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Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the short Stuff. I'm Josh, and

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Speaker 1: there's Chuck and Jerry's here too. We're just zooming through

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Speaker 1: the universe trio of cool cats who apparently can survive

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Speaker 1: in the vacuum of space.

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Speaker 2: That's right, we're talking about Saturn's rings and big thanks

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Speaker 2: to doctor Ian O'Neil, who wrote this for houstuffworks dot com.

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Speaker 2: And we're talking about Saturn's rings because semi recently, in

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Speaker 2: the grand scheme of things, what like six years ago

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Speaker 2: or so, and in the time since, we have learned

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Speaker 2: a couple of kind of cool things about Saturn. One

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Speaker 2: not cool as in like, hey, it's good that this

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Speaker 2: is happening, but cool as in we never knew this stuff. Yeah. One,

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Speaker 2: in the next one hundred million years, Saturn's rings will

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Speaker 2: no longer be around. They're going to disappear, completely denuded.

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Speaker 2: And Two, because of what we're going to tell you

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Speaker 2: about in a second, we learned a lot more about

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Speaker 2: those rings and the fact that they are a lot

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Speaker 2: younger than we thought.

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Speaker 1: Chuck, that was such an amazing intro. I'm that was

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Speaker 1: great stuff. Man.

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Speaker 2: Hey, Jerry just said we were on fire before we recorded.

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Speaker 1: So we can thank our friends at NASA for launching

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Speaker 1: the Cassini mission and more robe.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, NASA in the it was a three three uh

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Speaker 2: what do you call it? A monagatwa Sure, NASA and

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Speaker 2: the we got to shout out the euro Space Agency ESA,

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Speaker 2: sure and the utality in a space agency which is

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Speaker 2: not of the ISA. But it's the aside, don't.

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Speaker 1: Ask very nice. So this this Cassini mission, great stuff, Chuck, chuck.

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Speaker 1: It was flying around Saturn for I saw thirteen years.

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Speaker 1: I think doctor o'neilsa's thirteen years. I saw up to twenty.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, they launched in ninety seven, but it entered the

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Speaker 2: orbit of Saturn in two thousand and four.

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Speaker 1: Ah, there's the discrepancy. Yeah, but we learned a lot

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Speaker 1: about Saturn, which is, by the way, one of the

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Speaker 1: gas giants of our of our Solar system.

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Speaker 2: Any who else is Jerry.

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Speaker 1: She is kind of gassy, isn't she.

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Speaker 2: He's a gas giant.

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Speaker 1: So we learned a lot about Saturn. And one of

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Speaker 1: the things we learned, number one, that there's tons of

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Speaker 1: moons around Saturn. Number two that there's some of these

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Speaker 1: moons might be habitable. And so as a result, when

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Speaker 1: they launched the Cassini mission. They were like, okay, we've

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Speaker 1: we've got to figure out a way to dispose of

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Speaker 1: the Cassini probe without just crash landing it, because you

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Speaker 1: know it could be lousy with earth germs on it. Still,

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Speaker 1: I don't want to infect one of these moons. So

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Speaker 1: they burned it up in the atmosphere instead. And I

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Speaker 1: realized that this is like the NASA equivalent of wearing

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Speaker 1: a mask. Explain, well, they didn't want to contaminate the moon,

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Speaker 1: so they burned the thing up in the atmosphere.

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Speaker 2: I got you.

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Speaker 1: It was way better on paper.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, but you actually wrote that out.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Actually, some of them are so good I don't

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Speaker 1: want to forget them.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I gotcha.

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Speaker 1: And that's a good example of it.

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Speaker 2: Uh huh. So that's what happened, right, This thing was

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Speaker 2: low on fuel and so they did that. They burned

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Speaker 2: it up in that upper atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: They did, but they said, you know what we're going

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Speaker 1: to do, We're going to do something crazy. Cassini's at

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Speaker 1: the end of its mission. I'm gonna say her. Cassini's

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Speaker 1: at the end of her mission. She's been a stout

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Speaker 1: and true pioneer for US teaching us all sorts of

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Speaker 1: great stuff about Saturn. But one thing we don't know

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Speaker 1: about is what is between Saturn's rings and the planet itself.

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Speaker 1: That's great gap between the planet and its innermost ring.

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Speaker 1: What's going on there?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and like, not only what's going on there, but

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Speaker 2: what can we learn a about the rings and about

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Speaker 2: Saturn as a whole if we learn about what's going

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Speaker 2: on in between those rings. They thought, well, you know,

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Speaker 2: I'm sure we're going to find some gases. But they

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Speaker 2: basically thought, like, you know, it's empty in between there,

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Speaker 2: as Dave Matthews would, there's space between, and that's what

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Speaker 2: they thought. But what they found was not that at all.

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Speaker 2: What they found was a virtual rainstorm of particles and

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Speaker 2: elements and molecules raining down between the gaps. And what

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Speaker 2: they found out was hold on a second, these That is,

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Speaker 2: the rings sort of falling apart, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they're dissolving onto it's just falling into the atmosphere

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Speaker 1: of Saturn, which is pretty cool. But what that implies

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Speaker 1: is that since there's a finite amount of these rings,

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Speaker 1: eventually they're going to dissolve. There won't be any rings

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Speaker 1: any longer. And that was a big thing that they

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Speaker 1: did not know before. They didn't know the age of

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Speaker 1: the rings. They didn't know that the rings were slowly dissolving.

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Speaker 1: And they learned it by sending Cassini on a crazy

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Speaker 1: screw e mission flying orbits inside the gap between the

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Speaker 1: planet and its inner string, which is really really cool.

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Speaker 1: And I say, we take a break, we'll come back

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Speaker 1: and talk about what Cassini taught us.

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Speaker 2: Let's do it. So first off, we've been saying just Cassini,

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Speaker 2: it was technically the Cassini Huygens.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I didn't see that anyway.

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Speaker 2: But Huygens is kind of clunky, so everyone in Cassini

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Speaker 2: just I guess that was the Italian input. Sure, so

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Speaker 2: Cassini sounds better. But one of the things they learned,

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Speaker 2: like we said, is that these rings have about one

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Speaker 2: hundred million years to live, which sounds like a long

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Speaker 2: time and it is, but considering Saturn is a about

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Speaker 2: four billion years old, it's much shorter than they thought.

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Speaker 1: Did you say that it's raining ten tons of material

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Speaker 1: per second?

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Speaker 2: No? No, no, I didn't. That's a great stat.

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Speaker 1: It is, and it's hilarious that they went with ten

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Speaker 1: tons because it's nine thousand and seventy two kilograms. But

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Speaker 1: ten metric tons is ten thousand.

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Speaker 2: Kilograms, okay if you say so.

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Speaker 1: Regardless, that's how much is raining down in particulate form.

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Speaker 1: So that's a lot of particles that it's using every second.

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Speaker 1: But there's still so much of it that's going to

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Speaker 1: take one hundred million years to dissolve.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, totally. And here's I mean, this is this kind

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Speaker 2: of tough stuff. But here's how I understand it and

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Speaker 2: how they figured some of this stuff out was while

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Speaker 2: Cassini Huygens was going through that that ring plane, they said,

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Speaker 2: the people running the mission that that three pronged Manasata

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Speaker 2: as you said, said, you know what, those those rings

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Speaker 2: and those moons have gravitational pulls, So why don't we

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Speaker 2: just let it work its magic on the space and

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Speaker 2: let it pull it a little bit in whatever direction

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Speaker 2: it's going to go in and that will result in

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Speaker 2: these little bitty changes to its trajectory and we can

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Speaker 2: measure those and that'll allow us to find out the

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Speaker 2: mass of this thing using magic.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, they could detect fractions of a millimeter per

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Speaker 1: second increases in acceleration. That's how sensitive the stuff that

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Speaker 1: Cassini was sending back Cassini Huyggens. Sure, it sounds like

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Speaker 1: Jerry lewis saying Cassini, Cassini, Huygens exactly. Hey, So what

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Speaker 1: they were doing was they were figuring out the mass

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Speaker 1: of the rings by figuring out how much the probe

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Speaker 1: resisted the pull of Saturn itself. Yeah, okay, And then

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Speaker 1: by figuring out the mass of the rings, they could

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Speaker 1: make a pretty good guess at the age of the rings, right,

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Speaker 1: because less mass would be younger, more mass would be older.

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Speaker 1: Because this is a These things are spinning in a

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Speaker 1: very tight orbit around Saturn. They're not like these solid things.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of like an asteroid belt, but there's so

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Speaker 1: much stuff in there that they actually appear as rings.

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Speaker 2: An solo couldn't even navigate that asteroidery.

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Speaker 1: Not a chance. And so the longer that they are around,

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Speaker 1: the more space stuff they're going to attract. So there

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Speaker 1: would be more masks, the older they were, less mass,

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Speaker 1: the younger they were. But what they found out was

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Speaker 1: that the predictions were way off, that what they came

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Speaker 1: up with was just didn't make any sense. And what

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Speaker 1: they figured out how to explain it was actually taught

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Speaker 1: them a lot about what's going on inside of Saturn.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, as they figured out in the end, that was because,

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Speaker 2: like we said, it was being altered by the tug

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Speaker 2: of gravity, but it was also being altered by these

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Speaker 2: big flows of material in that atmosphere at the equator,

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Speaker 2: which was about six thousand miles deep, and they were

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Speaker 2: moving slower, about four percent slower than the upper atmosphereic

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Speaker 2: clouds that we could see. And that was sort of

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Speaker 2: the discrepancy. It was that they did not know about

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Speaker 2: and therefore couldn't predict right.

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Speaker 1: So once they figured out that the mass of the

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Speaker 1: rings are actually much lower than they thought, they took

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Speaker 1: some other measurement from I can't remember, some sort of waves.

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Speaker 1: I guess gravitation always, but I don't think that's what

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Speaker 1: it was. Yes, they had a measurement from before that

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Speaker 1: they're like, that is way low. There must be some

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Speaker 1: hidden mass in there that we're not detecting from the

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Speaker 1: density waves. And when they did the calculations they figured

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Speaker 1: out Nope, that was actually a pretty good estimate. These

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Speaker 1: things are not as massive as you think, so they're

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Speaker 1: made up of fairly light stuff. And because it's not massive,

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Speaker 1: and because the rings are still very bright, it suggests

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Speaker 1: that there's not a lot of rocky crud mixed in there,

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Speaker 1: which suggests that they're fairly young. So they estimate that

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Speaker 1: the age of Saturn's rings are between one hundred and

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Speaker 1: ten million years.

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Speaker 2: Old, Yeah, which is way off. Initially they said anywhere

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Speaker 2: it depends, but from four point five billion years to

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Speaker 2: maybe like thirty million years.

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Speaker 1: Right, yeah, but so yeah, they figured it out what

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Speaker 1: they think figured And by the way, I want to

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Speaker 1: do a whole episode on Saturn. But they they both

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Speaker 1: that they believe. No, it's gonna be great. Remember our

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Speaker 1: Venus episode was really fun. Yeah, So what they believe

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Speaker 1: is that either the rings are made up of an

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Speaker 1: icy comet that got caught in Saturn's orbit and was

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Speaker 1: basically pulled apart by the gravity of Saturn and it

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Speaker 1: turned into spread out into a ring. So what you're

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Speaker 1: seeing is a super spread out comet, Whi's pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: It's also possible it's Moon that the same fate happened

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Speaker 1: to it just kind of crumbled and came apart, but the.

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Speaker 2: Kin might say it's beach.

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Speaker 1: The upside of it is that we're going to do

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Speaker 1: an episode on Saturday, and so look for that one day.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, And the upside is that this could I mean,

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Speaker 2: if it was an arrant comment, that could happen again

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Speaker 2: to another planet. So there could potentially, in another you know,

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Speaker 2: twenty thirty million years, be another one of our beloved

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Speaker 2: planets with their own rings.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And I sent upside on that upshot of course,

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Speaker 1: of course, and that of course means short stuff is app.

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