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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind.

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Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb and my name is Julie Douglas.

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Speaker 1: And we just recorded an episode about some of the

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Speaker 1: big stories in science during the last year, during twelve uh,

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Speaker 1: and now we're doing a second episode where we're just

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Speaker 1: gonna run through some bits of really fascinating science that

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Speaker 1: you might have missed. Uh, A lot of its stuff

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Speaker 1: that we could have conceivably maybe have done an episode about.

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Speaker 1: Or maybe it's like something that's really interesting but just

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Speaker 1: not quite enough to do a whole episode on. So

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Speaker 1: consider this kind of a sampler platter of some of

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Speaker 1: the stranger chocolates from now I get to say, a

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Speaker 1: poo poo platter, Yes, poop ladder of odd science from Um,

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Speaker 1: we're gonna kick off with with my favorite from this

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Speaker 1: this bunch and this is a worse the Immortal jellyfish

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Speaker 1: the quote unquote Benjamin Button of the Animal Kingdom. Uh.

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Speaker 1: A lot of headlines had some fun with this, I

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Speaker 1: mean have to fund with Most of these are the headlines.

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Speaker 1: New York Times ran a story titled can a jellyfish Unlocked?

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Speaker 1: The Secrets of immortality. So you have a number of

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Speaker 1: I mean just pit there. Yeah, they dropped in immortality

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Speaker 1: in the headline, which that's gonna that generates some interest

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Speaker 1: because we all want to live live, not forever, at

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Speaker 1: least maybe a little more than we have a lotted

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Speaker 1: to us. So, uh, it's it's instantly fascinating. So the

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Speaker 1: jellyfish in question is the Tatopsis dorney, which to all

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Speaker 1: appearances looks like jellyfish. There's there's nothing particularly amazing about

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Speaker 1: but what what happens here is that, um nothing amazing

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Speaker 1: about it in just appearance, but in function it does

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Speaker 1: some amazing things. What appears to happen is that it

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Speaker 1: quote unquote reverses an in age unil it reaches an

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Speaker 1: early stage, earlier stage of its development. Now to really

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Speaker 1: understand what's going on here, you have to picture the

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Speaker 1: life cycle of the jellyfish and h So what happens,

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Speaker 1: all right, So you having an adult jellyfish, a medusa,

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Speaker 1: all right, when it reproduces, it drops off this planny

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Speaker 1: little larva. Alright, this larva floats down to the bottom

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Speaker 1: of of the sea there and there it grows into

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Speaker 1: a polyp and then the budding polyp emits this ifira,

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Speaker 1: this little sort of mini pseudo jellyfish that then floats

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Speaker 1: up and becomes the adult jellyfish of it. Right, right,

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Speaker 1: So that's the basic life cycle. Now, what happens normally

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Speaker 1: is that you have an adult jellyfish that reproduces a

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Speaker 1: few times, starts getting a little old, it starts to starve,

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Speaker 1: or the water gets a little too hot, and then

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Speaker 1: it dies. It shuffles off this mortal coil. You know.

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Speaker 1: This is basically like any life form right reaches the

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Speaker 1: adult stage. The adult stage is about reproducing. Now, it's

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Speaker 1: worth noting that, as with many other organisms, um, the

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Speaker 1: adult stage is not the only stage that can reproduce. Uh,

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Speaker 1: there's also some a sexual reproduction that takes place at

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Speaker 1: the poly up stage. But but generally, in most organisms

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Speaker 1: reach it reaches the adult stage, it reproduces, and then

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Speaker 1: it either dies immediately or maybe it carries on a

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Speaker 1: little longer, but generally its function is done. You've reached

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Speaker 1: the adulthood stage. You've reproduced. That's it. You have to

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Speaker 1: get off the stage and make room for the other players.

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Speaker 1: But not so with this particular jellyfish. Now it does

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Speaker 1: not quite Benjamin Button, Like, that would be a wrong analogy.

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Speaker 1: What would be a better analogy is that is not

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Speaker 1: that like an old man grows young again. But imagine

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Speaker 1: an old man walking down the street and just collapses

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Speaker 1: under the weight of his like old awfulness, and then

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Speaker 1: just melts into a pile of goo on the sidewalk,

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Speaker 1: and then out of that goo crawls a naked, slime

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Speaker 1: covered infant, which then grows up into an adult. I

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Speaker 1: like that. I like that. Pat Krug marine biologists says

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Speaker 1: that when they do reach the end of this cycle, uh,

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Speaker 1: they get really stressed out and they collapse to the

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Speaker 1: bottom and melt, But instead of dying, they really reorganize

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Speaker 1: its tissues and forms a new little polyp, so, as

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Speaker 1: you say, sort of climbing from the primordial goo and

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Speaker 1: reforming itself. Um. And it's interesting because Craig says that

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Speaker 1: it it's it's almost like it skips it's having the

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Speaker 1: sex part of it and goes straight to the next

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Speaker 1: bit in the life cycle and becomes this new polyp.

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Speaker 1: And I think this is so cool because it reminds

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Speaker 1: me of the imaginal cells that we talked about in

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Speaker 1: the Gremlin's podcast. We were talking about a butterfly sort

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Speaker 1: of deconstructing a rather caterpillar deconstructing itself in the cocoon,

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Speaker 1: and that those imaginal cells are much like undifferentiated stem cells,

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Speaker 1: and that they can do any sort of job that

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Speaker 1: they need to while reconstructing this new form, new life form,

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Speaker 1: this butterfly um and then those cells becoming specialized when

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Speaker 1: it when it actually does become the butterfly itself. This

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Speaker 1: is very much the same thing with this immortal jellyfish. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: to put it in the gremlin model now that we

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Speaker 1: brought gremlins and magua into it. Uh, the magua the

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Speaker 1: furry little dude, the gremlin, the repulsive creature that the

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Speaker 1: magua turns into. The gremlin is the adult form. The

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Speaker 1: magua is the juvenile form, maybe even a larval form.

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Speaker 1: However you want to look at it um and so

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Speaker 1: when you know, the magua eats after midnight, turns into

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Speaker 1: an adult gremlin. But then imagine if the adult gremlin

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Speaker 1: melted and then out of the gremlin melt emerged a magua.

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Speaker 1: You know, it would be a a reversal, you know.

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Speaker 1: So it's fascinating to think about about it that way,

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Speaker 1: but but still taking nothing away from this organism. Like

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Speaker 1: I said, it's not quite Benjamin Button, and it's which

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Speaker 1: is I think a good thing. Uh, it's also not

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Speaker 1: quite immortal. We're getting a little carried away with that, right,

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Speaker 1: there's a question mark to to what degree the tissues

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Speaker 1: can continue to regenerate themselves, right, Yeah, I mean it's

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Speaker 1: it's really awesome, it's really fascinating and certainly, um, something

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Speaker 1: very unique is going up. Well that's also another thing

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Speaker 1: because there's also the possibly there are other jellyfish species

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Speaker 1: that do this as well. So it's maybe not as

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Speaker 1: unique as some of the stories made it out to be.

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Speaker 1: But it's still pretty amazing. Uh. And ultimately how long

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Speaker 1: can this keep going? Uh? Probably not forever. This is

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Speaker 1: probably not a situation where it's like the Highlander of

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Speaker 1: jellyfish just carrying on and carrying on. Yeah, And let

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Speaker 1: me just do a quick quote from Pat Kraig again,

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Speaker 1: the marine biologist. Why it is significant? He or she

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Speaker 1: says that learning how to take adult cells and get

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Speaker 1: them back to the early stage where they can develop

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Speaker 1: into anything is a significant goal of what we want

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Speaker 1: to be able to achieve. Um, and I think in

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Speaker 1: this case she's talking about in humans, it's something that

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Speaker 1: this humble little jelly has a built in feature of

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Speaker 1: its life cycle. Things get gross around it, it melts

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Speaker 1: and rebuilds itself from scratch. So I think there is

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Speaker 1: definitely the potential that we could learn some basic things

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Speaker 1: that we could better apply to our own technology for

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Speaker 1: human medicine. Now, you know, it would be a dream

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Speaker 1: is to talk to Aubrey Degree about this, you know,

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Speaker 1: and say, like, what you know, to what extent are

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Speaker 1: things like this? These sort of discoveries um helpful in

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Speaker 1: in his own bio gerontology work where he is trying

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Speaker 1: to get to disease before it happens in the human

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Speaker 1: body and basically try to keep the body is finally

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Speaker 1: tuned as possible so that with drug intervention and good health,

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Speaker 1: we could possibly live, you know, upwards to five hundred

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Speaker 1: years old. Yeah. I guess one of the things about

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Speaker 1: humans is we don't really we never go through a

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Speaker 1: cocoon phase. We never go through a drastic of change.

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Speaker 1: I mean, you know, there's there's a lot of drastic

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Speaker 1: changes that go that occur between you know, being an

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Speaker 1: infinite being an adult, but but like what would be

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Speaker 1: the cut off line, you know, if you could? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and to what degree could you re org your your

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Speaker 1: cells and your tissues. So I think that's the interesting part,

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Speaker 1: Like could we take that information and apply to yourselves practically? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean what makes me think of the fly because

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Speaker 1: in a lot of primordial do in that. Yeah, I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's one of the things that the Jeff gold Blooms,

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Speaker 1: the character gets on about when he's you know, quote

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Speaker 1: unquote gold blooming about the excitement of the science, and

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Speaker 1: he's talking about, you know, being broken down in the

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Speaker 1: teleportation and then reassembled, reborn, re emerging from the plasma pool.

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Speaker 1: And that's pretty much what's happening with this jellyfish, which

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Speaker 1: I don't know. I mean, if you can combine that

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Speaker 1: with um quantum entanglement, which which we'll talk about, maybe

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Speaker 1: that could happen. But before we get to that, let's

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Speaker 1: talk about junk DNA or as we have discovered this year,

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Speaker 1: not so junk DNA. Yeah. So this is pretty cool,

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Speaker 1: And this is just another example of you knows, as

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Speaker 1: we any scientific endeavor, you'd you push a little a

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Speaker 1: little farther. You you answer one question and three new

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Speaker 1: ones arive. Um just this when you know you're you're

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Speaker 1: traveling across the countryside. Uh, what seems to be a

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Speaker 1: very simple array of hills and trees in the distance.

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Speaker 1: The closer you get you see the details, you see

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Speaker 1: the the how how complex the system actually is. And

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Speaker 1: so for the longest we've we've thought that there is

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Speaker 1: this thing called this junk DNA, which you know, sounds

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Speaker 1: kind of like a silly idea because why is it there? Right?

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Speaker 1: Is there's the the the you know, the quote you

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Speaker 1: may have seen on a T shirt. God don't make

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Speaker 1: no junk, right, So why would God? Because the idea

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Speaker 1: that the God in his his or her infinite wisdom

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Speaker 1: would not make something that was that was wasted, like

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Speaker 1: everything has a purpose, something, everything kind of fits in somehow.

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Speaker 1: And take the God out of that equation and fit

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Speaker 1: it into a more scientific setting, then it still rings

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Speaker 1: with a certain amount of true like it's there, like

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Speaker 1: why would why would there be junk DNA? Like would

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Speaker 1: it just be like leftover garbage DNA? And uh, you know,

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Speaker 1: the the take home here is that the more that

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Speaker 1: we've we've we've looked at with the vename, we realized

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Speaker 1: that it is not junk DNA, but it is a

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Speaker 1: genetic material that informs UM, these various epigenetic changes in

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Speaker 1: the genes that determine what genes are turned on or off.

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Speaker 1: And these switches, UM, the simplified way of looking at

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Speaker 1: these switches have an impact on various UM manifestations of

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Speaker 1: the human body, from various traits to UH diseases. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and UM, this is a byproduct of mapping the human genome.

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Speaker 1: This discovery that junk DNA is not necessarily junking in

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Speaker 1: fact of it, they say, is vital and as you say,

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Speaker 1: it has UM has a pretty big implication in gene

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Speaker 1: switches that reside in bits of DNA. So UM, the

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Speaker 1: discovery is considered a major medical and scientific breakthrough and

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Speaker 1: it really does have an effect on our ability to

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Speaker 1: gain human health here. Um, and again we're talking about UM,

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Speaker 1: this material that was largely mysterious for this in some

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Speaker 1: ways it is, but there's an ability now to to

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Speaker 1: better uh look at it and try to figure out

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Speaker 1: what it is. In fact, the term junk DNA is

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Speaker 1: not being tossed around so much anymore. It has now

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Speaker 1: been upgraded to dark matter. Yes, something that and just

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Speaker 1: a briefly about dark matter in a cosmic sense, a mystery,

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Speaker 1: a thing that that we're we're not sure exactly on

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Speaker 1: the nature of, but we know it. It must be

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Speaker 1: important because there's a lot of it out there. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and um, you know, there are complex diseases that appear

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Speaker 1: and they appear to be caused by tiny changes in

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Speaker 1: hundreds of genes switches which are controlled by this junk

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Speaker 1: or dark matter DNA. UM it really is a game

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Speaker 1: changer because it can help us to understand how alterations

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Speaker 1: in the non gene parts of DNA contribute to human disease,

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Speaker 1: which could lead to new drug therapy. UM. It could

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Speaker 1: also explain how the environment can affect disease risk. So

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Speaker 1: in the case of identical twins, small changes in the

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Speaker 1: environmental exposure can slightly altered genes, which is with the

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Speaker 1: result that one twin gets disease and the other does not.

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Speaker 1: UM and I think this is really going to be

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Speaker 1: most important, at least in the short term in cancer.

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Speaker 1: UM that this is from the New York Times article

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Speaker 1: Bits of Mystery DNA far from junk play crucial role.

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Speaker 1: It says that as they begin to turning the DNA

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Speaker 1: sequences of cancer cells. Researchers realize that most of the

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Speaker 1: thousands of DNA changes in cancer cells were not in genes.

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Speaker 1: They were in the dark matter. The challenge is to

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Speaker 1: figure out which of those changes are driving the cancer's growth.

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Speaker 1: All right, So there you go, junk DNA not so

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Speaker 1: junk after all. So we're gonna take a quick break

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Speaker 1: and when we come back, we're gonna roll through some

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Speaker 1: other potentially overlooked awesome science from the from including solar tornadoes. Okay,

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Speaker 1: we're back, and we are talking sellar tornadoes, which I'm

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Speaker 1: really excited about because this year they were confirmed. They've

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Speaker 1: been spotted or hints of them have been spotted in

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Speaker 1: two thousand and eight, but they were confirmed this year.

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Speaker 1: And it's thought that up to eleven thousand of them

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Speaker 1: twist over the Sun's surface every day, and they're made

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Speaker 1: of hot plasma and they are capable of reaching heights

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Speaker 1: of eighteen hundred miles high, with diameters ranging from nine

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Speaker 1: hundred and thirty to thirty five hundred miles wide. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so that the stats aren't done there, because think about

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Speaker 1: this mammoth um. It can spin upwards to about nine

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Speaker 1: thousand miles an hour, lasting only for about thirteen minutes each. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it's a lot of the news stories about this

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Speaker 1: really like the focus on these things are gonna be

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Speaker 1: as big as the United States. Yeah, they're They're enormous

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Speaker 1: solar tornadoes. Um, And it's important that I get a

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Speaker 1: lot of space related headlines. Don't at me because I

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Speaker 1: sometimes right for Discovery Space. So anytime Discovery Space does

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Speaker 1: a story, I end up seeing the headline. And it's

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Speaker 1: easy to become kind of dull to these after a

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Speaker 1: while because you have something happened in space, some new discovery.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's the nature of science journalism. You have

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Speaker 1: to spice it up a bit um. You know, black holes,

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Speaker 1: that's great, but no, it's not enough today. It's gotta

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Speaker 1: be monster black holes. There have to be cannibal black holes.

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Speaker 1: They've gotta so everything is sexed up to them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so solar tornadoes on the Sun. It sounds awesome, but

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Speaker 1: it was actually kind of easy to miss this one

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Speaker 1: if you're if you're having to process a lot of

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Speaker 1: space headlines because they kind of overstate everything. Even though

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Speaker 1: the core science is always really amazing when you look

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Speaker 1: at it. In this case, in point, you have the

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Speaker 1: solar tornadoes. Now you probably wonder, well, what is why

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Speaker 1: is it important? Like why does it what does it

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Speaker 1: matter that there are solar tornadoes aside from the cool factor, Well,

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Speaker 1: it really does give us a better understanding what's going

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Speaker 1: on on the Sun. Like one thing that it's important

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Speaker 1: to realize about the Sun is that the the surface

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Speaker 1: of the Sun is the coolest part of the Sun,

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Speaker 1: which seems to counterintuitive, right, right, especially since the atmosphere,

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Speaker 1: the weather of the Sun is hotter than the surface.

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Speaker 1: So it's like it's hot and then it gets a

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Speaker 1: little cooler and it gets progressively hotter again. Um and uh,

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Speaker 1: And this gives us little more reason to understand it

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Speaker 1: because in the atmosphere of the Sun, the weather of

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Speaker 1: the Sun, you have all this intense activity. Yeah and um,

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Speaker 1: I wanted to point out that then wide amount Boom,

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Speaker 1: he's an astrophysicist at the University of Also had said,

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Speaker 1: you know, we thought something was up. Basically, he said

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Speaker 1: that we observed some unusually hot plasma above the Sun's surface,

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Speaker 1: so we knew something was happening there, but we didn't

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Speaker 1: know what. And it turns out that this activity, these

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Speaker 1: solar tornadoes may contribute to that variation in heat. The

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Speaker 1: reason why there is so much heat in this upper

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Speaker 1: atmosphere because if you think about a tornado, it's um,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's well, there's there's a spiraling effect bringing

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Speaker 1: heat up right, But a sort of solar tornado is

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Speaker 1: unlike tornadoes on Earth, which of course are powered by

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Speaker 1: differences in temperature and humidity. UM. The twisters in the

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Speaker 1: Sun are a combination of hot flowing gas entangled magnetic

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Speaker 1: field lines, ultimately driven by nuclear reactions at the solar core.

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Speaker 1: So at the surface for the photosphere, cooled plasma sinks

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Speaker 1: towards the interior like water running down the bathtub drain,

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Speaker 1: and this creates vortex is that magnetic field lines are

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Speaker 1: forced to follow, and then the line stretch upward into

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Speaker 1: the chromosphere where they continue to spiral up. So it's

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Speaker 1: just one big death metal album up there. Big. Yeah. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's why you It's why the corona, this upper atmosphere

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Speaker 1: of the Sun's atmosphere is filled with all of this

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Speaker 1: heat because you have these massive tornadoes of plasma just

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Speaker 1: throwing themselves around. UM. And then as for the eleven

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Speaker 1: thousand per day statistic um. It has been said that

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Speaker 1: there may not be as many in the future because

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Speaker 1: we've seen a glut of these huge sillar tornadoes because

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Speaker 1: the Sun has been ramping up toward max and activity

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Speaker 1: levels in its current cycle. So you know, still it's

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Speaker 1: a tremendous amount of activity, and one that people weren't

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Speaker 1: necessarily aware of. They suspected, of course that something was

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Speaker 1: going on. But you know, I think it recasts the

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Speaker 1: whole idea of the Wizard of oz. I think someone

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Speaker 1: needs to to write with sort of the oz uh

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Speaker 1: based on the Sun. Really, so so Dorothy would go

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Speaker 1: to the Sun instead. Yes, there's there are a lot

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Speaker 1: of logistics to be worked out there. But imagine the

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Speaker 1: twister that comes through that cancel. Yes, yeah, of course,

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Speaker 1: of course, the solar twister. I like it. I like it,

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Speaker 1: all right, all right, well, now let's turn our attention

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Speaker 1: to the quantum world. Now, of course, quantum things happened

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Speaker 1: in because quantum, quantum happens. Quantum happens. It looks great

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Speaker 1: in the headline um and so there there continues to

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Speaker 1: be some interesting headway in the field of quantum teleportation.

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Speaker 1: Now I know what you're you're you're you're wondering. You're

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Speaker 1: either wondering, well, what is quantum teleportation or you're thinking,

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Speaker 1: oh God, I hope they don't try and explain it. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And we're we're not going to go to in depth

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Speaker 1: on quantum teleportation. That's really a subject for another time,

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Speaker 1: but but we can sort of speed you through the

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Speaker 1: simple version of it um because what what we have here,

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Speaker 1: what we're dealing with, essentially, is quantum entanglement, in which

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Speaker 1: two sub atomic particles thousands of light years of party

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Speaker 1: and then can instantly respond um to each other's motions. Uh.

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Speaker 1: So we've this started off is something that was you know,

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Speaker 1: merely theoretical that we figured was possible, and then scientists

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Speaker 1: observed the phenomenon at at at the particle level and

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Speaker 1: uh and in two thousand and nine they managed to

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Speaker 1: produce the effect with linked superconductors and uh. And it's

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Speaker 1: an exciting topic because you know, it helps us certainly,

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Speaker 1: it involves a greater understanding of what's going on in

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Speaker 1: the quantum realm, but also it has enormous possible applications,

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Speaker 1: uh for faster than light signaling, for as sending data,

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Speaker 1: for encrypting data, um but particularly and in the in

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Speaker 1: the area of quantum computing. It's it's pretty big medicine. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: In the past year, a team from China and another

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Speaker 1: in Austria set new records for quantum teleportation using a

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Speaker 1: laser to beam photons through the open air over sixty

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Speaker 1: and eighty nine excuse me, sixty and eighty nine miles

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Speaker 1: respectively for context, just you know, just to let you know.

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Speaker 1: The first efforts to do this resulted in sending the

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Speaker 1: particles mirror inches. So the fact that they're already up

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Speaker 1: to eighty nine miles is pretty amazing. So the idea

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Speaker 1: is that quantum teleportation could be used to transmit particles

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Speaker 1: and information from an orbiting satellite eventually to relay station

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Speaker 1: on Earth. So this information in the process by which

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Speaker 1: it is transmitted is what is called quantum encryption. So,

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Speaker 1: according to wire dot COM's article the Race to bring

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Speaker 1: Quantum Teleportation to your world, quote, if developed, quantum teleportation,

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Speaker 1: satellites could allow spies to pass large amounts of information

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Speaker 1: back and forth or create unhackable codes. Should we ever

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Speaker 1: build quantum computers, they would need quantum teleporters in order

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Speaker 1: to be networked together in a quantum version of the Internet.

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Speaker 1: This is very cool stuff, you know, just from a

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Speaker 1: sci fi perspective, you can imagine the implications of a

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Speaker 1: quantum infrastructure in our world. Yes, to say nothing of

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Speaker 1: all those scenarios in which got vaculate might wear address.

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Speaker 1: So that's sort of the Pine the Sky idea. And

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Speaker 1: if you think that's too pine the sky though, just

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Speaker 1: consider this. China plans to launch a satellite with a

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Speaker 1: quantum teleportation experiment payload in two, with a quantum communications

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Speaker 1: project being estimated to cost fifty to one million dollars. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so China obviously thinks that this is an important technology. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Europe UM, UH, Japan and Canada are all their space

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Speaker 1: agencies are hoping to fund their own quantum teleportation satellite

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Speaker 1: projects in the coming years. So the US is a

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Speaker 1: bit behind in this, and some of this has to

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Speaker 1: do with bureaucratic shuffling between DARPA and IOPA. UM. But

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Speaker 1: it's interesting because it's definitely a race to get as

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Speaker 1: advanced in this technology as possible. Yeah, if you think

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Speaker 1: back to the episode we did on an interseller Internet

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Speaker 1: the idea and the interplanetary Internet. Uh, because as we

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Speaker 1: as we continue to expand out into the cosmos. If

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Speaker 1: we you know, as we we show up on other worlds,

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Speaker 1: we're gonna have to deal with communication, and we're going

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Speaker 1: to face the reality that we're dealing with such distances

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Speaker 1: that that instantaneous communication just isn't possible. So you end

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Speaker 1: up with it with ever growing lag times, and it's

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Speaker 1: more of a return to an age of instead of

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Speaker 1: you know, instantly connecting with a loved one or or

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Speaker 1: or just employers or mission team members, you would have

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Speaker 1: to send off missives into the void and then wait

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Speaker 1: for one to return and you know, hope that nothing

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Speaker 1: went long. One of the big exciting things, here's the

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Speaker 1: possible possibility of instantaneous communication between planets by use of

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Speaker 1: this quantum teleportation. And it's because we're talking about data

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Speaker 1: being reproduced in one place through quantum entanglement. No, it's

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Speaker 1: it's very interesting and I particularly that the spy part

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Speaker 1: of course, just kind of makes me sit up a

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Speaker 1: little bit taller and take notice. And there was an interesting,

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Speaker 1: uh analogy of this of how this might happen with

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Speaker 1: quantum teleportation to send this controllable signal, say to a

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Speaker 1: satellite and I'm going to take a stab at it,

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Speaker 1: a game for it. Yeah, let's do it. Okay. This

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Speaker 1: requires three subatomic particles, say photons. In this case, two

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Speaker 1: of the photons are entangled with one another, and the

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Speaker 1: third contains the bit of information you want to send. Okay.

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Speaker 1: So just know that the sub atomic particles, let's say

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Speaker 1: they're a vertical orientation, okay. And once you test that

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Speaker 1: and you figure out that these the two that are

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Speaker 1: entangled are vertical. You know, the other ones in vertical

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Speaker 1: no matter where it is in conjunction to the other one. Okay,

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Speaker 1: So these are like paired Dakota rings. Yes, So you

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Speaker 1: take one and I take one. Yeah, okay, And then

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Speaker 1: there's that third bit right that has the information. So

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Speaker 1: it says. For a simple example of how this works,

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Speaker 1: let's say you place one photon from the entangled pair

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Speaker 1: in Los Angeles and the other in New York. In

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Speaker 1: Los Angeles, a scientist measures one of the entangled photons

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Speaker 1: and the third particle at the same time. She doesn't

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Speaker 1: find out their exact properties, but just their relative ones

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Speaker 1: if they are the same or opposite of one another,

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Speaker 1: for instance. And the particles get destroyed during this measurement.

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Speaker 1: So the scientists has measured figures out. Let's say it's horizontal.

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Speaker 1: Let's say that she discovers that the particles are opposites,

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Speaker 1: meaning that the one that is entangled, Okay, that the

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Speaker 1: one of the pair is opposite from the third particle.

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Speaker 1: That bit of information, they're opposite from each other. And

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Speaker 1: she relays this information to her New York colleague. He

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Speaker 1: then measures the entangled photon and knows that the opposite

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Speaker 1: of that measurement is the bit of information he was

428
00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:09,040
Speaker 1: meant to receive. Yeah, there you go, clear as clear,

429
00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:13,719
Speaker 1: clear as is mud. Right there. Um. It makes me

430
00:24:13,960 --> 00:24:17,040
Speaker 1: we ran across a number of different quote unquote simplified

431
00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:19,040
Speaker 1: explanations for this stuff. When we're looking at it, like

432
00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:22,840
Speaker 1: there's one that involves like a secret like police investigation

433
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:27,760
Speaker 1: involving detectives, Romulus and Remus and Alice. It it gets

434
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:29,920
Speaker 1: very complex even when you're trying to do a very

435
00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:33,560
Speaker 1: simple explanation, and a lot of it kept. It kept.

436
00:24:33,560 --> 00:24:37,200
Speaker 1: Made me think of the movie Labyrinth in which uh

437
00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:40,399
Speaker 1: Sarah encounters the two doors with the with the the

438
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,399
Speaker 1: muppety creatures behind them, where one of them says that

439
00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:46,960
Speaker 1: they both informer that one of them always tells the truth,

440
00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:49,879
Speaker 1: and one of them always lies. And then one tells

441
00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:51,879
Speaker 1: her you know what the other one would say, and

442
00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:53,440
Speaker 1: you have to try and work out in your mind

443
00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:56,959
Speaker 1: what that answer means and which doors you should take

444
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,880
Speaker 1: based on that answer, and it's it's really a mind work. Well,

445
00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:02,480
Speaker 1: the problem with a Romulus and Remus example that we

446
00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:05,760
Speaker 1: did not talk about for a good reason is because

447
00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,639
Speaker 1: it also brings cultural drink into the conversation. That's not

448
00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:11,600
Speaker 1: relevant to it, right, because Romulus and Remus is an

449
00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:15,160
Speaker 1: entirely different thing. All they wanted in this analogy were twins.

450
00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:19,200
Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, um so, but I got to attach their characters.

451
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,160
Speaker 1: They had to name them. Suddenly they were invested in them,

452
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:24,000
Speaker 1: and we're just trying to understand plans. All I want

453
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,760
Speaker 1: to know is this entangled pair, how are they behaving?

454
00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:30,119
Speaker 1: And what is their behavior? Tell us about this third particle? Right,

455
00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:32,479
Speaker 1: don't kind of distract us by telling a good story, right,

456
00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:35,439
Speaker 1: good stuff? Um, but it's it's again. This is uh,

457
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:38,679
Speaker 1: this cryptography, right, This this key that is inserted to

458
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:41,199
Speaker 1: give you a bit of information, and this essentially is

459
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,760
Speaker 1: what these entangled pairs are doing. Real quick, just to

460
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,440
Speaker 1: mention another story that we discussed briefly, but we ended

461
00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:50,320
Speaker 1: up not including. There was a really cool article about

462
00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:54,199
Speaker 1: dissonant music and what happens when animals listen to it,

463
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,719
Speaker 1: or more importantly, what's what happens when people listen to it?

464
00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,439
Speaker 1: And this is a u c l A team that

465
00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:05,359
Speaker 1: looked into this, and they found that that just distorted

466
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:09,240
Speaker 1: and jarring music is really is so evocative because the

467
00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:13,280
Speaker 1: mechanisms are closely related to distress calls in animals. So

468
00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,560
Speaker 1: the idea here is that everyone, like you know, perks

469
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:18,879
Speaker 1: up at Woodstock and listens to Jimi Hendrix playing the

470
00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:24,000
Speaker 1: national anthem because it's jarring and there's distortion, and you know,

471
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:28,760
Speaker 1: it calls out to our our deeper animal selves. So

472
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:31,359
Speaker 1: I found that found it interesting and they were also

473
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:32,920
Speaker 1: they also did some studies in like two thousand and

474
00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:37,040
Speaker 1: ten where they're looking at and classic movies and various

475
00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:40,720
Speaker 1: genres including horror and looking at UH at the soundtracks

476
00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:42,920
Speaker 1: and how they differ and the kind of emotions they evoked.

477
00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:45,280
Speaker 1: And and they did see that like horror films tended

478
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:50,520
Speaker 1: to to use more screaming females and distorted vocals UH

479
00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:55,040
Speaker 1: distorted sounds in their soundtracks. Um So anyway, I just

480
00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:56,800
Speaker 1: found it's, like said, there's not a lot of meat

481
00:26:56,880 --> 00:26:58,679
Speaker 1: really there to chew on. But it's interesting to think

482
00:26:58,720 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: about that in terms of of music that we find.

483
00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:03,560
Speaker 1: Please maybe they did a study and and uh and everything.

484
00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:06,080
Speaker 1: We're like, you know, subjects were rating music that they

485
00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:09,760
Speaker 1: listened to, uh on a negative and positive scale. They

486
00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:11,679
Speaker 1: were listening to stuff that was distorted and stuff that

487
00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:14,879
Speaker 1: was more you know, serene and uh and more melody

488
00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:16,840
Speaker 1: to it. Uh and it. But it did make me

489
00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:19,440
Speaker 1: think about music that combines both because they're certainly there's

490
00:27:19,440 --> 00:27:21,719
Speaker 1: straight up noise music you can listen to straight up

491
00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:25,080
Speaker 1: you know, just extreme electronic distortion and stuff that sounds

492
00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:28,720
Speaker 1: uh in my wife's words, like someone throwing a xylophone

493
00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:31,080
Speaker 1: down a set of stairs. And then you have you know,

494
00:27:31,119 --> 00:27:32,760
Speaker 1: more stuff that's all the way on the on the

495
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:34,720
Speaker 1: serene level. But then you have music that sort of

496
00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,240
Speaker 1: incorporates both, like like some of the groups that I

497
00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:39,800
Speaker 1: really like that that toy with the nose, that the

498
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:44,440
Speaker 1: nose the noise uh section here, like like Autecker. They

499
00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:47,840
Speaker 1: they use a certain amount of serene and sounds and

500
00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:50,120
Speaker 1: a certain amount of melody, but then also a lot

501
00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 1: of you know, unpredictable um uh, distorted noise as well,

502
00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:56,679
Speaker 1: and it sort of comes together in this sort of

503
00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:59,240
Speaker 1: interesting place that that it makes you think, what's it's

504
00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:01,600
Speaker 1: touching based with the you know, the part of my

505
00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,440
Speaker 1: mind it wants, you know, calmness and serenity, but also

506
00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:07,000
Speaker 1: in this this animal part of my mind that is

507
00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:10,000
Speaker 1: responding to something that might be the sound of an

508
00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:13,800
Speaker 1: animal dying. Yeah, it's stimulating, right, So it's interesting to

509
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:16,800
Speaker 1: have both of those um I also wanted to mention,

510
00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:20,080
Speaker 1: and I don't have the information right in front of me,

511
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:21,960
Speaker 1: so this is off top of my head. I believe

512
00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:25,280
Speaker 1: it was a chimp in Germany, a zoo in Germany.

513
00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:31,800
Speaker 1: Have you heard about this chump um That was remarkable

514
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:36,040
Speaker 1: for a couple of things, but mainly because he would

515
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,480
Speaker 1: take rocks, put them nearby him, and then sit there

516
00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:44,280
Speaker 1: and wait for zoo visitors to come by and will

517
00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:48,640
Speaker 1: be act very relaxed, and then just when when the

518
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:53,080
Speaker 1: zoo visitor sort of didn't realize or was distracted by something,

519
00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:56,040
Speaker 1: with launch an attack with those rocks. And I thought

520
00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:59,240
Speaker 1: it was fascinating because not only does it show premeditative behavior,

521
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,120
Speaker 1: which we know systin animals, particularly in chimps, but it

522
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:06,600
Speaker 1: shows the ability for these chimps to actually enter into

523
00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:10,040
Speaker 1: the realm of acting and in order to pull off

524
00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:14,960
Speaker 1: this subterfuge against these zoo visitors. And uh, the video

525
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,400
Speaker 1: on it is fascinating. I thought that was an interesting

526
00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:20,680
Speaker 1: bit of animal behavior from this year. All right, well,

527
00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:23,720
Speaker 1: there you go, just some overlooked, potentially overlooked, but really

528
00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:27,280
Speaker 1: cool bits of science from that we wanted to clean

529
00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:30,920
Speaker 1: up there and present to you. So let's call over

530
00:29:31,120 --> 00:29:36,120
Speaker 1: the robit for a little listener mail. Before I read

531
00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:37,720
Speaker 1: some of these, I do want to point out real quick.

532
00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:41,320
Speaker 1: In a previous episode, I mentioned pugs, the breed of dog,

533
00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:44,200
Speaker 1: and I talked about how useless they were, uh, you know,

534
00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:46,720
Speaker 1: because the largely you encounter a pug, and the pug

535
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:49,320
Speaker 1: is just this slightly you know, this kind of poorly

536
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,640
Speaker 1: put together dog that has trouble with with heat and

537
00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:56,600
Speaker 1: too much exercise and is ultimately just a lap creature. Uh.

538
00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:58,240
Speaker 1: Or at least that's the way I used to think

539
00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,400
Speaker 1: about it. But just yesterday I was on Marta, Atlanta's

540
00:30:01,440 --> 00:30:03,800
Speaker 1: public transportation system. I saw a young lady in a

541
00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:07,040
Speaker 1: wheelchair and she had a helper animal that was a pug,

542
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,520
Speaker 1: So it's recast your opinion. I have to come back

543
00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:12,240
Speaker 1: some of what I thought about pugs, because here's a

544
00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:14,560
Speaker 1: pug and he's uh. I think it was a she actually,

545
00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:17,320
Speaker 1: But there was that pug and she was doing her job,

546
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:20,400
Speaker 1: representing calmly there by the by the wheelchair as a

547
00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:23,600
Speaker 1: train roared by. So how did you know she was she? Well,

548
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:26,120
Speaker 1: I mean I could sort of. She was slim, so

549
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:28,000
Speaker 1: you could sort of tell what was going on under there.

550
00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:29,880
Speaker 1: You know. It's like you picked the dog up and

551
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:32,400
Speaker 1: turned her over the idea I rolled her Alpha roll

552
00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:34,880
Speaker 1: the dog. No, it's always a no no. Don't alpha

553
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:40,360
Speaker 1: roll a helper an, especially on public transportation. Exactly. All right, Well, um,

554
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:42,520
Speaker 1: here's a little bit of listener mail from our listener Brad.

555
00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:46,040
Speaker 1: Brad writes and says, hey, you guys are awesome. I

556
00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,520
Speaker 1: am at a party right now. And that's the thing.

557
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:50,640
Speaker 1: This first time anyone has written this from a party

558
00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:53,080
Speaker 1: that they've mentioned it. But he says, I am at

559
00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:55,000
Speaker 1: a party right now, and it was just plugging your

560
00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:58,520
Speaker 1: biology of Gremlin's episode. The crowd here were so excited.

561
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,880
Speaker 1: We got to pondering the biology of zombies. Hint, you

562
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:04,080
Speaker 1: need to do an episode on the biology of zombies.

563
00:31:04,160 --> 00:31:07,400
Speaker 1: That's all I'm gonna say, Bratt. I don't know what

564
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:09,560
Speaker 1: I have to think about that one. The potential there,

565
00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:12,000
Speaker 1: I know there are some. I mean, it ultimately comes

566
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,840
Speaker 1: down to are their real world biological analogs? Because that

567
00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:18,840
Speaker 1: was the fun of the Gremlins, was taking something that

568
00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:22,520
Speaker 1: seems wacky and stupid and totally just made up without

569
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:25,480
Speaker 1: any real regard for the natural world and pairing it

570
00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:29,960
Speaker 1: with things in the natural world that are just as amazing. Um,

571
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,720
Speaker 1: And I think there's some parallels with zombies we'd have

572
00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:34,840
Speaker 1: we'd have to explore. Speaking of have you seen a

573
00:31:34,880 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: trailer for the Zombies Love Story movie that's coming out?

574
00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:42,960
Speaker 1: Telling is it? Does it look good? Yeah? Somehow they well,

575
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:44,600
Speaker 1: I don't know, it looks kind of hokey too, because

576
00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:48,000
Speaker 1: somehow the zombies seem to heal themselves through the powerful

577
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,880
Speaker 1: of If I was actually paying attention to this trailer,

578
00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:54,360
Speaker 1: um in a meaningful way, but we might be interesting,

579
00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:56,520
Speaker 1: all right, We'll look out for that one. We also

580
00:31:56,560 --> 00:31:59,760
Speaker 1: received a number of cool contents from people who listen

581
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,200
Speaker 1: to our teen Angst episode, we were talking about the

582
00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:04,840
Speaker 1: the science of teen ankst. Well, what's going on with

583
00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:07,840
Speaker 1: the teenager's brain? Why? Why did teenagers seem so different?

584
00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:11,600
Speaker 1: And why as teenagers do we feel ultimately so different

585
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,640
Speaker 1: about the world and about our social life than uh,

586
00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:16,320
Speaker 1: than we did when we were younger, and then we

587
00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:19,000
Speaker 1: do when we get older. So we heard from a

588
00:32:19,040 --> 00:32:22,240
Speaker 1: number of people. Here's one from listener Jordan's. Jordan rights

589
00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:24,120
Speaker 1: in and says, Hey, they're just finished listening to your

590
00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:26,520
Speaker 1: podcast on teenage angst. I just wanted to let you

591
00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:29,200
Speaker 1: know that, being a teenager myself, I have experienced some

592
00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,600
Speaker 1: of these tricks the mind plays, but most of the

593
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:33,800
Speaker 1: time I can overcome the brain's way of tricking me.

594
00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:37,000
Speaker 1: Like when one of my friends desired, uh that he

595
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:39,880
Speaker 1: no longer be my friend, I myself didn't care, but

596
00:32:39,920 --> 00:32:43,120
Speaker 1: I started having bad dreams about this non friend of mine,

597
00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:45,440
Speaker 1: and I would wake up and I would think to myself,

598
00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:48,120
Speaker 1: I don't really care care. Why is this person's Why

599
00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:50,840
Speaker 1: is it so important to me? Thanks for explaining this

600
00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:53,880
Speaker 1: to me. Keep up the great podcasting work. Regards Jordan's.

601
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:56,520
Speaker 1: We heard from Drake. Drake wrote in says, hello, I

602
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,800
Speaker 1: just listened to your Teenage Teenager podcast and was interested

603
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:03,480
Speaker 1: in a change of consciousness. I was absorbed in all

604
00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:06,000
Speaker 1: of the facts that you guys stated because in a

605
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,400
Speaker 1: few months, I too will know what, uh what it's

606
00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:10,600
Speaker 1: like to be a teenager. I used to think that

607
00:33:10,840 --> 00:33:13,400
Speaker 1: taking risk and rebellion were just things that teens did

608
00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:15,680
Speaker 1: to fit in or to look cool, But now I

609
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:18,480
Speaker 1: know that there's some science behind it. Besides, I never

610
00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:20,800
Speaker 1: really knew how to fit in any way. Keep up

611
00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:23,240
Speaker 1: the great work, and I'm happy you've got this message.

612
00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:26,720
Speaker 1: And that's from Drake from Nevada. So we received a

613
00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:28,440
Speaker 1: number of other comments and it's all I wish we

614
00:33:28,480 --> 00:33:31,200
Speaker 1: could read them all. Um. A lot of the cool

615
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:35,760
Speaker 1: moments where people either were reevaluating the teenagers they were

616
00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:38,480
Speaker 1: or took a close look at the teenagers they were becoming,

617
00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:41,320
Speaker 1: also wanted to mention. We got an email from Isabelle

618
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:45,640
Speaker 1: and she took us to task for not exploring teens

619
00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:50,040
Speaker 1: who exercise great amounts of self control, because she said

620
00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:54,560
Speaker 1: that she believes that there are a good subsection here

621
00:33:54,800 --> 00:34:00,000
Speaker 1: of teenagers who are honest and who um, who can

622
00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:03,000
Speaker 1: kind of control their states of rebellion and so on

623
00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:04,560
Speaker 1: and so forth, and I thought, you know, she makes

624
00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:07,560
Speaker 1: a really interesting point, and that might make for a

625
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:10,240
Speaker 1: good podcast in the future here talking about self control

626
00:34:10,239 --> 00:34:14,480
Speaker 1: and teenagers and why some teenagers are successful at that. Um, Like,

627
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:16,839
Speaker 1: ultimately we could do like a how to guide for

628
00:34:16,840 --> 00:34:20,680
Speaker 1: for teenagers, the teenager the teenage brain owners guide. Yeah, like,

629
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,560
Speaker 1: what you know, is it higher functioning? Why are some

630
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,120
Speaker 1: teenagers more mature than others? Because I certainly thought of

631
00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:29,120
Speaker 1: examples of teenagers I know in my life who are

632
00:34:30,239 --> 00:34:33,400
Speaker 1: who do seem very responsible and have a good amount

633
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:35,680
Speaker 1: of self control. So I thought she's got a point there,

634
00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:38,560
Speaker 1: perhaps something we can pursue here in the future. Yeah. Well,

635
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:40,680
Speaker 1: I was talking about this episode with with my wife

636
00:34:40,680 --> 00:34:42,600
Speaker 1: and she brought up to that It's like, it's kind

637
00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,759
Speaker 1: of a little disturbing to think about how the the

638
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:48,840
Speaker 1: range in which one has the teenage brain. You know,

639
00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:50,840
Speaker 1: it can it can hit pretty early, and then it

640
00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:52,839
Speaker 1: can it can also hit kind of late and last

641
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:55,560
Speaker 1: up until you know, basically in mid twenties. And at

642
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:58,200
Speaker 1: that point, like we we were already sitting and sending

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00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:02,600
Speaker 1: these individuals to to college, We're already sending these individuals

644
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,799
Speaker 1: to war. Um, you know that they're they're voting. I mean,

645
00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:08,320
Speaker 1: they're all these these things that are happening and uh

646
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:10,960
Speaker 1: and but there's still you know, potentially in this uh,

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00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,560
Speaker 1: this state of development. So yeah, Well, we also got

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00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:16,520
Speaker 1: an email and just thinking about that that have different

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00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,799
Speaker 1: states and experiences that teenagers going through. We've got an

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00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:21,719
Speaker 1: email from a woman named Michela who is twenty three

651
00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:26,239
Speaker 1: years now, uh, but she became pregnant at the age

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00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:29,200
Speaker 1: of eighteen, and she depends that this really insightful, interesting

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00:35:30,160 --> 00:35:33,320
Speaker 1: email about how that experience may have changed her brain

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00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:35,839
Speaker 1: as a teenager in how she looks at her sister

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00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:39,000
Speaker 1: and her sister's behavior and start contrast to her own.

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00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:43,319
Speaker 1: So that was a very interesting email that we don't

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00:35:43,320 --> 00:35:47,560
Speaker 1: have time to read. But thank you MICHAELA for sending in. Yeah. Yeah,

658
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,640
Speaker 1: we appreciate all of the email feedback that you guys

659
00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:53,280
Speaker 1: send in. Uh and also though the comments on Facebook

660
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,680
Speaker 1: and UH and Twitter, we don't we don't necessarily have

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00:35:56,719 --> 00:35:59,080
Speaker 1: time to respond to all of it, but just bear

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00:35:59,120 --> 00:36:00,960
Speaker 1: in mind, we do, we do read it, we do

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00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,120
Speaker 1: check it out, and if you would like to reach

664
00:36:03,120 --> 00:36:05,480
Speaker 1: out to us, you can find us on Facebook, you

665
00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:07,359
Speaker 1: can find us on tumbler, we are stuff to blow

666
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:09,799
Speaker 1: your mind on both of those. You can also find

667
00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:11,719
Speaker 1: us on Twitter, where we go by the handle blow

668
00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:14,400
Speaker 1: the Mind, and you can also send us a line

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00:36:14,440 --> 00:36:23,480
Speaker 1: at blow the Mind at discovery dot com. For more

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00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,799
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics, Is It how

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00:36:25,840 --> 00:36:31,480
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com