WEBVTT - Pushkin Goes to the Olympics 0:00:08.360 --> 0:00:19.720 Pushkin. Hello, Hello, Malcolm Glabo. Here here at Pushkin. We 0:00:19.800 --> 0:00:27.240 love the Olympics. One of my strongest childhood memories was 0:00:27.240 --> 0:00:31.560 the nineteen seventy six Olympics in Montreal, my homeland's first 0:00:32.040 --> 0:00:32.880 Olympic Games. 0:00:33.479 --> 0:00:34.160 I was a kid. 0:00:34.600 --> 0:00:37.280 My family didn't have a television, but we rented one 0:00:37.400 --> 0:00:40.760 just for the occasion. Two rabbit ears on top of 0:00:40.800 --> 0:00:43.400 a grainy black and white set. Who put the TV 0:00:43.479 --> 0:00:46.159 in the fireplace because there was no other place for it, 0:00:46.560 --> 0:00:51.960 And I watched everything. The Romanian Nadya Komenitch bewitching the 0:00:52.000 --> 0:00:57.320 world in gymnastics, my running hero John Walker powering away 0:00:57.360 --> 0:00:59.960 around the final curve to win the men's fifteen hundred meters. 0:01:00.680 --> 0:01:05.200 I still get nervous thinking about that race. Lassie Van's 0:01:05.280 --> 0:01:09.199 improbable double in the five thousand meters, and the ten 0:01:09.240 --> 0:01:13.200 thousand meters Alberto want to Rena, Cornelia ender Don Cory, 0:01:13.920 --> 0:01:18.200 and the women's forby one hundred freestyle relay maybe the 0:01:18.280 --> 0:01:20.600 greatest swimming race ever. 0:01:22.520 --> 0:01:22.759 Wow. 0:01:25.080 --> 0:01:27.240 I was a little kid and I fell in love 0:01:27.240 --> 0:01:29.919 with the Olympics, and I've been in love ever since. 0:01:32.120 --> 0:01:34.880 There are just so many good Olympic stories to tell. 0:01:35.200 --> 0:01:38.240 So this summer a bunch of Pushkin shows are giving 0:01:38.240 --> 0:01:41.080 you their unique takes on the games. Over at the 0:01:41.120 --> 0:01:44.440 Happiness Lab, Lorie Santos will be talking with the coach 0:01:44.840 --> 0:01:48.800 who coaches the coaches. Maya Shankar is going deep with 0:01:48.920 --> 0:01:52.640 a whole suite of swimmers talking about their slight change 0:01:52.680 --> 0:01:55.760 of plans. And my colleague bend A daff Haffrey and 0:01:55.800 --> 0:01:58.680 I have done a nine part series about the nineteen 0:01:58.760 --> 0:02:03.720 thirty six Olympics in Berlin, the Nazi Olympics, and today 0:02:03.960 --> 0:02:06.320 I'm sharing a taste of some of my favorite stories 0:02:06.360 --> 0:02:11.200 from Pushkin's Olympic summer. One from Revisionist History, another from 0:02:11.200 --> 0:02:14.160 What's Your Problem, and to kick us all off, a 0:02:14.240 --> 0:02:17.680 story from Tim Harford. Over at Cautionary Tales. 0:02:18.680 --> 0:02:22.280 For sheer myth making about distance running, You can't beat 0:02:22.320 --> 0:02:27.560 the Marathon. After the Greeks unexpectedly smashed an invading Persian 0:02:27.639 --> 0:02:30.960 army at the Battle of Marathon, a chap called Philippides 0:02:31.320 --> 0:02:34.160 ran twenty six miles to Athens with the good news, 0:02:34.520 --> 0:02:40.760 and then, so the story goes, collapsed and died. Thus 0:02:40.800 --> 0:02:44.040 began the legend of the Marathon. This is a race 0:02:44.160 --> 0:02:48.480 so grueling, a challenge so overwhelming, that it could literally 0:02:48.680 --> 0:02:55.040 kill you. Women weren't allowed to compete in the first Olympics, 0:02:55.120 --> 0:02:58.080 let alone in the marathon. If it could kill a man, 0:02:58.520 --> 0:03:01.000 can you imagine what it would do to the fragile 0:03:01.160 --> 0:03:06.640 frame of a woman. The International Olympic Committee were reluctant 0:03:06.639 --> 0:03:09.839 to let women compete in any events at all, and 0:03:09.960 --> 0:03:14.040 when they were finally persuaded to admit female athletes in 0:03:14.200 --> 0:03:18.880 nineteen twenty eight, the longest women's race was eight hundred meters. 0:03:19.639 --> 0:03:24.360 It was a disaster. The newspapers of the day reported 0:03:24.400 --> 0:03:27.919 the disturbing scenes The New York Evening Post. 0:03:28.520 --> 0:03:32.600 Below us on the Cinderpath were eleven wretched women, five 0:03:32.639 --> 0:03:35.720 of whom dropped out before the finish, while five collapsed 0:03:35.800 --> 0:03:40.200 after reaching the tape. The Chicago Tribune added that one 0:03:40.320 --> 0:03:45.760 finisher collapsed into unconsciousness and required medical attention. A press 0:03:45.840 --> 0:03:48.120 syndicate reporter commented it. 0:03:48.160 --> 0:03:51.000 Was not a very edifying spectacle to see a group 0:03:51.040 --> 0:03:54.200 of fine girls running themselves into a state of exhaustion. 0:03:55.120 --> 0:03:59.960 Other writers described the race as a disgrace or dangerous, 0:04:00.680 --> 0:04:04.839 or opined that two hundred meters was surely the maximum 0:04:04.880 --> 0:04:09.520 distance a woman could attempt without premature aging. And damage 0:04:09.560 --> 0:04:16.920 to her reproductive capacity. But this is all, of course nonsense, 0:04:17.760 --> 0:04:21.240 not just the stuff about damage to reproductive capacity, all 0:04:21.279 --> 0:04:23.840 of it. There weren't eleven women in the race. There 0:04:23.839 --> 0:04:28.080 were nine. Not only did the gold medalist Lena Radkebatschawer 0:04:28.240 --> 0:04:31.280 break the world record, but so did the silver and 0:04:31.360 --> 0:04:35.160 bronze medalists and the three women behind them, Which is, 0:04:35.200 --> 0:04:40.520 I suppose what happens when an event doesn't have many precedents. 0:04:40.560 --> 0:04:45.800 Nobody dropped out and nobody needed a doctor, no matter. 0:04:46.680 --> 0:04:51.120 Rather than celebrating the greatest women's middle distance race in history, 0:04:51.520 --> 0:04:55.520 the pundits wrote whatever sensationalized nonsense they felt like writing. 0:04:56.120 --> 0:04:59.880 The International Olympic Committee used the fuss as an excuse 0:05:00.560 --> 0:05:03.359 to keep the women's eight hundred meters out of the 0:05:03.400 --> 0:05:12.599 Olympics for the next three decades. If women couldn't be 0:05:12.640 --> 0:05:16.800 allowed to run eight hundred meters until nineteen sixty, you 0:05:16.880 --> 0:05:20.560 can imagine what the male dominated athletic establishment of the 0:05:20.640 --> 0:05:24.719 nineteen sixties thought of the idea of women running a marathon. 0:05:25.520 --> 0:05:28.920 But there were a few independent, spirited women who liked 0:05:28.960 --> 0:05:32.599 to run. Then, naturally enough, their thoughts turned to that 0:05:33.080 --> 0:05:37.800 iconic distance. One of those women was Katherine Switzer. As 0:05:37.839 --> 0:05:40.520 a girl, she told her father she wanted to be 0:05:40.560 --> 0:05:44.599 a cheerleader. You don't want to be a cheerleader, honey, 0:05:44.640 --> 0:05:49.000 he told her. Cheerleaders cheer for other people. You want 0:05:49.040 --> 0:05:52.560 people to cheer for you. He encouraged her to run 0:05:52.600 --> 0:05:55.400 a mile each day to get fit for sports, and 0:05:55.480 --> 0:05:59.480 she did. She became a journalism student at Syracuse, where 0:05:59.520 --> 0:06:03.200 there were women's sports teams at all, So she asked 0:06:03.200 --> 0:06:06.760 to train with a men's cross country team. Sure, said 0:06:06.760 --> 0:06:09.760 the head coach, and then she heard him laughing with 0:06:09.839 --> 0:06:13.400 the other coaches behind her back. That only made her 0:06:13.480 --> 0:06:19.159 more determined. More encouraging was volunteer coach Arnie Briggs, the 0:06:19.279 --> 0:06:23.440 university mailman and, at fifty years of age, the veteran 0:06:23.520 --> 0:06:27.720 of fifteen Boston Marathons. He was full of stories about 0:06:27.720 --> 0:06:30.159 the classic marathon, which had first been held in the 0:06:30.240 --> 0:06:35.000 late eighteen hundreds, and one December night, on a miserable 0:06:35.080 --> 0:06:39.920 training run through a snowstorm as cars skidded and honked around, 0:06:40.560 --> 0:06:44.799 Catherine had heard one too many of those tales. Let's 0:06:44.920 --> 0:06:47.920 quit talking about the Boston Marathon and run the damn thing. 0:06:48.839 --> 0:06:52.600 No woman can run the Boston marathon. Why not, I'm 0:06:52.680 --> 0:06:57.800 running ten miles a night, Arney relented. No dame ever 0:06:57.880 --> 0:07:00.760 ran the Boston Marathon. If any woman could do it, 0:07:01.080 --> 0:07:03.080 you could, but you'd have to prove it to me. 0:07:03.560 --> 0:07:06.040 If you ran the distance in practice, I'd be the 0:07:06.040 --> 0:07:09.760 first to take you to Boston. Now you're talking, she thought, 0:07:10.520 --> 0:07:13.640 a few months later, and three weeks before the marathon, 0:07:14.080 --> 0:07:18.960 they ran thirty one miles in training. Arnie turned gray 0:07:19.080 --> 0:07:23.680 and passed out, but Catherine was feeling great. The next day, 0:07:23.760 --> 0:07:27.360 at Arne's insistence, she signed up for the race, signing 0:07:27.400 --> 0:07:30.480 her name as she always did, Ka v. 0:07:31.000 --> 0:07:31.520 Switzer. 0:07:35.720 --> 0:07:38.360 She and Arnie checked the rule book. There was nothing 0:07:38.400 --> 0:07:42.240 forbidding women to enter. Arne signed up too, as did 0:07:42.320 --> 0:07:46.720 Catherine's boyfriend, Big Tom Miller, all two hundred and thirty 0:07:46.720 --> 0:07:49.680 five pounds of him. He was a promising hammer thrower, 0:07:49.760 --> 0:07:53.480 had been a serious college football player. And no, he 0:07:53.640 --> 0:07:57.120 wasn't planning on training. He was pretty fit anyway, and 0:07:57.640 --> 0:08:00.240 if a girl can run a marathon, I can run 0:08:00.240 --> 0:08:06.840 a marathon. On Wednesday, April nineteenth, nineteen sixty seven, race day, 0:08:07.440 --> 0:08:11.040 it was snowing. Most of the field were running in tracksuits. 0:08:11.560 --> 0:08:15.800 There were seven hundred and forty one entrance, and Katherine 0:08:15.960 --> 0:08:20.560 pinned her number to her sweatshirt with pride. Kay Switzer 0:08:21.080 --> 0:08:24.080 two to sixty one. From the other runners, she got 0:08:24.080 --> 0:08:28.120 a few looks of surprise, but a warm welcome. Hey, 0:08:28.200 --> 0:08:30.760 you're going to go the whole way. Gosh, it's great 0:08:30.760 --> 0:08:33.000 to see a girl here. Can you give me some 0:08:33.040 --> 0:08:35.360 tips to get my wife to run? She'd love it 0:08:35.400 --> 0:08:39.000 if I could just get her started. Arnie was beaming. 0:08:39.600 --> 0:08:44.679 Big Tom unmissible in his bright orange Syracuse sweatshirt, wasn't 0:08:44.679 --> 0:08:48.120 happy that Katherine was wearing lipstick, which might attract attention. 0:08:49.000 --> 0:08:53.280 Take it off, he said, I shan't, she replied. The 0:08:53.360 --> 0:08:57.360 crowd of runners squeezed closer and closer together as they 0:08:57.400 --> 0:09:03.800 approached the start, and then they were off and feeling great. 0:09:04.360 --> 0:09:16.080 Just four miles later, the fun would stop. Catherine Switzer 0:09:16.200 --> 0:09:19.280 was running with her little group, including coach Arnie and 0:09:19.400 --> 0:09:23.719 boyfriend Big Tom, feeling good and acknowledging the encouragement of 0:09:23.760 --> 0:09:27.319 the other runners. But the four mile mark, the press 0:09:27.400 --> 0:09:31.240 truck pulled alongside the little group to allow photographers a 0:09:31.240 --> 0:09:34.160 good shot of that dame who was running the marathon. 0:09:35.040 --> 0:09:39.120 Then Switzer recalled a man with an overcoat and felt 0:09:39.160 --> 0:09:41.679 hat was there in the middle of the road, shaking 0:09:41.679 --> 0:09:43.880 his finger at me. He said something to me as 0:09:43.880 --> 0:09:46.640 I passed and reached out for my hand, catching my 0:09:46.679 --> 0:09:48.120 glove instead and pulling it off. 0:09:49.280 --> 0:09:49.920 Who was it? 0:09:50.400 --> 0:09:56.080 A protester, a crank, but he was wearing an official's ribbon. 0:09:57.000 --> 0:10:00.600 Moments later, I heard the scraping noise of leather shoes 0:10:00.640 --> 0:10:03.679 coming up fast behind me. When a runner hears that 0:10:03.760 --> 0:10:07.320 kind of noise, it's usually danger. Instinctively, I jerked my 0:10:07.360 --> 0:10:10.360 head around quickly and looked square into the most vicious 0:10:10.440 --> 0:10:13.520 face I'd ever seen. A big man, a huge man 0:10:13.760 --> 0:10:16.920 with bad teeth, was set to pounds, and before I 0:10:16.920 --> 0:10:20.120 could react, he grabbed my shoulder and flung me back, screaming, 0:10:20.480 --> 0:10:22.480 get the hell out of my race and give me 0:10:22.520 --> 0:10:27.600 those numbers. Katherine was terrified. She realized she'd wet her 0:10:27.720 --> 0:10:30.839 pants in fear, and she turned to sprint away as 0:10:30.880 --> 0:10:34.160 the furious official tried to rip the number off her sweatshirt. 0:10:35.040 --> 0:10:38.360 The press truck was still there, The cameras were whirring 0:10:38.400 --> 0:10:43.640 and clicking, and then, seemingly from nowhere, two hundred and 0:10:43.760 --> 0:10:49.000 thirty five pounds of orange clad college football player crashed 0:10:49.000 --> 0:10:52.400 into the official, who flew sideways and landed on the 0:10:52.480 --> 0:10:58.160 roadside in a crumpled heap. Oh God, thought Katherine big 0:10:58.200 --> 0:11:03.560 Tom's killed him. We're in trouble. Run like hell, yelled Arnie, 0:11:03.600 --> 0:11:06.120 and they sprinted away from the scene with a press 0:11:06.160 --> 0:11:12.400 truck in pursuit, cameras still clicking. It was an extraordinary scene, 0:11:12.920 --> 0:11:17.800 and perhaps the strangest thing about it, Catherine Switzer wasn't 0:11:17.840 --> 0:11:20.720 the first woman to run a marathon. She wasn't the 0:11:20.720 --> 0:11:23.880 first woman to run the Boston Marathon. In fact, she 0:11:24.040 --> 0:11:27.800 wasn't even the leading woman in this race. A mile 0:11:27.880 --> 0:11:32.760 ahead of her, Roberta. Bobby Gibb was making serene progress 0:11:33.400 --> 0:11:36.160 without an irate race official insight. 0:11:38.640 --> 0:11:42.920 There's so much in this Cautionary Tales episode. Two groundbreaking 0:11:43.000 --> 0:11:46.400 female marathoners and an epic two hundred and sixty eight 0:11:46.400 --> 0:11:49.600 mile race two hundred and sixty eight miles along the 0:11:49.640 --> 0:11:53.040 spine of England. You can find it now in the 0:11:53.080 --> 0:12:02.240 Cautionary Tales feed. There are two things that define our era, 0:12:02.760 --> 0:12:09.520 an absolute obsession with sports and incredible technological progress. Sylvia 0:12:09.520 --> 0:12:14.120 Blemker works at their intersection. She's a professor of biomedical 0:12:14.160 --> 0:12:17.880 engineering at the University of Virginia and the co founder 0:12:18.200 --> 0:12:22.560 of Springbok Analytics. She figured out how to combine MRI 0:12:22.800 --> 0:12:29.000 scans with artificial intelligence to create incredibly detailed analyzes of 0:12:29.080 --> 0:12:34.280 our muscles. Springbox clients include Olympic athletes, major League Baseball, 0:12:34.440 --> 0:12:38.960 and a bunch of professional basketball and soccer teams. Sylvia 0:12:39.000 --> 0:12:42.680 Blenker talked about how her work helps elite athletes and 0:12:42.880 --> 0:12:47.479 people with neuromuscular diseases in this interview with Jacob Goldstein 0:12:48.080 --> 0:12:50.600 for What's Your Problem. 0:12:50.760 --> 0:12:53.640 What's one surprising thing your work has taught you about 0:12:53.760 --> 0:12:54.720 elite athletes. 0:12:55.760 --> 0:12:58.360 I never thought I would see muscles that were so 0:12:59.200 --> 0:13:03.000 developed they broke our scale. 0:13:03.800 --> 0:13:04.160 Wow. 0:13:05.600 --> 0:13:08.200 Yeah, like it was just too big the A I 0:13:08.240 --> 0:13:09.480 couldn't figure out what it is. 0:13:09.600 --> 0:13:11.760 Well, no, the AI found it. But we are like 0:13:11.840 --> 0:13:13.200 our kind of rating system. 0:13:13.840 --> 0:13:14.080 Wow. 0:13:14.400 --> 0:13:17.040 Was there a particular athlete or a particular sport or 0:13:17.080 --> 0:13:18.040 particular muscle? 0:13:18.160 --> 0:13:18.319 What? 0:13:18.320 --> 0:13:19.959 What? What muscle broke the scale? 0:13:21.040 --> 0:13:21.679 Uh? 0:13:21.720 --> 0:13:27.000 The gluteus maximus breaks it a fair Yeah, fantastic. Yes, 0:13:27.080 --> 0:13:28.280 it's a pain in my butt. 0:13:30.440 --> 0:13:32.000 Like because it's too big. 0:13:32.480 --> 0:13:35.920 Yeah, yeah, it's just so big. The other thing is 0:13:35.960 --> 0:13:39.079 that they have some tiny muscles too, huh, Like they have. 0:13:39.240 --> 0:13:42.120 Like smaller than a normal person's muscle. 0:13:42.160 --> 0:13:42.720 Much smaller. 0:13:42.840 --> 0:13:43.320 Huh. 0:13:43.400 --> 0:13:44.920 They put their muscle where they need it. 0:13:45.400 --> 0:13:47.920 What's an example, like what muscle is tiny and what 0:13:48.000 --> 0:13:48.360 kind of. 0:13:48.320 --> 0:13:54.240 Athlete calf muscles are small and most fast athletes huh. 0:13:54.480 --> 0:13:58.040 And either you look at a sprinter or like a 0:13:58.120 --> 0:13:58.960 running back. 0:13:59.240 --> 0:14:02.559 It's just all squad no calf, all. 0:14:02.320 --> 0:14:05.360 Like thigh no calf, yeah bye and him. 0:14:05.760 --> 0:14:07.600 It kind of makes sense because you know, if you're 0:14:07.600 --> 0:14:09.079 trying to run fast, you wouldn't want to put a 0:14:09.080 --> 0:14:11.360 lot of mass like at the end of your leg. 0:14:11.840 --> 0:14:13.840 It's like as a lot of inertia to like move 0:14:13.880 --> 0:14:14.240 your leg. 0:14:14.640 --> 0:14:15.199 Huh. 0:14:15.240 --> 0:14:18.199 Because you know, the muscles are important for sprinting, that's 0:14:18.240 --> 0:14:21.240 the interesting thing. But they just don't they're small, They're 0:14:21.480 --> 0:14:21.920 very small. 0:14:22.040 --> 0:14:26.240 Huh uh huh. So I'm particularly interested at this moment 0:14:26.280 --> 0:14:32.960 in the sports piece of what you do. I'm curious, 0:14:33.080 --> 0:14:36.440 by the way, do you work with any Olympic teams 0:14:36.520 --> 0:14:37.480 or Olympic athletes? 0:14:38.520 --> 0:14:43.320 Yeah, yeah, We've actually been working with several different Olympic athletes. 0:14:44.720 --> 0:14:45.880 The ones that probably that. 0:14:45.920 --> 0:14:49.080 Come to mind most are multiple players on the US 0:14:49.120 --> 0:14:51.080 women's national soccer team. 0:14:51.320 --> 0:14:54.000 Oh cool, tell me, like, tell me the story of 0:14:54.040 --> 0:14:57.720 that of that work. So they came to you, what 0:14:57.760 --> 0:14:59.440 did what did they what do they want when they 0:14:59.440 --> 0:15:01.080 came to like how did that? How did that begin? 0:15:03.120 --> 0:15:05.640 They came to us along with their team. 0:15:06.240 --> 0:15:08.880 So the technology we provide, you know, an athlete could 0:15:08.960 --> 0:15:12.280 understand it, but really with their team to help them 0:15:12.400 --> 0:15:15.400 figure out how to keep athletes healthy. 0:15:15.600 --> 0:15:18.240 So what did they what did they say? What did 0:15:18.280 --> 0:15:20.240 they say when they came to so? 0:15:21.600 --> 0:15:25.000 Uh, for example, one athlete that's coming to mind had 0:15:25.880 --> 0:15:30.240 a known imbalance side to side that based on a 0:15:30.400 --> 0:15:33.680 history of injury, and they really wanted to know where 0:15:33.680 --> 0:15:35.160 that imbalance was coming from. 0:15:35.360 --> 0:15:38.240 So the the woman had had hurt one of her legs, 0:15:38.280 --> 0:15:40.760 and that leg was even after she came back, that 0:15:40.840 --> 0:15:43.600 leg was weaker essentially than the other. I mean, is 0:15:43.640 --> 0:15:46.479 that the sort of gross macroy? 0:15:46.760 --> 0:15:49.040 Yeah exactly, that's a that's a nice way to put it. 0:15:49.280 --> 0:15:52.520 And and and they wanted a sort of finder like okay, 0:15:52.520 --> 0:15:54.680 but we can see that, but what's going on on 0:15:54.720 --> 0:15:58.480 the inside, like muscle by muscle tell us that, yes. 0:15:58.360 --> 0:16:00.480 Exactly, that's precisely what we do. 0:16:00.520 --> 0:16:04.200 We go on the inside because on the outside you 0:16:04.320 --> 0:16:09.240 see perhaps that her knee extents or quads seem weaker 0:16:09.280 --> 0:16:12.080 on one side than the other. But there's four quads, 0:16:12.440 --> 0:16:15.600 quadre steps, four muscles, and so it's not clear which 0:16:15.640 --> 0:16:19.520 of those muscles are actually the culprit for that imbalance 0:16:19.720 --> 0:16:21.040 and in what way good. 0:16:21.160 --> 0:16:25.040 So this is their question and then what happens next. 0:16:25.440 --> 0:16:29.240 So this first step is an MRI scan, And so 0:16:30.240 --> 0:16:37.320 with these athletes or teams, we have ways to connect 0:16:37.320 --> 0:16:40.760 them with an MRI machine, whether it be through an 0:16:40.800 --> 0:16:44.680 imaging center that they partner with, or we've even actually 0:16:44.680 --> 0:16:51.000 brought MRI mobile trucks to sites to make it easier. 0:16:51.200 --> 0:16:53.600 Run off the field and get an MRI and go 0:16:53.680 --> 0:16:54.600 back and keep playing. 0:16:54.760 --> 0:16:56.280 Yeah, yeah, kind yeah. 0:16:56.840 --> 0:16:59.680 It helps just with the timing of things. But so 0:16:59.760 --> 0:17:03.240 for we connect them there, so it takes about ten minutes. 0:17:03.840 --> 0:17:07.280 Then they send those pictures up into the cloud into 0:17:08.359 --> 0:17:11.840 our server and then we crunched through it and then 0:17:11.960 --> 0:17:15.920 we send back a report on their muscles. We also 0:17:16.200 --> 0:17:20.080 have what we call it interactive viewer, and it's presented 0:17:20.160 --> 0:17:23.800 in the form of a three D model. Three dimensional model, 0:17:23.880 --> 0:17:27.439 so you actually see your own legs, the muscles and bones, 0:17:27.480 --> 0:17:31.560 your own muscles and bones, that we've identified from the 0:17:31.600 --> 0:17:36.280 images going through a process called segmentation where we find 0:17:36.280 --> 0:17:38.439 all the muscles and bones and then we reconstruct them. 0:17:38.440 --> 0:17:40.320 So it's kind of like a digital twin of that 0:17:40.359 --> 0:17:43.760 person that they can see on their computer. And so 0:17:43.960 --> 0:17:46.560 along with it or a number or all these metrics 0:17:46.600 --> 0:17:53.200 that helps them understand their balance, the development or strength 0:17:53.200 --> 0:17:55.880 of the muscles, and the health of the muscles. 0:17:55.560 --> 0:18:00.720 And so in the case of this soccer player who 0:18:00.760 --> 0:18:03.680 came to you, who you know, knew knew she had 0:18:03.800 --> 0:18:05.840 some kind of problem with her quadriceps on one side, 0:18:05.840 --> 0:18:08.320 but didn't know what was going on, what did you find? 0:18:09.840 --> 0:18:14.080 We found some imbalances and actually not just in those muscles. 0:18:14.840 --> 0:18:18.280 It turns out that, you know, it's all connected. So 0:18:19.600 --> 0:18:23.719 I think there were at least one calf muscle and 0:18:23.760 --> 0:18:26.920 then some in the especially in the deep hip, those 0:18:27.000 --> 0:18:27.800 were impacted. 0:18:28.720 --> 0:18:31.160 So yeah, it kind of shows up everywhere. 0:18:31.280 --> 0:18:36.480 To what extent can trainers or you know, strength coaches 0:18:39.520 --> 0:18:42.879 develop programs that are sufficiently kind of fine grained to 0:18:42.960 --> 0:18:45.919 match the kind of fine grained findings you're having, right Like, 0:18:46.000 --> 0:18:49.000 for example, if you find, as I understand you did, 0:18:49.520 --> 0:18:54.199 that a soccer player has one particular quadricep that is weak, Like, 0:18:54.520 --> 0:18:57.199 are there workouts that target a single quadricep and not 0:18:57.280 --> 0:18:57.679 the others? 0:18:58.200 --> 0:18:58.919 Yep, there are. 0:18:59.320 --> 0:19:03.359 That's cool for whichever quadricepp you're just like, just for fun, 0:19:03.440 --> 0:19:04.280 give me an example. 0:19:05.640 --> 0:19:05.840 You know. 0:19:05.880 --> 0:19:09.680 One way that it's very simple is using something called biofeedback. 0:19:10.080 --> 0:19:10.800 Huh. 0:19:10.840 --> 0:19:16.520 So you can measure whether you use something called e MG, 0:19:16.760 --> 0:19:19.400 which is a way to measure how much electrical activity 0:19:19.440 --> 0:19:21.679 is a muscle, and then you can see which muscles 0:19:21.760 --> 0:19:24.600 you're using for a given task. So if you give 0:19:24.640 --> 0:19:27.480 people the feedback of which of those muscles they're using 0:19:28.119 --> 0:19:30.719 and say, oh, no, you're not using this one, use 0:19:30.760 --> 0:19:33.879 this one more, that actually works very effectively. 0:19:34.040 --> 0:19:38.440 Oh really, So you can basically use your brain if 0:19:38.440 --> 0:19:42.840 you're getting the feedback to focus on which quadricep you're exactly. 0:19:43.119 --> 0:19:45.440 Yeah, and there's other ways you can you can give 0:19:45.480 --> 0:19:47.840 the feedback in other different ways. But yeah, our brains 0:19:47.840 --> 0:19:50.560 are very good at that. Once they get feedback, they're 0:19:50.680 --> 0:19:51.600 very good at learning. 0:19:52.280 --> 0:19:55.199 That's cool, especially somehow to think of what the lead athletes, right, 0:19:55.200 --> 0:19:58.159 because they are already presumably like super dialed in in 0:19:58.240 --> 0:20:01.040 terms of like the relationship between their brain and their 0:20:01.080 --> 0:20:02.240 body at this very. 0:20:02.119 --> 0:20:03.200 Elite level exactly. 0:20:03.600 --> 0:20:03.840 Yeah. 0:20:03.960 --> 0:20:05.400 The other I was going to mention. 0:20:06.720 --> 0:20:10.639 A lot of players and teams use this not just 0:20:10.760 --> 0:20:15.119 one time, but overtime. So they'll get a scan, figure 0:20:15.160 --> 0:20:18.960 out a plan, work on that for maybe three months 0:20:19.720 --> 0:20:22.080 or six months, and then do another scan and see 0:20:22.080 --> 0:20:25.760 how things are progressing and adjust accordingly. So that's that's 0:20:25.800 --> 0:20:29.120 definitely another way to in the long term see if 0:20:29.160 --> 0:20:31.720 what they're doing is resulting in the change that they're 0:20:31.760 --> 0:20:32.720 hoping to see. 0:20:33.359 --> 0:20:35.960 So, what happened with that soccer player who had the 0:20:36.240 --> 0:20:38.200 weak quadricep and other. 0:20:38.240 --> 0:20:42.359 Related Yeah, No, I think she's doing great, like staying 0:20:42.359 --> 0:20:46.639 healthy and and you know, getting ready. 0:20:47.080 --> 0:20:47.320 Yeah. 0:20:47.359 --> 0:20:48.840 So I know you can't tell us her name, but 0:20:48.920 --> 0:20:50.560 will we see her in the Olympics this time? 0:20:50.640 --> 0:20:51.400 Yeah. 0:20:53.560 --> 0:20:55.760 You can hear more from that interview and a bunch 0:20:55.760 --> 0:20:58.680 of other stories from people who are creating groundbreaking new 0:20:58.720 --> 0:21:03.600 technologies on what's your problem. I'll be back in a 0:21:03.640 --> 0:21:06.640 minute with the final leg of this relay race through 0:21:06.680 --> 0:21:22.600 Pushkin's Olympics summer. Our last story today is one from 0:21:22.880 --> 0:21:26.920 Revisionist Histories series about the nineteen thirty six Olympics in Berlin. 0:21:28.040 --> 0:21:30.840 The series is all about why America chose to compete 0:21:30.840 --> 0:21:34.359 in the Games when it was already clear who Hitler 0:21:34.640 --> 0:21:39.760 was and what the Nazis stood for. Ben Daphaffrey takes 0:21:39.800 --> 0:21:43.920 everyone's favorite story from the Berlin Olympics about two athletes 0:21:44.240 --> 0:21:47.720 making good on the promise of the Games and breaks 0:21:47.760 --> 0:21:48.480 it wide open. 0:21:50.040 --> 0:21:52.199 The Collock Street tears around the clay circle with the 0:21:52.200 --> 0:21:54.560 speed of the wind, increasing his lead with every stride. 0:21:55.000 --> 0:21:59.560 About four thousand athletes competed in the nineteen thirty six 0:21:59.640 --> 0:22:04.359 Olympics Games. Jesse Owens is the one people remember. 0:22:04.520 --> 0:22:06.359 Streak Jesse Owens in one hundred meters. 0:22:08.480 --> 0:22:11.040 He started building the other out and got that capa 0:22:11.080 --> 0:22:15.040 coming second up on him. 0:22:15.160 --> 0:22:18.560 Jesse Owens was born in Alabama, the son of a sharecropper, 0:22:18.960 --> 0:22:23.840 self effacing, soft spoken, and an unbelievable athlete. In nineteen 0:22:23.880 --> 0:22:26.320 thirty five, as a twenty one year old, he had 0:22:26.359 --> 0:22:30.160 already set three world records in a single day, all 0:22:30.200 --> 0:22:32.399 in the same hour. With a bad back. 0:22:33.400 --> 0:22:35.600 The world's most runner makes the others look as if 0:22:35.600 --> 0:22:37.919 they're walking as he wins the final and equals the 0:22:37.920 --> 0:22:38.840 words record of time. 0:22:39.960 --> 0:22:44.000 And in nineteen thirty six, even the Germans were expecting 0:22:44.040 --> 0:22:46.399 something great from him. 0:22:47.119 --> 0:22:49.920 How many board medals do your host to win? The 0:22:50.000 --> 0:22:55.199 two part times, it's to desire very athlete to win 0:22:55.280 --> 0:22:55.840 a first. 0:22:55.640 --> 0:22:57.080 Place in the Olympic Games. 0:22:57.800 --> 0:23:01.040 In nineteen thirty six, he was slated to in three events, 0:23:01.880 --> 0:23:03.359 and since I'm in three. 0:23:03.240 --> 0:23:05.199 Events, I hope to emerge with. 0:23:05.200 --> 0:23:06.120 Three victory. 0:23:11.400 --> 0:23:15.240 Broad jump one hundred meters, two hundred meters and the 0:23:15.320 --> 0:23:18.920 broad jump. Later they added a fourth event, the four 0:23:19.080 --> 0:23:22.320 by one hundred meter relay. He would win gold in 0:23:22.560 --> 0:23:26.679 all four, the only person to win four gold medals 0:23:26.760 --> 0:23:29.920 in the Berlin Olympics. And that is why you know 0:23:30.040 --> 0:23:33.280 the name Jesse Owens. But it all could have turned 0:23:33.320 --> 0:23:40.639 out differently because of that broad jump. You've seen a 0:23:40.720 --> 0:23:43.359 broad jump before today. It's called the long jump, and 0:23:43.480 --> 0:23:46.320 it's one of the more dramatic Olympic sports. The jumpers 0:23:46.359 --> 0:23:48.600 sprint down the runway, hit a take off board and 0:23:49.400 --> 0:23:52.159 they look like they're flying and then they land in 0:23:52.240 --> 0:23:56.720 a huge spray of sand. So the morning of August fourth, 0:23:56.960 --> 0:24:00.000 nineteen thirty six, ten thirty am in the right place, 0:24:00.040 --> 0:24:04.760 sport Feld, it's the long jump qualifying rounds. Best jumpers 0:24:04.840 --> 0:24:07.639 go on to the final. Owens had just run his 0:24:07.760 --> 0:24:11.040 heat in the two hundred meters immediately after he headed 0:24:11.119 --> 0:24:13.399 over to the pit. It was the third day of 0:24:13.480 --> 0:24:15.680 the Games, and by then he already had his first 0:24:15.720 --> 0:24:19.720 gold medal, so it was a surprise when he botched 0:24:19.760 --> 0:24:22.480