1
00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:06,680
Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff

2
00:00:06,680 --> 00:00:13,720
Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind.

3
00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,200
Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb and my name is Julie Douglas.

4
00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:18,680
Speaker 1: First of all, before I get going, I apologized my

5
00:00:18,760 --> 00:00:20,960
Speaker 1: voice sounds a little weird on this particular episode. I

6
00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:24,080
Speaker 1: recently had some oral surgery to get some losing teeth out,

7
00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:27,400
Speaker 1: so I found a little mealy. Now that's why, Julie

8
00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:29,920
Speaker 1: tell me this. Have you seen a little movie called

9
00:00:29,920 --> 00:00:33,400
Speaker 1: The Blob? Oh, my goodness, very long time ago. Yeah,

10
00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:35,080
Speaker 1: I had the classic black and white. No, I guess

11
00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:36,640
Speaker 1: it was in color the Virgin I saw his color

12
00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:40,480
Speaker 1: as anyway. Steve McQueen in an early role acting, yeah,

13
00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:45,240
Speaker 1: acting opposite a little ball of interstellar good that falls

14
00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:48,519
Speaker 1: to Earth. Inside of this meat cute little meteorite, an

15
00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:51,120
Speaker 1: old man pokes it with a stick, cracks up in

16
00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:52,880
Speaker 1: like an egg, and then he pokes it with a stick,

17
00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:55,240
Speaker 1: of course, because that's what you do when you encounter

18
00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:59,000
Speaker 1: potentially volatile substances from another world. We can't help ourselves.

19
00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:01,000
Speaker 1: We need to know. So it crawled down his arm

20
00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:03,600
Speaker 1: and starts eating it, and then it eats more and more,

21
00:01:03,640 --> 00:01:06,039
Speaker 1: and it just grows and grows into this colossal life

22
00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:09,000
Speaker 1: form that everyone has to deal with. And if you

23
00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,000
Speaker 1: haven't seen it, do check it out. Awesome the music

24
00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:15,440
Speaker 1: by Bob bat I believe, are you kidding? Buck Rat

25
00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:20,680
Speaker 1: did that? Yeah? Yeah, it's a nice little gem of

26
00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:22,120
Speaker 1: the turn. When you do that, I feel like I

27
00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,160
Speaker 1: need a martini. Yeah, it is definitely a Martini worthy

28
00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:27,520
Speaker 1: that of music. But the idea of this movie that

29
00:01:27,720 --> 00:01:29,280
Speaker 1: is central to what we're gonna talk about here, and

30
00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:31,880
Speaker 1: they're not central, but you know, we're kicking off with

31
00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:36,320
Speaker 1: the idea that life could come here sort of accidentally

32
00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:40,000
Speaker 1: from another world and then grow into something big. And

33
00:01:40,040 --> 00:01:42,760
Speaker 1: we have talked about this in roundabout ways. We talked

34
00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:45,480
Speaker 1: about what happens when a star dies, right, and we

35
00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:48,840
Speaker 1: talked about star dust all this stuff that rejects into

36
00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:51,200
Speaker 1: the universe and how those are the building box. But

37
00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:54,800
Speaker 1: what remains is this question of how exactly here on

38
00:01:54,880 --> 00:02:01,920
Speaker 1: Earth did these chemicals become complex organisms. So we're gonna

39
00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:04,480
Speaker 1: talk a little bit today about this. And there's a

40
00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:07,600
Speaker 1: great article by Andrew Grant and I believe it's called

41
00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:11,000
Speaker 1: Cosmic Blueprint for Life that details some of what we're

42
00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:13,160
Speaker 1: going to talk about today. So let's fast forward back

43
00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:15,600
Speaker 1: to the star way before we even get to the

44
00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:18,680
Speaker 1: blob days and the old man Uh losing his arm

45
00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:22,440
Speaker 1: to space Shelley distantly both in time and space. A

46
00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:26,000
Speaker 1: star dies, Okay, it runs out of its nuclear fuel

47
00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:29,880
Speaker 1: and it becomes unstable. All right, there's no longer enough

48
00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,720
Speaker 1: fuel to keep up this colossal creation that is a star.

49
00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:36,480
Speaker 1: It's this enormous engine, and if it doesn't have fuel

50
00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:40,280
Speaker 1: to burn, it becomes unstable and it collapses or it explodes.

51
00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:42,280
Speaker 1: This is where we get things like black holes, but

52
00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:45,680
Speaker 1: it's also where we get supernovous So in this case,

53
00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:48,360
Speaker 1: the star explodes, and when it does, it expels a

54
00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:54,200
Speaker 1: shell of stearing hot atoms. This includes things like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen,

55
00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:58,480
Speaker 1: and some of those rogue atoms float into nearby gas

56
00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:01,040
Speaker 1: clouds and they stick to the fine grains of dust there.

57
00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:05,160
Speaker 1: Now it's very cold here, we're talking negative degrees fahrenheit,

58
00:03:05,639 --> 00:03:09,120
Speaker 1: and there this process called acretion begins to take place.

59
00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:11,239
Speaker 1: I think we've discussed this before, and we definitely discuss

60
00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:12,800
Speaker 1: it in one of our Stuff to Blay your Kid's

61
00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:15,639
Speaker 1: Mind episodes we did. We talk about gravity and how

62
00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:19,080
Speaker 1: it stirs things to lie. So you have these particles,

63
00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:23,640
Speaker 1: they float around, They float around and onto each other,

64
00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:25,920
Speaker 1: and it's like a snowball rolling down a mountain. Two

65
00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:28,200
Speaker 1: particles come together to form a slightly bigger particle, and

66
00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:30,799
Speaker 1: then they pull in other particles. Their mass is growing,

67
00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:33,920
Speaker 1: their gravitational pull is growing, and eventually we end up

68
00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:37,600
Speaker 1: with a very young star that is being born out

69
00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:41,120
Speaker 1: of this ejected material. So the simple items of hydrogen, carbon,

70
00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:46,320
Speaker 1: and oxygen become complex organic molecules, and it's these carbon

71
00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:50,000
Speaker 1: bearing compounds that become the raw material for life, and

72
00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:53,840
Speaker 1: planets eventually actually form from these materials. We say all

73
00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:56,600
Speaker 1: of this because again we're trying to get to well,

74
00:03:56,640 --> 00:04:00,360
Speaker 1: how exactly then did life on Earth here occur? Because

75
00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:04,440
Speaker 1: we understand how the planets formed, but us sitting here

76
00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:08,880
Speaker 1: as crazy complex beings that came from these rudimentary, single

77
00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:11,880
Speaker 1: bacterial cells. How did this happen? So this brings us

78
00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:16,880
Speaker 1: to a little concept called panspermia, which is ja, yeah,

79
00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:21,120
Speaker 1: in a nutshell, we're talking about the blob scenario, the

80
00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:23,560
Speaker 1: idea that life could travel to another planet in the

81
00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:27,400
Speaker 1: form of say, a meteorite. So we can thank Fred

82
00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:30,640
Speaker 1: Hoyle for this. He was a British cosmologist, and he

83
00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:33,400
Speaker 1: actually wrote in nine fifty seven science fiction novel called

84
00:04:33,440 --> 00:04:37,799
Speaker 1: The Black Cloud Right which actually informed his ideas on spermia.

85
00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:39,760
Speaker 1: The novel which I haven't read, but it's a great

86
00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:43,040
Speaker 1: example of great scientific minds are very much have science

87
00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:46,320
Speaker 1: fiction on their minds, and it dealt with intelligent dust

88
00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,240
Speaker 1: clouds in space. He ends up forming this idea of

89
00:04:49,279 --> 00:04:52,200
Speaker 1: pan spermia. Starting in the nineteen sixties, he writes a

90
00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,880
Speaker 1: series of academic papers describing how bacterial cells could make

91
00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:59,680
Speaker 1: their way from interstellar dust grains to comets and eventually

92
00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:02,280
Speaker 1: down to planet spike Earth. Okay, so it's the sixties.

93
00:05:02,320 --> 00:05:05,480
Speaker 1: People think he's nuts because nobody thought that pre bike

94
00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:10,000
Speaker 1: molecules or microbes could survive in the harsh vacuum of space.

95
00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:12,400
Speaker 1: You know, it was assumed that space was too cold

96
00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,040
Speaker 1: and too low density for any sort of molecule to form.

97
00:05:16,080 --> 00:05:17,800
Speaker 1: But now we know that's not the case. We know

98
00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:22,320
Speaker 1: that it's possible. For instance, the nine two pound meteorite

99
00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:26,359
Speaker 1: hurtled to the ground in Australia and they did some

100
00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:28,560
Speaker 1: analysis on it, and they found that the rock containing

101
00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:32,279
Speaker 1: millions of organic compounds, including amino acids a nucleo basis,

102
00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:34,920
Speaker 1: which we'll talk about in a little while. I don't

103
00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:38,080
Speaker 1: want to jump the gun there, but that's really exciting information.

104
00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:41,479
Speaker 1: And similar meteorites like the one that crashed landed on

105
00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:45,000
Speaker 1: Australia and comments would have blanketed the Earth with organic

106
00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:47,400
Speaker 1: chemicals from the time the Earth was born about four

107
00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:50,120
Speaker 1: point five billion years ago until the era when life

108
00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:53,960
Speaker 1: appeared a few hundred million years later. Okay, So for

109
00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:56,719
Speaker 1: everybody listening out there, the idea again is that this

110
00:05:56,880 --> 00:06:00,000
Speaker 1: material is hitching a ride on a comet or a meeting.

111
00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:02,640
Speaker 1: All right, crash landing on Earth and boom, we start

112
00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:07,560
Speaker 1: to get a proliferation of life. But there is another theory,

113
00:06:07,680 --> 00:06:11,120
Speaker 1: and that talks about how life could organically just or

114
00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:14,640
Speaker 1: spontaneously I suppose you could say, happen here on Earth.

115
00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,680
Speaker 1: And for this we need to turn to Stanley Miller

116
00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:19,839
Speaker 1: and Herald Urray. That's right. These are researchers who prepared

117
00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:24,039
Speaker 1: a closed system of glass flasks and tubes and injected

118
00:06:24,040 --> 00:06:28,920
Speaker 1: a gaseous mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water. And now

119
00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:31,080
Speaker 1: these are four basic compounds that were thought to be

120
00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:35,520
Speaker 1: abundant in Earth's primitive atmosphere, and then they applied an

121
00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:39,200
Speaker 1: electric current to simulate a lightning strike that would have

122
00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:42,880
Speaker 1: occurred on Earth in those primitive days as well, and

123
00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,800
Speaker 1: lo and behold, within a week they have produced several

124
00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:50,760
Speaker 1: prebiotic compounds which then produced amino acids. So this is

125
00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:52,800
Speaker 1: the same concept that we discussed in our Stuff of

126
00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:56,640
Speaker 1: Your Kid's Mind episode. We're talking about this early ancient ocean.

127
00:06:56,800 --> 00:06:59,560
Speaker 1: And then you have volcanic activity which is stirring electrical

128
00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:03,760
Speaker 1: activity in the atmosphere, lightning strike, life begins to bubble, right,

129
00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:06,279
Speaker 1: and there's like a little pool of water around that volcano, right,

130
00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,120
Speaker 1: frankenste scenario exactly exactly, which I love. So here's the

131
00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:12,840
Speaker 1: great thing. It produces amino acids and these are fundamental

132
00:07:12,920 --> 00:07:15,160
Speaker 1: units of proteins, really important, right if you want to

133
00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:18,360
Speaker 1: create some life. But it did not produce nucleo bases,

134
00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:22,040
Speaker 1: which we talked about being present on that comet in Australia.

135
00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:25,640
Speaker 1: These are the molecular building box of DNA and RNA.

136
00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:27,760
Speaker 1: This is the stuff that gets passed on the genetic

137
00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:32,679
Speaker 1: information to help propagate life. Also, the researchers simulating early

138
00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:36,880
Speaker 1: atmosphere with gases containing hydrogen. They used hydrogen, which reacts

139
00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:40,200
Speaker 1: easily as opposed to carbon dioxide, a gas that's far

140
00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:43,920
Speaker 1: less reactive but was probably much more plentiful at the time.

141
00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:46,840
Speaker 1: So people kind of said, I'm not sure, this is

142
00:07:46,880 --> 00:07:51,080
Speaker 1: a really interesting experiment, but it doesn't quite stimulate the

143
00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:54,400
Speaker 1: actual conditions of Earth, what we think what was going

144
00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:57,080
Speaker 1: on in primitive Earth at that time. So we end

145
00:07:57,160 --> 00:08:00,920
Speaker 1: up looking outward again for potential signs how life ends

146
00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:02,960
Speaker 1: up coming to be. In this case, let's look to

147
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:07,120
Speaker 1: astronomer Loose Snyder. Now, Snyder knew that the chemical compounds

148
00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:10,000
Speaker 1: are die polar. They have a positively charged side and

149
00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:13,520
Speaker 1: they have a negatively charged side, and these charged particles

150
00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:18,560
Speaker 1: in motion release energy. So he theorized that some of

151
00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:21,440
Speaker 1: these would spin like batons and create a faint radio

152
00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:24,400
Speaker 1: wave signal, and that this would be perceivable from Earth

153
00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:26,680
Speaker 1: with the right equipment. This is such a cool idea

154
00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:29,640
Speaker 1: that someone seized on. This I think is just amazing

155
00:08:29,880 --> 00:08:33,160
Speaker 1: because this is a way to actually measure your model right.

156
00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:35,160
Speaker 1: And you also, I believe, said that each type of

157
00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:38,480
Speaker 1: molecule should have its own unique energy signature, broadcasting a

158
00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:42,599
Speaker 1: specific set of frequencies that could be detected and identified

159
00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:45,480
Speaker 1: by astronomers. So within a few years they identified dozens

160
00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:50,079
Speaker 1: of these things. They discovered interstellar formaldehyde in ninety nine,

161
00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:52,839
Speaker 1: and since that point astronomers have identified more than one

162
00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:56,839
Speaker 1: and fifty molecules in deep space, mostly by using radio telescopes,

163
00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:59,920
Speaker 1: and this is interesting to space. Chemicals that were found

164
00:09:00,120 --> 00:09:03,480
Speaker 1: just the past few years include the sweet which is

165
00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:06,640
Speaker 1: a sugar glycoli hide which I just fluttered but to

166
00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:09,680
Speaker 1: get the idea, the fragrant which is ethel formate which

167
00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:13,679
Speaker 1: smells like rum, and the explosive fulminic acid. Use some

168
00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,840
Speaker 1: debtonators and weirdly enough gold flagger. I don't know how

169
00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:22,320
Speaker 1: that worked out there, right, do you where? Okay? So

170
00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,559
Speaker 1: this is just really interesting that they figured out these

171
00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,160
Speaker 1: energy signatures and they were able to pinpoint all of

172
00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:31,599
Speaker 1: these different molecules. The whole field of astrochemistry kind of

173
00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,880
Speaker 1: rises from this, right. And so then there's another astronomer.

174
00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:37,360
Speaker 1: His name is Jay Mayo Greenberg of the University of

175
00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:40,040
Speaker 1: Leiden in the Netherlands, and he found that there weren't

176
00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,160
Speaker 1: just free floating gas molecules in space as they had

177
00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:45,680
Speaker 1: observed in the nebula. The reason why we're talking about

178
00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:47,040
Speaker 1: this too, is because we're trying to get to this

179
00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:52,040
Speaker 1: idea of where again are these compounds beginning and how

180
00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:54,520
Speaker 1: are they getting to the Earth. So if you look

181
00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:56,439
Speaker 1: at the nebula and you say, well, here are these

182
00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:59,960
Speaker 1: chemicals that some of which can create the building block

183
00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:02,679
Speaker 1: here on Earth, how is that actually happening? What sort

184
00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:04,800
Speaker 1: of interplay? It's one thing they have to figure out

185
00:10:04,840 --> 00:10:06,920
Speaker 1: how they hits the ride here, but where did they

186
00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:08,680
Speaker 1: come from to begin with? Right, So you're thinking about

187
00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:11,160
Speaker 1: these floating gas molecules in space, and then he begins

188
00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:13,280
Speaker 1: to ponder the dust and the nebulas, as well as

189
00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,360
Speaker 1: the microscopic grains of carbon and silicon, and then he says,

190
00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,400
Speaker 1: what would happen if interstellar gas molecules like from Aldehad

191
00:10:21,559 --> 00:10:25,720
Speaker 1: collided with frigid grains of dust. They'd freeze their instantly,

192
00:10:25,840 --> 00:10:29,280
Speaker 1: he decided, and they'd create another kind of environment which

193
00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:31,560
Speaker 1: there would be chemical reactions. Again, these chemical reactions are

194
00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:33,640
Speaker 1: really important, okay, because this is what's happening. This is

195
00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:36,839
Speaker 1: that Frankenstein moment to a certain degree that's creating life.

196
00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:40,280
Speaker 1: And he's thinking about the starlight also interacting with this,

197
00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:44,560
Speaker 1: and he begins to think infrared telescopes could help us

198
00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:47,480
Speaker 1: with this, and he was thinking, Okay, let's point them

199
00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:51,240
Speaker 1: at some dust clouds, and he actually finds dips at

200
00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:56,800
Speaker 1: specific frequencies corresponding to molecules including methanol, ammonia, and water ice.

201
00:10:57,040 --> 00:10:58,760
Speaker 1: So what we need here is an experiment, right, what

202
00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:01,720
Speaker 1: we need here is a in a box. And I'm

203
00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:03,800
Speaker 1: surprised we didn't do this one for stuff to blow

204
00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:06,120
Speaker 1: your kid's mind. It sounds so easy. He turns to

205
00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:09,240
Speaker 1: a man by the name of Lewis Alamandalo. He is

206
00:11:09,280 --> 00:11:13,360
Speaker 1: a Berkeley PhD Graduate in low temperature chemistry, so perfect

207
00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:16,959
Speaker 1: person to turn into this. And Almondalo recreates the kinds

208
00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:19,679
Speaker 1: of reactions that might take place and with these microscopic

209
00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,160
Speaker 1: icy grains, and this Zali does it. First of all,

210
00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:25,160
Speaker 1: he gets the equipment together to chill a shoebox sized

211
00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:28,880
Speaker 1: chamber in a near vacuum, so he pressurizes it to

212
00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:34,199
Speaker 1: within several degrees of absolute zero, so vacuumized as cold

213
00:11:34,320 --> 00:11:38,280
Speaker 1: as possible. Then he uses a plasma lamp to fire

214
00:11:38,360 --> 00:11:41,400
Speaker 1: beams of ultra violent light into that chamber, and this

215
00:11:41,440 --> 00:11:44,360
Speaker 1: is supposed to mimic the radiation that's present in a

216
00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:47,960
Speaker 1: planet or star forming region of a dust cloud. And

217
00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,800
Speaker 1: then he adds a gases mixture of simple molecules to

218
00:11:50,880 --> 00:11:52,880
Speaker 1: mimic the same composition that you would see in those

219
00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:55,600
Speaker 1: interstellar clouds. Then he sets back and he watches the

220
00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:58,280
Speaker 1: magic happen, or the science as it were. That's right.

221
00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:01,400
Speaker 1: What does reveal is that not only that some chemicals

222
00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:05,320
Speaker 1: reactions really do occur, it's extremely low temperatures because again

223
00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:07,920
Speaker 1: remember back to the nineteen sixties people five, it's way

224
00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:10,720
Speaker 1: too cold for anything really to be happening. So he

225
00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,640
Speaker 1: plays out this idea that yes, actually chemical reactions can

226
00:12:13,679 --> 00:12:18,200
Speaker 1: occur at extremely light temperatures minus fo degrees fahrenheit, but

227
00:12:18,280 --> 00:12:22,280
Speaker 1: also that these reactions produce other reactive chemicals, thereby providing

228
00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:26,360
Speaker 1: the spark really important for molecular hookups here. So this

229
00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,000
Speaker 1: nebula in the box experiment has been done over and

230
00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:34,880
Speaker 1: over again and recently has yielded intricate molecular rings containing carbon, nitrogen,

231
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:39,280
Speaker 1: and hydrogen fatty acid like molecules that's so cool that

232
00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:42,760
Speaker 1: look and behave like the membranes protecting living cells and

233
00:12:42,840 --> 00:12:47,000
Speaker 1: nucleic acids or nucleotides. The primary components of RNA in DNA.

234
00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:50,959
Speaker 1: So again we're getting back to this idea of chicken

235
00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:53,160
Speaker 1: and egg, although in this case it's more like, is

236
00:12:53,200 --> 00:12:55,440
Speaker 1: that the nebula is that the comet? Or did it

237
00:12:55,480 --> 00:12:58,560
Speaker 1: happen here on Earth? Could these reactions be happening in

238
00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:02,480
Speaker 1: these interstellar us clouds and these very chilling environments, right,

239
00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:05,920
Speaker 1: and being ejected out in the form of a comet

240
00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:08,840
Speaker 1: in landing here on Earth sort of kind of ready made,

241
00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:10,839
Speaker 1: you know, sort of like your microwave meal ready for

242
00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:12,320
Speaker 1: Earth out of the box. In a way, this kind

243
00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:14,880
Speaker 1: of drives with the blob because at the end of

244
00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:17,439
Speaker 1: the blob they learned that they can't quite actually kill

245
00:13:17,520 --> 00:13:19,160
Speaker 1: the blob, but what they can do is that they

246
00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:21,599
Speaker 1: can freeze it with I think they were using fire extinguishers,

247
00:13:21,640 --> 00:13:25,559
Speaker 1: which was weird. No, surely not, that wouldn't make scientific sense.

248
00:13:25,920 --> 00:13:28,520
Speaker 1: But at any rate, they chill this thing down. They

249
00:13:28,559 --> 00:13:30,120
Speaker 1: strapped to a helicopter and they take it to the

250
00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:32,360
Speaker 1: North Pole. But he does not kill it. It just

251
00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:34,520
Speaker 1: preserves it. So even here we see the idea that

252
00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:38,000
Speaker 1: the life interstellar life would be able to sustain very

253
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,800
Speaker 1: low temperatures. Well, and there's an Emory University astro chemist

254
00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:45,480
Speaker 1: by the name of Susannah Witticus Weaver, and she threw

255
00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:48,360
Speaker 1: a series of models and experiments has demonstrated that ultra

256
00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:52,360
Speaker 1: violet radiation can break chemical bonds and split molecules into

257
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:56,800
Speaker 1: highly reactive fragments called radicals. And this is important because

258
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,160
Speaker 1: again in this nebula, you're seeing the possibility that these

259
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:03,800
Speaker 1: more complex chemical reactions can be happening. And there's a

260
00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:06,000
Speaker 1: possibility that again, is that this is the spark of

261
00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:08,120
Speaker 1: life happening. All right, we're gonna take a quick break

262
00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:10,040
Speaker 1: and then we're gonna get back to all this. So

263
00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:17,920
Speaker 1: hanging there one second and we're back. The realmifications here

264
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,000
Speaker 1: are not all just either far off in time or

265
00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:23,240
Speaker 1: far off in space. For instance, we can look at

266
00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:26,200
Speaker 1: the moon Titan, one of the Saturn's moons, and here

267
00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:28,080
Speaker 1: we see the based on some of the research, we

268
00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:31,400
Speaker 1: definitely see the potential for these organic compounds. Is this

269
00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:33,520
Speaker 1: the one that has the atmosphere that is similar to

270
00:14:33,560 --> 00:14:36,360
Speaker 1: the Earth, but it's like in slow mo Yeah, it

271
00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:39,760
Speaker 1: has a thick methane tinged atmosphere and it's reminiscent in

272
00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:44,280
Speaker 1: early from early Earth atmosphere and it has pools of

273
00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:47,840
Speaker 1: hydrocarbons on its surface, the only known bodies of liquid

274
00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:50,880
Speaker 1: on any other world than our own. So astrobiologists and

275
00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:53,360
Speaker 1: astro chemists have been very interested in Titan for some

276
00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:56,240
Speaker 1: time now. Yeah, because the idea again is that this

277
00:14:56,360 --> 00:14:58,680
Speaker 1: is a snapshot of what the Earth may have looked

278
00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,080
Speaker 1: like billions of years ago, and that we can begin

279
00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:05,160
Speaker 1: to observe, although slow mo, these reactions, and this is

280
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:07,200
Speaker 1: what they're trying to get at. They want to know

281
00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:09,680
Speaker 1: what's going on four billion years ago. That's why they're

282
00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:12,160
Speaker 1: creating a nebulent a box, and they want to know

283
00:15:12,440 --> 00:15:15,400
Speaker 1: where did this material come from. We know that some

284
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:18,960
Speaker 1: meteorites contain a menial acids in nucleo bases, But the

285
00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:22,720
Speaker 1: idea is did they get scooped up those molecules from

286
00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:27,520
Speaker 1: dust clouds and then created them later on their interplanetary course,

287
00:15:28,280 --> 00:15:30,800
Speaker 1: or were they again ready made out of the box

288
00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:33,560
Speaker 1: as soon as they landed here, Which leads to this question,

289
00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:36,840
Speaker 1: how common could life in the university. That's what we

290
00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:39,480
Speaker 1: really want to get to, right, Yeah, that's the big question.

291
00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:41,480
Speaker 1: It's life. Is it just a sort of a one

292
00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:44,480
Speaker 1: in a billion fluke? Is there a higher potential for

293
00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:47,440
Speaker 1: life on other worlds as we continue to expand out

294
00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:50,360
Speaker 1: into the galaxy, are we going to be surprised or

295
00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:53,600
Speaker 1: are we going to be disappointed by the presence of life? Well,

296
00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:57,200
Speaker 1: and Andrew Grant says that if meteorites create most of

297
00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:00,440
Speaker 1: the direct chemical precursors of life are still or system

298
00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:03,760
Speaker 1: might be an unusual case if we're dependent on the

299
00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:08,760
Speaker 1: meteorites for really creating the chemical reactions. Right, but but

300
00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:12,400
Speaker 1: but but if dust clouds can manufacture these molecules on

301
00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:14,760
Speaker 1: their own, and we know these dust clouds are all

302
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,440
Speaker 1: over the place in space, right, then life should be

303
00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,240
Speaker 1: prevalent throughout the universe. I mean that kind of racks

304
00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:22,880
Speaker 1: my world right there. Yeah, who knows how complex life

305
00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:24,920
Speaker 1: we're talking about the world like Titan. Things are going

306
00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:27,160
Speaker 1: to develop at a much slower pace on a world

307
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:29,440
Speaker 1: like that, And certainly not every world is going to

308
00:16:29,520 --> 00:16:32,640
Speaker 1: have the Goldilocks type conditions that would be present for

309
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:35,800
Speaker 1: life to develop. And then too cold, too hot just

310
00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:38,880
Speaker 1: right where also you have to factory in issues of

311
00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:42,320
Speaker 1: electromagnetic shielding, how long a window are you looking at

312
00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:46,920
Speaker 1: for life to develop without a catastrophic impact event occurring? Right? So,

313
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,080
Speaker 1: assuming that your planet had a nice position with a son, right,

314
00:16:50,360 --> 00:16:52,320
Speaker 1: I'm not talking about the Earth, but a planet, and

315
00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:55,640
Speaker 1: you had everything sort of in place. The idea is

316
00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:58,400
Speaker 1: that any one of these dust clouds out there could

317
00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:00,960
Speaker 1: give you the material to create life on one of

318
00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:03,720
Speaker 1: those planets, if it has the correct conditions to support it.

319
00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:07,119
Speaker 1: We come from a carbon based bias, so that's a

320
00:17:07,119 --> 00:17:11,200
Speaker 1: whole other issue. Okay, So we should know more about this,

321
00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,280
Speaker 1: I would say probably within the next decade. There's the

322
00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:20,080
Speaker 1: Atacama Large Millimeter sub Millimeter Array that's short ALMA in Chile,

323
00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,840
Speaker 1: and that's a network of sixties six radio dishes that

324
00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,640
Speaker 1: will provide unprecedented resolution and sensitivity when it becomes fully

325
00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:32,040
Speaker 1: operational later this year. There are two space based infrared observatories.

326
00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:36,280
Speaker 1: There's the European Space Agencies Herschel Space Observatory and NASA's

327
00:17:36,359 --> 00:17:41,000
Speaker 1: James Webb Telescope scheduled to launch in So that should

328
00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:44,720
Speaker 1: allow astronomers a better way to peer into these nebula

329
00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:47,159
Speaker 1: and try to figure out what's going on. Yeah, especially

330
00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:50,119
Speaker 1: the gold Schlager nebula. Very interested. You want that you

331
00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:52,080
Speaker 1: have that little smile in your face on newcent was

332
00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:56,919
Speaker 1: coming up there but these radicals that we were discovered,

333
00:17:57,040 --> 00:18:00,080
Speaker 1: just to see how those little dudes are actually acting

334
00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,560
Speaker 1: out the ability to like take a much closer look

335
00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:05,760
Speaker 1: at this and get closer to this answer about how

336
00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:08,440
Speaker 1: life came to be here on earth. Pretty cool. Yeah,

337
00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:10,800
Speaker 1: mind blowing stuff to be sure. All right, Well, let's

338
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,560
Speaker 1: call over the robot and see what kind of listener

339
00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:17,600
Speaker 1: mail we have for today. Here's one from Andy Andy

340
00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:20,040
Speaker 1: Writson and says, Hi, Robert and Julie, and he's responding

341
00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:22,640
Speaker 1: to our Lucid Dreaming episode, which we've received a ton

342
00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:25,400
Speaker 1: of comments from. And he says, I wanted to tell

343
00:18:25,440 --> 00:18:27,560
Speaker 1: you that the night after I listened to the episode

344
00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:30,840
Speaker 1: about Lucid Dreaming, I did, in fact Lucid dream It

345
00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:33,160
Speaker 1: was a fantastic moment for me, since I've always been

346
00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:36,280
Speaker 1: utterly fascinated by Lucid dreaming, but it never seriously attempted

347
00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:39,320
Speaker 1: any technique. In the dream, I realized I was dreaming

348
00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:42,320
Speaker 1: and had to concentrate to not wake up. I told

349
00:18:42,359 --> 00:18:44,840
Speaker 1: my friend in the dream that this was a dream,

350
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:47,480
Speaker 1: and then demonstrated by making a little red ball appear

351
00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:50,840
Speaker 1: and disappear in my hand. I don't remember what happened afterwards,

352
00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:53,440
Speaker 1: but it was still a fantastic feeling. I'm gonna credit

353
00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:56,760
Speaker 1: you guys for that, so thanks all the best. Andy, Well,

354
00:18:56,760 --> 00:18:58,960
Speaker 1: that is awesome. I still have not lucid dreamed my

355
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:01,080
Speaker 1: knowledge that I can remain member, and it didn't occur

356
00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:03,800
Speaker 1: after we did the podcast either. So the idea that

357
00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:07,440
Speaker 1: we could cover this topic and maybe grease the wheels

358
00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:09,800
Speaker 1: a little for someone else to experience lucid dreaming, I

359
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:12,280
Speaker 1: think that's awesome. Yeah, we have gotten so many cool

360
00:19:12,359 --> 00:19:15,200
Speaker 1: Lucid dreaming emails, a lot of them having to deal

361
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,880
Speaker 1: with flying and how to control I mean for someone

362
00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,040
Speaker 1: who lucid dreams like myself. I've just been like wow

363
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:22,840
Speaker 1: that there's so many different issues that are being brought

364
00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:25,240
Speaker 1: up that we'd probably do separate podcasts on I don't

365
00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:29,240
Speaker 1: know that people would want exclusively a podcast about flying

366
00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:32,280
Speaker 1: and lucid dreams, but it's it's pretty fascinating stuff. And

367
00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:34,680
Speaker 1: then here's another one from Debbie. Debbie writes them about

368
00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:37,200
Speaker 1: lucid dreaming and she says, Hi, Robert Knejulye, first off,

369
00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:39,720
Speaker 1: I love your podcast. Being a psych undergrad, I really

370
00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:41,840
Speaker 1: get a kick out of all the brain related podcasts.

371
00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:44,679
Speaker 1: So Thanks for being so entertaining. Second, I just listened

372
00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:47,600
Speaker 1: to Lucid Dreaming podcasts and that was great. It brought

373
00:19:47,680 --> 00:19:49,679
Speaker 1: up a question that I've never really thought of before.

374
00:19:50,359 --> 00:19:52,520
Speaker 1: While researchers are still pretty up in the air to

375
00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:55,200
Speaker 1: the exact purpose of dreaming, there has been some pretty

376
00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:58,080
Speaker 1: interesting studies that suggests that it may be a way

377
00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,080
Speaker 1: to consolidate our daily activities and help to either build

378
00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:04,439
Speaker 1: memories both somatic and century, and or to deal with

379
00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:08,080
Speaker 1: emotional distress strain. We discussed this in a in an episode.

380
00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:11,320
Speaker 1: I just wondered if all these lucid dreaming advocates who

381
00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:14,359
Speaker 1: want us to stop wasting our dream time by using

382
00:20:14,359 --> 00:20:18,200
Speaker 1: it for virtual reality entertainment could lead to us losing

383
00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:22,000
Speaker 1: something that we need and use to help our memories consolidate.

384
00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:24,479
Speaker 1: Just an idea that popped into my head while listening.

385
00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:26,760
Speaker 1: It made me think of the scene from Donnie Darko

386
00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:29,760
Speaker 1: where Donnie and Gretchen present the glasses that show a

387
00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:33,520
Speaker 1: baby beautiful pictures when they sleep so they aren't exposed

388
00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:36,080
Speaker 1: to darkness, to which the teacher asked them if they

389
00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:39,359
Speaker 1: don't think the darkness is there for a reason. Thanks

390
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:42,120
Speaker 1: again for the total brain trip. Of a podcast, keep

391
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:44,479
Speaker 1: up the great work, guys, and Debby, by the way,

392
00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:47,240
Speaker 1: is one of our many Australian listeners, so that's pretty awesome.

393
00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,600
Speaker 1: And finally a little bit of listener mail related to

394
00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,639
Speaker 1: one of the episodes we did about toilets and uh,

395
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:55,720
Speaker 1: toilets of the future. Yeah, toilets of the future, I believe,

396
00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,200
Speaker 1: and we were able to participate in a mystery here,

397
00:20:58,640 --> 00:21:00,840
Speaker 1: so him who's also from Australia, another one of our

398
00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:03,320
Speaker 1: awesome Australian listeners, Wrightson and says, Dear Robert and Julie,

399
00:21:03,359 --> 00:21:05,679
Speaker 1: I just finished listening to your podcast about toilets, and

400
00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:07,840
Speaker 1: i'd like to thank you both for answering a toilet

401
00:21:07,880 --> 00:21:10,800
Speaker 1: related mystery that I have been carrying around with me

402
00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:14,000
Speaker 1: for fifteen years. I used to work at a place

403
00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:17,200
Speaker 1: where a half a dozen males shared one bathroom cubicle,

404
00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:20,520
Speaker 1: always a tough situation. There was one particular work colleague

405
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:23,159
Speaker 1: that would leave behind shoeprints on the toilet seat and

406
00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:25,959
Speaker 1: I could never work out whine. My theory at the

407
00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:28,280
Speaker 1: time was that he was smoking in the cubicle and

408
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:31,680
Speaker 1: standing on the seat to surreptitiously blow the smoke out

409
00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:34,199
Speaker 1: of an air evant. However, I was never satisfied with

410
00:21:34,240 --> 00:21:37,600
Speaker 1: this theory, as the prince consistently faced away from the

411
00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:40,399
Speaker 1: cistern in the opposite direction of the air pant. Having

412
00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:43,760
Speaker 1: listened to your podcast and remembering my colleague was Vietnamese,

413
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,520
Speaker 1: it now occurred to me that he was probably squatting

414
00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:50,600
Speaker 1: on the top of the bowl. Mental case closed, Tim Australia.

415
00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:53,840
Speaker 1: I love that. That's great that we helped solve a mystery,

416
00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:57,040
Speaker 1: and also I do love the idea of squat toileting.

417
00:21:57,160 --> 00:21:58,920
Speaker 1: I think we yeah, yeah, I don't know that we

418
00:21:58,960 --> 00:22:00,440
Speaker 1: did a whole punk us on that, but you talked

419
00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,040
Speaker 1: about how in the West we're pretty much doing it wrong. Yeah,

420
00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:05,240
Speaker 1: there's not a lot of innovation going into toilets. We

421
00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:06,840
Speaker 1: kind of got to a certain point. We have this

422
00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:10,000
Speaker 1: elaborate throne that we sit on that makes no sense

423
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:14,400
Speaker 1: from an evolutionary standpoint, and we're like, it works good enough.

424
00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:17,040
Speaker 1: We'll tinker with water management later on. But for the

425
00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:20,080
Speaker 1: most part, this is good. But in many other cultures

426
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,159
Speaker 1: they're still very much in a squat based system where

427
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:25,600
Speaker 1: they're they're squatting and you know, if your boys are

428
00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:27,720
Speaker 1: pushing it on your gut, which is supposedly giving you

429
00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:31,080
Speaker 1: more support. There's less straining, and they think medical problems

430
00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:33,440
Speaker 1: that result from the way we sit on the phone

431
00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:36,720
Speaker 1: in the West because there is straining. So yeah, it

432
00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:39,640
Speaker 1: makes more sense to do the squat squad and that's

433
00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:42,680
Speaker 1: why you see some very very low billets in many

434
00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:45,639
Speaker 1: Eastern countries. There are also some seats that we I

435
00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:48,000
Speaker 1: think we discussed in this podcast where it's like a

436
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,959
Speaker 1: Western South toilet seat, but with optional foot rests. Right,

437
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:53,480
Speaker 1: you can get a platform. This I think is so great.

438
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,639
Speaker 1: Didn't you say you tried to introduce this to I

439
00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:57,879
Speaker 1: really like. I sent this article to my family and I

440
00:22:57,840 --> 00:23:00,520
Speaker 1: I was like, this is that we ever everbody needs

441
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:04,400
Speaker 1: to get a platform on them tolilet and got crickets back.

442
00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:07,440
Speaker 1: We bought into it. One day it'll come and then

443
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:10,040
Speaker 1: they'll all be saying, oh, we should have listened to Juli. Yeah, well,

444
00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:11,920
Speaker 1: maybe I should leave the charge by actually getting a

445
00:23:11,960 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: platform on It's a good idea. I could try it out.

446
00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:17,159
Speaker 1: So there you have it. If you would like to

447
00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:18,679
Speaker 1: reach out to us and let us know what you

448
00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:21,760
Speaker 1: think about this or any other topic, we'd love to

449
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,080
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, where

450
00:23:24,119 --> 00:23:25,760
Speaker 1: we are Stuff to Blow Your Mind. You can find

451
00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:28,080
Speaker 1: us on Twitter, where our handblet was blow the Mind.

452
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:31,200
Speaker 1: Check out our video series Stuff to Blow your Kid's

453
00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:35,040
Speaker 1: Mind ten episodes video great stuff. It's aimed at kids

454
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:38,720
Speaker 1: and parents and anybody. Cats probably gonna kick out of it. Colorful,

455
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:40,760
Speaker 1: lots of crazy stuff happens. But there's also ways Stuff

456
00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:43,399
Speaker 1: to Blow your Mind. Photo contest that you should definitely

457
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,000
Speaker 1: enter if you have a photo you've taken and it

458
00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:49,520
Speaker 1: looks particularly crazy, it's awesome, it's scary, it's gross, whatever,

459
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:54,160
Speaker 1: upload it, vote on other people's photos. There's a reason

460
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,119
Speaker 1: to do this, yeah, because if you meet the requirements,

461
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:59,639
Speaker 1: you could potentially win an iPad. I mean, other than

462
00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:02,479
Speaker 1: just doing because it's cool, it's also cool, all right,

463
00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:04,680
Speaker 1: So if you have anything on your mind, please do

464
00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,960
Speaker 1: send us an email at blow the Mind at Discovery

465
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:15,200
Speaker 1: dot com. For more on this and thousands of other topics,

466
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:20,639
Speaker 1: Is it how staff works dot com