1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:01,920 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:07,720 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hi everyone, welcome to the show. I'm Eves 3 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: and you're listening to This Day in History Class, a 4 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 1: show that uncovers a little bit more about history every day. 5 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:26,079 Speaker 1: Today is December. The day was December tenth, nineteen o seven. 6 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:30,080 Speaker 1: The Brown Dog Riots a series of riots over the 7 00:00:30,120 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: practice of conducting surgery on live animals, piqued when a 8 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:37,199 Speaker 1: crowd of medical students marched through London in support of 9 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:42,040 Speaker 1: the practice. Operating on living animals for experimental purposes is 10 00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:47,360 Speaker 1: known as vivisection. Vivisection, used for scientific research and instructing 11 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:50,160 Speaker 1: medical students, was common in the UK in the early 12 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: twentieth century. At the same time, there was plenty of 13 00:00:54,240 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: opposition to the practice. Anti vivisection groups formed and attempted 14 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: to limit or abolished surgery on live animals. Among other arguments, 15 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 1: people who opposed vivisection accused researchers of disregarding the suffering 16 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: of the animals they experimented on. Many anti vivisectionists were 17 00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:17,920 Speaker 1: also suffragists. In eighteen seventy six, Parliament passed the Cruelty 18 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:21,720 Speaker 1: to Animals Act, which said that experiments that cause animals 19 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: pain could only be conducted when necessary, and that animals 20 00:01:25,880 --> 00:01:28,840 Speaker 1: had to be anesthetized if they were to undergo such 21 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:32,679 Speaker 1: an experiment. It also required animals to be used in 22 00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:35,959 Speaker 1: only one experiment and killed when the study was over 23 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: with stipulations, but in nineteen o two, a brown terrier 24 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:45,520 Speaker 1: was anesthetized and dissected alive by physiologists Dr Edward Starling 25 00:01:45,760 --> 00:01:48,840 Speaker 1: in front of an audience of medical students at University 26 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:52,720 Speaker 1: College in London. The dog lived through the experiment and 27 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:56,160 Speaker 1: was kept in a cage until his next procedure. In 28 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:58,920 Speaker 1: February of nineteen o three. The terrier was used in 29 00:01:58,960 --> 00:02:02,720 Speaker 1: a couple more perceived years conducted by Starling, another physiologist 30 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:07,840 Speaker 1: named William Bayless, and medical student Henry Dale. The dog 31 00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:10,960 Speaker 1: was cut open to inspect the results of the previous experiment, 32 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:13,639 Speaker 1: and the dog's neck was cut open to expose its 33 00:02:13,639 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: salivary glands. The experiment was not successful, and Dale killed 34 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: the dog by stabbing a knife through his heart. To 35 00:02:21,760 --> 00:02:26,680 Speaker 1: Swedish anti vivisectionist activists, Lizzie Lean of Hogabee and Lesa 36 00:02:26,760 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: Hartau were attending medical school in London and had been 37 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 1: going to see Starling and Bayliss's lectures. They published their 38 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:36,880 Speaker 1: notes on the Experiments on and Death of the Brown Terrier. 39 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,560 Speaker 1: Since the dog was used in more than one experiment, 40 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:44,120 Speaker 1: the procedures were in violation of the Cruelty to Animals Act. 41 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:48,680 Speaker 1: Lawyer Stephen Coleridge publicly decried the vivisection of the brown terrier, 42 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:53,239 Speaker 1: and Bayliss sued Coleridge for libel. They went to trial 43 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: in November of nineteen o three and Bayliss came out 44 00:02:56,200 --> 00:03:00,640 Speaker 1: on top, but the controversy continued. Anti VA A sectionist 45 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: raised money to build a monument to the dog that 46 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: was killed in the experiment. The memorial was unveiled in 47 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: the borough of Battersea in September of nineteen o six. 48 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:12,800 Speaker 1: The plaque on the statue of the brown dog read 49 00:03:13,280 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: in memory of the Brown Terrier dog done to death 50 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:20,040 Speaker 1: in the laboratories of University College in February nineteen o three, 51 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:24,919 Speaker 1: after having endured a vivisection extending over more than two months, 52 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:28,000 Speaker 1: and having been handed over from one vivisector to another 53 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:32,200 Speaker 1: till death came to his release. Also in memory of 54 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:35,000 Speaker 1: the two hundred and thirty two dogs vivisected at the 55 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 1: same place during the year nineteen o two men and 56 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: women of England. How long shall these things be? This 57 00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:46,839 Speaker 1: upset medical students who supported animal experimentation in vivisection. Their 58 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: efforts to destroy the statue turned into riots, which peaked 59 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:54,000 Speaker 1: on December tenth, nineteen o seven, when medical students gathered 60 00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:58,040 Speaker 1: to try to take the memorial down. The protests devolved 61 00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:01,720 Speaker 1: into fighting with police officers, and writing continued over the 62 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:06,080 Speaker 1: next several months. After much debate over the statue, which 63 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:10,520 Speaker 1: not only inspired writing but also required official resources for protection, 64 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 1: the statue was taken down in March of nineteen ten. 65 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:18,040 Speaker 1: It's been suggested that the conflict was intensified by the 66 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:20,320 Speaker 1: fact that so many of the medical students were men 67 00:04:20,360 --> 00:04:23,880 Speaker 1: who opposed suffrage, and so many of the anti vivisectionists 68 00:04:23,920 --> 00:04:28,760 Speaker 1: were women and suffragists. A new, also controversial statue of 69 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:34,080 Speaker 1: the dog was unveiled in London in n I'm Eve 70 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:37,000 Speaker 1: jeffco and hopefully you know a little more about history 71 00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. 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