealous. That's very cool. 58 00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:53,400 Speaker 1: So yeah, let's talk about animal behavior during the eclipse. 59 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: So animals, like humans, typically follow a day night cycle, 60 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:01,520 Speaker 1: but in different ways maybe than humans. So they may 61 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:04,960 Speaker 1: be diurnal as we are, which means mostly sleeping at 62 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: night and mostly being active during the day. There's also 63 00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: nocturnal animals that's being mostly asleep or inactive during the 64 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:17,640 Speaker 1: day and mostly active at night, and crepuscular animals and 65 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:21,079 Speaker 1: those are mostly active at dawn and dusk. Otherwise they 66 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:21,800 Speaker 1: are resting. 67 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 2: So there are. 68 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:28,360 Speaker 1: Also animals who use the day night cycle to engage 69 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:32,960 Speaker 1: in mass migrations. So billions of zooplankton migrate from the. 70 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:34,480 Speaker 2: Depths of the ocean. 71 00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: Up to the surface every night to feed, and then 72 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: they go back down to the depths to hide from 73 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:45,440 Speaker 1: the sunlight because they are trying to evade predators that 74 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: can see them. Zooplankton being very small, very snackable. So photoreceptors, 75 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: which in humans and many other animals are mainly concentrated 76 00:03:56,400 --> 00:04:00,360 Speaker 1: in our eyes, respond to light dark cues and stinctly, 77 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:05,520 Speaker 1: for instance, producing the hormone melatonin in response to dark 78 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:09,360 Speaker 1: light cycles, which signals to our body to sleep. So 79 00:04:09,560 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: during an eclipse, it would make sense for animal behaviors 80 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:15,880 Speaker 1: to change. But to what extent is it changing and 81 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:18,400 Speaker 1: is it because the animals literally think it's night or 82 00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: is it due to fear or confusion. So the problem 83 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:25,839 Speaker 1: with trying to study animal behaviors during total eclipses is 84 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: that they are so rare. Uh. Also, human observation during 85 00:04:31,320 --> 00:04:34,719 Speaker 1: eclipses may differ. Right, Like, you are so hyper focused 86 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:38,919 Speaker 1: on the event, you may be paying particular attention to 87 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: sounds and sights and noticing things maybe that you wouldn't 88 00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:45,680 Speaker 1: have noticed before, So maybe you're more likely to notice 89 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:49,719 Speaker 1: subtle changes in behavior that may happen with some regularity. 90 00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 1: It's just everyone's paying attention right now because it's an 91 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:56,920 Speaker 1: eclipse and it is really exciting. So that being said, 92 00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: there really does seem to be some response from animals 93 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:04,680 Speaker 1: to eclipses. So zookeepers report animals acting erratically during an eclipse, 94 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:10,279 Speaker 1: probably confusion about the sudden darkness or maybe anticipation. 95 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 2: Of a storm. 96 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:16,719 Speaker 1: Researchers found that some diurnal birds seem to continue their 97 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: song during an eclipse, while observers have noticed that other 98 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: birds will fall silent, So it's possible that some birds 99 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:26,599 Speaker 1: think it's night, or they might be confused and go 100 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:30,240 Speaker 1: into a cautious standby mode, whereas others are less sensitive 101 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:35,640 Speaker 1: to that change. Insects may respond more rapidly to eclipses, 102 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:40,240 Speaker 1: becoming more active as it gets dark. For honeybees, it's 103 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:44,560 Speaker 1: actually the opposite. Researchers found that honey bees return to 104 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:48,120 Speaker 1: their hive and hunker down during the darkness of an eclipse, 105 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:52,120 Speaker 1: and in fact, it seems like their return is pretty rapid, 106 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: more rapid than they usually do. So it could be 107 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:57,200 Speaker 1: that they are in something of a panic because they 108 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:02,560 Speaker 1: are confused or it seems dangerous to them that this 109 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:08,680 Speaker 1: sudden darkness has approached. As for the question about the dog, 110 00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: so we don't know, right, like if this guy is 111 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: telling the truth or not that his dog has never bitten. 112 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:16,760 Speaker 2: But let's take him at his word. Okay. 113 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:20,880 Speaker 1: So dogs really like routine, and they can get very 114 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,680 Speaker 1: stressed if their routine is disrupted by something unpleasant like 115 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,360 Speaker 1: the world suddenly going dark. So when I say routine, 116 00:06:27,400 --> 00:06:30,000 Speaker 1: I don't mean just like boring stuff. Of course, dogs 117 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:33,200 Speaker 1: like stimulation, they like getting out about, they like novelty 118 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:38,479 Speaker 1: to some extent. But if their routine is altered in 119 00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:42,799 Speaker 1: a really significant way, especially something spooky like the world 120 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:46,479 Speaker 1: suddenly going dark, I think it's very reasonable for the 121 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: dog to get really stressed. Because dogs do have a 122 00:06:49,839 --> 00:06:52,760 Speaker 1: pretty good sense of time. They have a good sense 123 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:56,520 Speaker 1: of routine, like that's why your dog expects dinner at 124 00:06:56,560 --> 00:07:00,520 Speaker 1: a certain time. So I could definitely see a dog 125 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 1: as reacting with fear and anxiety to the unexpected darkness. Also, 126 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 1: I have found that dogs are very sensitive to vibes, 127 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:14,920 Speaker 1: which you know is obviously a scientific term. But if 128 00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:17,960 Speaker 1: a dog's senses something is weird, right, like if people's 129 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:22,760 Speaker 1: behaviors have suddenly changed, if everyone if there's just a 130 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: certain I guess emotional. 131 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:26,679 Speaker 2: Change. 132 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:29,280 Speaker 1: I think dogs can be quite sensitive to that, and 133 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 1: that can make them anxious. I'm really sorry that your 134 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:34,960 Speaker 1: friend was bitten. Of course, this is not his fault 135 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:39,760 Speaker 1: at all, and you know, but I can't imagine a 136 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 1: dog getting really stressed over a unusual event like an eclipse. 137 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:49,480 Speaker 1: As a dog owner who has a very anxious little dog, 138 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:52,600 Speaker 1: She's tiny, so she can't really do much damage, but 139 00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:56,000 Speaker 1: she does nip if she's stressed out. So what I 140 00:07:56,120 --> 00:07:59,760 Speaker 1: do is if she is in an unusual situation. First 141 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: of all, I tried to avoid putting her in stressful 142 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 1: unusual situations, but if it's unavoidable, then I make sure 143 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:10,480 Speaker 1: that she stays away from people, because I don't want 144 00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: her to nip at people. Even if she's tiny, she 145 00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:16,600 Speaker 1: she can she can get in a good little nip there, 146 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:20,200 Speaker 1: and it's it's not it's not fun. But yeah, so 147 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: she she has a little bit of trauma as well, 148 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: which we have worked through. But yeah, she does easily 149 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: get very anxious and stressed and scared in situations, and 150 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:34,560 Speaker 1: an anxious and stressed and scared dog is one who 151 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,000 Speaker 1: could be unpredictable. They could they could bite, they could nip, 152 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:40,880 Speaker 1: So it's always important to keep that in mind as 153 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:45,240 Speaker 1: a as a dog owner. And yeah, so I'm really 154 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: sorry that happened to your friend. But yeah, maybe maybe 155 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:51,960 Speaker 1: it really was the Saint Bernard's first time because he 156 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:55,679 Speaker 1: thought it was the apocalypse, or maybe ghosts from that 157 00:08:55,720 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: ghost ship possessed the dog. I don't know. Next question, Hey, 158 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: how many times have we talked about a seals the 159 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:12,320 Speaker 1: plant animal marine flatworm? They're totally wicked and this is 160 00:09:12,360 --> 00:09:16,839 Speaker 1: from Jercifuentis, So I don't think we have talked about 161 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:17,720 Speaker 1: them yet, and. 162 00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:18,959 Speaker 2: We probably should. 163 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:22,960 Speaker 1: So. A seals are an order of marine invertebrates that 164 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: are similar to flatworm. A seals kind of look like 165 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:30,440 Speaker 1: used band aids. Maybe more charitably, they look like sort 166 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:34,680 Speaker 1: of flat orangish discs, and they vary in size depending 167 00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:39,040 Speaker 1: on the species. They are both carnivorous and in a 168 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: symbiotic relationship with algae that can photosynthesize, so the algae 169 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:48,320 Speaker 1: is dispersed throughout the aceeal's tissue. But you know, even 170 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:51,000 Speaker 1: though we haven't talked about the acal, we have talked 171 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:56,800 Speaker 1: about another marine invertebrate that uses a similar technique. It 172 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:02,079 Speaker 1: is called the leaf sheep, also known as coast Ciella kroscheme, 173 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 1: which is a sea slug that looks like a weird 174 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: sheep whose wool is made of thick green leaves. I 175 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:12,840 Speaker 1: highly recommend you google leaf sheep. 176 00:10:13,240 --> 00:10:14,120 Speaker 2: It's very cute. 177 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:17,679 Speaker 1: So this sheeplike aspect to its face is due to 178 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:21,400 Speaker 1: these projection that kind of look like ears, which are 179 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:26,760 Speaker 1: actually rhinophores. These are chemoreceptive sensors. It's also got a 180 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:30,079 Speaker 1: couple of eye spots that are really close together and 181 00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:33,400 Speaker 1: look like really cartoony. They kind of look like a 182 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:37,040 Speaker 1: Gary Larsen cartoon of a cow's it's very funny. So 183 00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:41,559 Speaker 1: the green leaves on its body are fleshy projections full 184 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:48,080 Speaker 1: of chloroplasts, which it actually steals from the algae it eats. 185 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:53,160 Speaker 1: So this is kleptoplasty. It's actually stealing chloroplasts from the 186 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 1: algae that it eats and integrating it into its body, 187 00:10:57,200 --> 00:11:01,840 Speaker 1: and these chloroplasts can photosynthesize and produce nutrients for the 188 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:06,560 Speaker 1: sea slug so a similar situation to the acal. But 189 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,440 Speaker 1: you know what, You're right. We should have talked about 190 00:11:09,440 --> 00:11:12,160 Speaker 1: the acls. They're very cool and maybe I'll talk about 191 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:18,440 Speaker 1: them more on another episode. Next listener question, how do 192 00:11:18,559 --> 00:11:22,280 Speaker 1: animals know what to eat? With humans? It seems to 193 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:25,320 Speaker 1: be a learned behavior, knowing what is safe to eat 194 00:11:25,360 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: and what food we need for a healthy diet. Do 195 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:33,000 Speaker 1: animals use their senses? Is it learned behavior or something else? 196 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 1: Thank you, Daniel, Thank you for your question, Daniel. So, 197 00:11:37,480 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: for many animals, food is instinctive. They have sensory organs 198 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: like a nose, antenna, or tentacles that alert them to 199 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:46,760 Speaker 1: the smells or. 200 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:47,760 Speaker 2: Tastes of food. 201 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:54,120 Speaker 1: They intuitively understand which foods are good or bad. All 202 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: animals have some instinct when it comes to eating, including humans. 203 00:11:58,640 --> 00:12:03,160 Speaker 1: We innately like the taste of sugars, carbohydrates, and proteins. 204 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:07,400 Speaker 1: Different flavors will appeal to different animals, of course, due 205 00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:11,200 Speaker 1: to the differing nutritional and health needs. So, for instance, 206 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:15,319 Speaker 1: cat poop might seem like an abhorrent snack to most 207 00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: of us humans, but to a dog, cat poop is 208 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:22,040 Speaker 1: like candy. Given how high a protein content exists in 209 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 1: catfood and is excreted in cat poop. So when your 210 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:30,000 Speaker 1: dog eats cat poop, he's not being a freak. It's 211 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: just that cat poop seems like candy to dogs, believe 212 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:36,559 Speaker 1: it or not. So what happens when our instincts tells 213 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,800 Speaker 1: us that something will taste good and we try to 214 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:43,240 Speaker 1: eat it and then we get sick, Well, that is learning. 215 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,680 Speaker 1: So learning is a major way in which animals figure 216 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:50,600 Speaker 1: out how to eat. So, for instance, a butterfly might 217 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:54,199 Speaker 1: be a nice snack for a bird, but certain butterflies 218 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:58,080 Speaker 1: are actually toxic. Birds can learn that certain colors on 219 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:01,439 Speaker 1: a butterfly or frog means they are about to encounter 220 00:13:01,559 --> 00:13:04,560 Speaker 1: a yucky thing that makes them throw up. This is 221 00:13:04,760 --> 00:13:11,280 Speaker 1: actually called poison shyness. So butterflies actually some species of 222 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:15,560 Speaker 1: butterfly mimics will take advantage of this and pretend to 223 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: be the toxic butterflies. But what happens actually is if 224 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 1: these mimics become too great in numbers, the birds unlearn 225 00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:30,960 Speaker 1: the toxicity signal, the apisomatic coloration, that's coloration that is 226 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,440 Speaker 1: a warning color that you know I am dangerous, I 227 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:37,000 Speaker 1: am yucky. And so if mimics become too big a number. 228 00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: The birds unlearn it, they statistically are more likely to 229 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,079 Speaker 1: encounter a mimic, and so they learn, hey, this is 230 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:46,559 Speaker 1: actually pretty tasty. And then you have sort of this 231 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:50,920 Speaker 1: realignment in populations, a drop in the population of mimics, 232 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 1: and then suddenly once the actual toxic butterfly population becomes 233 00:13:56,120 --> 00:13:58,839 Speaker 1: more prominent, after the birds have picked off a lot 234 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:03,199 Speaker 1: of the non time toxic mimics, then the apisomatic coloration 235 00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:05,720 Speaker 1: works again and the birds are like, hey, actually, every 236 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:07,839 Speaker 1: time I try to eat one of these, you know, 237 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,520 Speaker 1: red or orange butterflies, I get a tummy ache and 238 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:15,640 Speaker 1: I throw up. So, yeah, that is poison shyness. So 239 00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:20,160 Speaker 1: conservationists sometimes take advantage of poison shyness to try to 240 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:26,440 Speaker 1: teach endangered animal populations not to accidentally lethally poison themselves. 241 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: So an example is with the quall. So qualls are 242 00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:36,240 Speaker 1: an endangered Australian marsupial and on the other side you've 243 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:40,880 Speaker 1: got cane toads. Those are an invasive species. They were 244 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:46,840 Speaker 1: introduced to Australia because we had this thing that we 245 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:50,400 Speaker 1: would do as humans where we would have some kind 246 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,320 Speaker 1: of problem with a crop, right, like a cane sugar 247 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:55,760 Speaker 1: crop where it's like, ah, there's these cane beetles eating 248 00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:59,480 Speaker 1: our cane sugar, So we'll just introduce an animal to 249 00:14:59,560 --> 00:15:01,640 Speaker 1: eat the can cane beetles. And we did that with 250 00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:04,960 Speaker 1: the cane toads. Didn't work to control the cane beetles 251 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: because apparently the cane beetles were too high up on 252 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,320 Speaker 1: the cane stock for the cane toads to actually eat them, 253 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,200 Speaker 1: because it's a different species than they would prey upon 254 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: in their native country. And so then the cane toad 255 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:22,600 Speaker 1: just started eating everything else, and you know, like marsupial mice, 256 00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:25,040 Speaker 1: and the cane toads were highly toxic, so they would 257 00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 1: also poison predators. So it was a terrible situation. The 258 00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:33,600 Speaker 1: cane toads are still highly invasive. It's not really a 259 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,280 Speaker 1: good idea to introduce a species as pets control, no 260 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:42,520 Speaker 1: matter how many times we've tried and failed. Yes, it's 261 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:45,400 Speaker 1: still it's never gonna be a good idea. Okay, So 262 00:15:45,840 --> 00:15:48,120 Speaker 1: we've got these cane toads and we've got these qualls. 263 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:52,160 Speaker 1: Qualls are adorable native species, and they would try to 264 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:55,680 Speaker 1: eat the cane toads, and the cane toads are so toxic. 265 00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:59,760 Speaker 1: They have a buffo toxin that can actually kill the quall, 266 00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:02,760 Speaker 1: and we don't want that. These are quality qualls and 267 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:08,880 Speaker 1: we don't want them killed. So what conservationists do is 268 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: they take a dead cane toad that is not, you know, 269 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:15,600 Speaker 1: not no longer deadly toxic, and they actually lace it 270 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:19,880 Speaker 1: with a nausea inducing drugs. And these nausea inducing drugs 271 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: won't actually kill the quall, they will just make them 272 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:26,960 Speaker 1: feel sick to their little tommies. And so they like 273 00:16:27,120 --> 00:16:31,600 Speaker 1: lay out these dead altered cane toads that have these 274 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,760 Speaker 1: these drugs in them that will make them taste nasty. 275 00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:38,360 Speaker 1: So then the quall learns like, hey, wait a minute, 276 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:44,600 Speaker 1: I should avoid this cane toad because it makes me 277 00:16:44,760 --> 00:16:47,040 Speaker 1: have a tummy ache. And that way it can learn 278 00:16:47,440 --> 00:16:51,400 Speaker 1: without actually just dying from the lethal cane toad toxin. 279 00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:58,320 Speaker 1: So that is a really great conservationist use of poison shyness. 280 00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:02,320 Speaker 1: Poison shyness can sadly also happen in terms of when 281 00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:07,800 Speaker 1: people use pest control and try to like say, poisoning rats, 282 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,200 Speaker 1: and rats can be very sensitive to that and learn 283 00:17:10,359 --> 00:17:13,800 Speaker 1: to avoid certain foods or to test out certain foods, 284 00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: or even watch their friends eat something and see if 285 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:17,919 Speaker 1: it's safe. 286 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:19,760 Speaker 2: And so there's. 287 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:24,800 Speaker 1: Actually been more advanced rat poison that instead of being 288 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:28,919 Speaker 1: a fast acting poison, it's a basically like a extreme 289 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:32,840 Speaker 1: blood thinner that causes internal bleeding, but it takes a 290 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:35,919 Speaker 1: while to actually happen, and so that's meant to overcome 291 00:17:35,960 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 1: the poison shyness. It's pretty grizzly. I like rats, so 292 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:43,760 Speaker 1: I don't love this kind of twisted method of killing them. 293 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: Animals can also learn the inverse of poison shyness or 294 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: that something is yucky. They can learn that something is 295 00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:57,600 Speaker 1: yummy that is not intuitive. So the most famous example 296 00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:01,640 Speaker 1: of this is probably the Japanese macare that learned that 297 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:06,280 Speaker 1: washing sweet potatoes in salt water makes them taste better. 298 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:10,720 Speaker 1: They basically they salt their food. It's not washing them 299 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:13,880 Speaker 1: for hygiene purposes, but for the flavor of the salt water. 300 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:18,720 Speaker 1: So this was taught to multiple generations of these Japanese 301 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:23,520 Speaker 1: macaques by a single female, and that idea spread and 302 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:28,240 Speaker 1: has been passed down and passed among these Japanese macaques 303 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: long after her death. So sometimes learned feeding behavior and 304 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:42,040 Speaker 1: genetic food preference coincide and interact. So domesticated dogs have 305 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: become much better at digesting starches over time, Like genetically, 306 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: they are better at digesting starches due to their proximity 307 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:53,720 Speaker 1: with humans and starchy foods that we will give them. 308 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:57,680 Speaker 1: Compared to their ancestors, the wolves. Dogs are much better 309 00:18:57,720 --> 00:19:03,119 Speaker 1: at digesting starches. That's what thousands of years of begging 310 00:19:03,160 --> 00:19:06,160 Speaker 1: at the table gets you as a dog. 311 00:19:06,359 --> 00:19:09,720 Speaker 2: So, you know, one can't imagine the. 312 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 1: Dogs that were better able to digest these starches flourished 313 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:17,359 Speaker 1: more among human settlements, and so they were more likely 314 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:21,000 Speaker 1: to pass along their genes and perhaps maybe it made 315 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,320 Speaker 1: them even friendlier towards humans. Right, Like they can digest 316 00:19:24,359 --> 00:19:27,480 Speaker 1: starch well and they're more friendly towards humans, and so 317 00:19:27,640 --> 00:19:31,120 Speaker 1: humans would reward that right by trying to make more 318 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:34,960 Speaker 1: puppies like that. So you have this really interesting interplay 319 00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:41,560 Speaker 1: of artificial selection of humans selecting the dogs, evolutionary pressures 320 00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:45,200 Speaker 1: right of dogs being able to eat more food that 321 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:50,840 Speaker 1: is around human settlements, and genetics. Now, dogs are very 322 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:55,879 Speaker 1: distinct genetically from wolves such that they are much better 323 00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: at eating starches. So like dog chow and wolf chow 324 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:03,879 Speaker 1: would have to be very different now. So, like many behaviors, 325 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:06,760 Speaker 1: knowing what to eat can both be instinctive, like a 326 00:20:06,840 --> 00:20:10,119 Speaker 1: newborn who knows how to immediately suckle at the teat, 327 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:13,679 Speaker 1: to learned like putting salt on food to make it 328 00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 1: taste better, or just a combination right of genetics learn 329 00:20:17,840 --> 00:20:23,480 Speaker 1: behavior over long periods of time, creating you know, new situations. 330 00:20:23,520 --> 00:20:26,760 Speaker 1: So yeah, it's a very deep and interesting question, so 331 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:31,840 Speaker 1: thank you. Next listener question, Hi, Katie, I enjoyed your 332 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:36,680 Speaker 1: recent secretly incredibly fascinating episode about the middle finger, and 333 00:20:36,880 --> 00:20:40,200 Speaker 1: suddenly I found myself wondering about the evolution of the penis. Hey, 334 00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:43,800 Speaker 1: you know what that tracks. I've heard that some birds 335 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:47,640 Speaker 1: have penises, while many non mammals manage fine with just chloak. 336 00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: Did dinosaurs have penises? Do any fish have them? How 337 00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 1: often have they evolved independently? What makes an insects of 338 00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:59,359 Speaker 1: a positor not a penis? Thanks for the fascinating show. 339 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:03,240 Speaker 1: Wanted to thank you so much for this question. It 340 00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 1: is a fascinating topic. Don't you dare giggle even once 341 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:11,400 Speaker 1: during my explanation. So penises, they are actually extremely interesting. 342 00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:15,200 Speaker 1: There are birds who don't have them in mate by 343 00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: bumping cloacas together. There are also birds who do have penises. 344 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:24,480 Speaker 1: Reptiles also vary in terms of who have penises. Some 345 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:30,359 Speaker 1: reptiles like the tuatura, only use cloacas, whereas reptails like 346 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: lizards and snakes actually have hemipenies, which are two headed 347 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:39,080 Speaker 1: penises that they met with. In fact, they are often spiky. 348 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,800 Speaker 1: They basically look like a two headed morning star mace, 349 00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 1: but you know they use it for love, not war. 350 00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 2: So fish are. 351 00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:53,880 Speaker 1: Extremely diverse, so some species of fish are less closely 352 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:57,440 Speaker 1: related to other fish as they are too terrestrial animals. 353 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:01,320 Speaker 1: That said, there aren't any true fish stix, I mean 354 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: true fish penises. They do have a variety of either 355 00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:10,840 Speaker 1: chloika or penis like organs, So I would say, I 356 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:14,520 Speaker 1: mean this is similar to the insects ovipositor. The insects 357 00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:18,640 Speaker 1: overpositor is not a penis, just because that's just sort 358 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,360 Speaker 1: of a definition thing, right, but its function is very 359 00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:28,600 Speaker 1: similar and ovipositor usually is used to deposit eggs, not sperm, 360 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,880 Speaker 1: and so just based on our definition of a penis, 361 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:36,600 Speaker 1: that that wouldn't count as a penis. But even with 362 00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:40,639 Speaker 1: these fish, right like, they will have structures that resemble penises. 363 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:43,399 Speaker 1: But just because of the way that we define things, 364 00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:45,920 Speaker 1: we don't define them as penis. We call them penis 365 00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:48,560 Speaker 1: like structures. But it's it's all, that's just semantics, that's 366 00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:53,920 Speaker 1: just how we define things. So so, for instance, sharks 367 00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:58,080 Speaker 1: have claspers. They are a set of umbrella like organs 368 00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:03,159 Speaker 1: that funnel semen into the female's kloaca. Some fish like guppies, 369 00:23:03,359 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: have gona podium, which are modified anal fins that act 370 00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: as a trow basically to loge sperm into the female's kloaka. 371 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: Now let's move on to dinosaurs. So dinosaurs, it's a 372 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:23,280 Speaker 1: really fascinating question and one that scientists don't really have 373 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:26,280 Speaker 1: all the answers to because it is so tricky to 374 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:31,639 Speaker 1: get answers to questions for species that we only have 375 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: fossil records for. Of course, we do have modern day dinosaurs, 376 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:38,440 Speaker 1: which are birds, and that factors plays a huge role 377 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:42,600 Speaker 1: in how we understand what dinosaurs that are extinct were like. 378 00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:48,119 Speaker 1: So penises don't have to have a bone. Human penises 379 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:50,920 Speaker 1: do not have a bone. A lot of mammalian penises, 380 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,320 Speaker 1: most mammalian penises do actually have a penis bone, but 381 00:23:54,440 --> 00:24:00,440 Speaker 1: human penises do not, so given that penis bone may 382 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: not have existed in dinosaurs, right, it would just be 383 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:07,120 Speaker 1: soft tissue, So how would we know if they had 384 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:13,600 Speaker 1: penises based on fossil records. Also, discovering something about one 385 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:16,240 Speaker 1: dinosaur doesn't mean we know everything about every other dinosaur. 386 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 1: Dinosaurs were very diverse. Some were warm blooded, being able 387 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:23,040 Speaker 1: to thermoregulate on their own, and others were cold blooded, 388 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: meaning they relied on their environment to thermoregulate. That's just 389 00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:30,720 Speaker 1: an example of how diverse dinosaurs were as a whole. 390 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:35,040 Speaker 1: And so one species might have a penis, whereas others 391 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:38,600 Speaker 1: maybe didn't develop that, but we don't necessarily know. So 392 00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 1: there is fossil evidence of kloacas in dinosaurs, but no 393 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:48,080 Speaker 1: hard proof of the existence of penises. Biologists speculate that 394 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:52,879 Speaker 1: at least some dinosaurs may have had penises because old 395 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:57,520 Speaker 1: lineages of birds birds being you know, the dinosaurs that 396 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:04,800 Speaker 1: remain do have penises. So based on embryonic evidence, that is, 397 00:25:04,840 --> 00:25:07,439 Speaker 1: like you look at the stages of the development of 398 00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:09,959 Speaker 1: the embryo and you see you see like early on, 399 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:12,639 Speaker 1: maybe it starts to develop a penis and then it 400 00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:18,320 Speaker 1: stops developing. And so based on that evidence many birds 401 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,520 Speaker 1: who did not have penises likely did have them in 402 00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:26,080 Speaker 1: their evolutionary history, but then lost them over time due 403 00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:30,160 Speaker 1: to it not being necessary or different mating techniques, et cetera. 404 00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:35,440 Speaker 1: So what about mammals. All male mammals have some sort 405 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: of are All male mammals are born with some sort 406 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:44,040 Speaker 1: of penis. Even some females have pseudo penises, Like the 407 00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:47,880 Speaker 1: female hyena has something a structure that looks very much 408 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:52,280 Speaker 1: like a penis. It is something that she has to 409 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:56,840 Speaker 1: give birth through, which is incredibly difficult. One of the 410 00:25:56,840 --> 00:26:00,159 Speaker 1: theories for why hyenas have a pseudo penis is that 411 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:07,000 Speaker 1: it improves the survival of cubs of hyena cubs because 412 00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:12,159 Speaker 1: perhaps in earlier iterations of their evolution, males would kill 413 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:17,080 Speaker 1: young male cubs, and so by making it more difficult 414 00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:22,879 Speaker 1: to differentiate, it would make it less beneficial for male 415 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 1: hyenas to kill the cubs. 416 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:25,960 Speaker 2: That's just one theory. 417 00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:29,639 Speaker 1: I don't know, though, it is very interesting why the 418 00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:33,280 Speaker 1: females have a pseudopenis. It seems like there must also 419 00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:37,080 Speaker 1: be some evolutionary pressure in terms of the social structure 420 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:42,960 Speaker 1: of hyena groups. Anyways, researchers believe that all mammals have 421 00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:47,159 Speaker 1: a common ancestor that had a penis, and so the 422 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:51,840 Speaker 1: mammalian penis evolved once. In fact, it's thought that all 423 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:55,840 Speaker 1: amniotes share a common ancestor who had a penis. So 424 00:26:56,080 --> 00:27:02,520 Speaker 1: amniotes include birds, reptiles, and mammals. The idea is that 425 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:06,800 Speaker 1: even reptiles or birds who do not have penises once 426 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,520 Speaker 1: had a common ancestor with like us mammals, with everyone else, 427 00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:14,760 Speaker 1: all other amniotes one common ancestor who did have a penis, 428 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:19,120 Speaker 1: But some species ended up finding the penis unnecessary and 429 00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:23,040 Speaker 1: it just shrank into oblivion. Well, on that note, we've 430 00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,320 Speaker 1: done it. I have answered your questions, and if you're 431 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:30,480 Speaker 1: out there saying like, hey, I have a question, I'm 432 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: worried it's dumb or it's about butts, so I feel 433 00:27:33,840 --> 00:27:37,320 Speaker 1: like it's inappropriate. I just spent like I don't know, 434 00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:41,960 Speaker 1: eight minutes talking about penises. So any question is welcome, 435 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:45,240 Speaker 1: and you can write to me at Creature Featurepod at 436 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:51,119 Speaker 1: gmail dot com. Any question about animal biology, evolution, your pets, 437 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,760 Speaker 1: some kind of random bug you found, send it to me. 438 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,160 Speaker 1: I love doing these and I hope you like them too. 439 00:27:57,920 --> 00:28:00,919 Speaker 1: Thank you guys so much, for listening. If you're enjoying 440 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:02,960 Speaker 1: the show and you leave a rating and review that 441 00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:07,919 Speaker 1: actually tangibly helps me, it makes the podcast go better 442 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: somehow in the algorithm. I don't know how it works, 443 00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:15,320 Speaker 1: but it that's how it do. And thank you so 444 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:17,800 Speaker 1: much to the Space Classics for your super awesome song. 445 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,439 Speaker 1: X so Lumina Creature features a production of iHeartRadio. For 446 00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:25,280 Speaker 1: more podcasts like the one you just heard, visit the 447 00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:28,359 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or hey, guess what, wherever you 448 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,160 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. I'm not your mother. 449 00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:32,760 Speaker 2: I can't tell you what to do. 450 00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: You gotta live your own life, make your own mistakes, 451 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: listen to your own dang podcasts. Y'all See you next Wednesday.