1
00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:06,239
Speaker 1: Bloomberg. BusinessWeek's national political correspondent Joshua Green went to Nashville,

2
00:00:06,280 --> 00:00:12,240
Speaker 1: Tennessee recently to report on a power struggle that's happening there. Republicans,

3
00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:15,360
Speaker 1: who have a super majority in the state legislature are

4
00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:19,840
Speaker 1: moving to strip authority from Democratic led Nashville and give

5
00:00:19,920 --> 00:00:24,639
Speaker 1: it to themselves. And it's not just Tennessee. In Republican

6
00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:28,639
Speaker 1: led states around the country, politicians are seeking to impose

7
00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:32,440
Speaker 1: their political will on left leaning cities and remove their

8
00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:36,640
Speaker 1: power to decide on everything from police violence to street names.

9
00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:40,560
Speaker 2: The old courtesies that used to allow both parties to

10
00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:44,400
Speaker 2: kind of govern in harmony, especially urban cities and red states,

11
00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:47,280
Speaker 2: have really just vanished. In the age of Donald Trump.

12
00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:49,720
Speaker 2: Every fight is a battle to the death.

13
00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,520
Speaker 1: I'm west Kosova today on the big take Red States

14
00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:10,959
Speaker 1: stage a hostile takeover of blue cities. Josh like a

15
00:01:10,959 --> 00:01:13,760
Speaker 1: lot of Americans, you went to Nashville this summer, But

16
00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:16,039
Speaker 1: you didn't go for the hot chicken and good music,

17
00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:16,360
Speaker 1: did you.

18
00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:21,240
Speaker 2: Well, not entirely for the hot chicken good music. I

19
00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:24,319
Speaker 2: picked Nashville because I was writing a feature story for

20
00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:28,520
Speaker 2: BusinessWeek's New Cities issue, and I was looking at the

21
00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:34,959
Speaker 2: fairly recent trend of red state Republican governments imposing their

22
00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:37,720
Speaker 2: will on blue cities within their border, and Tennessee and

23
00:01:37,840 --> 00:01:41,479
Speaker 2: Nashville are sort of the leading example of this trend

24
00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:45,679
Speaker 2: that's really swept the country over the last five ten years,

25
00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:47,600
Speaker 2: but especially since the Trump years.

26
00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:50,560
Speaker 1: It's been happening, like you say, all around the country,

27
00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:53,600
Speaker 1: but Nashville seems to have a whole lot of different

28
00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:54,520
Speaker 1: things happening at once.

29
00:01:55,360 --> 00:01:59,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, Tennessee has a long political tradition of

30
00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:04,760
Speaker 2: minting these kind of moderate Republican figures who became national characters,

31
00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:09,760
Speaker 2: people like Lamar Alexander or Howard Baker. And the state

32
00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:14,640
Speaker 2: was known for its bipartisan political consensus, for really managing

33
00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:17,959
Speaker 2: to function and to function well whether a Republican was

34
00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:21,359
Speaker 2: a governor or a Democrat was a governor. And Nationville

35
00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:23,880
Speaker 2: has always been the economic engine of the state, so

36
00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:27,680
Speaker 2: it seemed to be where kind of Northern Yankees and

37
00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:31,799
Speaker 2: Southern Conservatives could all kind of get together and function effectively.

38
00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:34,720
Speaker 2: But over like the last five or ten years, that

39
00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:39,880
Speaker 2: really broke down, and it happened mainly because we really

40
00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:43,440
Speaker 2: don't have any more these kind of pockets of localized

41
00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:46,440
Speaker 2: politics that can have a different political culture than the

42
00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:50,919
Speaker 2: national political culture. What's happened is that all politics has

43
00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:54,880
Speaker 2: become nationalized, and that has completely upended political life in

44
00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:58,079
Speaker 2: Tennessee and in particular in Nashville.

45
00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:00,560
Speaker 1: So Josh wakas through some of the things that have

46
00:03:00,639 --> 00:03:02,399
Speaker 1: been happening in Tennessee recently.

47
00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:06,560
Speaker 2: So the way I think of it as until fairly recently, Republicans,

48
00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:09,600
Speaker 2: for whom small government and personal freedom is supposed to

49
00:03:09,639 --> 00:03:13,440
Speaker 2: be a foundational belief, tended to pretty much let cities

50
00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:16,799
Speaker 2: run themselves in Tennessee and elsewhere. And yet what happened

51
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:18,880
Speaker 2: in Tennessee over the last decade or so is that

52
00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:22,720
Speaker 2: it's turned deeply deeply read. Republicans first won control of

53
00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:26,360
Speaker 2: the legislature, then they won a super majority in the legislature,

54
00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:29,320
Speaker 2: and they really didn't need to cooperate with Democrats anymore.

55
00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:33,400
Speaker 2: And at the same time, national politics was polarizing, and

56
00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:36,280
Speaker 2: they stopped deferring to city leaders. And the most famous

57
00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:39,360
Speaker 2: example recently that I think most listeners will know about

58
00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:43,720
Speaker 2: is that earlier this year, the Republican state legislature expelled

59
00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,080
Speaker 2: two black Tennessee Democrats from the state House for protesting

60
00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:50,520
Speaker 2: gun violence Reupblicans had accused Jones and Pearson of disorderly

61
00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:54,360
Speaker 2: behavior after leading protesters onto the House floor, bringing proceedings

62
00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,720
Speaker 2: to a halt, with both men using a bullhorn.

63
00:03:56,960 --> 00:03:59,840
Speaker 3: Some Republicans compared the moment to January.

64
00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:03,640
Speaker 2: Sixth, didn't expel a third white Democrat who was also protesting,

65
00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:06,520
Speaker 2: And it became this national issue because it's sort of

66
00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:10,840
Speaker 2: all at once brought in race, gun violence, political power,

67
00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:14,840
Speaker 2: personal freedom, all these sorts of things that both parties

68
00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:16,680
Speaker 2: are sort of fighting about on a national level all

69
00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:18,680
Speaker 2: the time. But in Nashville that was really just the

70
00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:21,599
Speaker 2: tip of the iceberg. I went down and spoke to

71
00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,560
Speaker 2: the woman who was in charge of a citizen led

72
00:04:24,680 --> 00:04:28,720
Speaker 2: police oversight board that had been brought into being by

73
00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:32,760
Speaker 2: a ballot referendum to try and curb the number of

74
00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:36,640
Speaker 2: police shootings, especially white police officers shooting black men, and

75
00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:39,320
Speaker 2: Nashville had responded to this, the citizens had by creating

76
00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:43,120
Speaker 2: this oversight board that was working collaboratively with the police.

77
00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:46,880
Speaker 2: It seemed to be a positive step toward reform until

78
00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:50,560
Speaker 2: earlier this year, when the Republican legislature stepped in and

79
00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:54,120
Speaker 2: passed a bill abolishing all police oversight Boards, which was

80
00:04:54,200 --> 00:04:58,200
Speaker 2: quickly signed into law by the Republican governors, an interesting

81
00:04:58,279 --> 00:05:00,880
Speaker 2: change after fifty eight percent of National b voters approved

82
00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:02,480
Speaker 2: the board to begin within twenty eighteen.

83
00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:05,000
Speaker 3: Director of the current board says that the new law

84
00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:09,240
Speaker 3: will completely and drastically change police accountability in the city.

85
00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:11,359
Speaker 3: So that added fuel to the fire.

86
00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:14,000
Speaker 2: And at the same time, Republicans have done things like

87
00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:16,680
Speaker 2: seize control of the Nashville Airport Authority.

88
00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:20,200
Speaker 1: The takeover scheduled to take effect July first. Metro officials

89
00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:21,720
Speaker 1: are now asking a judge to block in.

90
00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,839
Speaker 3: They claim it violates the state Constitution's home rule and

91
00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:26,160
Speaker 3: equal protection clauses.

92
00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:28,960
Speaker 2: They're trying to take control of the football stadium.

93
00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:31,560
Speaker 4: The mayor would only be allowed to select three of

94
00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:34,200
Speaker 4: those boards members. The state would be able to choose

95
00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:35,160
Speaker 4: the remaining ten.

96
00:05:35,640 --> 00:05:38,480
Speaker 2: It's even gotten down to the level of renaming the

97
00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:44,560
Speaker 2: streets in Nashville. Democrats had named a street after John Lewis,

98
00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:47,839
Speaker 2: the late Democratic civil rights icon, which a pair of

99
00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:51,400
Speaker 2: Republican legislators had tried to rename that street President Donald

100
00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:54,560
Speaker 2: Trump Boulevard. So it just goes to show you the

101
00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:59,839
Speaker 2: level of pettiness and bickering that has consumed Nashville's politics.

102
00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:05,000
Speaker 1: And Josh, one of the people who figures prominently in

103
00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,080
Speaker 1: your reporting is Nashville's Democratic mayor, who's really struggling with this.

104
00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:09,880
Speaker 3: Yeah.

105
00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:12,120
Speaker 2: So I spent the day in Nashville with John Cooper,

106
00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:15,480
Speaker 2: who's the Democratic mayor of the city and was elected

107
00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:18,719
Speaker 2: in twenty nineteen as a former real estate developer with

108
00:06:18,760 --> 00:06:21,599
Speaker 2: an NBA from Vanderbilt who ran as a kind of

109
00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,719
Speaker 2: practical business minded Democrat who was really focused on fiscal

110
00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:29,240
Speaker 2: responsibility and economic growth and was trying to appeal to

111
00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:33,400
Speaker 2: voters in both parties. By some measures, he's succeeded. The

112
00:06:33,400 --> 00:06:37,520
Speaker 2: city's economy is absolutely booming. It's one of the few

113
00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:41,520
Speaker 2: city economies that's recovered from COVID fully and gone on

114
00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:44,080
Speaker 2: to grow from there. When I was in town, Taylor

115
00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:46,279
Speaker 2: Swift had just come through, and kind of Cooper pointed

116
00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:47,920
Speaker 2: out to me, you know, in most cities, a Taylor

117
00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:52,599
Speaker 2: Swift concert is this huge economic stimulus, but Nashville is

118
00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:55,240
Speaker 2: now getting so much tourism that they get that sort

119
00:06:55,279 --> 00:06:58,039
Speaker 2: of thing practically every night. And there were literally, you know,

120
00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:01,760
Speaker 2: cranes rising all over the city and tourists in for

121
00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:06,440
Speaker 2: music concerts. And party buses driving around everywhere. I mean,

122
00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:08,960
Speaker 2: it was really a fun, exciting place to be. And

123
00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:12,120
Speaker 2: yet Cooper's term has been marked by this kind of

124
00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:16,920
Speaker 2: partisan fighting over everything from COVID mask mandates and shutdowns

125
00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:19,400
Speaker 2: to the gun violence that's really become a problem in

126
00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,800
Speaker 2: Nashville over the last couple of years. And even though

127
00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:25,600
Speaker 2: Cooper's a popular mayor and probably would have had a

128
00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:28,120
Speaker 2: cake walk to a second term, he announced earlier this

129
00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:29,360
Speaker 2: year that he's not going to run.

130
00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:31,920
Speaker 1: Again, and that was just because he didn't want to

131
00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:33,840
Speaker 1: deal with this endless bickering.

132
00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:35,040
Speaker 3: You know.

133
00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:37,560
Speaker 2: His public line was that he kind of accomplished what

134
00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:39,160
Speaker 2: he'd set out to accomplish.

135
00:07:39,320 --> 00:07:40,400
Speaker 3: He helped pass with.

136
00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:43,320
Speaker 2: A Republican support, a new two billion dollars stadium for

137
00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:47,400
Speaker 2: the Tennessee Titans football team, which is going to revitalize

138
00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:49,120
Speaker 2: Nashville's East Bank neighborhood.

139
00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:52,200
Speaker 3: So that's the kind of crown jewel of his mayoral term.

140
00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:54,360
Speaker 2: But yeah, it was clear that this kind of partisan

141
00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:58,440
Speaker 2: fighting had just completely worn him down. He comes from

142
00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:02,120
Speaker 2: a family with a long democratic lineage. His father, Prentice Cooper,

143
00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:06,040
Speaker 2: was actually the governor of Tennessee back in the nineteen forties,

144
00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,600
Speaker 2: and so Cooper himself comes from this tradition of kind

145
00:08:09,640 --> 00:08:14,840
Speaker 2: of bipartisan cooperation that essentially vanished during the four years

146
00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:16,400
Speaker 2: that he was mayor, and.

147
00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,520
Speaker 1: In fact, his older brother kind of fell victim to

148
00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:21,520
Speaker 1: similar partisan politics.

149
00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:24,120
Speaker 2: Part of the trend that I'm writing about isn't just

150
00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:26,920
Speaker 2: coming and kind of fighting over laws or trying to

151
00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:30,800
Speaker 2: impose political culture red political culture on blue cities. It's

152
00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:35,480
Speaker 2: really gotten the level of Republicans trying to destroy democratic

153
00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:39,480
Speaker 2: political power wherever and however they can. The greatest example

154
00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:42,680
Speaker 2: of this in Nashville is actually John Cooper's brother, Jim Cooper,

155
00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:47,880
Speaker 2: who is the longtime Democratic congressional representative for Tennessee. And

156
00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:51,040
Speaker 2: Jim Cooper was a blue dog Democrat, which is sort

157
00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:53,280
Speaker 2: of a term that's faded a little bit, but what

158
00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:55,520
Speaker 2: it meant was that they were a kind of a centrist,

159
00:08:55,720 --> 00:09:00,640
Speaker 2: pro business, culturally conservative Democrat, you know, exactly the Democrat

160
00:09:00,679 --> 00:09:02,320
Speaker 2: that used to be able to get elected in the

161
00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:05,200
Speaker 2: South but has pretty much been replaced by Republicans. At

162
00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:09,000
Speaker 2: this point, Jim Cooper told me, you know, he'd had

163
00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:11,560
Speaker 2: a deal with the state Republicans. Basically they thought that

164
00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:14,520
Speaker 2: he was a productive guy a guy they could work with.

165
00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:19,839
Speaker 2: And so for twenty years, when Republicans drew the congressional lines,

166
00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,200
Speaker 2: they always drew a congressional district for Nashville, and Cooper

167
00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:27,720
Speaker 2: was the guy who represented Nashville. Earlier this year, Republicans decided,

168
00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:28,920
Speaker 2: we're not going to do that anymore.

169
00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:29,480
Speaker 3: We're not going to.

170
00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:33,280
Speaker 2: Allow that, and they broke up his district and spread

171
00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:37,600
Speaker 2: its populous among three Republican districts, and essentially Jerry mannered

172
00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:40,240
Speaker 2: him out of a seat. So Cooper is now forcibly

173
00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:44,120
Speaker 2: retired by Republicans. And so what you have now is Nashville,

174
00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:49,360
Speaker 2: which is a multicultural, multi racial city, heavily democratic. I

175
00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:52,079
Speaker 2: think it voted for Joe Biden over Donald Trump about

176
00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:55,080
Speaker 2: sixty five percent to thirty five percent the twenty twenty election,

177
00:09:55,679 --> 00:10:00,160
Speaker 2: is now represented by three different conservative Republicans in Congress. Yes,

178
00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:03,439
Speaker 2: as Jim Cooper put it to me, these Republicans want

179
00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:06,559
Speaker 2: to impose their alien culture on the city. And I

180
00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,720
Speaker 2: think that's pretty much what's happening in Nashville and other places.

181
00:10:10,679 --> 00:10:14,160
Speaker 1: After the break other democratic cities feel the wrath of

182
00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:27,320
Speaker 1: Republican lawmakers. Josh, why did Republicans break up? What you

183
00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:31,320
Speaker 1: call this gentleman's agreement to have a democratic city have

184
00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:33,440
Speaker 1: a democratic congressional district.

185
00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:35,920
Speaker 3: I think the shortage is that they broke it up

186
00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:36,720
Speaker 3: because they could.

187
00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:39,960
Speaker 2: And one of the by products of this kind of

188
00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:44,520
Speaker 2: nationalization of politics is that the old courtesies that used

189
00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:47,319
Speaker 2: to allow both parties to kind of govern in harmony,

190
00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:51,360
Speaker 2: especially urban cities and red states, have really just vanished.

191
00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:53,960
Speaker 2: In the age of Donald Trump, every fight is a

192
00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:57,559
Speaker 2: battle to the death. And so Republicans realized they have

193
00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:00,880
Speaker 2: a super majority in the state legislature. If they wanted to,

194
00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:04,400
Speaker 2: they could gerrymander out this democratic district, even if it

195
00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,280
Speaker 2: meant ejecting a long time centrist congressmen who had very

196
00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:10,559
Speaker 2: good reputation, who they worked with for decades.

197
00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:11,920
Speaker 3: And so they went ahead and did that.

198
00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:14,800
Speaker 2: And it's the kind of political power play that we're

199
00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:17,720
Speaker 2: seeing in states across the country where you have these

200
00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,800
Speaker 2: red state legislatures, and in fairness, in some states where

201
00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:24,480
Speaker 2: you have blue legislatures, they're breaking up Republican districts, and

202
00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:27,800
Speaker 2: so everything has become this power struggle. Who can seize

203
00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:31,280
Speaker 2: the most political power for themselves and prevent their opponents

204
00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:33,640
Speaker 2: from having it. That's been the focus rather than the

205
00:11:33,720 --> 00:11:36,720
Speaker 2: kind of harmonious governance that you would have seen a

206
00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,160
Speaker 2: decade ago, two decades ago, that sort of thing, not

207
00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:41,200
Speaker 2: that the party has always agreed on everything, but that

208
00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:44,800
Speaker 2: there was a certain amount of deference to allow Democrats

209
00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:48,280
Speaker 2: to govern democratic areas and Republicans to govern Republican areas.

210
00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,440
Speaker 1: You mentioned that this isn't only a Republican thing where

211
00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:54,440
Speaker 1: Democrats have all the power. They seem to be doing

212
00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:56,240
Speaker 1: the same sort of thing, there just aren't as many

213
00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:56,800
Speaker 1: of them.

214
00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:59,440
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's absolutely right. I mean, I live in Maryland.

215
00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:04,280
Speaker 2: There's a democratic legislature and they have famously jerrymannered the

216
00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:06,920
Speaker 2: state of Maryland to produce as many Democratic seats and

217
00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:08,679
Speaker 2: as few Republican seats.

218
00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:08,960
Speaker 3: As they can.

219
00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:11,559
Speaker 2: You can also look to a state like California, where

220
00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:15,040
Speaker 2: you have Democrats have the governorship and a supermajority and

221
00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:17,680
Speaker 2: the legislature, and so they can do things like set

222
00:12:17,720 --> 00:12:21,160
Speaker 2: clean air standards or set standards for cars, you know,

223
00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:23,920
Speaker 2: car emissions, that sort of thing that Republicans don't have

224
00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:26,559
Speaker 2: a choice, they have to submit to, and so that

225
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:28,800
Speaker 2: can have an effect not just on the state but

226
00:12:28,920 --> 00:12:31,400
Speaker 2: nationally where car makers don't want to make one set

227
00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:34,120
Speaker 2: of cars for forty nine states and a separate state

228
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,240
Speaker 2: for Democrats. So again you can see the states, whether

229
00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:41,160
Speaker 2: the Democrat or Republicans, becoming the battleground for national politics.

230
00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,160
Speaker 1: So if, as you say, democrats when they have power

231
00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:49,200
Speaker 1: also kind of push their agenda, why are you focusing

232
00:12:49,320 --> 00:12:52,920
Speaker 1: this on Republicans and MAGA and saying that this is

233
00:12:53,240 --> 00:12:56,240
Speaker 1: particularly a big deal when Republicans do it.

234
00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:59,680
Speaker 2: Well, I think it's because the situation that I write

235
00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:03,319
Speaker 2: about with Republicans is that they're going in and stripping

236
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:06,560
Speaker 2: political power from blue cities in a way that we

237
00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:09,319
Speaker 2: just don't see, you know, when democrats control a state.

238
00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:13,760
Speaker 2: Republicans are just being much more aggressive about stripping democratic

239
00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:18,280
Speaker 2: political power than Democrats are about stripping Republican political power,

240
00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:21,280
Speaker 2: just because of the dynamic you see especially across the South,

241
00:13:21,320 --> 00:13:26,000
Speaker 2: where you have these aggressive culture war oriented Republican legislatures

242
00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:31,000
Speaker 2: that see these urban, liberal democratic cities within their midst

243
00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:32,360
Speaker 2: and just say, you know what, we're not going to

244
00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:34,679
Speaker 2: let this happen. We have the power to strip this away,

245
00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:36,520
Speaker 2: and so we're going to reach in and take away

246
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,840
Speaker 2: political power from cities like Nashville. There just really isn't

247
00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:43,240
Speaker 2: an equivalent on the other side, where democratic legislatures are

248
00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:46,920
Speaker 2: trying to strip power from big conservative cities, because they

249
00:13:46,960 --> 00:13:49,520
Speaker 2: really aren't big conservative cities in America. Cities tend to

250
00:13:49,559 --> 00:13:52,000
Speaker 2: be urban, liberal and democratic, even in the South.

251
00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:55,400
Speaker 1: Do we see anything similar where democrats are imposing their

252
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:59,199
Speaker 1: will on rural or suburban areas where there are more Republicans.

253
00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:01,240
Speaker 3: Yeah, we can definitely see.

254
00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:05,120
Speaker 2: Blue states can set their own laws that rural states

255
00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:09,120
Speaker 2: have to abide with, whether it's omissions, or it could

256
00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:13,400
Speaker 2: be a state minimum wage law, it could be mandatory

257
00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:18,000
Speaker 2: paid leave for workers. Really anything a state legislature wants

258
00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:21,800
Speaker 2: to pass and impose. Cities, whether they're big urban ones

259
00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:24,800
Speaker 2: or small rural ones, really don't have the ability to

260
00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:26,120
Speaker 2: resist if they want to.

261
00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:29,360
Speaker 1: And in your piece, you actually write about a lot

262
00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:31,440
Speaker 1: of the other places around the country where we're seeing

263
00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:34,920
Speaker 1: battles that are similar to the ones you describe in Nashville.

264
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:39,640
Speaker 2: Yeah, this is happening everywhere across the country, especially though

265
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:44,200
Speaker 2: in conservative Deep South states where you have a combination

266
00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:48,320
Speaker 2: of a republican legislature, often with a super majority status.

267
00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:51,520
Speaker 2: So you have states like Texas where they have a

268
00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:55,880
Speaker 2: very conservative governor and legislature. They recently passed a built

269
00:14:56,000 --> 00:15:00,120
Speaker 2: overriding city measures in Austin and Dallas that had guaranteed

270
00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:01,400
Speaker 2: water breaks.

271
00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:02,280
Speaker 3: For construction workers.

272
00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:06,320
Speaker 2: And remember this is Texas searingly hot climate. But because

273
00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:09,680
Speaker 2: this was a local ordinance and state Republicans wanted to

274
00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:12,600
Speaker 2: override it, they did away with that and many other ones.

275
00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:14,920
Speaker 4: All of this part of a new bill which empowers

276
00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:18,880
Speaker 4: the state to override local governments in certain circumstances. Critics

277
00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:21,800
Speaker 4: call this an overach, but supporter say this will make

278
00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:23,880
Speaker 4: it easier to do business in that state.

279
00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:27,440
Speaker 2: The bill was all encompassing that it's referred to as

280
00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:30,760
Speaker 2: the death Star Bill because state Republicans kind of zapped

281
00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:34,560
Speaker 2: out these local democratic ordinances just about everywhere, whether the

282
00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:39,080
Speaker 2: issue is water breaks for construction workers or a minimum

283
00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,280
Speaker 2: wage law or whatever it is. It was this sort

284
00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:46,200
Speaker 2: of aggressive assertion of states rights to control cities.

285
00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:50,600
Speaker 1: You also read about what's happening in Kansas City and Missouri.

286
00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:54,360
Speaker 2: Often there is like a racial and a policing vector.

287
00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,120
Speaker 2: I mean, if you think about the issues that they

288
00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:58,800
Speaker 2: kind of most animate the political culture wars. This is

289
00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:01,240
Speaker 2: where these laws tend to fe So you know in

290
00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:05,200
Speaker 2: Kansas City, where there have been problems with police shootings.

291
00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:09,160
Speaker 2: In Missouri, Republicans forced Kansas City to increase spending on

292
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,800
Speaker 2: policing and have also been trying to take over control

293
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:16,520
Speaker 2: of police oversight in Saint Louis, which voters a decade

294
00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:20,000
Speaker 2: ago actually handed to Saint Louis City leaders. Now Republicans

295
00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:23,240
Speaker 2: are trying to take that back. And Mississippi Republicans created

296
00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,000
Speaker 2: a separate police force and court system from a majority

297
00:16:26,040 --> 00:16:29,800
Speaker 2: white part of the heavily black capital city of Jackson,

298
00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:33,280
Speaker 2: which prompted the US Justice Department to file a civil

299
00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:37,320
Speaker 2: rights complaint saying that the move was racially discriminatory because

300
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:43,600
Speaker 2: in effect, heavily white Conservative Party had superseded the political

301
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,600
Speaker 2: authority of a largely black city. And we're seeing these

302
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,320
Speaker 2: sorts of confrontations on race, on gun violence really all

303
00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:53,360
Speaker 2: across the country.

304
00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:56,440
Speaker 1: Josh, you mentioned earlier that this trend was kind of

305
00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:00,280
Speaker 1: magnified in the era of Trump, and yet early on

306
00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:04,359
Speaker 1: in the country, state power really was exercised in this

307
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:05,160
Speaker 1: way a lot more.

308
00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:06,200
Speaker 3: Yeah.

309
00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:08,840
Speaker 2: I mean, in speaking to Jim Cooper, the now deposed

310
00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:11,560
Speaker 2: Nashville congressman, you know, point he made was that our

311
00:17:11,560 --> 00:17:13,760
Speaker 2: country was set up so that cities don't actually have

312
00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:17,120
Speaker 2: legal rights under the Constitution, Like the founders didn't envision

313
00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,840
Speaker 2: that cities would be important political entities, and so as

314
00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:23,560
Speaker 2: a result, the state is by far the most powerful

315
00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:27,520
Speaker 2: political institution when it comes to the Constitution. If states

316
00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:30,640
Speaker 2: want to, they can literally make cities disappear. So what's

317
00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:33,920
Speaker 2: happening now is that Republicans do have the power, maybe

318
00:17:33,960 --> 00:17:36,399
Speaker 2: not to make cities disappear, but to take control of

319
00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,240
Speaker 2: them politically in a way that they hadn't before.

320
00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:42,919
Speaker 1: And how much of this as a product of the

321
00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:47,080
Speaker 1: government in Washington Congress just being completely paralyzed.

322
00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:48,280
Speaker 3: That's a big part of it.

323
00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:51,879
Speaker 2: I mean, talking to Republicans and Democrats, they point out

324
00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:55,440
Speaker 2: that with gridlock at the national level, with there being

325
00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:59,639
Speaker 2: these very small windows where all three branches of government

326
00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,880
Speaker 2: are control by one party, nothing is really happening at

327
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:04,800
Speaker 2: the national level. It's hard to see how it could

328
00:18:04,840 --> 00:18:07,680
Speaker 2: happen at the national level. And so as a result,

329
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,679
Speaker 2: the kind of focal point of the battlefield in democratic

330
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:14,280
Speaker 2: politics has moved down to the state level, where Republicans

331
00:18:14,320 --> 00:18:17,520
Speaker 2: and Democrats in different areas do have enough control to

332
00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:20,520
Speaker 2: pass national policies and so we're seeing this happen more

333
00:18:20,520 --> 00:18:23,399
Speaker 2: and more, and in a sense, it's a return to

334
00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,000
Speaker 2: the way politics used to work in an earlier period

335
00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:29,800
Speaker 2: of American history, where states pretty much governed themselves on

336
00:18:29,840 --> 00:18:33,000
Speaker 2: their own. That only began to change after the nineteen thirties,

337
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:37,600
Speaker 2: when the country was facing different challenges with war, industrial growth,

338
00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:41,600
Speaker 2: the civil rights movement, the kind of necessitated policy making

339
00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:42,640
Speaker 2: at a national level.

340
00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:43,320
Speaker 3: And so we had a.

341
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,120
Speaker 2: Big period where the two parties were able to kind

342
00:18:46,119 --> 00:18:48,480
Speaker 2: of govern at the national level. But what's happened over

343
00:18:48,480 --> 00:18:50,840
Speaker 2: the last ten twenty years is that that power has

344
00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:53,960
Speaker 2: been reduced and we're kind of devolving back to states

345
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,480
Speaker 2: being the petri dishes, the focal points for the big

346
00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:59,520
Speaker 2: fights in American politics.

347
00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:02,720
Speaker 1: When we come back. Is there a way to end

348
00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:15,120
Speaker 1: this standoff? Josh? So, what do people in these cities,

349
00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:19,280
Speaker 1: in cities like Nashville, who see their own power of

350
00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:22,000
Speaker 1: being eroded by politics say about this.

351
00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:24,760
Speaker 3: There's a lot of anger and frustration.

352
00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:26,720
Speaker 2: I mean, the woman in the lead of my piece,

353
00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:29,760
Speaker 2: her name is Jill Fitchard, an African American woman who

354
00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:34,560
Speaker 2: ran the police oversight board that Nashville created, was understandably

355
00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:38,560
Speaker 2: frustrated that the city had put together this oversight reform,

356
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:40,840
Speaker 2: it seemed to be working. They just issued their first

357
00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:44,479
Speaker 2: report with all sorts of suggestions about how the police

358
00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:47,360
Speaker 2: and the city could work better together to reduce these

359
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,000
Speaker 2: police shootings, and in one fell swoop, the Republican Legislature

360
00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:53,399
Speaker 2: came in and sort of abolished it. So there's an

361
00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:57,360
Speaker 2: understandable frustration for people living in these cities that they're

362
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,639
Speaker 2: not being represented in government, that they're essentially powerless, that

363
00:20:00,680 --> 00:20:05,280
Speaker 2: they're kind of vassals of the Republican legislature, and it's

364
00:20:05,359 --> 00:20:08,400
Speaker 2: especially frustrating, I think for John Cooper, the mayor. I mean,

365
00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,680
Speaker 2: Nashville is absolutely the economic engine of Tennessee. It's a

366
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:15,560
Speaker 2: very attractive place for people to live. You know, there's

367
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,280
Speaker 2: low taxes, there's lots of tourism, a million exciting things

368
00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:23,080
Speaker 2: to do, a great food scene. It's attracting transplants from

369
00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:25,080
Speaker 2: all over the country who think this is a neat

370
00:20:25,119 --> 00:20:28,200
Speaker 2: place to live, a lot of creative types, highly educated,

371
00:20:28,560 --> 00:20:32,840
Speaker 2: and Cooper and other people worry that what makes Nashville

372
00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:36,919
Speaker 2: cool is its freedom, it's creative economy, and if it

373
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,359
Speaker 2: instead becomes the site of conservative culture wars where things

374
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:45,080
Speaker 2: like gun violence go unaddressed, or trans people don't feel

375
00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:49,200
Speaker 2: safe or comfortable. Does a software engineer from California come

376
00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:53,080
Speaker 2: to a Nashville that seems hostile to diversity and creative expression?

377
00:20:53,119 --> 00:20:53,879
Speaker 3: Are dangerous?

378
00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:59,520
Speaker 1: Josha's trend seems to be picking up steam. Where do

379
00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:01,640
Speaker 1: you see it heading? Do you think there's a way

380
00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:04,160
Speaker 1: that these kind of political tensions can be lowered?

381
00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:05,480
Speaker 3: You know, that's the.

382
00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:08,879
Speaker 2: Tricky thing, because there's really no breaking mechanism that I

383
00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:11,280
Speaker 2: can see. Right This isn't a product of what's happening

384
00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:13,679
Speaker 2: in Nashville or Tennessee. It's a product of what's happening

385
00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:16,760
Speaker 2: in our politics nationally. So as it becomes you know,

386
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:20,879
Speaker 2: increasingly contentious and fighty and everybody is mad and everything

387
00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,439
Speaker 2: is a fight to the death, that's just simply bleeding

388
00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:26,960
Speaker 2: down to every level of US politics. So until that

389
00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:30,800
Speaker 2: fever starts to break, until the tensions at the national

390
00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:33,879
Speaker 2: level start to diminish a little bit, it's really hard

391
00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:39,000
Speaker 2: to see what would slow this trend or reverse it. Ultimately,

392
00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:41,800
Speaker 2: it's up to political parties, political leaders, and it's up

393
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,840
Speaker 2: to voters. But the tricky thing that locks this trend

394
00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:48,720
Speaker 2: in is that Tennessee is such a republican state that

395
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:53,080
Speaker 2: it's really hard to envision a democratic renaissance that would

396
00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:56,920
Speaker 2: balance political power a little more evenly in Tennessee or

397
00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:01,680
Speaker 2: other states, that would kind of reawaken the bipartisan governing

398
00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:05,600
Speaker 2: consensus that existed at an earlier age before the state

399
00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:07,119
Speaker 2: became so deeply read.

400
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,800
Speaker 1: So we have a big presidential campaign already underway. Do

401
00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:13,720
Speaker 1: you think these sorts of simmery intensions are going to

402
00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:15,679
Speaker 1: be seen in that race? You have a lot of

403
00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:18,720
Speaker 1: these cities that have high populations and a lot of voters.

404
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:20,080
Speaker 3: Yeah. Absolutely.

405
00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:22,480
Speaker 2: I mean you're seeing it already, just in the way

406
00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:25,360
Speaker 2: that the candidates are talking about some of these issues.

407
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:29,800
Speaker 2: Whether it's Ron DeSantis, the Florida governor, firing Democratic prosecutors,

408
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:34,240
Speaker 2: whether it is Republican presidential candidates responding to shootings like

409
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:36,920
Speaker 2: the one in Nashville by saying they don't think there

410
00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:38,440
Speaker 2: needs to be gun reform.

411
00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:40,960
Speaker 3: Whatever the issue, the political.

412
00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:42,719
Speaker 2: Race in twenty twenty four only seems to be kind

413
00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:45,720
Speaker 2: of turning up the heat and the stove. It's already,

414
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:50,520
Speaker 2: in fact intersected with Nashville because Tennessee Republicans had wanted

415
00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:54,240
Speaker 2: the twenty twenty four Republican National Convention to be in Nashville,

416
00:22:54,640 --> 00:22:57,560
Speaker 2: and the Democratic Mayor John Cooper and the city council

417
00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:00,760
Speaker 2: said no. John Cooper and the Metro Council said it

418
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:03,400
Speaker 2: wasn't workable. Both it would be too costly, there were

419
00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:07,160
Speaker 2: security concerns, and so they turned it down, which immediately

420
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,840
Speaker 2: generated an angry backlash for Republicans who had wanted to

421
00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:12,760
Speaker 2: kind of show off their city, their state, and their

422
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,800
Speaker 2: political power by having the Republican Convention be in Nashville.

423
00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:19,640
Speaker 3: Hard to imagine that a national.

424
00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:22,080
Speaker 2: Political race where all of these cultural issues come to

425
00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:25,760
Speaker 2: ahead is going to do anything but exacerbate the trends

426
00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:27,720
Speaker 2: that we're seeing in Nashville and across the country.

427
00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:32,520
Speaker 1: Did you talk to anybody who saw something positive coming

428
00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:32,879
Speaker 1: into this?

429
00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:35,560
Speaker 3: No? You know that was the real downer about this piece.

430
00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:36,960
Speaker 2: Mean, usually when you go out and write one of

431
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,280
Speaker 2: these trend pieces, what you do is try and find

432
00:23:39,320 --> 00:23:40,639
Speaker 2: out at the end, well, you know, how could this

433
00:23:40,680 --> 00:23:41,280
Speaker 2: turn around?

434
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:43,920
Speaker 3: Like what green shoots? Do we see? What positive signs?

435
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:46,840
Speaker 2: What reforms could be made to bring about a sort

436
00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:50,399
Speaker 2: of more positive climate, And whether it was Democrats or Republicans,

437
00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:53,480
Speaker 2: nobody I talked to in Tennessee. Really saw this turning around,

438
00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:56,120
Speaker 2: because it's not, in the end, a product of how

439
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,840
Speaker 2: Nashville is governor who governs it. It's really a product

440
00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,880
Speaker 2: of our national political climate, and that's become more polarized

441
00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,840
Speaker 2: and more intense and angrier. That's just led down to

442
00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:08,440
Speaker 2: places like Nashville, which are now kind of the front

443
00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:10,679
Speaker 2: lines of the culture war that we're seeing happen across

444
00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:11,119
Speaker 2: the country.

445
00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:14,639
Speaker 1: Josh, despite always being the bearer of bad news, I

446
00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:18,439
Speaker 1: was good talking to you. You too, Thanks for listening

447
00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 1: to us here at The Big Take. It's a daily

448
00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:24,200
Speaker 1: podcast from Bloomberg and iHeartRadio. For more shows from iHeartRadio,

449
00:24:24,359 --> 00:24:28,119
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen,

450
00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:31,040
Speaker 1: and we'd love to hear from you. Email us questions

451
00:24:31,119 --> 00:24:34,320
Speaker 1: or comments to Big Take at Bloomberg dot net. The

452
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,720
Speaker 1: supervising producer of The Big Take is Vicky Ergolina. Our

453
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:41,640
Speaker 1: senior producer is Katherine Fink. Our producers are Michael Falero

454
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:46,520
Speaker 1: and Mobarrow. Raphael mciely is our engineer. Our original music

455
00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:50,000
Speaker 1: was composed by Leo Sidrin. I'm west Kasova. We'll be

456
00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:51,960
Speaker 1: back tomorrow with another Big take

457
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:00,080
Speaker 4: And