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Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, what's been in our inbox lately?

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Speaker 1: Well? We get the usual stuff. People with minor corrections,

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Speaker 1: people with you know, cosmic questions, people asking me for

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Speaker 1: to send them special stuff for Father's Day.

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Speaker 4: So he said, people were asking about Father's Day.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, some people write in I like this because they're

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Speaker 1: not actually fans of our show, but their dad or

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Speaker 1: their mom is a fan of the show, and they

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Speaker 1: want us to send a special Father's Day or Mother's

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Speaker 1: Day message to their parents who listens.

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Speaker 4: So it's like young, cool hit people saying, Hey, my

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Speaker 4: dad likes your show and I have no ideas for

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Speaker 4: any Father's Day gifts. So do we charge for these

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Speaker 4: or we.

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Speaker 1: Don't charge for these because we're nice guys and we

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Speaker 1: like helping people, and we're also fathers, and so I

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Speaker 1: want to give a special shout out to Paul Truslow,

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Speaker 1: who's daughter Caitlin asked us to give you a special

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Speaker 1: Father's Day message. So Happy Father's Day, Paul and roll Tide,

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Speaker 1: I'm supposed to say.

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Speaker 4: Also, Hi, I'm Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator

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Speaker 4: of PhD Comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel Whitson. I'm a particle physicist by day

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Speaker 1: and a podcaster by any other time.

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Speaker 4: And welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain a Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we really do, honestly try to answer questions

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Speaker 1: about physics, questions that we have, questions that you have

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Speaker 1: questions that we just randomly float into our minds some days.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and if you actually send us a question, either

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Speaker 4: at questions at Daniel Andhorge dot com or any one

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Speaker 4: of our social media channels like Instagram or Twitter or Facebook,

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Speaker 4: we will actually get to your question and maybe even

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Speaker 4: talk about it on the podcast.

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Speaker 1: That's right, because when you have a question, probably other

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Speaker 1: people have the same question. And that's the wonderful thing

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Speaker 1: about having people suggest questions because sometimes there's an angle

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Speaker 1: to something that we haven't thought of because we come

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Speaker 1: at it from a scientific perspective, and seeing it from

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Speaker 1: the point of view of the audience helps us really

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Speaker 1: explain these things, really get down and untangle all those

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Speaker 1: mysteries that you have in your mind, because our goal

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Speaker 1: is at the end of this day you have a

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Speaker 1: crystal clear picture of what's going on in this universe.

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Speaker 4: And if you send us a question that stumps Daniel,

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Speaker 4: you actually get a prize, right, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, banana cake. I know it's a podcast that has

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Speaker 1: to be audio, so the sound of whoorgete eating a

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Speaker 1: banana cake that Daniel made?

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Speaker 4: How about that some reader shows give you your phone message,

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Speaker 4: they'll record your your voicemail message, we will record one

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Speaker 4: of the hosts eating bananas. What could be better than that?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, hey, that could be a good ring tone, right,

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Speaker 1: that could be a good ringtone. Hey, I got a

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Speaker 1: call coming in. How do you know it sounds like

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Speaker 1: something's eating in your pocket?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, that's right. If you're if you're the kind of

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Speaker 4: person who doesn't like people believe we you voicemails, this

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Speaker 4: is the contest for you right here.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's right. No, Seriously, I would love to

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Speaker 1: get a question that stumps me. I do get questions.

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Speaker 1: A lot of times. I get questions I've never heard before,

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Speaker 1: and that's a wonderful experience because you know, there's the

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Speaker 1: standard of the questions people ask. But then there's a

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Speaker 1: question I'd never even thought to ask before, and that's

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Speaker 1: wonderful because it gives me a little view into the

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Speaker 1: mind of the questioner. I have to think, what did

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Speaker 1: they understand or what was going on in their head

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Speaker 1: that inspired this question, so that I can then figure

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Speaker 1: out how to guide them from there to a clear

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Speaker 1: picture of what's actually happening. And that's the challenge of teaching,

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Speaker 1: and that's what I really love about it.

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Speaker 4: So these are questions you hadn't even thought anyone could

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Speaker 4: ask or would ask.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I'll give you an example. I give demonstrations at

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Speaker 1: elementary schools sometimes and we use like liquid nitrogen and

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Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff to you know, one time we

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Speaker 1: froze bananas and shattered it on the ground and the

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Speaker 1: kids thought that was cool. And afterwards we're open for questions.

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Speaker 4: Wait, wait, wait, you shattered a bananas.

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Speaker 1: That's right, some bananas were harmed in the making of

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Speaker 1: this podcast. I have to admit it.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, my heart is bleeding, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: But afterwards we were open for questions, and some kid

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Speaker 1: raises his hand and he says, if lightsabers were real,

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Speaker 1: would they be made of liquid nitrogen? And I thought,

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Speaker 1: I have no idea how to answer that question. You know, like,

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Speaker 1: where do you even begin.

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Speaker 4: You rolled your eye. You're like, obviously they're made out

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Speaker 4: of kyper crystal. Wookid through your research.

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Speaker 1: I had not done my research on fictional universes and

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Speaker 1: how science might work in that fictional universe. But I

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Speaker 1: love that he connected two things he found amazing liquid

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Speaker 1: nitrogen and lightsabers, and thought, maybe these are the same things.

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Speaker 1: And actually we get a lot of emails like that.

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Speaker 1: They're like, hey, today you guys talked about the mystery

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Speaker 1: of you know, dark matter. Maybe that's the same thing

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Speaker 1: as this other mystery. Like after our time episode, a

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Speaker 1: lot of people wrote in and said, maybe dark energy

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Speaker 1: is just a mistake on how we observe time, and

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Speaker 1: time doesn't just move forward constantly. It's sort of stutter steps,

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Speaker 1: and that's dark energy. People love to connect to mysteries

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Speaker 1: and try to solve them at once. So you know

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Speaker 1: that little boy in the class, he really exemplify the

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Speaker 1: kinds of questions that listeners ask.

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Speaker 4: We're all just little Star Wars fans inside.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's right.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Well today we are answering your questions on the podcast.

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Speaker 4: Today's episode is about listener questions Part four, right or

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Speaker 4: are we up to part PI? Are we sort of

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Speaker 4: this version? Pie?

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Speaker 1: I think our podcasts are integered numbered. Yeah, so this

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Speaker 1: would be number four. It'd be awesome to have point

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Speaker 1: one four of a podcast, but I'm not sure how

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Speaker 1: do you pull that off?

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Speaker 4: All right, so today we have three interesting questions from

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Speaker 4: listeners from all across the world, right, or at least

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Speaker 4: the United States.

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Speaker 1: I think some of them are international. They don't always

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Speaker 1: tell us where they come from, but based on the accent,

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Speaker 1: I don't think all of these come from the Southwestern

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Speaker 1: United States.

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Speaker 4: Which seems to be a big hotbed for fans of

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Speaker 4: our show.

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Speaker 1: No, it was just random. Last time I happened to

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Speaker 1: pick three questions which all like came from the south

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Speaker 1: I was totally just random.

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Speaker 4: But today we have three pretty cool questions from listeners.

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Speaker 4: One is about gravity, another one about dark matter, and

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Speaker 4: the other one is about the nuclear of Adam, Like,

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Speaker 4: how do they stay together? And why don't we all

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Speaker 4: just explode into balls of nuclear explosions?

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Speaker 1: Maybe we will. You'll find out on today's episode.

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Speaker 4: I think people might already know the answer. But teaser,

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Speaker 4: you're you're okay for the next couple of seconds.

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Speaker 1: You'll survive long enough to hear the end of this

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Speaker 1: episode at the.

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Speaker 4: Very least, and then you can you can then explode

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Speaker 4: if you like, from knowledge.

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Speaker 1: Do you think anybody has ever perished while listening to

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Speaker 1: our episode? That just dark thought just entered my head.

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Speaker 4: Oh my god, let's cut that on.

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Speaker 1: Can you imagine being the last thing anybody ever heard

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Speaker 1: in their life? Oh?

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Speaker 4: Wow? Right?

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Speaker 1: And making a joke about an inn.

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Speaker 4: Is it blew their mind stand that their idea of

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Speaker 4: what a joke could be, and it just overwhelmed their

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Speaker 4: neural network.

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Speaker 5: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I don't know if that means the joke was amazing,

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Speaker 1: so good that they couldn't take it, or they're just like,

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Speaker 1: you know what, I'm done after that, I can't take anymore.

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Speaker 4: People get paid to say those kinds of jokes. Then

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Speaker 4: I'm out of here. There's no reason to go on.

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Speaker 1: That's right, Goodbye, cool, unfunny world.

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Speaker 4: Well help. Neither of these things happened to you, my dear,

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Speaker 4: our dear listeners. But our first question comes from Florence

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Speaker 4: from Texas, and she has a question about how gravity

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Speaker 4: could keep the Earth in orbit. Here's what you had

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Speaker 4: to say.

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Speaker 6: I have a question about gravity. You've described it before

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Speaker 6: as the weakest force, and you said in fact that

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Speaker 6: it's so weak that when you're picking up an object

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Speaker 6: with a magnet, you're overpowering the entire Earth's gravity.

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Speaker 1: So that's pretty weak.

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Speaker 6: My problem is when I start thinking about the objects

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Speaker 6: and a Kuiper belt, there are thirty to fifty astronomical

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Speaker 6: units away, and that's billions in billions of miles, and

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Speaker 6: yet the Sun's gravity is still able to keep them

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Speaker 6: in orbit. And that just gives me the impression that

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Speaker 6: gravity is really strong, not weak. So those two thoughts

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Speaker 6: really don't go together. Would you help me with that?

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Speaker 4: All right? Thank you, Florence from Texas. So that's a

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Speaker 4: pretty interesting question, right, Daniel. Is that we often mentioned

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Speaker 4: on the show that gravity is the weakest force, and

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Speaker 4: it's actually super duper duper weak. But at the same time,

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Speaker 4: I think maybe a lot of listeners are thinking, but wait,

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Speaker 4: if gravity is a weak how is it keeping the

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Speaker 4: Earth going around in orbit and other planets in Jupiter?

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Speaker 4: And how is it such an amazing and incredible force

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Speaker 4: in the universe.

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Speaker 1: It is an amazing, incredible force in the universe, And

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Speaker 1: you're right to wonder about that, because as you look

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Speaker 1: out into the night sky, you think about like all

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Speaker 1: the structures in the universe, the Solar System, with the

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Speaker 1: planets going around the Sun, and even the galaxy and

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Speaker 1: the structures of galaxies and the superclusters, all of that

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Speaker 1: is determined by gravity. Right, So gravity seems to have

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Speaker 1: a huge, huge role in organizing the way the universe works, right,

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Speaker 1: and the way we discovered dark matter was through gravity,

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Speaker 1: and so if you just looked at it, you'd say, well,

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Speaker 1: gravity is one of the most important forces because it

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Speaker 1: shapes the whole universe. So then to hear somebody say, actually,

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Speaker 1: gravity is the weakest force in the universe. That does

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Speaker 1: seem like a strong contradiction, right, It doesn't make sense

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Speaker 1: in your mind because how can it be the weakest

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Speaker 1: force and also be the thing that shapes everything else?

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Speaker 4: Right, It's kind of like the organizing force in the universe. Right.

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Speaker 4: It organizes planets into solar systems, and solar systems into

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Speaker 4: galaxies and galaxies into clusters. Like if we didn't have gravity,

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Speaker 4: everything would just fly fly away and fly apart.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. We wouldn't have any of the good

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Speaker 1: stuff that we have without gravity. So we own a

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Speaker 1: big thanks to gravity. And I like the way you

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Speaker 1: said it's I sort of organize as things. I think

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Speaker 1: that's one of the big ideas to understand how gravity

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Speaker 1: can play such a big role and be so weak.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of like the way you make a big

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Speaker 1: mess in your house and then you come back home

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Speaker 1: and your mom is organized the room or whatever. Right,

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Speaker 1: some mysterious forces organized it while you were gone.

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Speaker 4: Your mum still cleansed your house. That's pretty good.

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Speaker 1: No, your mom cleans my house, or hey, she doesn't

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Speaker 1: clean yours.

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Speaker 4: She flies from Panama every way every week and she

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Speaker 4: doesn't even call me. Oh my god, maybe because that

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Speaker 4: would celebrate Mother's Day.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, Well, you should have sent her a banana cake. No.

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Speaker 1: But the point I wanted to make, the actual physics point,

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Speaker 1: not a joke, is that gravity is a force that's

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Speaker 1: sort of left over like all the other forces in

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Speaker 1: the universe, electromagnetism, the strong force, the weak force. All

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Speaker 1: these forces are so powerful that they get kind of

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Speaker 1: naturally balanced. Like there's no electrostatic force or electromagnetic force

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Speaker 1: between the Earth and the Sun. Why because if there were,

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Speaker 1: it would be incredibly powerful and it would balance itself

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Speaker 1: the way like lightning is a balancing of the electrons

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Speaker 1: between the Earth and the sky. Right anytime there's any imbalance, shoom,

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Speaker 1: there's a huge bolt of lightning to balance these things out.

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Speaker 1: And so as a result, there is no electromagnetic force

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Speaker 1: between these huge celestial objects, and so it's Gravity's gravity

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Speaker 1: can't be balanced though, it's the one force that cannot

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Speaker 1: be neutralized because it only has mass. There's no negative

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Speaker 1: mass to balance it out. So after all the other

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Speaker 1: forces have made their big mess, gravity is sort of

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Speaker 1: left to pick up the pieces. It's the only thing

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Speaker 1: left on the playing field.

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Speaker 4: Right, Well, I think it's important to maybe mention that

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Speaker 4: when we say it's the weakest force, it's a relative assessment, right, Like,

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Speaker 4: we're not saying gravity is weak, it's just weak relative

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Speaker 4: to the electromagnetic force.

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Speaker 1: Oh I'm saying it. No, I'm saying gravity is super weak.

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Speaker 1: It's embarrassing, it's puny, it's pathetic.

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Speaker 4: But only because you know other forces that are stronger.

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Speaker 4: But if you didn't know the other forces, you'd be like,

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Speaker 4: oh my god. Gravity is what keeps the Earth from

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Speaker 4: going around the Sun, and the Earth is pretty big,

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Speaker 4: so it's like a huge force. You just know that

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Speaker 4: in comparison, it's kind of wimpy.

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Speaker 1: I guess. So, I mean, I think in comparison is

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Speaker 1: really the only metric we have. It's also important to

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Speaker 1: recognize how much weaker it is. Like if you took electrons,

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Speaker 1: for example, and you asked, like, what is the force

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Speaker 1: of their electrostatic repulsion compared to their gravitational attraction. Then

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Speaker 1: the difference is like ten with thirty three zeros after it.

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Speaker 1: So you know, millions, billions, trillions, quadrillions. You run out

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Speaker 1: of numbers really quick. It's a huge difference. It's like

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Speaker 1: a completely different scale.

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Speaker 4: Right, So you're saying, if I have an electron and

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Speaker 4: maybe a proton, they're both being attracted by two forces,

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Speaker 4: gravity and electromagnetism. But you're saying the electromagnetism is thirty

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Speaker 4: two orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational force between them.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, they're totally different scales, exactly. Electromagnetism, I mean,

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Speaker 1: is a gagdillion. What's the word for thirty two zeros.

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Speaker 4: It's banana aliens.

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Speaker 1: You go, banana ca keazillion. It's so much bigger you

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Speaker 1: don't even really want to describe them the same level.

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Speaker 1: It's like, you know, the mass of the Earth versus

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Speaker 1: the mass of a penny or something. You know, you

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Speaker 1: don't call a penny a celestial object because it isn't right,

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Speaker 1: so tiny, you just sort of round it up into

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Speaker 1: the Earth. Anyway. The reason that gravity can still play

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Speaker 1: on the field at all is that these other forces

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Speaker 1: are so strong that they balance each other out, and

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Speaker 1: gravity you can't do that, right, Like we were talking

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Speaker 1: about one electron another electron, they repel each other, whereas

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Speaker 1: an electron or proton they attract each other. Right, Gravity

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Speaker 1: only makes attractive forces. Everything with mass feels gravity, and

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Speaker 1: it attracts itself. There's no way to have repulsive gravity.

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Speaker 1: We did a whole podcast episode about anti gravity. As

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Speaker 1: far as we know, it's not possible. So there's no

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Speaker 1: way to balance gravity out. After everybody else has done

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Speaker 1: their stuff and been neutralized, gravity is left over, and

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Speaker 1: so then it gets to organize the universe.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, I was thinking, like maybe an interesting picture is

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Speaker 4: to imagine a proton in the Sun and then imagine

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Speaker 4: a proton and an electric on Earth. It's not that

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Speaker 4: there's no electromenetic force between that proton and this proton

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Speaker 4: and electron. It's just that that the proton in the Sun,

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Speaker 4: it's pulling the electron towards the Sun, but it's also

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Speaker 4: pushing the proton away from the Sun with the exact

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Speaker 4: same force. So our pair of proton and electron here

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Speaker 4: on Earth just doesn't feel any electronetic force with that

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Speaker 4: proton in the Sun, but it does feel gravity.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And you know, there's lots of protons and

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Speaker 1: electrons in the Sun and so they all work, they

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Speaker 1: all arrange themselves in such a way that there's effectively

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Speaker 1: no net force, and there's no way to arrange the

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Speaker 1: protons and electrons to get no net gravitational force. There's

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Speaker 1: just no way to do that.

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Speaker 4: But I think it's interesting to think about. It's not

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Speaker 4: that there's no force, it's just that there's no net force.

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Speaker 4: You know, like it is pushing and pulling as electromagnetically

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Speaker 4: the Sun, but it all just sort of cancels out.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, like it's pushing on a proton and is

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Speaker 1: pushing on an electron in the opposite direction.

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Speaker 4: Right, But because our proton and the electron are holding

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Speaker 4: on together, they're going anywhere.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a fine way to think about it. And

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Speaker 1: I think the other thing to recognize is that gravity

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Speaker 1: is really really weak, but the Sun is really really big,

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Speaker 1: like really really really really big, so it can have

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Speaker 1: a pretty strong gravitational effect on the Earth even though

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Speaker 1: gravity is weak because it just has so much mass, right,

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Speaker 1: and so yeah, gravity is weak, but the Sun is

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Speaker 1: so big that those two factors kind of cancel each

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Speaker 1: other out and it becomes an important force.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, the weakness accumulates exactly.

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Speaker 1: You have like a billion people all whispering your name,

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Speaker 1: it's going to add up to a huge scream, right,

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Speaker 1: And that's the way it is with gravity. All those

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Speaker 1: protons in the Sun are giving a tiny little tug

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Speaker 1: on the protons and electrons on Earth gravitationally. But there's

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Speaker 1: so many protons in the Sun that it's enough to

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Speaker 1: pull a whole planet around in a circle. Right. It's

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Speaker 1: not a small amount of force to keep the Earth

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Speaker 1: in orbit. Right, it's a huge force that keeps the

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Speaker 1: Earth in orbit.

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Speaker 4: Oh, man, you just gave me a new nightmare. To

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Speaker 4: imagine a billion people bring my name. That is so bizarre.

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Speaker 1: That is kind of creepy. Actually know where that came from.

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Speaker 4: Hey, let's all whisper Paul's name for for Father's Day.

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Speaker 1: Do you think he'll sense a disturbance in the force when.

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Speaker 4: That happens, everybody listens to to this, right now, go

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Speaker 4: Father's Day, Father's Day, your daughter's awesome? Cool? All right,

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Speaker 4: that's Florence's question about gravity, And so the answer for

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Speaker 4: Florence is that gravity is weak, but it's also happening

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Speaker 4: on such a large scale that it does it is

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Speaker 4: enough to pool planets and keep galaxies together.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And after all the other forces have done

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Speaker 1: their business, gravity's left over to organize the universe because

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Speaker 1: it can't be balanced out.

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Speaker 4: All right. Well that's one question and we'll get to

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Speaker 4: the two other questions we have today about dark matter

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00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:10,000
Speaker 4: and atomic nuclei. But first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 4: Our second question of the day comes from Marging. We

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00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:57,640
Speaker 4: have a question about DarkMatter.

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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel Njorge, this is Marchie.

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00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,520
Speaker 7: My question is how does dark matter influence the movement

436
00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:05,000
Speaker 7: of the planets in the Solar System.

437
00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:07,040
Speaker 4: Does it make them all orbit at the same speed,

438
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:10,480
Speaker 4: and if so, how all right, that's a pretty interesting question.

439
00:22:11,359 --> 00:22:14,600
Speaker 4: We've talked a lot about dark matter in this podcast

440
00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:17,840
Speaker 4: and how it's there. It's all around us, it's in

441
00:22:17,880 --> 00:22:22,040
Speaker 4: the center of galaxies, right all over the galaxy, and

442
00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:26,439
Speaker 4: it's constantly pulling on everything and helping galaxies stay together.

443
00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:29,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a wonderful question because this is a

444
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,440
Speaker 1: kind of question that shows me that people are doing

445
00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:34,639
Speaker 1: physics in their mind. Right. It says you've learned how

446
00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:38,520
Speaker 1: dark matter influences how galaxies rotate, Like we discovered dark

447
00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:41,639
Speaker 1: matter because we saw the galaxies were spinning too fast,

448
00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:44,239
Speaker 1: so they need more gravity to hold them together. So

449
00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:47,080
Speaker 1: that means that dark matter makes enough gravity to be

450
00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,119
Speaker 1: like noticeable about how things spin. Right, So then the

451
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,560
Speaker 1: natural physics thing to do is to say, Okay, I

452
00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:55,640
Speaker 1: have my new understanding, let me apply it to something else.

453
00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:58,960
Speaker 1: Does that make sense? And this listener obviously thought, well,

454
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:02,440
Speaker 1: if there's dark matter enough to affect the galaxy spinning,

455
00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:04,600
Speaker 1: why can't we notice it here on Earth? Like, why

456
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:07,240
Speaker 1: can't we do that same measurement and see like, hey,

457
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,200
Speaker 1: the Earth is going around the Sun too fast? Can't

458
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,040
Speaker 1: we detect the dark matter in our solar system by

459
00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:15,880
Speaker 1: looking at how the Earth orbits the Sun the same

460
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:17,760
Speaker 1: way we look at how the Sun orbits the center

461
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,480
Speaker 1: of the galaxy. So it's really a genius question. Oh,

462
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:20,920
Speaker 1: I see.

463
00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:24,120
Speaker 4: The question is is the Earth going around the Sun

464
00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:27,719
Speaker 4: faster than it should be if dark matter didn't exist?

465
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:30,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, because imagine, for example, that there wasn't just the

466
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:32,959
Speaker 1: Sun in the center of the Solar system. Imagine there

467
00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:35,000
Speaker 1: were five suns, but you can only see the one

468
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:36,760
Speaker 1: of them, right, and the other ones were made of

469
00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:40,080
Speaker 1: dark matter? What would happen in that case? In that case,

470
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,359
Speaker 1: there'd be a much stronger gravitational force than you would

471
00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:45,800
Speaker 1: expect from one Sun, and for the Earth to stay

472
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:47,800
Speaker 1: in its orbit, it would have to go much much faster,

473
00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:51,359
Speaker 1: and so you would see a discrepancy. You'd measure the

474
00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:53,960
Speaker 1: speed at which the Earth was orbiting the Sun, and

475
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:58,960
Speaker 1: you'd say, huh, it's going way too fast. What's keeping

476
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,520
Speaker 1: it together, keeping it in the Solar system? Why isn't

477
00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:03,520
Speaker 1: it just flying off? And then you would deduce the

478
00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,400
Speaker 1: presence of all those dark suns? Right, So this listener

479
00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:08,920
Speaker 1: is like, well, can we see the dark matter because

480
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:10,880
Speaker 1: we've said on this podcast several times that dark matter

481
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:13,080
Speaker 1: is everywhere. It's not just out there, it's here, it's

482
00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:15,000
Speaker 1: in this room, it's on your planet, it's hanging out

483
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,080
Speaker 1: in that bunch of bananas you just ate. It's everywhere.

484
00:24:17,119 --> 00:24:19,040
Speaker 1: So why can't we see it in our solar system?

485
00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:21,159
Speaker 4: Right? Well, I guess question number one is is there

486
00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:24,240
Speaker 4: dark matter in our solar system? And then question number

487
00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:27,560
Speaker 4: two is is does it influence the orbit of planets?

488
00:24:27,720 --> 00:24:31,080
Speaker 4: So Daniel's is there dark matter here in our solar system?

489
00:24:31,160 --> 00:24:33,600
Speaker 1: We think so. Now, we don't know one hundred percent

490
00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,680
Speaker 1: for sure. The reason is that gravity is pretty weak, right,

491
00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:39,399
Speaker 1: as we talked about recently, and so it's hard to

492
00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:41,760
Speaker 1: get a sense for exactly where dark matter is because

493
00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:44,000
Speaker 1: the only way that we can see it is through

494
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:46,479
Speaker 1: its gravitational effects, and so we can see its effects

495
00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:48,960
Speaker 1: sort of like on a galaxy size scale, but it's

496
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,160
Speaker 1: really hard to get a very clear map of where

497
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,560
Speaker 1: the dark matter is. But we think it probably is.

498
00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:57,360
Speaker 1: We think it's probably distributed pretty evenly through the galaxy.

499
00:24:57,400 --> 00:24:59,640
Speaker 1: There's a blob in the very center and then sort

500
00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:01,320
Speaker 1: of just falls off gradually.

501
00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:03,800
Speaker 4: So we suspect, like we would see it as a

502
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,680
Speaker 4: haze just permeating everything exactly.

503
00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:08,800
Speaker 1: And you know what a deep question about dark matter is,

504
00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,399
Speaker 1: like is it just a smooth haze or are there structures?

505
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:14,160
Speaker 1: It's stuff happening. Is there like life forms in dark matter?

506
00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:16,359
Speaker 1: We really don't know because we haven't been able to

507
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:18,680
Speaker 1: see it with enough resolution because the only way we've

508
00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:21,439
Speaker 1: ever been able to probe it is through gravity. And

509
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:24,919
Speaker 1: that's a's, you know, real frustration for us as scientists.

510
00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:27,720
Speaker 1: It's like most of the matter in the universe is there,

511
00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:30,040
Speaker 1: it's right in front of us. We can't see it.

512
00:25:30,040 --> 00:25:32,359
Speaker 1: We can't tell if it's doing anything interesting or just

513
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,680
Speaker 1: sort of a smooth haze, right, And.

514
00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:36,359
Speaker 4: So the question is if we are kind of in

515
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,080
Speaker 4: a bath of dark matter right now, which we could

516
00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:40,800
Speaker 4: be or could not be. Maybe we're like in a

517
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:44,000
Speaker 4: bubble of non dark matter. Is that possible? We might

518
00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:45,040
Speaker 4: be in a little gap.

519
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,720
Speaker 1: It's possible, right, But I think the most sensible and

520
00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:50,360
Speaker 1: the simplest assumption is just that dark matter is smooth,

521
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:52,320
Speaker 1: and as you say, we're in a bath of dark matter.

522
00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:54,119
Speaker 1: I think that makes the most sense. It's it's the

523
00:25:54,119 --> 00:25:55,240
Speaker 1: most likely explanation.

524
00:25:55,359 --> 00:25:57,679
Speaker 4: Okay, so in that case, if we are bathing in

525
00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:01,000
Speaker 4: dark matter, would it affect the orbit of the planets.

526
00:26:01,119 --> 00:26:04,280
Speaker 1: So the short answer is yes, but not in a

527
00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:08,119
Speaker 1: noticeable way. And the reason is that the Solar System

528
00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:11,000
Speaker 1: is not big enough, right Like, if you take the

529
00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,000
Speaker 1: density of dark matter, and we expect this is about

530
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,800
Speaker 1: like one proton's worth of dark matter about every three

531
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,200
Speaker 1: cubic centimeters, So there's not actually that much dark matter

532
00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:23,400
Speaker 1: spread out over the universe, right.

533
00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:25,000
Speaker 4: Like, if you sort of look at your thumb, there's

534
00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,760
Speaker 4: probably only one proton's worth of dark matter in it.

535
00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:29,040
Speaker 8: Yeah.

536
00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:31,080
Speaker 1: If you take all the dark matter and you spread

537
00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:33,520
Speaker 1: it out evenly through space, then you end up with

538
00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:36,600
Speaker 1: about one proton per thumb. I Like, the thumb is

539
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:39,920
Speaker 1: a unit of volume. Yeah, one dark matter proton per thumb.

540
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:42,560
Speaker 1: Thumbs up. Yeah, And you might and you might be thinking,

541
00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:44,960
Speaker 1: hold on, isn't there supposed to be more dark matter

542
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:47,680
Speaker 1: than normal matter? And there is, but this five times

543
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:49,600
Speaker 1: as much. But here we're sort of spreading it evenly

544
00:26:49,640 --> 00:26:52,280
Speaker 1: through space. So we can imagine how it might affect

545
00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:53,600
Speaker 1: the Solar System.

546
00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:56,119
Speaker 4: But we actually don't sort of know that, right, Like,

547
00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:58,440
Speaker 4: it could be all concentrated in my thumb, or it

548
00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:00,879
Speaker 4: could just be kind of this haze it's covering everything.

549
00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:04,040
Speaker 1: Yes, it could all be concentrated in your thumb. No,

550
00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:06,720
Speaker 1: there's some limits. I mean, if dark matter was really,

551
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:08,960
Speaker 1: really clumpy and it was all concentrated in your thumb,

552
00:27:09,119 --> 00:27:11,000
Speaker 1: that would be a huge amount of mass and we

553
00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:13,680
Speaker 1: would definitely notice that, Like your thumb would be attracting

554
00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:15,879
Speaker 1: stuff to it all the time, like a crazy weird magnet.

555
00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:18,760
Speaker 4: My thumb is pretty attractive.

556
00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:22,600
Speaker 1: Well do you hitch hike lot? Does your thumb stop

557
00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:23,440
Speaker 1: a lot of cars?

558
00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:26,480
Speaker 4: Uh? Yeah, No, get I get compliments for about my

559
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:27,320
Speaker 4: thumb all the time.

560
00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:31,040
Speaker 1: I don't believe that for a second. I don't believe

561
00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:31,719
Speaker 1: that for a second.

562
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:34,520
Speaker 4: You're like, I've seen your thumb. Hoory, it's nothing special.

563
00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:37,080
Speaker 1: Next time we're in a random situation, I'm gonna ask

564
00:27:37,119 --> 00:27:38,760
Speaker 1: somebody to come in your thumb and we'll just see

565
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:39,320
Speaker 1: what they say.

566
00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:40,360
Speaker 4: All right, let's do it.

567
00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:46,360
Speaker 1: If you take one proton's worth of dark matter per

568
00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:49,879
Speaker 1: thumb and you add that all up inside the solar system,

569
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:52,240
Speaker 1: it adds up to a lot. It's like ten to

570
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:55,080
Speaker 1: the ten kilograms of dark matter in the Solar system,

571
00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:56,760
Speaker 1: and that might seem like, oh my gosh, that's a

572
00:27:56,840 --> 00:27:59,919
Speaker 1: huge amount, ten to the ten, but it's small compared

573
00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:02,880
Speaker 1: the Sun, which is like ten to the thirty kilograms.

574
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:05,919
Speaker 1: So dark matter, if you spread it out evenly, there

575
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,359
Speaker 1: is not enough of it in our solar system to

576
00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:10,639
Speaker 1: influence the gravity on top of what the Sun is

577
00:28:10,680 --> 00:28:11,280
Speaker 1: already doing.

578
00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:14,439
Speaker 4: So you're saying, like, our solar system is as kind

579
00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:16,879
Speaker 4: of a concentrated part of the universe where there's a

580
00:28:16,880 --> 00:28:19,560
Speaker 4: lot of mass here as opposed to like in the

581
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,639
Speaker 4: empty gas between solar systems, And so you're saying, like,

582
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:26,160
Speaker 4: here in our neighborhood, there is just a lot more

583
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:28,399
Speaker 4: of the regular stuff than there is dark matter. So

584
00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:31,240
Speaker 4: dark matter is kind of negligible right here where we.

585
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:35,600
Speaker 1: Are, exactly. Dark matter is negligible for the gravitational effects

586
00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,240
Speaker 1: of the Earth and the Sun exactly right, because mostly

587
00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:40,959
Speaker 1: the Sun is a concentrated blob of normal matter, and

588
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,280
Speaker 1: we don't think the dark matter has been concentrated in

589
00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 1: that same way.

590
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,280
Speaker 4: Not only is it negligible, but it's also kind of

591
00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:49,000
Speaker 4: spread out evenly all around us, right, So it wouldn't

592
00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:51,320
Speaker 4: it would be sort of maybe tugging us in all

593
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:53,800
Speaker 4: directions at the same time, and maybe not really affecting

594
00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:54,240
Speaker 4: the orbit.

595
00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:58,080
Speaker 1: It would be tugging us in all directions. But physics

596
00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:00,680
Speaker 1: says that if you're moving in an orb bit, you're

597
00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:03,080
Speaker 1: affected by the mass of all the stuff that's the

598
00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:06,080
Speaker 1: smaller radius than your orbit, and actually it doesn't matter

599
00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:10,200
Speaker 1: how that's distributed inside that radius. If it's like you know,

600
00:29:10,240 --> 00:29:12,120
Speaker 1: like if the Sun was a point particle, or the

601
00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:14,680
Speaker 1: Sun was its normal size or twice its size, if

602
00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:17,080
Speaker 1: it doesn't change its mass, the physics says that it

603
00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:20,479
Speaker 1: doesn't affect how the force of gravity acts on that body.

604
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:22,080
Speaker 1: It all integrates out to be the same thing.

605
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:25,400
Speaker 4: So the dark matter outside of our orbit is just

606
00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:26,680
Speaker 4: cannot affect our orbit.

607
00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:28,720
Speaker 1: That's right. It's sort of like that episode we talked

608
00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:30,400
Speaker 1: about where you jump into the center of the Earth.

609
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:33,920
Speaker 1: You're only affected by the mass of the Earth has

610
00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,640
Speaker 1: a smaller radius than you do. Everything else outside of

611
00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:39,640
Speaker 1: you cancels out because there's always one bit tugging you

612
00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:42,240
Speaker 1: here and another bit tugging you the other direction, and

613
00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:45,200
Speaker 1: the stuff with a smaller orbit adds up to give

614
00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:47,720
Speaker 1: you an overall tug. That's the same as if you

615
00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:50,600
Speaker 1: just put a particle with the mass of that stuff

616
00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:52,280
Speaker 1: at the center of mass of it, which would be

617
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:54,680
Speaker 1: the center of the Earth. So in this case you

618
00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:56,760
Speaker 1: would still be affected by dark matter, and we are,

619
00:29:56,960 --> 00:29:59,080
Speaker 1: like the orbit of the Earth is affected by the

620
00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:01,320
Speaker 1: dark matter in the Soul system, but it's you know,

621
00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:04,360
Speaker 1: one part in ten to the twenty, so it's not measurable.

622
00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:06,160
Speaker 4: So you're saying that we do sort of have like

623
00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:08,600
Speaker 4: equivalent of a dark Sun in the middle of our

624
00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:11,480
Speaker 4: solar system affecting our orbit is just very small.

625
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:14,320
Speaker 1: That's right. Dark matter is changing our lives. It makes

626
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,160
Speaker 1: our years shorter by one part in ten to the

627
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:20,080
Speaker 1: twenty because it speeds up the Earth because of its

628
00:30:20,120 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 1: additional gravity. But it's you know, it's not something we

629
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:25,600
Speaker 1: can measure on the galaxy scale, though you can, and

630
00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:28,080
Speaker 1: the reason it affects things on the galaxy scale, the

631
00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:30,200
Speaker 1: reason that you can detect it at all, is that

632
00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:33,200
Speaker 1: galaxies are just so much bigger than solar systems, and

633
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:35,720
Speaker 1: so they add up to a huge amount of dark

634
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,880
Speaker 1: matter compared to the mass of the Sun.

635
00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:41,680
Speaker 4: Like the stuff in between solar systems adds up, but

636
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,000
Speaker 4: maybe the stuff within a solar system doesn't add up

637
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:45,000
Speaker 4: to much exactly.

638
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: So when you're calculating the force of gravity on the

639
00:30:48,360 --> 00:30:51,000
Speaker 1: Sun as it rotates around the center of the galaxy,

640
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,880
Speaker 1: it's influenced by everything that has a radius smaller than

641
00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:57,280
Speaker 1: its compared to the center of the galaxy, and that's

642
00:30:57,280 --> 00:30:58,840
Speaker 1: a huge amount of dark matter.

643
00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:00,880
Speaker 4: Well, I think that's probably why I was late to

644
00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,120
Speaker 4: the recording of this podcast. It it was, you know,

645
00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:05,000
Speaker 4: dark matter shortening my ear.

646
00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:08,640
Speaker 1: That's right, Well, you used up your one you know,

647
00:31:08,920 --> 00:31:11,720
Speaker 1: one ten to one intend of the twentieth of a year,

648
00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:13,200
Speaker 1: so you need another excuse next time.

649
00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:17,640
Speaker 4: No, no, build over my entire life and leading out to

650
00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:19,040
Speaker 4: me being late to this podcast.

651
00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:20,960
Speaker 1: It's not that you were finishing that one last piece

652
00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:21,920
Speaker 1: of banana cream cake.

653
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:25,880
Speaker 4: No, no, I finished that yesterday, all right. So that's

654
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 4: Margie's question about whether dark matter affects the orbits of

655
00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:33,720
Speaker 4: the planets in our Solar system, and the answer is yes,

656
00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:37,440
Speaker 4: we kind of do have a dark matter sun in

657
00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:41,360
Speaker 4: our or a dark dark matter mass in our solar system,

658
00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:45,520
Speaker 4: making everything just a little bit faster, go faster around

659
00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:46,560
Speaker 4: the Solar System.

660
00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:50,040
Speaker 1: But it's really not measurable, and without seeing how galaxy spin,

661
00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:52,080
Speaker 1: I don't think we ever would have discovered dark matter

662
00:31:52,480 --> 00:31:53,960
Speaker 1: just by looking at the orbit of the Earth.

663
00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:56,160
Speaker 4: All right, thank you, Margie, and so we'll get to

664
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,520
Speaker 4: our last question from Prida when we get back from

665
00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:00,480
Speaker 4: a quick break.

666
00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:06,880
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

667
00:32:06,960 --> 00:32:10,120
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

668
00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:14,240
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

669
00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:16,840
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

670
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:21,200
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

671
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Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

672
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Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

673
00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:30,440
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

674
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Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

675
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:37,080
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

676
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Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

677
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Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

678
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Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

679
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Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

680
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Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

681
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Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

682
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Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

683
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690
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691
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693
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713
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Speaker 4: All right. Our last question of this episode comes from Prita,

714
00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:35,600
Speaker 4: and she has a question about why the nucleus is stable.

715
00:34:36,239 --> 00:34:38,200
Speaker 4: I imagine the nucleus of an atom, right.

716
00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:40,000
Speaker 1: What else could it be about the nucleus of what

717
00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:40,439
Speaker 1: the cell?

718
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:41,960
Speaker 4: The nucleus of a bananadam?

719
00:34:43,680 --> 00:34:45,320
Speaker 1: This is a physics podcast, man.

720
00:34:45,239 --> 00:34:46,520
Speaker 4: So here's a predest question.

721
00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:51,000
Speaker 8: My name is Pritto, and my question is why is

722
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:54,480
Speaker 8: the nucleus of an atom even stable? The nucleus of

723
00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:59,160
Speaker 8: atom has protons which are positively charged. They're supposed to

724
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,640
Speaker 8: ripple each other and they're not supposed to stay to

725
00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:04,840
Speaker 8: Please explain why does this happen?

726
00:35:04,920 --> 00:35:07,600
Speaker 4: All right? So Prito wants to know how a nucleus

727
00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:11,600
Speaker 4: can be stable, like because the nuclei of atoms are

728
00:35:11,640 --> 00:35:17,160
Speaker 4: made up of protons mostly right andle and neutrons but

729
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:19,880
Speaker 4: mostly but a lot of protons, and all the protons

730
00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:24,359
Speaker 4: are positively charged, so they should be repelling each other

731
00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:28,759
Speaker 4: with the electromagnetic force. Yeah, so how can they all

732
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:29,320
Speaker 4: stay together?

733
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:29,560
Speaker 1: How?

734
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:32,040
Speaker 4: How is it that you and I are here, Daniel?

735
00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:34,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, I love that we're talking about forces and force

736
00:35:34,920 --> 00:35:38,080
Speaker 1: balancing and all these questions today. This is a great question, right,

737
00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:40,160
Speaker 1: And they all are positive and they are pushing away

738
00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,000
Speaker 1: from each other. So what holds it together?

739
00:35:42,920 --> 00:35:43,319
Speaker 7: I don't know.

740
00:35:43,360 --> 00:35:46,200
Speaker 4: That's a really positive thing, I think, yeah, and kind

741
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:48,640
Speaker 4: of negative too. Well.

742
00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:50,680
Speaker 1: I'm kind of neutral on the topic. But I was

743
00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:53,759
Speaker 1: wondering whether people knew about this, Like is this a

744
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:57,480
Speaker 1: common question? Do people have an idea? So actually, yesterday

745
00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:00,000
Speaker 1: when my kids were watching a movie, I walked aroun

746
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,240
Speaker 1: around the mall here at Irvine and I asked people

747
00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:05,880
Speaker 1: if they knew what kept the nucleus together? And I

748
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:07,000
Speaker 1: got some interesting answers.

749
00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:09,440
Speaker 4: Cool, So here's what people had to say, Do.

750
00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:11,719
Speaker 1: You know why the nucleus stays together? Like? What keeps

751
00:36:11,719 --> 00:36:15,200
Speaker 1: it together? If it's all positive charges, opposite force on

752
00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:19,400
Speaker 1: the outside, or what holds an atom together?

753
00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:23,000
Speaker 5: Huh right, I'm sure I learned that in physics long ago,

754
00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:25,319
Speaker 5: but I can't remember. I don't know about that one.

755
00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:31,400
Speaker 9: I don't know. More electrons they stay together because the

756
00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:34,520
Speaker 9: more protons there are, the heavier the atomic weight.

757
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,080
Speaker 1: So what do you think? Now we're getting random people

758
00:36:37,120 --> 00:36:39,520
Speaker 1: in the street to answer listener questions. Eventually we don't

759
00:36:39,520 --> 00:36:41,000
Speaker 1: even need to be here anymore, right.

760
00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:46,279
Speaker 4: Yeah, we should just crowdsource this podcast, go in the

761
00:36:46,320 --> 00:36:48,520
Speaker 4: mall and be like, hey, here's the question. We'll give

762
00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 4: you twenty bucks to talk about it for forty minutes exactly.

763
00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:54,640
Speaker 1: That's our retirement plan. No, this one was interesting enough,

764
00:36:54,640 --> 00:36:56,520
Speaker 1: and I really was curious about what people knew, So

765
00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:58,680
Speaker 1: I thought, we don't often do this for listener questions.

766
00:36:58,719 --> 00:37:00,000
Speaker 1: I bet I did the man in the street interview

767
00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:00,680
Speaker 1: for this one.

768
00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:05,719
Speaker 4: Well, I'm surprised that people kind of knew a little

769
00:37:05,719 --> 00:37:07,759
Speaker 4: bit of what you were talking about, right, because they

770
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:09,719
Speaker 4: were like, oh, you mean, like they open at them

771
00:37:09,719 --> 00:37:12,239
Speaker 4: and they sort of understood the question because it's not

772
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,560
Speaker 4: an easy question to get your head around, right.

773
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:17,160
Speaker 1: No, it's not an easy question. It's not a simple answer.

774
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:20,080
Speaker 1: But you're right. People understood the question and that was cool.

775
00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:22,279
Speaker 1: So I think it is a common question. And all

776
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:24,279
Speaker 1: these people after I asked them, they're like, wait, tell me,

777
00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,399
Speaker 1: what is the answer. You can't just walk away after

778
00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:28,600
Speaker 1: asking me that question. I have to know. Now. It's

779
00:37:28,640 --> 00:37:32,279
Speaker 1: like inspire this burning desire in them to understand why

780
00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:33,920
Speaker 1: their nuclei were not flying apart.

781
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:36,239
Speaker 4: Do you try to when you're roaming the malls looking

782
00:37:36,239 --> 00:37:38,200
Speaker 4: for people? Do you try to always hit like the

783
00:37:38,520 --> 00:37:40,799
Speaker 4: you know, the dad or the mom just waiting for

784
00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:43,280
Speaker 4: their kids or their spouse who's shopping.

785
00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:46,120
Speaker 1: I try to ask people who are on their phone board. Yeah.

786
00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:48,560
Speaker 1: I don't interrupt people in conversation or people who look

787
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:50,640
Speaker 1: like they're going somewhere. I look for somebody who's like

788
00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:52,880
Speaker 1: sitting there on their phone obviously waiting for somebody to

789
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:57,040
Speaker 1: like try on pants or something, so they don't they don't.

790
00:37:57,160 --> 00:37:58,560
Speaker 1: I don't want to interrupt somebody's day.

791
00:37:58,719 --> 00:38:01,400
Speaker 4: You go into the dressing room, you're like, hey, I

792
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:03,120
Speaker 4: have a BISIGS question for.

793
00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:05,160
Speaker 1: You, friendly neighborhood physicists.

794
00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:08,560
Speaker 4: Exactly physicists arrested at local mall.

795
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:10,640
Speaker 1: And then I ask people in the next cell when

796
00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:11,280
Speaker 1: I get arrested.

797
00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:13,920
Speaker 4: All right, So let's ask you the question. So, how

798
00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:18,680
Speaker 4: is it that protons stick together inside the nuclei of atoms?

799
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, to answer this question, you need to understand

800
00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:24,600
Speaker 1: a little bit about how protons and neutrons are held together.

801
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:28,160
Speaker 1: Because protons and neutrons, remember, are not fundamental particles, but

802
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:31,440
Speaker 1: they're made of quarks. So this upquarks and down quarks,

803
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,920
Speaker 1: and those particles are held together by a different force

804
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:37,920
Speaker 1: called the strong nuclear force. And it's called the strong

805
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,359
Speaker 1: nuclear force because it's super duper strong. It's much much

806
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:44,680
Speaker 1: stronger than electromagnetism, which of course puts gravity to shame.

807
00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:47,880
Speaker 1: So the strong nuclear force is the strongest, most powerful

808
00:38:47,880 --> 00:38:49,000
Speaker 1: force we've ever discovered.

809
00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:51,400
Speaker 4: That's what holds the protons together.

810
00:38:51,640 --> 00:38:55,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's the reason the protons and the neutrons they're

811
00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:58,640
Speaker 1: bound states of this force. So there's quarks inside the

812
00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:01,520
Speaker 1: proton and quarks inside the new neutron, and they're exchanging

813
00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:04,280
Speaker 1: gluons all the time. There is this particle called a gluon,

814
00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:08,239
Speaker 1: which holds the quarks together into a proton and into

815
00:39:08,239 --> 00:39:08,800
Speaker 1: a neutron.

816
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:12,399
Speaker 4: So that's what holds the protons and neutrons together. But

817
00:39:12,480 --> 00:39:15,279
Speaker 4: what keeps the protons from repelling each other?

818
00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:18,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, so the strong nuclear force which holds them together.

819
00:39:18,239 --> 00:39:20,840
Speaker 1: It's very short range, like it's super powerful, but it

820
00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:24,680
Speaker 1: doesn't go very far, but it extends a little bit

821
00:39:24,760 --> 00:39:27,520
Speaker 1: of ways past the edge of the proton. And so

822
00:39:27,560 --> 00:39:29,200
Speaker 1: what happens is that there's a little bit of the

823
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:32,320
Speaker 1: strong nuclear force left over between the quarks inside the

824
00:39:32,360 --> 00:39:35,400
Speaker 1: proton and neutron to attract the protons and neutrons to

825
00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:38,080
Speaker 1: each other. So even this little extra bit of the

826
00:39:38,120 --> 00:39:42,360
Speaker 1: strong nuclear force is enough to overcome the repulsion of

827
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:44,360
Speaker 1: the protons because they have the same charge.

828
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:48,359
Speaker 4: Oh really, I never thought about that. Is that? How

829
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,319
Speaker 4: you explain it is that the force that's keeping the

830
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:55,200
Speaker 4: protons together is also the force that keeps a proton

831
00:39:55,239 --> 00:39:57,920
Speaker 4: stuck to another proton because it sort of leaks outside

832
00:39:57,960 --> 00:39:58,600
Speaker 4: of the proton.

833
00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:01,480
Speaker 1: Yeah. Essentially, it's like the quarks in one proton are

834
00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:03,840
Speaker 1: talking a little bit with the quarks and the neighboring

835
00:40:03,840 --> 00:40:06,640
Speaker 1: proton or the neighboring neutron, and to them. The fact

836
00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:09,719
Speaker 1: that there's like an overall positive charge in protons and

837
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:13,120
Speaker 1: not in neutrons is irrelevant because those forces are so weak.

838
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:14,919
Speaker 1: Compared to the strong nuclear force.

839
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:19,440
Speaker 4: The strong nuclear force doesn't care about your electromagnetic charge.

840
00:40:19,239 --> 00:40:21,239
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, exactly, it doesn't care at all. And the

841
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:24,560
Speaker 1: quarks do have electromagnetic charges, and actually they're really weird

842
00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:28,200
Speaker 1: that like two thirds charges and minus one thirds charge.

843
00:40:28,239 --> 00:40:31,880
Speaker 1: They're pretty strange. But the forces are much weaker than

844
00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:34,759
Speaker 1: the strong nuclear force. So the strong nuclear force sort

845
00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:37,439
Speaker 1: of leaks out of the proton and into the next

846
00:40:37,480 --> 00:40:40,080
Speaker 1: neutron and into that next neutron, and that's how they

847
00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:43,080
Speaker 1: tie themselves together. There's enough leftover after you make the

848
00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:45,919
Speaker 1: proton or the neutron to tie it to the next one.

849
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:49,120
Speaker 4: How can there be any leftover? I mean, if the

850
00:40:49,160 --> 00:40:53,640
Speaker 4: proton is stable, right, like it likes being held together,

851
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:58,400
Speaker 4: how can it have any leftover? You know, attraction, doesn't

852
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:00,799
Speaker 4: it all just cancel out within the proton? How can

853
00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,640
Speaker 4: you have some leftover to attract more protons?

854
00:41:03,719 --> 00:41:06,040
Speaker 1: No, you're right, and it would if all the quarks

855
00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:08,359
Speaker 1: inside the proton were like right on top of each other.

856
00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:11,160
Speaker 1: But they're not. They're like all sloshing around. So if

857
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:13,239
Speaker 1: you're like on one side of the proton, you're a

858
00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:15,239
Speaker 1: little bit closer to one of the quarks. Than the

859
00:41:15,239 --> 00:41:18,239
Speaker 1: other two, and so the force from that one little

860
00:41:18,320 --> 00:41:20,239
Speaker 1: quark is enough to have like a little bit of

861
00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:21,280
Speaker 1: leftover charge.

862
00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:25,960
Speaker 4: So actually maybe two protons being stuck together makes them

863
00:41:26,200 --> 00:41:30,480
Speaker 4: weaker inside, right, each one is maybe just a little

864
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:32,279
Speaker 4: bit weaker because they're stuck to each other.

865
00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:33,920
Speaker 1: You can think of it sort of the way you know,

866
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:38,120
Speaker 1: atoms form molecules, right, and atom is electrically neutral, right,

867
00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:42,440
Speaker 1: because the protons and the electrons right are balanced. But

868
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:46,000
Speaker 1: how do atoms form molecules? They're bonds between the electrons

869
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:47,719
Speaker 1: because the electrons, you know, they talk to each other

870
00:41:47,760 --> 00:41:50,080
Speaker 1: and one like jumps from here to there, and they

871
00:41:50,080 --> 00:41:54,600
Speaker 1: exchange photons and stuff. And so this is like protons

872
00:41:54,640 --> 00:41:57,800
Speaker 1: getting stuck together by those extra little bits of leftover forces.

873
00:41:58,120 --> 00:42:00,560
Speaker 1: So it's a strong nuclear force that's so much more

874
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:03,960
Speaker 1: powerful than an electromagnetism that even the little extra left

875
00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:07,279
Speaker 1: of ribits can overpower the protons pushing away from each other.

876
00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:11,120
Speaker 4: This strikes me as little bit as a nuclear infidelity.

877
00:42:11,239 --> 00:42:15,279
Speaker 4: You know, like you got three quarts being perfectly happy

878
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:17,600
Speaker 4: in a bond to make a proton, but then one

879
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:19,319
Speaker 4: of them is like, hey, look at that. There's some

880
00:42:19,440 --> 00:42:23,120
Speaker 4: other quarts over there in that other trio me Naja

881
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:27,680
Speaker 4: troua protons. I'm a little bit attracted to them too,

882
00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:30,320
Speaker 4: And so that's what brings the two things together, right.

883
00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:33,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, quarks feel a lot of love, right, They're happy

884
00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:37,040
Speaker 1: to share their love with quarks even inside other protons

885
00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:40,720
Speaker 1: and neutrons. And you know, there's sort of a limit

886
00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:43,520
Speaker 1: how much you can do this because these forces are

887
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,720
Speaker 1: very short range, and so the bigger the nucleus gets,

888
00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,320
Speaker 1: then the weaker the sort of the stability of the nucleus.

889
00:42:50,520 --> 00:42:52,400
Speaker 1: If you're trying to make a nucleus that's too big,

890
00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:55,520
Speaker 1: then like the protons on the opposite sides of the nucleus,

891
00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,920
Speaker 1: they'll feel the electrostatic repulsion, but they won't be close

892
00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:01,680
Speaker 1: enough to feel the strong nuclear force anymore. And that's

893
00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:04,719
Speaker 1: why like heavier elements are less stable and more likely

894
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:08,360
Speaker 1: like decay radioactively. That's why we use uranium like uranium

895
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,960
Speaker 1: two thirty five to do radioactive fission and not like

896
00:43:12,120 --> 00:43:13,240
Speaker 1: helium or lithium.

897
00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:16,360
Speaker 4: Put enough protons together, they bunch up and at some

898
00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:20,200
Speaker 4: point the nuclear force, the strong force, isn't enough. They

899
00:43:20,280 --> 00:43:21,280
Speaker 4: start to repel each.

900
00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:25,640
Speaker 1: Other exactly because the strong force drops very quickly with distance, right,

901
00:43:25,680 --> 00:43:27,480
Speaker 1: And so if you're far enough away from the proton

902
00:43:27,719 --> 00:43:29,560
Speaker 1: then you don't feel it. Then then it's like all

903
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:31,640
Speaker 1: the quarks are on top of each other. And so

904
00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:34,000
Speaker 1: that's why there's like a maximum size you can make

905
00:43:34,080 --> 00:43:36,480
Speaker 1: to a nucleus because the strong force which holds it

906
00:43:36,480 --> 00:43:39,040
Speaker 1: together it's a very short range. And when the nucleus

907
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:41,719
Speaker 1: gets sort of bigger than that range, then it can't

908
00:43:41,719 --> 00:43:43,839
Speaker 1: do the job anymore. It's like, you know, you try

909
00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:46,080
Speaker 1: to hold a bunch of balloons, right, Imagine you trying

910
00:43:46,080 --> 00:43:48,080
Speaker 1: to hold a huge pile of balloons as a maximum

911
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:51,160
Speaker 1: number you can hold until somebody you need somebody else

912
00:43:51,160 --> 00:43:52,839
Speaker 1: to come over and grab a bunch of them. So

913
00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:55,359
Speaker 1: then the nucleus splits into two, right, And that's what

914
00:43:55,360 --> 00:43:56,960
Speaker 1: happens in a radioactive.

915
00:43:56,440 --> 00:44:02,360
Speaker 4: Decay, all right, So then that's the answer to the question.

916
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:06,080
Speaker 4: The nucleus stays together even though the protons are are

917
00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:08,760
Speaker 4: repelling each other, they're trying to push each other apart.

918
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,920
Speaker 4: There is another force that leaks out from inside of

919
00:44:11,920 --> 00:44:14,880
Speaker 4: each proton that then sort of links up the two

920
00:44:14,960 --> 00:44:20,360
Speaker 4: protons together, and that force is stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion.

921
00:44:20,040 --> 00:44:22,640
Speaker 1: Exactly that's what holds them together, and that's what holds

922
00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:25,840
Speaker 1: us together with you listeners, the force of these questions.

923
00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:28,640
Speaker 1: You guys have all these questions bouncing around your head

924
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:30,879
Speaker 1: and you send them to us, and we love thinking

925
00:44:30,880 --> 00:44:32,520
Speaker 1: about them, we love talking about them, and we love

926
00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:34,680
Speaker 1: trying to explain them to you. And really it's this

927
00:44:34,840 --> 00:44:37,480
Speaker 1: love of the universe and this desire to ask questions

928
00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:40,200
Speaker 1: and this hunger to get the answers that brings us

929
00:44:40,239 --> 00:44:40,760
Speaker 1: all together.

930
00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:44,080
Speaker 4: All right, Well, thank you so much to Florence, Margie

931
00:44:44,120 --> 00:44:47,160
Speaker 4: and Prita for sending in their questions, and thanks to

932
00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:49,359
Speaker 4: all of you who are sending us questions as well.

933
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,560
Speaker 4: We enjoy reading them and it kind of makes our

934
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:53,120
Speaker 4: day to hear.

935
00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:56,840
Speaker 1: From you guys. Absolutely, please don't stop sending questions questions

936
00:44:56,880 --> 00:44:58,960
Speaker 1: at Danielandjorge dot com.

937
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:01,240
Speaker 4: All right, and that's our podcas. We hope you enjoyed

938
00:45:01,239 --> 00:45:05,560
Speaker 4: those questions, and stay tuned for more amazing facts and

939
00:45:05,719 --> 00:45:09,280
Speaker 4: questions and interesting perspectives about the universe.

940
00:45:09,480 --> 00:45:11,880
Speaker 1: And stay tuned for the sound of Jorge enjoying a

941
00:45:11,920 --> 00:45:12,640
Speaker 1: banana cake.

942
00:45:12,719 --> 00:45:15,960
Speaker 4: It's right, one of you lucky people will win this prize.

943
00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:19,479
Speaker 1: Lucky unlucky. We're not sure, but somebody's gonna win.

944
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:21,839
Speaker 4: It, positive and negative. See you next time.

945
00:45:29,880 --> 00:45:32,200
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

946
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,440
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

947
00:45:35,480 --> 00:45:37,920
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

948
00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:41,640
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or

949
00:45:41,760 --> 00:45:46,080
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for

950
00:45:46,120 --> 00:45:49,040
Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe

951
00:45:49,160 --> 00:45:53,480
Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

952
00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:57,800
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

953
00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:09,640
Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of

954
00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:12,040
Speaker 1: cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the

955
00:46:12,160 --> 00:46:15,520
Speaker 1: environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are.

956
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Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new

957
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Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

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Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many

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Speaker 1: farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure

960
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Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.

961
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Speaker 1: Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

962
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Speaker 9: There are children, friends, and families walking riding on paths

963
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Speaker 9: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

964
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:47,719
Speaker 9: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

965
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Speaker 9: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

966
00:46:51,320 --> 00:46:54,200
Speaker 9: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans.

967
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Speaker 7: Imagine the vastness of the ocean stretching out before you,

968
00:46:58,840 --> 00:47:02,160
Speaker 7: the salty breeze face, and the promise of adventure in

969
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,719
Speaker 7: the air. Every day. Monterey Bay Aquarium is on a

970
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Speaker 7: mission to inspire conservation of the ocean for all who

971
00:47:09,560 --> 00:47:13,160
Speaker 7: call this blue planet home. Join us together, we can

972
00:47:13,239 --> 00:47:18,480
Speaker 7: protect our ocean, protect our future. Monterey Bay Aquarium inspiring

973
00:47:18,560 --> 00:47:23,320
Speaker 7: conservation of the ocean. Visit Monterebeyaquarium dot org, slash together