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Speaker 1: Hey, everybody, this is Chuck with this uh Saturday select

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Speaker 1: edition of Stuff you Should Know? And this week I

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Speaker 1: picked out a little show called why do Men Have Nipples?

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Speaker 1: And that's how you have to say it in your

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Speaker 1: head when you read it out loud. This from January,

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Speaker 1: and if I remember correctly, Um, it's just kind of

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Speaker 1: an interesting episode. I think Josh and I we're looking

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Speaker 1: at each other one day with their shirts off. I

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Speaker 1: was like, why you have nipples? Why do you have nipples?

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Speaker 1: And that's generally how most of our shows get started.

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Speaker 1: So give it a listen and I hope you enjoy it.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and we're doing this. We're

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Speaker 1: doing it whether you like it or not. Yeah, we're

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Speaker 1: recording our podcast Stuff you Should Know. Probably no because

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Speaker 1: you tuned in, so welcome and if it was an accident, Hey,

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Speaker 1: welcome to the party. Talk about serendipity. You're about to

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Speaker 1: learn about male nipples. Yeah you want to talk about

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Speaker 1: a party? Yeah? You got him? I got him. We

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Speaker 1: all do. Uh, do you want to talk about chromosomes

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Speaker 1: for a second. Sure, okay, chuck, uh, you and I

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Speaker 1: each have twenty three chromosomes in our body. We talked

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Speaker 1: a little bit in Designer Children. I think, yeah about

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Speaker 1: little genetics over We're not gonna go into that now.

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Speaker 1: But um, the twenty three chromosomes. H if you put

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Speaker 1: a man in a woman side by side, or their

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Speaker 1: chromosomes side by side, twenty two of the twenty three

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Speaker 1: chromosomes are going to be exactly alike. It's that twenty

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Speaker 1: three that gets you. The twenty three chromosome either has

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Speaker 1: a pair of xes or an X and a Y.

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Speaker 1: Pair of xes equals a woman, X Y equals a man. Okay,

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Speaker 1: we're not that far apart. We're really not. And that

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Speaker 1: becomes very very clear when we're in utero because sexual dimorphism,

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Speaker 1: which is the the inward and outward differences between genders

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Speaker 1: between male and female, like who who's in ha haas

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Speaker 1: and that kind of stuff. Um, those are all uh,

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Speaker 1: those are all hammered out in the course of our

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Speaker 1: development on the twenty three chrome zone. Right, A lot

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Speaker 1: of it you come out with, right, you were born

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Speaker 1: with a vagino or a penis, right, Um, but a

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Speaker 1: lot of it is also set up to be kicked

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Speaker 1: in when puberty happens. That's right, but still there's differences,

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Speaker 1: there's changes, and it's all because of this twenty three

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Speaker 1: chrome zone. Some of the things though, can go either

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Speaker 1: way and depending on what happens when puberty comes along. Um,

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Speaker 1: either nothing's going to happen to these to this equipment,

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Speaker 1: I guess you could call it yea or um. A

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Speaker 1: lot of crazy things happened to it. And one of those, uh,

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Speaker 1: the good examples of this are nipples. There's a really

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Speaker 1: great question, why do men have nipples? Chuck? Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: have a funny little story about this. My sister and

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Speaker 1: I were hanging out about about fifteen years ago, and

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Speaker 1: I was They had a male dog and I was

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Speaker 1: rubbing the belly and the dog had very like just

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Speaker 1: pronouncing nipples more so than you you would usually see

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Speaker 1: on a male dog. And I guess I never noticed before,

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Speaker 1: and I was just like, I was kind of grossed out.

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Speaker 1: I was like, what is your dog nipples? And she's like,

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Speaker 1: you have nipples? And then it just like it was

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Speaker 1: an awakening my mind. Yeah, It's like, wow, you're right,

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Speaker 1: I do why And I never really researched things like

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Speaker 1: this back then, and uh, now I know why. Now

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Speaker 1: we know why. Yeah, and we should say this is

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Speaker 1: um the generally accepted explanation. It's not necessarily scientific fact,

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Speaker 1: but it is um. This is pretty much why. Ye,

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Speaker 1: most mammals, in fact, most male mammals have nipples. I

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Speaker 1: think mice, stallions and uh platyppie. Yeah, the male platypus

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Speaker 1: is among the handful of animals that of mammals that

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Speaker 1: where the boys are born nipple free, which is weird

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Speaker 1: because um, as Conger points out Christen Conger from Stuff

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Speaker 1: Mom Never told you she wrote this article, and um

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Speaker 1: she points out that you can make the case that

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Speaker 1: mice are more evolved in that respect than human males. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Ours could be a flaw. Yeah, um, we'll get to that. Well,

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Speaker 1: let's talk about this. So they're back in uh nine,

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Speaker 1: right before Y two K it's y two K fever,

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Speaker 1: Yale University researchers released the study that said, Hey, we've

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Speaker 1: gotten to the bottom of this mystery of why or

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Speaker 1: how male mice don't grow nipples. They're just completely seriously,

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Speaker 1: go out in your yard right now, trap a mouse,

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Speaker 1: pick it up by its tail and examine it's some

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Speaker 1: little belly, no nipples, Yeah, nothing, or if it's got nipples,

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Speaker 1: that means it's a little lady exactly. That's the way

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Speaker 1: you tell. That's one of the ways you tell with mice.

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Speaker 1: And it's because of a protein pth little r P. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: It's always so exciting when they give them names like this. Uh.

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Speaker 1: After mice are after their memory tissue starts to form,

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Speaker 1: produces this protein. Uh. And in male mice it signals

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Speaker 1: the cells to form male hormone receptors and uh, it

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Speaker 1: basically destroys the tissue. Yeah, like in utero. Correct, Yes,

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Speaker 1: because boy mice and male and female mice are all

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Speaker 1: they all develop mammory tissue, which gives you all the

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Speaker 1: equipment for nipples and breasts and milk ducks and all

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Speaker 1: that stuff. They just destroy theirs before they're born. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that protein signals that for to be destroyed in male mice. Uh,

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Speaker 1: prepare for the mind blower. Now, boys and girls as

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Speaker 1: humans undergo a very similar process in utero as well. Um,

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Speaker 1: before that sexual dimorphism that's really carried out by the

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Speaker 1: twenty three chromosome begins. We both both genders start to

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Speaker 1: develop um memory tissue, uh, and develop all the equipments

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Speaker 1: called milk lines. They're like kind of like calls it

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Speaker 1: the plumbing. We have the same plumbing exactly, which is

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Speaker 1: kind of funny and true. Yeah, um we and we

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Speaker 1: developed this plumbing before it's decided or before we start

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Speaker 1: to um develop sexual traits. So it's almost like if

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Speaker 1: you look at a timeline of sex sexual development, the

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Speaker 1: nipples come first, so that they're not associated as far

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Speaker 1: as the I guess nature is concerned with male or

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Speaker 1: female humans the same thing. Yeah, So we don't have

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Speaker 1: a protein that takes care of this um the nipples

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Speaker 1: and males. So men are and boys and girls are

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Speaker 1: born with pretty much exactly the same setup until puberty,

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Speaker 1: that's right, And that's when the hormones kick in. Estrogen

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Speaker 1: and girls is going to cause breast growth and mamory

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Speaker 1: gland development, and that's when things diverge. You know what

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Speaker 1: It really stood out to me on this um that

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Speaker 1: means that our nature's default setting as far as humans

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Speaker 1: are concerned, it's female. Uh yeah, I think it's pretty neat.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty neat. Well, you know, women are the seed

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Speaker 1: of everything, seed of life. Um, so it's what everybody

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Speaker 1: calls them, the seed of life. So um. The the

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Speaker 1: simple answer then is the reason we have nipples is

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Speaker 1: because we've always had nipples. And through the years, evolution

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Speaker 1: never said, you know what, you don't need nipples. No,

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Speaker 1: And um, the I think the case has been made.

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Speaker 1: The reason men still have nipples because nipples are so

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Speaker 1: vital to female reproductive success that, um, there's no Conger

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Speaker 1: points out, there's no adaptive pressure to select nipples out

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Speaker 1: of men. Yeah, it's such a vital function. Right, So

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Speaker 1: it's like we don't want to possibly mess with anything,

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Speaker 1: So everybody gets nipples. Okay, you just live with it. Yeah. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but that's why men have nipples because nature's default setting

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Speaker 1: for humans is girls. Yeah. That's interesting. And um, I

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Speaker 1: love my little nipples. I'll just come out and say it.

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Speaker 1: Do you do well? I think it would be odd

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Speaker 1: to not have them. I don't think so. It's a

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Speaker 1: little getting used to, but I think, um, I think

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Speaker 1: it would not look on you know, we did our

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Speaker 1: our Barbie podcasts that come out already. Yeah, and there

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Speaker 1: are web there are people on the web that will

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Speaker 1: teach you how to make nipples. For your Barbie dolls.

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Speaker 1: I saw their kindles. Yeah, yeah, like very realistic, looking,

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Speaker 1: very realistic. But yeah, you look like a kin doll.

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Speaker 1: This would just be weird. I don't think ken looks

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Speaker 1: abnormal without nipples because it's a doll. It also doesn't

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Speaker 1: look at normal without a penis. That's true, you know. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think you would be the little distressed if you

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Speaker 1: woke up one day without nipples. Or maybe you'd love it.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it's a new lease on life for you. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'd be like, just go bare chested everywhere. Great, I'm

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Speaker 1: a freak. Yeah yeah. Um, so we said, Chuck, something

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Speaker 1: that's kind of interesting. If you ask me, if you

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Speaker 1: take a six year old boy and a six year

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Speaker 1: old girl, prep bess boy and pre pubescent girl, and

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Speaker 1: you compared their um, their memory glands, the whole memory

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Speaker 1: operation they've got going on, they're virtually the same. And

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Speaker 1: it's not until estrogen comes along that the the differences

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Speaker 1: really change. The fat develops, so the breasts get bigger. Um,

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Speaker 1: these milk ducks developed. You've You've got all this this

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Speaker 1: process that's that just kind of takes these things that

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Speaker 1: are almost latent in turns them into functioning breasts. Right, Um,

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Speaker 1: if we've found if you expose a man to estrogen,

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Speaker 1: he could conceivably lacktate himself. That's part two of this.

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Speaker 1: We didn't even put that in the title because we

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Speaker 1: didn't want to just blow your minds right out of

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Speaker 1: the gate. But the point is is men have nipples

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Speaker 1: because girls have nipples, and men can lack take because

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Speaker 1: women can lack take. Yeah, and in fact, as little babies, um,

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Speaker 1: you and I might have lactated. Who knows when the

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Speaker 1: hormone prolactin is what facilitates breast milk production, and new

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Speaker 1: moms um when they can actually pass this along in

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Speaker 1: utero to their fetus, and that little baby can come

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Speaker 1: out if they get enough of that passed along with

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Speaker 1: the ability to lactate both little boys and little girl,

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Speaker 1: and it's called witches milk um only last couple of weeks. Usually, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'll bet it's a distressing couple of weeks if you're

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Speaker 1: the parent, like, what is going on? Well, I'm sure

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Speaker 1: it's explained. There's all sorts of weird things that can

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Speaker 1: happen right away that you're like, what and uh, I

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Speaker 1: think Usually doctors like, don't worry that a little fun

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Speaker 1: thing else the brain will grow together. Are not the brain,

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Speaker 1: The skull will grow together at some point. Don't worry

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Speaker 1: about this, just don't pat it on ahead an Um,

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Speaker 1: So that yeah, which is milk? It occurs, and I

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Speaker 1: don't know how rare it is, she didn't say, but

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Speaker 1: is it? Yeah? Even rarer? Is um spontaneous lactation in

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Speaker 1: adult men. Yes, and that's called galacteria, which does not

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Speaker 1: sound very pleasant. No it doesn't. But essentially, if um,

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Speaker 1: if you lack enough testosterone that your estrogen levels are

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Speaker 1: comparatively high, you can um suffer galacteria, which basically is

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Speaker 1: male lactation. Spontaneous elactation. Yeah, but um, Congor points out,

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Speaker 1: it could be you know, the cause of alarm though, uh,

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Speaker 1: if you're an older man, correct, is that just because

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Speaker 1: of the testosterone deficiency? Okay, yeah, but Darwin thinks, hey,

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Speaker 1: maybe early man breastfed, like full on breastfed, and who knows,

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Speaker 1: maybe they did. Who's to say? Are we to say? No,

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Speaker 1: Charles Darwin? Yeah, Um, so you've got galacteria is a possibility,

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Speaker 1: which is milk is possibility? Two ways that um human

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Speaker 1: males can spontaneously lactate and we're not the only ones

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Speaker 1: who do. There's a type of bat that was discovered

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Speaker 1: to lactate spontaneously, and a surprising amount of animals over

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Speaker 1: the course of the last century or two have been

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Speaker 1: exposed to all sorts of different tests to make them

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Speaker 1: spontaneously lactate. UM. A steer was made to lactate. Do

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Speaker 1: you know how surprised that steer must have been? UM.

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Speaker 1: But we've found that if you can, if you can

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Speaker 1: increase estrogen levels and trigger the release of prolactin, you

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Speaker 1: can make men produce milk. And it happens sometimes. So

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Speaker 1: the prolactin is UM is produced by the thyroid gland

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Speaker 1: right tuitary gland. Yeah, and women when they have a

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Speaker 1: little baby, they it really ramps up like ten times

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Speaker 1: as much exactly. So what they found is that UM

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Speaker 1: after a baby is born. Dad's suffer, I guess suffer

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Speaker 1: it's not the right word. Dad's experience an increase in

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Speaker 1: prolactin production too. Normally, it's not it's not enough to

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Speaker 1: cause lactation, but they suspect you can make it happen

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Speaker 1: if you are okay, So this is really strange. If

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Speaker 1: you hold a baby to your breast and your nipple

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Speaker 1: and your man and you're the father, so you're already

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Speaker 1: kind of like prolactin high. You could conceivably trigger the

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Speaker 1: production of milk if you did that repeatedly over the

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Speaker 1: over the course of like a couple of weeks. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's like it's a physiological response and biological I guess

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Speaker 1: sort of all wrapped up into one, and you can

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Speaker 1: have like a sympathy lactation almost. Yeah, and it's happened

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Speaker 1: two thousand two in Sri Lanka, right. Yeah. Um. I

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Speaker 1: didn't actually get to look this guy up, so I

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Speaker 1: don't know a whole lot about him other than the

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Speaker 1: fact that he breastfed his daughters after his wife died. Yes,

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Speaker 1: his wife died during a childbirth and he took over. Wow,

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Speaker 1: that's amazing. But another way to um lactat as if

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Speaker 1: you're starving chuck. Yeah. Um, there was this one pow camp,

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Speaker 1: Japanese pow camp, and just one there was five cases

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Speaker 1: of men lactating, uh, spontaneously for each other. No, you

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Speaker 1: would think, Um, actually, what what happens is so your

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Speaker 1: your pituitary gland produces prolactin um and your liver is

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Speaker 1: typically charged with um eating up excess hormones. Right. Um,

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Speaker 1: when you're starving, both of them kind of slow down.

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Speaker 1: But when you start to eat normally again, your petuitary

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Speaker 1: gland starts functioning quicker than your liver, so you have

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Speaker 1: higher levels of hormones, including prolactant. Hence you have starving

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Speaker 1: men who lack tate. Wow, that's a reality show some

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Speaker 1: sort of island location islands, I don't know. And there

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Speaker 1: there's a tribe, the Acca pygmy tribe in Africa. There's

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Speaker 1: about out on them and this dude it was documented

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Speaker 1: that they men breastfeed their children and this dude went

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Speaker 1: and live with them. And uh, not only that, it's amazing.

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Speaker 1: They're they're known as the best fathers in the world

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Speaker 1: because they spend forty seven percent of their time um

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Speaker 1: percent of the time their babies are within arm's reach

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Speaker 1: of the father, which is far and away more than

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Speaker 1: any other culture in the history of the world. And

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Speaker 1: the gender roles in this Accat tribe are completely interchangeable.

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Speaker 1: Like sometimes the men go out and hunt, the women

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Speaker 1: take care of things. Sometimes the women go out and

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Speaker 1: hunt and the men watch the clay pots and take

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Speaker 1: care of the children, and it's just they don't know

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Speaker 1: gender roles like that. It's just completely interchangeable. It's pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: That is very cool. Um. And that's a that was

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Speaker 1: a question that kind of Darwin raised, like, well, wait

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Speaker 1: a minute, maybe we used to breastfeed. Men used to breastfeed,

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Speaker 1: and that's why we have this, which would make it vestigial, right,

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Speaker 1: like wisdom teeth appendix. It's something that we used to

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Speaker 1: use that we don't anymore. So it's just superfluous um.

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Speaker 1: Or it's possible that we can in a pinch do it,

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Speaker 1: which would not make a vestigial because we we could

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Speaker 1: still conceivably use it like thead in Sri Lanka, the

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Speaker 1: aka um the I guess the big question that it

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Speaker 1: underlines is like like why if men can do it,

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Speaker 1: why aren't we Yeah, why why wouldn't you do that?

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Speaker 1: Especially if we live in generally monogamous cultures? Well, I

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Speaker 1: think probably because of the evolution, because women did it

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Speaker 1: for tens of thousands of years. Only like if we

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Speaker 1: had kept doing it, if early man did do that

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Speaker 1: and they just kept doing it, then today you and

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Speaker 1: I might it might be like, hey, I'll pump and

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Speaker 1: dump today honey, exactly, don't worry about it. So let

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Speaker 1: me ask you this, if we stopped, if we used

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Speaker 1: to do it, even if we didn't used to do it,

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Speaker 1: the very fact that we're equipped to do it, like

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Speaker 1: under the right conditions, under the right chem coll baths,

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Speaker 1: you and I could lac take right now, right, let's

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Speaker 1: have a party. As our culture has become more and

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Speaker 1: more monogamous, and it's we get further and further away

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Speaker 1: from males going around and spreading their DNA with as

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Speaker 1: many mates as possible and instead pair up. Then, um,

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Speaker 1: it's entirely possible that ten thousand years from now, men

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Speaker 1: and women will both breastfeed. We've got the equipment. It's possible.

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Speaker 1: It will just get easier and easier for us to

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Speaker 1: do it, and then we will breastfeed as well. Interesting

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Speaker 1: it is, Well, it's apparently quite a bonding experience between

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Speaker 1: mother and child, and so I do it. Jerry just laughed.

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Speaker 1: I was not breathfed, however, Oh you weren't, now, man,

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Speaker 1: I was the child number three, and um, your mom

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Speaker 1: was over it. Yeah, she's just like I can know

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Speaker 1: more so, Uh, I've never looked into the ramifications of

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Speaker 1: that psychologically if that matters. It seems like you turned

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Speaker 1: out Okay, no comment. So before we sign off, I

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Speaker 1: guess we should raise the point that because we do

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Speaker 1: have a lot of the same anatomy underneath, UH, men

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Speaker 1: can get breast cancer. Um, it's not rare, but it's

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Speaker 1: not super common. I think in the two thousand twelve

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Speaker 1: about American men were diagnosed with breast cancer, and so

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Speaker 1: it happens. You never hear about it there. There's nothing

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Speaker 1: to be ashamed of guys. And that's that's a high

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Speaker 1: enough rate to say for some to say like, well,

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Speaker 1: then that means that nipples should be selected out in

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Speaker 1: men and probably will eventually while they're in lies. What

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Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier is the fact that it could be

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Speaker 1: just a flaw, an adaptive flaw over the years. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what about um, third nimples, additional nipples. Did you know

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Speaker 1: that they happen most frequently in males and on the

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Speaker 1: left side. It's interesting one in forty newborns has an

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Speaker 1: extra nipple. Yeah, a lot of I mean, have you

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Speaker 1: ever seen these? Yeah, they don't usually look like a

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Speaker 1: full on Sometimes it looks like a birth the mark

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Speaker 1: or something like that. Um, it has a tooth growing

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Speaker 1: in it. But um, yeah, Chandler had the third nipple

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Speaker 1: and friends, right, all right, that's superfectly sod crusty the clown. Really,

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Speaker 1: I didn't think I knew that. Yeah, one in forty

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Speaker 1: that's way more common than I think. That means that

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Speaker 1: I know if you dudes have a third nipple. They

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Speaker 1: just hadn't told me. I don't think I know forty people.

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Speaker 1: You're so weird. Uh you got anything else? Nope? Okay. Well, um,

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Speaker 1: if you want to learn more about male nipples, male actation,

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Speaker 1: and evolution vestigial stuff, you can type in why do

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Speaker 1: men have nipples in the search part how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot Com and it'll bring up this article. And I

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Speaker 1: said search bar, which means it's time for listener mail. Uh. Well, whoa, whoa.

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Speaker 1: I guess I need to stop myself stop. Uh. We

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Speaker 1: have a television show coming out where I played Josh,

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Speaker 1: you play Chuck. And the television show is called Stuff

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Speaker 1: You Should Know. Um and uh it's coming out on

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Speaker 1: Science Channel January nineteenth, Saturday at ten pm two episodes

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Speaker 1: for the big debut. That's right, and we are debuting

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Speaker 1: after the season three premiere of Idiot Abroad with Ricky

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Speaker 1: Jervais and Carl Pilkington. Yes, which we're excited about. That's

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Speaker 1: a great lead in for us. And if you don't

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Speaker 1: have cable and you don't have Science Channel, or even

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Speaker 1: if you do and you're like I love that and

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Speaker 1: I want to see it eight hundred times, you can

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Speaker 1: get it on iTunes. I'm told now. Uh, they are

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Speaker 1: making the shows available on iTunes for purchase the day

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Speaker 1: after the episode airs, and episode one is free dudes

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Speaker 1: and do deads. Yeah, so every Saturday when we have

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Speaker 1: a new episode the following day on iTunes, you'll be

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Speaker 1: able to buy it. That's right. Um, So January nine

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Speaker 1: is the big premiere. I'm already wearing a dickie and

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Speaker 1: a bow tie and little cuffs right now. How do

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Speaker 1: I look? You look great? I'm getting ready slowly, but surely.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Uh, that's ten pm on Science Channel stuff.

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Speaker 1: You should know the television show. It's going to be

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Speaker 1: great January, isn't there? Right? All right now, listener mail,

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this uh mustache woman. Remember during one

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Speaker 1: of the November plugs, I think said something about ladies.

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Speaker 1: Of course, you don't have a mustache, but blah blah blah,

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Speaker 1: it can happen, and this is probably a pretty good

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Speaker 1: podcast to mention this. Okay, this from Kayleb guys. I

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Speaker 1: was listening to what will Happen When We reach the

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Speaker 1: Singularity and Chuck said, men, I guess women, if you

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Speaker 1: can grow a mustache, more power to you. Immediately up

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Speaker 1: the podcast. What can Email? I suffer from a condition

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Speaker 1: known as polycystic ovarian syndrome p c o S, which

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Speaker 1: is a leading cause of infertility and effects about twelve

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Speaker 1: of women. Many women don't know what it is or

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Speaker 1: that they have it, but symptoms include um, infrequent or

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Speaker 1: no menstruation cycles, acne, weight gain, diabetes and insulin UH

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Speaker 1: insulin resistance and her her sutism her like her which

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Speaker 1: is excess hair UH. It can lead to women growing

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Speaker 1: hair where no woman should on the face, excessive arm hair, legs,

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Speaker 1: and even hair on the nipples. Luckily, I am not

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Speaker 1: affected by this particular symptom, but some women report having

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Speaker 1: to shave several times a day, including sneaking razors into

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Speaker 1: work to shave their faces. UH. Needless to say, this

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Speaker 1: is a devastating reality and can have huge impacts on

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Speaker 1: a woman's confidence an emotional well being. One lady with

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Speaker 1: PCOS is participating in November to raise money for men's

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Speaker 1: health awesome and to promote PCOS awareness. That is really awesome,

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Speaker 1: very cool. So I'd love if you could read this

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Speaker 1: on the air and raise some awareness around this condition.

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Speaker 1: You can find more information through the Polycystic Association of

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Speaker 1: Australia via Twitter at p O s A A on

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Speaker 1: Australian Please don't do an impersonation? Are you going to now?

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Speaker 1: That's terrible. I would really appreciate the plug, big fan

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Speaker 1: of you guys. Uh, this is Kayla awesome, Kaylea, thank

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00:24:30,520 --> 00:24:32,959
Speaker 1: you very much for writing in and uh, thank you

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Speaker 1: to the woman who grew mustache from November. That's pretty awesome.

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Speaker 1: Head hats off to you. Um. If you want to

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Speaker 1: let us know about something that we obviously don't know

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Speaker 1: about um because we made some weird reference to it, who,

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Speaker 1: you can tell us all about it on Twitter at

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Speaker 1: s Y s K podcast. You can join us on

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00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,439
Speaker 1: Facebook dot com slash stuff you Should Know, and you

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00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:58,359
Speaker 1: can send us a good old fashioned email to Stuff

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Speaker 1: podcast at disco every dot com for more on this

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Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Visit how stuff Works dot com,

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Speaker 1: m