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Speaker 2: Everyone loves getting good at advice and staying in the know.

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Speaker 2: There's nothing like getting a heads up on something before

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Speaker 1: One of my favorite things when we give our lecture

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Speaker 1: about what we don't know about the universe is the

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Speaker 1: questions we get from people in the audience. The best

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Speaker 1: questions always come from the youngest audience members. I remember

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Speaker 1: one time I gave a talk about liquid nitrogen in

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Speaker 1: front of elementary school kids and some kid asked me

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Speaker 1: the question. He said, if lightsabers were real, with they

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Speaker 1: be made of liquid nitrogen? And that's I didn't even

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Speaker 1: know how to answer that question, and I was like

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Speaker 1: totally stumped by like a six year old.

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Speaker 3: Wait, wait, wait, wait, Star Wars is not real.

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Speaker 1: Lightsabers are fictional. Whorhead fictional? Yes, so you need to

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Speaker 1: find some other defense against the invading arm empire. So

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Speaker 1: the questions are a fantastic way to understand Have I

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Speaker 1: really communicated anything? Have people really understood what I'm doing?

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Speaker 1: So that's why I love the live aspect of a presentation,

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Speaker 1: because you get that feedback from the audience. They're getting it,

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Speaker 1: they're asking follow up questions, or they're totally confused and

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Speaker 1: they're asking you questions that seemed to make no sense.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, if only you had jedime line tricks, Daniel, these

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Speaker 3: are not the questions you're looking for.

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Speaker 4: This is the podcast you're looking for. However, I am

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Speaker 4: Horehean and I'm Daniel. Welcome to our podcast. Daniel and

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Speaker 4: Jorgey explain the universe.

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Speaker 1: In which we try to make that universe understandable to you.

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Speaker 1: And this time we're really going to do our best.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. Today on the program, we're going to be answering

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Speaker 3: questions from you to listeners.

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Speaker 1: That's right. People have been sending us questions over email,

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Speaker 1: and some of them really tickled our brain and said

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Speaker 1: we thought, yeah, let's dig into them because we thought

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Speaker 1: other people must have the same questions.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, we have questions here about the speed of light,

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Speaker 3: about using giant lasers, and about where is the center

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Speaker 3: of the universe.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And these are just three questions that we

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Speaker 1: chose from the pile. There are other questions I wish

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Speaker 1: we could dig into, but we don't have time, like

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Speaker 1: some of the joke questions.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and so as a reminder, if you have any questions,

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Speaker 3: even after today, after we answer some of your questions,

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Speaker 3: if you're a different listener and have a question, you

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Speaker 3: can always send us a question at questions at Daniel

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Speaker 3: and Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 1: That's right, send us questions about anything, life, the universe, dating, bananas, whatever.

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Speaker 1: We don't promise to be experts in all these fields.

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Speaker 1: Probably get an answered. You don't want to answer dating questions.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, we can give an answer about dating, but you know,

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Speaker 3: maybe you shouldn't follow dating advice from a cartoonist and

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Speaker 3: a physicist.

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Speaker 1: I don't know that you're any more or less qualified

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Speaker 1: to give dating advice than anybody else out there giving

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Speaker 1: dating advice.

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Speaker 5: Orge.

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Speaker 1: Everybody's only got their own experience.

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Speaker 3: You know, you should definitely not get dating advice from

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Speaker 3: me because I haven't dated anyone since I was like sixteen.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but it was a success, right, So there you go,

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Speaker 1: it was you one hundred percent success, right.

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Speaker 3: I have one hundred percent. Yeah, yeah, I have one data.

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Speaker 1: Point every date you take leads to marriage. Right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: there you go.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, so listener questions. So, and this is one of

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Speaker 3: your favorite parts of teaching and giving talks, right Daniel.

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Speaker 3: We give a lot of talks across the country and

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Speaker 3: other countries about our book, and we always get great

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Speaker 3: questions at the end.

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Speaker 1: Right, Absolutely, we always get great questions. Sometimes people show

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Speaker 1: up with a question already, you can tell they're burning

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Speaker 1: to ask some physicists, and sometimes they have a question

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Speaker 1: that's inspired by what we've said, and you know, sometimes

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Speaker 1: the questions are pretty random, but it's always a lot

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Speaker 1: of fun because you can really try to explain it

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Speaker 1: to the person and when they get it, you can

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Speaker 1: see that light go on in their eyes, when they

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Speaker 1: finally the pieces have clicked together and they have some understanding.

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Speaker 1: And I love that feeling of like having an idea

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Speaker 1: in my head translating into sound waves which then wiggle

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Speaker 1: across space and get translated back into an idea in

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Speaker 1: their brain. I mean, it's incredible, right that you can

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Speaker 1: even translate an idea from one brain to another. So

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Speaker 1: when it's successful, I feel pretty good. Yeah.

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Speaker 3: Well, enjoy that feeling. Before you know, we're all plugged

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Speaker 3: into the matrix and it's just all automatic.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And then we won't need podcasts because we'll

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Speaker 1: all know what everybody knows all the time. There'll be

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Speaker 1: no privacy.

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Speaker 3: All right, let's just jump into the questions, all right.

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Speaker 3: Our first question comes from Sandy from New York and

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Speaker 3: he has a question about the speed of light.

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Speaker 6: Hi, Daniel and Horr. My name is Sandy de Leone,

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Speaker 6: originally from New York City. I was hoping you can

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Speaker 6: talk about whether the speed of light has always been

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Speaker 6: the same or whether it is a function of space time.

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Speaker 6: How do we know whether or not the speed of

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Speaker 6: light has been slowing down over time?

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Speaker 1: Wow, that is a great question. Yeah.

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Speaker 3: Well, first of all, he said he's originally from New York.

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Speaker 3: What does that mean. That's so mysterious. Where is he that?

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Speaker 1: Well, right now he's on a rocket ship and at

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Speaker 1: nearly the speed of light heading somebody hoping the speed

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Speaker 1: right away. He needs question for this. Wherever he is

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Speaker 1: he can get the podcast, so we can't be that.

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Speaker 3: Far away unless he's from the future, that's.

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Speaker 1: Right, in which case he invented time travel and he

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Speaker 1: knows more about the speed of light than I do,

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Speaker 1: so I should.

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Speaker 3: Be asking he asked him questions.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you're saying these questions, come to my house and

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Speaker 1: show me your time machine.

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Speaker 3: But this is a great question. Basically, it's the question

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Speaker 3: of whether the speed of light has ever changed. But

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Speaker 3: the first thing I thought was, holy cow, can the

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Speaker 3: speed of light change? Is that even possible? Is that

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Speaker 3: something that might actually happen and not totally break down

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Speaker 3: the universe?

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Speaker 1: All right? So I'm going to make a classic mistake

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Speaker 1: by saying, yes, all right, so it's possible for the

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Speaker 1: speed of light to not always have been the same. However,

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Speaker 1: as a classical mistake, because most people are just going

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Speaker 1: to hear that and then go off and say this

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Speaker 1: physicist said the speed of light might change. It's possible.

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Speaker 1: And however, nobody takes that idea very seriously. It's pretty

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Speaker 1: well understood that the speed of light is fixed, and

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Speaker 1: we assume that it's not changing in time. We have

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Speaker 1: no evidence to say that it is changing in time,

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Speaker 1: and we can dig in a minute to the experiments

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Speaker 1: that we've done and the evidence we have that suggests

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Speaker 1: is constant. However, you know, there's a limit to the

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Speaker 1: kind of things we can know, and some things are

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Speaker 1: based on assumptions, and so the speed of light is

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Speaker 1: one of those things, like we've never seen it change.

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Speaker 1: We have no reason to imagine it would have changed

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Speaker 1: or will change. But you know, there are things we

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Speaker 1: don't know. So for example, we've measured the speed of

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Speaker 1: light a bunch of times, but we don't know why

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Speaker 1: it is what it is. You know, it's a number

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Speaker 1: three times ten to the eight meters per second. We

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Speaker 1: have no reason to feel like it should be that

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Speaker 1: number or some other number. You know, if we had

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Speaker 1: measured it to be a different number, we would have

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Speaker 1: been like, okay, that's the speed of light instead of

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Speaker 1: this other number. So it's not like it has a

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Speaker 1: special value.

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Speaker 3: There's nothing in the mathematics of the loss of physics

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Speaker 3: that say the speed of light has to be this.

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Speaker 1: As far as we know always. I mean, somebody could

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Speaker 1: come up with a deeper theory of physics that doesn't

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Speaker 1: have the speed of light as an arbitrary parameter that

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Speaker 1: predicts the speed of light, you know, that says it

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Speaker 1: has to be this way because space is made out

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Speaker 1: of these quantum loops, and that's and they oscillated some

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Speaker 1: certain frequency and that determines the speed of light. Maybe right,

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Speaker 1: But we're not there yet at this point. It's just

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Speaker 1: a number we measure about the universe, and physicists love

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Speaker 1: doing that. We measure these constants because we think their

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Speaker 1: clues about the way the universe is put together.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, but I guess what would happen if the speed

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Speaker 3: of light did change, Like if suddenly it was twice

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Speaker 3: as fast as it is now. Would anything change for

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Speaker 3: us right now, like in our everyday lives? Well, if

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Speaker 3: it changed, so the universities fall apart? Yeah, like suddenly, wow, suddenly,

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Speaker 3: a sudden change in the speed of light. That is

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Speaker 3: an awesome thought experiment. I think a lot of things

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Speaker 3: might break because you know, we assume the speed of

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Speaker 3: light is the speed of light, and we use that

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Speaker 3: for lots of things, like in the Internet, for to

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Speaker 3: measure timing of stuff. You know, we assume things travel

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Speaker 3: a certain speed. Wait, wait, wait, it might effect my

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Speaker 3: web surfing. All right, all right, that's all right, let's

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Speaker 3: not even think about that. That's too scary.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but you know, on a deeper level, if you're

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Speaker 1: like a philosophical kind of person, you can ask even

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Speaker 1: deeper questions, like do we know the laws of physics

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Speaker 1: themselves change? You know, we have these laws like general

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Speaker 1: relativity and quantum mechanics, and they're pretty well established over

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Speaker 1: you know, one hundred years of experiments, et cetera, and

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Speaker 1: they don't seem to be changing. But that doesn't mean

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Speaker 1: they won't, right, the assumption that experiments are repeatable, this

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Speaker 1: foundational concept of empiricism we have in science, is itself

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Speaker 1: an assumption. You know that the universe has laws, and

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Speaker 1: those laws don't change over time, so that we can

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Speaker 1: bit by bit do experiments to reveal them. That's just

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Speaker 1: an assumption. It seems to work, it works great, it

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Speaker 1: works amazingly. We've never seen hints of things changing, but

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Speaker 1: we don't know why the universe has laws that are

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Speaker 1: discoverable and then don't change. So that assumption is based

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Speaker 1: on a lot of data. But it's not based on

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Speaker 1: like a bedrock principle. It's like, there's no fundamental reason why,

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Speaker 1: and so it could certainly change, or it could be

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Speaker 1: changing really gradually over time. So we haven't noticed yet.

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Speaker 3: So it can change, but we just haven't. We don't

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Speaker 3: think it's changing. That's right, But I guess the question

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Speaker 3: is has it ever changed in the past, Like, how

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Speaker 3: do we know it wasn't different before?

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Speaker 1: Right exactly? And so we have this awesome tool for

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Speaker 1: looking into the past, and it's called the universe. So

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Speaker 1: you can look out into the night sky and you

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Speaker 1: can see what happened eight minutes ago if you look

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Speaker 1: at the sun, right, don't stare directly at the Sun,

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Speaker 1: of course, but you know the Sun you're looking at

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Speaker 1: is not the Sun as it looks like now. It's

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Speaker 1: how the Sun looked eight minutes ago. And the further

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Speaker 1: out you look, the further back in time you look,

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Speaker 1: and we can see all the way back to the

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Speaker 1: very early moments of the universe, and we can see

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Speaker 1: physics happening, and we see things rotating, we see things orbiting,

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Speaker 1: we see things smashing into each other. And we apply

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Speaker 1: the laws of physics that we learned about here on

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Speaker 1: Earth in our environment to those systems that we see

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Speaker 1: deep in the deep past, and things make sense, and

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Speaker 1: it make sense using the same speed of light. So

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Speaker 1: we see the speed of light unchanged way way back

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Speaker 1: into the history of the universe. M So that gives

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Speaker 1: us a lot of confidence that things haven't changed.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see. So when we look at a star

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Speaker 3: that's really far away and we're seeing the results of

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Speaker 3: physics not only that far away, but that long ago. Yeah, yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 3: And so that gives us confidence that, you know, the

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Speaker 3: universe pretty much works the same way now as it

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Speaker 3: did billions of years ago.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And you know, the concept that the speed

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Speaker 1: of light may have been different a long time ago

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Speaker 1: is sometimes proposed by advocates of creation theory. You know,

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Speaker 1: they say, well, the universe is only a few thousand

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Speaker 1: years old, and then they have a problem. They have

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Speaker 1: to explain how do the light from stars get here

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Speaker 1: if it's if they're so far away and the universe

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Speaker 1: is only six thousand years old, right, this night sky

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Speaker 1: should be totally black. And so they proposed that maybe

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Speaker 1: the speed of light was super duper fast a long

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Speaker 1: time ago, so the light sort of rushed here and

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Speaker 1: then it slowed down and then you know, and that's

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Speaker 1: the way the light got here in such a short time. So,

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Speaker 1: you know, that seems kind of crazy to me, but

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Speaker 1: that's one motivation for imagining the speed of light might

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Speaker 1: have been different, and there are other ones that are

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Speaker 1: I mean, they're still on the on the on the fringe,

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Speaker 1: but they're not as fringe as creation theory, and they

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Speaker 1: have to do with the very early moments of the universe.

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Speaker 1: The inflation because you know, we can look out into

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Speaker 1: space and we can see that the speed of light

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Speaker 1: is basically unchanged until the fairly early universe a few

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Speaker 1: hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, but before that

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Speaker 1: is very hard to see because the universe was not

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Speaker 1: transparent back then, and we have these questions about what

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Speaker 1: happened to the very early universe. And one of the

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Speaker 1: theories is called inflation and explains how the universe got

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Speaker 1: so big so quickly, right and is so smooth. And

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Speaker 1: one way that people explain that is that the universe

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Speaker 1: got really stretched out, the space itself got stretched out,

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Speaker 1: and that's called inflationary theory, says the universe expanded really

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Speaker 1: rapidly early on. But there are other ideas, and one

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Speaker 1: of those other ideas is that in the very first

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Speaker 1: moments after the Big Bang, maybe the speed of light

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Speaker 1: was much much faster, and that accounted for how things

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Speaker 1: moved more quickly in the first few moments after the

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Speaker 1: universe was born.

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Speaker 3: Oh I see but you don't need that if you

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Speaker 3: have the expansion of space itself.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, inflation is a much more comprehensive theory. It explains

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Speaker 1: a lot of things that's been tested much more rigorously.

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Speaker 1: This is sort of a crazy idea people think about,

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Speaker 1: and I totally encourage crazy ideas. I mean, crazy thinking

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Speaker 1: is what leads to breakthroughs. Not every time, not every

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Speaker 1: crazy theory is the right theory. But you've got to

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Speaker 1: allow for people to think outside the scientific mainstream in

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Speaker 1: order to, you know, sometimes generate a crazy idea which

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Speaker 1: turns out to be true. We've had revolutions in physics

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Speaker 1: and those came from crazy ideas.

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Speaker 3: All right, So Sandy from New York, that's your answer.

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Speaker 3: We know because we can see well into the past,

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Speaker 3: and we have theories that project well into the past,

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Speaker 3: and that tells us that the speeder light hasn't been changing.

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Speaker 1: That's right with that.

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Speaker 3: Our next question comes from Ariel from Russia and he

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Speaker 3: had a question about, or more like a suggestion about

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Speaker 3: what we could do if there's a big asteroid coming

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Speaker 3: to kill zol.

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Speaker 5: Hi Daniel en Jorge. My name is Ariel. I want

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Speaker 5: to ask you what if instead of using a projectile

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Speaker 5: launched from Earth to intercept an incoming asteroid, we use

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Speaker 5: an arair of lasers and blast asteroid without living Earth.

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Speaker 1: Wow, a great suggestion. I think Ariel just wants to

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Speaker 1: build a huge laser and point out in this space. Right.

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Speaker 3: That is an awesome question and it's pretty wild. I

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Speaker 3: wonder what he was doing when he thought of this question.

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Speaker 1: He's probably building a huge laser and preparing to point

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Speaker 1: out and just yes, right right. So the background here,

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Speaker 1: of course, I mean, why would you want to shoot

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Speaker 1: a laser at asteroids? Other than that sounds really fun

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Speaker 1: And the reason is that we did an episode about

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Speaker 1: death from space or death from above, right, the danger

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Speaker 1: from killer rocks floating out in space, landing on Earth

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Speaker 1: and wiping us all out like the dinosaurs.

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Speaker 3: And in that podcast we talked about what we could

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Speaker 3: do if we see one coming at us, and we

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Speaker 3: talked about how we can send rockets out there to

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Speaker 3: kind of deflect the asteroid or blow it up or

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Speaker 3: try to break it up.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's right. And one of the challenges is finding

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Speaker 1: the asteroid early, because the sooner you find it, the

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Speaker 1: less you have to deflect it. Right, If it's really

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Speaker 1: far away, you can give it a pretty tiny nudge,

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Speaker 1: and by the time the asteroid gets to Earth, that

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Speaker 1: tiny nudge is going to turn into a big deviation

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Speaker 1: in its path. If you only find it like one

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Speaker 1: second before it hits the atmosphere, then a tiny nudge

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Speaker 1: is going to do nothing. So the earlier you spotted,

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Speaker 1: the smaller the nudge has to be. And then one

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Speaker 1: problem is, say you bought this asteroid. If you want

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Speaker 1: to send up a nuclear weapon or a gravity tractor

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Speaker 1: or something to tug it off.

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Speaker 3: Course or a bomb, Yeah, you.

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Speaker 1: Have to get it up there and get it to

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Speaker 1: the asteroid really fast, right, because every second counts, and

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Speaker 1: so I think that's what motivated Ariel's question. He's thinking,

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Speaker 1: let's get something there that travels at the speed of

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Speaker 1: light like light right right, and using lasers?

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Speaker 3: Can we build a death star? Can we turn the

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Speaker 3: Earth into a death star? You know, have the guys

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Speaker 3: in the black helmets pull that lever, have the green

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Speaker 3: laser shoot out and destroy the asteroid.

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Speaker 1: That's right, this fully operational battle station exactly. That's everybody's

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Speaker 1: fantasy to pull that big lever. You know. I love

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Speaker 1: pressing buttons and pulling levers and the saying things happen,

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Speaker 1: So that would be a lot of fun. Well, great question, Ariel,

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Speaker 1: and we didn't cover it our podcast. You're right, and

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Speaker 1: the reason is that it's fairly new idea. So there's

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Speaker 1: a short answer to your question. Yes, it's absolutely possible.

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Speaker 1: People are working on it right now and they're developing

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Speaker 1: this techniquegy.

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Speaker 3: Yes, are growing ups working on this.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there are grown ups building death rays to shoot

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Speaker 1: at rocks in space. That is somebody's job. I mean people,

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Speaker 1: if you work hard, if you study, you could get

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Speaker 1: to work on that kind of question. And there's a labbit.

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Speaker 3: Wait, wait a minute, you.

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Speaker 1: Didn't realize that was an alternate career path.

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Speaker 3: Build giant death star lasers. No, I didn't know. Yeah, well,

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Speaker 3: you know my life would have been so much different.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we should educate children about all of their options.

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Speaker 1: There's a labbit you see, Santa Barbara that's working on

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Speaker 1: exactly this. And the reason it's not one of the

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Speaker 1: older ideas you don't hear about this when you read

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Speaker 1: like books from the seventies or eighties about asteroids and

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Speaker 1: asteroid deflections is that only recently do we have lasers

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Speaker 1: that are powerful enough to make this efficient. I mean,

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Speaker 1: you got to put a lot of energy into a

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Speaker 1: laser if it's going to blast something super far away.

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Speaker 6: Right.

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Speaker 1: Lasers are really focused, right, the photons are almost parallel.

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Speaker 1: But if you shoot a beam of light, it's going

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Speaker 1: to get wider and wider and wider as it goes,

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Speaker 1: which means less and less intense. Right. So, for example,

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Speaker 1: you can shine your flight flash light at the Moon

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Speaker 1: and you can hit the moon no problem, right, because

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Speaker 1: by the time you're the beam from your flashlight gets

437
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,200
Speaker 1: to the moon, it's huge. It's wider than the moon. Right.

438
00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:11,960
Speaker 3: So the key one of one of the photons you

439
00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,160
Speaker 3: shoot is going to hit the Moon exactly.

440
00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:18,560
Speaker 1: But the idea behind laser asteroid deflection is that you

441
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:21,000
Speaker 1: want to heat up a spot on the side of

442
00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:24,240
Speaker 1: the asteroid, so it warms up to like three thousand

443
00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:26,560
Speaker 1: degrees and then it's going to shoot off a jet

444
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,720
Speaker 1: of gas like molten rock and gas coming out of

445
00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:31,919
Speaker 1: the asteroid, which is going to act like a little rocket,

446
00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:34,359
Speaker 1: pushing it to the side. Right, So if you can

447
00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:36,840
Speaker 1: heat up one side of the asteroid, you basically can

448
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:37,520
Speaker 1: push it off.

449
00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:39,560
Speaker 3: Course, so you would aim it to the side of it,

450
00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:40,800
Speaker 3: not directly at it.

451
00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:43,679
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean you're imagining like COPU compute, right, I'm

452
00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:44,639
Speaker 1: shooting these things out of the.

453
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:50,040
Speaker 3: Sky direct hit We're like, We're like, we don't.

454
00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:52,960
Speaker 1: Have we don't have enough to blow them up, right.

455
00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:55,200
Speaker 1: The key is to heat it up on one side.

456
00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:58,000
Speaker 3: So you're saying, laser technology has been improven all these

457
00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:01,440
Speaker 3: years and now we can actually maybe a death star rate.

458
00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:06,280
Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, we can't blow up planets, right, so we

459
00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:08,560
Speaker 1: can't make disturbances in the forest like the way you're

460
00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:11,719
Speaker 1: maybe imagining, but we can shoot lasers at pretty far

461
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:16,399
Speaker 1: away objects and deposit significant energy, and so people have

462
00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:18,840
Speaker 1: been doing studies and the best plan they have so

463
00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:21,639
Speaker 1: far is to build a space based laser array. Right.

464
00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:23,280
Speaker 1: You don't want to shoot the lasers from the ground

465
00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:25,000
Speaker 1: because then they got to go through the atmosphere and

466
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:28,000
Speaker 1: they get defocused. So you have to have an orbiting

467
00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:29,960
Speaker 1: platform of powerful lasers.

468
00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:30,480
Speaker 7: Right.

469
00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:34,359
Speaker 1: And if you're thinking laser gun, if you're thinking, yeah,

470
00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:37,040
Speaker 1: that's not going to be misused by by some politicians.

471
00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:39,119
Speaker 3: A space gun literally a space gun.

472
00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:40,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, do you want to build this and

473
00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:42,399
Speaker 1: then put in the hands of the next president, whoever

474
00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:45,240
Speaker 1: it's going to be, you know, Oprah jay Z or

475
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:47,240
Speaker 1: Kid Rock or whoever's gonna be the next president.

476
00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:51,640
Speaker 3: Make sure you can't point it back, you know, like exactly,

477
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:53,639
Speaker 3: it only works you point it away from the Earth.

478
00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,200
Speaker 1: Anyway. You got to point it from space. You got

479
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:58,320
Speaker 1: to point it at the asteroid and you got to

480
00:22:58,359 --> 00:22:59,399
Speaker 1: hit it, and you got to cook it for a

481
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:01,520
Speaker 1: little while. I mean, because by the time the laser

482
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,879
Speaker 1: gets there, it's going to be more diffuse, right, So

483
00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:06,520
Speaker 1: you got to deposit enough energy. So the studies that

484
00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:09,760
Speaker 1: I read, they estimate that, depending on the power of

485
00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:12,320
Speaker 1: the laser, it could take between a year and ten

486
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:14,399
Speaker 1: years to push the asteroid off.

487
00:23:14,240 --> 00:23:17,520
Speaker 3: Course for like a planet killer asteroid.

488
00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:20,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so that's a long time, which means you've

489
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,760
Speaker 1: got to see this thing coming well in advance. And

490
00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:26,680
Speaker 1: in our podcast we talked about how there isn't really

491
00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:28,840
Speaker 1: a lot of danger from asteroids in our Solar system

492
00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:30,960
Speaker 1: because the biggest ones we've seen, we know where they are,

493
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:33,720
Speaker 1: we know they're not coming for us. The real danger

494
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:36,919
Speaker 1: is from comets because they're big, they're fast, and we

495
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,760
Speaker 1: don't necessarily we haven't necessarily seen their orbits and we

496
00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:42,919
Speaker 1: might just have like less than a year of warning.

497
00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:45,040
Speaker 3: And they're supposed to be made of ice, right.

498
00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:48,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's like a huge snowball, right, and that'd be

499
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:50,000
Speaker 1: pretty dangerous and we'd have less than a year of warning,

500
00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:54,359
Speaker 1: So that's not terribly optimistic, right. The other plan is

501
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,280
Speaker 1: to launch the lasers and then send them to the

502
00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,320
Speaker 1: asteroids so they can get closer up, and then you

503
00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:01,800
Speaker 1: could have small lasers, but you know, then you have

504
00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:04,679
Speaker 1: to spend time getting them to the asteroid, and it

505
00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:06,320
Speaker 1: gets pretty complicated.

506
00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:08,800
Speaker 3: Where it's the laser itself or you shoot it from

507
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:10,200
Speaker 3: Earth would get there at the speed of light.

508
00:24:10,320 --> 00:24:11,520
Speaker 1: It would get there the speed of light, but it

509
00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:13,560
Speaker 1: would be less intense, right, you need a more intense

510
00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:15,960
Speaker 1: laser if you shoot it from further away. On the

511
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:18,119
Speaker 1: other hand, then you can have your space laser and

512
00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:19,520
Speaker 1: you can use it for whatever you want. You know,

513
00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:23,000
Speaker 1: you can write your name in cornfields a mile long right.

514
00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,240
Speaker 3: In Europa, basically exactly.

515
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:29,480
Speaker 1: You could. You could carve your face into you know,

516
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:32,720
Speaker 1: Mount Rushmore from space. Yeah, that'd be pretty awesome.

517
00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:36,199
Speaker 3: You could add another eye to the Jupiter, may make

518
00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:37,320
Speaker 3: a smiley face or something.

519
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:39,119
Speaker 1: That's right, you got the red dot and then you

520
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:41,960
Speaker 1: got my dot. Yeah. You could change literally change the

521
00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:45,520
Speaker 1: face of the Solar system. Yeah. So these are dangerous technologies.

522
00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:48,160
Speaker 3: There are actual labs working on this idea.

523
00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:50,679
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. There's the I think the leading one is

524
00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:53,359
Speaker 1: that U see Santa Barbara and it's called the Directed

525
00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,440
Speaker 1: Energy Planetary Defense Lab.

526
00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:58,600
Speaker 3: They couldn't just call it the laser gun lab.

527
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:00,800
Speaker 1: I think probably some students they wanted to call it

528
00:25:00,840 --> 00:25:03,159
Speaker 1: the death Star lab, but that was probably overruled by

529
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,320
Speaker 1: the PI.

530
00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:09,240
Speaker 3: So Ariel from Russia. The answer is, yes, you could

531
00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:11,639
Speaker 3: do that, and there are people working on it.

532
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,119
Speaker 1: And if you'd like to contribute, you just need to

533
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:15,720
Speaker 1: apply to the physics program at you see Santa Barbara.

534
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,240
Speaker 3: This is a perfect point to take a break.

535
00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:24,320
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

536
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:27,560
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

537
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:31,639
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

538
00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:34,320
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

539
00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:38,639
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

540
00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:41,200
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working

541
00:25:41,280 --> 00:25:43,600
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

542
00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:47,920
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

543
00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:51,040
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

544
00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:54,560
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

545
00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:57,399
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

546
00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:00,919
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use animal big digestors that

547
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,960
Speaker 1: turn the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can

548
00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:06,800
Speaker 1: power farms, towns, and electric cars. So the next time

549
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:08,560
Speaker 1: you grab a slice of pizza or lick an ice

550
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,280
Speaker 1: cream cone, know that dairy farmers and processors around the

551
00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,720
Speaker 1: country are using the latest practices and innovations to provide

552
00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:17,560
Speaker 1: the nutrient deentse dairy products we love with less of

553
00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:20,679
Speaker 1: an impact. Visit us dairy dot com slash sustainability to

554
00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:21,280
Speaker 1: learn more.

555
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:25,840
Speaker 8: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

556
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557
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558
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559
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560
00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:36,879
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561
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579
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Speaker 3: Okay, So, our last question in this episode comes from Russell.

580
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:52,520
Speaker 3: And Russell didn't say where he was from, which means

581
00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 3: we can guess where he's from. Where do you think

582
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:55,520
Speaker 3: he's from?

583
00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:57,760
Speaker 1: I think he's probably on an asteroid headed to Earth.

584
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:01,159
Speaker 1: How about you?

585
00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:05,359
Speaker 3: I was just gonna guess, Piji, But I like your apperance. Okay.

586
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:09,040
Speaker 3: So Russell has a question about the expanding universe.

587
00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,360
Speaker 5: Hey, guys, my name is Russell, and I really love

588
00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:13,600
Speaker 5: the podcast and I've got a question for you.

589
00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:17,600
Speaker 3: If the universe is constantly expanding, where is it expanding from?

590
00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:18,760
Speaker 2: Does it have a center?

591
00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:22,359
Speaker 1: Thanks? Guys, This is a great question. It's actually a

592
00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:23,520
Speaker 1: common question that we get.

593
00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:25,479
Speaker 3: Yeah, but it's kind of tricky. I mean, it's took

594
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:27,600
Speaker 3: me a long time to sort of get on my

595
00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:30,880
Speaker 3: head around this. Concept, right, Like the idea is that

596
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:36,080
Speaker 3: if everything's moving away, it is growing, it's stretching. Doesn't

597
00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:38,560
Speaker 3: that mean that there's a point that is not growing

598
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,400
Speaker 3: or moving? Do you know what I mean? Like, if

599
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:44,000
Speaker 3: you explode a grenade in space and you see all

600
00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:46,520
Speaker 3: the bits flying off, if you track the motion while

601
00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 3: the bits, you could track down where all those bits

602
00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:50,800
Speaker 3: came from, which is sort of like the center of

603
00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:54,360
Speaker 3: an explosion. And so if somebody tells you the universe

604
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:57,800
Speaker 3: exploding or it's expanding, isn't that Doesn't that mean there's

605
00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:00,840
Speaker 3: a point in the universe that is not grow or expanding.

606
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:03,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, in your grenade theory of the universe, that would

607
00:29:03,440 --> 00:29:05,800
Speaker 1: be correct. Yeah, So if the universe is a grenade,

608
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:09,320
Speaker 1: then there would be a center. But and this misconception

609
00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:11,960
Speaker 1: comes from thinking about the origin of the universe the

610
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,200
Speaker 1: Big Bang as an explosion, right, But it's not really

611
00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,000
Speaker 1: an explosion in the sense that just matter is flying

612
00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:22,360
Speaker 1: through space. It's also an explosion of space, right. Space

613
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:26,680
Speaker 1: itself is expanding, and it's expanding everywhere at the same time,

614
00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:29,840
Speaker 1: so it's like everything is exploding at the same time.

615
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:32,080
Speaker 1: So rather than thinking of it like an explosion, you

616
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:34,880
Speaker 1: should think of it like an infinite ruler. An infinite

617
00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:38,480
Speaker 1: ruler suddenly starts to stretch right, and it's stretching everywhere

618
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:39,160
Speaker 1: all at once.

619
00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:42,760
Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, but isn't doesn't the ruler have a center?

620
00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:46,080
Speaker 3: The ruler has a center of mass, like a point

621
00:29:46,280 --> 00:29:47,800
Speaker 3: where you could balance it on your finger.

622
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,160
Speaker 1: Okay, So where's the center of mass of an infinite ruler.

623
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:52,840
Speaker 3: Right in the middle?

624
00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:57,080
Speaker 1: Right, where's the zero at every point? At every point,

625
00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:59,240
Speaker 1: you have an infinite amount of mass on both sides, right,

626
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:01,000
Speaker 1: So it balances same way everywhere.

627
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:04,760
Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess. But you're assuming the universe is infinite.

628
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,400
Speaker 3: What if it's not infinite, wouldn't that mean it has

629
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:08,440
Speaker 3: the center of mass?

630
00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:11,080
Speaker 1: Right? Okay, So let's break the answer into two different

631
00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:14,320
Speaker 1: possibilities because they're very very different answers. One is, let's

632
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,520
Speaker 1: assume the universe is infinite, right, that beyond what we

633
00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:20,240
Speaker 1: can see, it just goes on forever. And in that model,

634
00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,280
Speaker 1: I think the most common scientific understanding is that the

635
00:30:23,280 --> 00:30:26,080
Speaker 1: Big Bang happened everywhere same at the same time.

636
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:26,280
Speaker 6: Right.

637
00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:28,719
Speaker 1: The Big Bang was not like at some location, you know,

638
00:30:28,960 --> 00:30:33,080
Speaker 1: corner of Fifth Avenue and Broadway and then everything expanded

639
00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:36,080
Speaker 1: from there, but that it happened everywhere at the same time.

640
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:37,480
Speaker 1: So there was a big bang over there, there's a

641
00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,360
Speaker 1: big bang over here. It's all at the same time.

642
00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:41,680
Speaker 1: And so you can think of it like you know,

643
00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:45,120
Speaker 1: the surface of a balloon expanding. Right, there's no center

644
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:47,880
Speaker 1: to the surface. Every point on the on the surface

645
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:51,400
Speaker 1: is expanding simultaneously. Right, obviously the center to the balloon.

646
00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: But here this is two D example. We're just thinking

647
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:55,840
Speaker 1: about the surface of the balloon.

648
00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:58,440
Speaker 3: Right, like everything came from nothing everywhere.

649
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:00,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, what came before the bang? That's a whole

650
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 1: other question, right. But if you assume that somehow infinite

651
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,800
Speaker 1: universe exists, right, and that then the Big Bang started,

652
00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:10,400
Speaker 1: the Big Bang being just this expansion of space, the

653
00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:15,000
Speaker 1: stretching of the very fabric of space itself, then that

654
00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:17,680
Speaker 1: happened everywhere at the same time. There's no preferred location,

655
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,480
Speaker 1: And it's an important concept in physics that everywhere in

656
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:23,200
Speaker 1: the universe is equally preferable to everywhere else.

657
00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:23,400
Speaker 6: Right.

658
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,480
Speaker 1: We're very democratic in physics when we think about space.

659
00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:29,920
Speaker 1: We don't like to think about any place being special, right.

660
00:31:29,760 --> 00:31:32,960
Speaker 3: But like in a balloon, if I'm inflating the balloon,

661
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,560
Speaker 3: there's a point the part where I'm holding it and

662
00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 3: blowing er into it, that's the part that's not moving.

663
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,400
Speaker 1: That's true. You're right, I guess I was imagining a

664
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,120
Speaker 1: balloon without without his lips on infinite exactly. And you know,

665
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:49,160
Speaker 1: the universe doesn't have to be infinite for this to work.

666
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:50,920
Speaker 1: It just has to be sort of closed, right, Like

667
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:53,440
Speaker 1: we talked in our podcast about the size and the

668
00:31:53,440 --> 00:31:56,160
Speaker 1: shape of space. The universe could be infinite, but it

669
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,720
Speaker 1: could also be wrapped around itself like a game of asteroids,

670
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:01,640
Speaker 1: where you go off in one direction and you loop

671
00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:04,560
Speaker 1: back around the other way without any discontinuity. And that's

672
00:32:04,560 --> 00:32:06,280
Speaker 1: the way, like the surface of a balloon is, right,

673
00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:08,120
Speaker 1: you walk along the surface of a balloon. You could

674
00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:10,360
Speaker 1: do it forever and everyone ever, you just come back

675
00:32:10,360 --> 00:32:12,920
Speaker 1: to where you started. There's no end. And in that

676
00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:16,480
Speaker 1: concept also, the Big Bang is not in any particular place.

677
00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:18,320
Speaker 1: It has no center, right.

678
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,960
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, like a balloon would have the center

679
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,560
Speaker 3: of the balloon. But you're saying like it's a kind

680
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:26,120
Speaker 3: of kind of a three D balloon.

681
00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:28,960
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, it's like a three D balloon where.

682
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:31,160
Speaker 3: Could only be on the center of the balloon and

683
00:32:31,240 --> 00:32:33,760
Speaker 3: expand balloon really doesn't have a center. Yeah, Like if

684
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:35,440
Speaker 3: you were an ad walking on it, you'd be like,

685
00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:36,160
Speaker 3: where's the center?

686
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:39,000
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. Like on the surface of the Earth, there

687
00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:41,520
Speaker 1: is no center to the surface. Right. Every place on

688
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:43,880
Speaker 1: the surface of the Earth is the same relative to

689
00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:45,920
Speaker 1: the Earth, Right, it's the same radius and whatever, all.

690
00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:48,720
Speaker 3: Right, So if it's infinite, then it could have no center.

691
00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,080
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. But we don't know that, right, And that's

692
00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:55,200
Speaker 1: the lovely part about questions about the universe is that

693
00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:58,880
Speaker 1: we know so little about these large contextual questions, you know,

694
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:02,560
Speaker 1: like what have we seen about the universe? We've seen

695
00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:05,480
Speaker 1: what's inside a sphere as fear that's big enough for

696
00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:08,400
Speaker 1: light to have traveled from those things to us since

697
00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:10,600
Speaker 1: the start of the universe. It's a little bit more

698
00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:12,680
Speaker 1: complicated than just being the speed of light times the

699
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:15,680
Speaker 1: age of the universe, because there's some actual stretching of space.

700
00:33:15,960 --> 00:33:18,000
Speaker 1: But we can hand away of that for now, so

701
00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:20,200
Speaker 1: we call that the observable universe.

702
00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:20,560
Speaker 7: Right.

703
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:22,800
Speaker 1: That's everything that we can see, right, And what we

704
00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:25,600
Speaker 1: don't know is what fraction of the universe is. That

705
00:33:25,840 --> 00:33:28,280
Speaker 1: is that most of the stuff in the universe is

706
00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:31,800
Speaker 1: that one bajilliance of the universe or is that basically

707
00:33:31,880 --> 00:33:34,560
Speaker 1: one over infinity because the universe is infinite, So it's

708
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:37,959
Speaker 1: certainly possible that the universe is finite, that there's you know,

709
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:40,600
Speaker 1: at some point it runs out of stuff, right, you know,

710
00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,880
Speaker 1: space could be infinite and the stuff could be finite, right.

711
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:47,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, So there's all these possibilities, but there is basically

712
00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:49,880
Speaker 3: like infinite or not, that's right.

713
00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:53,160
Speaker 1: And if it's not infinite, right, if there's a finite

714
00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:55,920
Speaker 1: amount of stuff in the universe, well then we don't

715
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,080
Speaker 1: know where the center of that stuff is because we

716
00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:00,400
Speaker 1: can't see all of it, right, So we have no

717
00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:03,480
Speaker 1: way of knowing. But if there is a finite amount

718
00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:04,960
Speaker 1: of stuff in the universe, then yes, it would have

719
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,880
Speaker 1: a center somewhere, right. But the thing I love about

720
00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:11,879
Speaker 1: that is that of the observable universe, the center is you, right,

721
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:16,240
Speaker 1: You are literally at the center of your observable universe, right, I'm.

722
00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:18,000
Speaker 3: More like in the center of my kids universe.

723
00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:23,560
Speaker 1: It seems just a little orbiting moon right around there.

724
00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:27,240
Speaker 1: Some like egos. Yeah, but we all have different observable

725
00:34:27,280 --> 00:34:29,799
Speaker 1: universes because our heads are in different places, and so

726
00:34:29,880 --> 00:34:32,319
Speaker 1: we can all catch photons from the early universe at

727
00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:36,120
Speaker 1: slightly different times, and so like another alien species would

728
00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:40,200
Speaker 1: have their own observable universe that's a sphere around their planet.

729
00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:43,560
Speaker 1: So the short answer is to the question is that

730
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:45,840
Speaker 1: we really just don't know. If the universe is infinite,

731
00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,480
Speaker 1: then it has no center. If it's finite, then we

732
00:34:48,480 --> 00:34:50,399
Speaker 1: don't know that it is finite, and we can't see

733
00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:52,360
Speaker 1: enough of it to know, you know, what would the

734
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,080
Speaker 1: average location of all that stuff be.

735
00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:58,000
Speaker 3: But there could be a hypothetical center to the universe.

736
00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:00,239
Speaker 3: I mean, if it is finite, there could be a

737
00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:01,640
Speaker 3: center to the universe.

738
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:04,600
Speaker 1: Yeah. Currently most of our models assume the space goes

739
00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:08,080
Speaker 1: on forever, and everything we see agrees with that. I

740
00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,160
Speaker 1: think if the universe was finite in the sense that

741
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,080
Speaker 1: it was, the size of the universe was only a

742
00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,080
Speaker 1: little bit bigger than the observable universe, so that what

743
00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:19,520
Speaker 1: we're seeing is basically most of it. I think we

744
00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:21,359
Speaker 1: would see effects of that, you know. I think that

745
00:35:21,680 --> 00:35:25,440
Speaker 1: the gravitational forces would be ten towards one location or

746
00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:29,640
Speaker 1: in one direction, right, rather than pulling things everywhere. And

747
00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:31,839
Speaker 1: what we see now is very homogenous. We've never seen

748
00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:35,080
Speaker 1: anything that prefers any one direction or any one location,

749
00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:37,840
Speaker 1: and so the universe seems to prefer no direction and

750
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:39,320
Speaker 1: seems to prefer no location.

751
00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:42,880
Speaker 3: So that suggests it doesn't seem like we're orbiting around something.

752
00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:46,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, that suggests that things are either infinite or really

753
00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:49,759
Speaker 1: really big compared to what we can see. Right. Of course,

754
00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:52,080
Speaker 1: we can't tell the difference between those two things, but

755
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:54,000
Speaker 1: if I had to place a bet, I would say

756
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:58,600
Speaker 1: the universe is most likely either infinite or huge Jungus

757
00:35:58,719 --> 00:36:04,120
Speaker 1: compared to what we can see, huge jung huge jungest, Yeah, exactly,

758
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:06,960
Speaker 1: ginormous compared to what we can see, which would be

759
00:36:07,040 --> 00:36:10,400
Speaker 1: for all practical purposes, would be infinite. And so from

760
00:36:10,440 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: those from that perspective, the universe wouldn't have any well

761
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:14,759
Speaker 1: defined center. Right.

762
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:18,480
Speaker 3: In either case, the fact that it's it's space itself

763
00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:22,000
Speaker 3: that's expanding means that you don't need that sort of

764
00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,920
Speaker 3: center of the grenade, like, yeah, exactly, everything's space itself

765
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,799
Speaker 3: is expanding. Literally, would sort of look the same whether

766
00:36:28,840 --> 00:36:32,279
Speaker 3: we're here, or we're in Andromeda, or we're feelings of

767
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:34,360
Speaker 3: lighters away, it would all just sort of seem like

768
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:35,719
Speaker 3: it's expanding away from us.

769
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:37,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly every point in the universe. It seems like

770
00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:41,439
Speaker 1: everything is expanding away from you. So everybody feels like, hey,

771
00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:43,839
Speaker 1: why is everybody going away from me? And that makes

772
00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:46,160
Speaker 1: me wonder about a little bit about Russell's motivations, like

773
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:48,960
Speaker 1: why is the center of the universe important? Like why

774
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,560
Speaker 1: do we care? It's not like from a scientific point

775
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:54,640
Speaker 1: of view, it doesn't necessarily have any meaning, right, it's

776
00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:56,760
Speaker 1: not like, you know, are we living at the center?

777
00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:58,840
Speaker 1: Are we in the best real estate in the universe

778
00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:03,160
Speaker 1: or something, or it's an attempt to understand, like the origin,

779
00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:05,800
Speaker 1: like this special place. If there was a center to

780
00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:09,600
Speaker 1: the universe, you could ask why they're right, Imagine space

781
00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:12,520
Speaker 1: is infinite, but matter is not. That the universe is

782
00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:15,520
Speaker 1: like a finite blob of matter. They're exploded in space

783
00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:17,920
Speaker 1: at some point fourteen billion years ago. Then you could

784
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:20,840
Speaker 1: ask this question, why that spot and not a billion

785
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:22,560
Speaker 1: light years to the left or a billion light years

786
00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:24,520
Speaker 1: to the right, And that would be an interesting question.

787
00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:26,400
Speaker 1: It would be interested in clue that there's something that

788
00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:29,640
Speaker 1: happened here and not somewhere else. So if space did

789
00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:31,960
Speaker 1: have a center, then you could ask interesting questions about it.

790
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:33,480
Speaker 3: Right, I thought you were going to say that the

791
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:36,080
Speaker 3: reason Russell was wondering what everything is moving away from

792
00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:38,840
Speaker 3: him was that he needed some dating advice.

793
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:42,200
Speaker 1: You gotta be nice to our listeners who are here.

794
00:37:42,239 --> 00:37:45,440
Speaker 1: They are the reason we get to keep doing this, right, Russell,

795
00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:47,919
Speaker 1: They're going away from you because they're also intimidated by

796
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:50,760
Speaker 1: your good looks and charisma. That's what's going on.

797
00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:52,600
Speaker 3: And your ability to ask great questions.

798
00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:55,520
Speaker 1: Seriously awesome question, Russell, Thank you very much.

799
00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:57,440
Speaker 3: And your taste in podcasts and your.

800
00:37:57,320 --> 00:38:01,400
Speaker 1: Taste in podcast is exquisite.

801
00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,279
Speaker 3: All right, those were all super great questions, and I

802
00:38:09,280 --> 00:38:11,400
Speaker 3: think you know, it just kind of generally points to

803
00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:15,320
Speaker 3: the curiosity of people, you know, just like you listen

804
00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:17,680
Speaker 3: to this podcast like this one, or watch the Science

805
00:38:17,719 --> 00:38:20,520
Speaker 3: Show and you just you can't help but have questions,

806
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:22,000
Speaker 3: deep questions about the universe.

807
00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:23,920
Speaker 1: That's right, and we are here to talk about them,

808
00:38:23,960 --> 00:38:26,080
Speaker 1: and we don't always have the answers. But sometimes that's

809
00:38:26,120 --> 00:38:28,120
Speaker 1: even more fun when we don't know what the answer

810
00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:30,359
Speaker 1: is and we can talk about all the crazy possibilities.

811
00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:32,840
Speaker 1: So please don't hold back. If you are listening to

812
00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:34,680
Speaker 1: this podcast and you have a question you want us

813
00:38:34,719 --> 00:38:37,200
Speaker 1: to talk about, send it to us at questions at

814
00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:38,920
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com.

815
00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:41,239
Speaker 3: And if you need dating advice, just write as a

816
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:44,600
Speaker 3: dating at Daniel and Jorge dot com, or.

817
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:46,239
Speaker 1: Just shout it out your window late at night and

818
00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:47,480
Speaker 1: Jorge will eventually hear it.

819
00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:51,520
Speaker 3: Or just build a death star and write it on

820
00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:54,600
Speaker 3: the surface of the menient. Well, we'll definitely see it.

821
00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:57,200
Speaker 1: I do not endorse that advice, by the way. That

822
00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:01,080
Speaker 1: is purely from hohohevi. I'm gonna have my lawyers cleared

823
00:39:01,080 --> 00:39:04,360
Speaker 1: me from liability from your moon Moon vandalism suggestion.

824
00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:08,120
Speaker 3: There we need we need a disclaimer at the end,

825
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:10,160
Speaker 3: you know, like whenvies have disclaimers.

826
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:11,479
Speaker 1: Yeah, please sign this waiver.

827
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:12,600
Speaker 3: This is a work of fiction.

828
00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:15,799
Speaker 1: None of the opinions it's the podcast. We can't say

829
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:18,120
Speaker 1: it's the work of fiction. We're supposed to be talking

830
00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:19,120
Speaker 1: about things that are real.

831
00:39:19,360 --> 00:39:22,239
Speaker 3: None of the opinions expressed by the cartoons should be

832
00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:23,040
Speaker 3: taken seriously.

833
00:39:23,239 --> 00:39:25,320
Speaker 1: I'm sorry by listening to this podcast, do you accept

834
00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:28,560
Speaker 1: responsibility for all of your actions, even if we suggested them?

835
00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:31,359
Speaker 1: All right, thanks everybody for listening. Please don't go out

836
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,879
Speaker 1: and vandalize cosmic features of our solar system and ruin

837
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:36,120
Speaker 1: them for everybody.

838
00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:37,120
Speaker 3: And keep asking questions.

839
00:39:37,239 --> 00:39:39,080
Speaker 1: That's true. See you next time, See you next time.

840
00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:48,960
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

841
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:52,239
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

842
00:39:52,239 --> 00:39:54,680
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

843
00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:58,440
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

844
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:11,279
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at danieldorghe dot com. When you

845
00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:13,360
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

846
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847
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848
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849
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