1
00:00:06,120 --> 00:00:09,720
Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Future production of iHeartRadio. I'm your host

2
00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:14,640
Speaker 1: of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology and evolutionary biology,

3
00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:17,560
Speaker 1: and today on the show, it's a quick little listener's

4
00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:21,840
Speaker 1: Questions episode. Now, do not worry. I have a bunch

5
00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:25,320
Speaker 1: of really cool guests lined up that I am scheduling.

6
00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:30,080
Speaker 1: So it is happening, folks, and I'm super excited. But today, yes,

7
00:00:30,320 --> 00:00:34,519
Speaker 1: a little listener questions episode. You guys wrote to me

8
00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:38,600
Speaker 1: some pretty amazing questions and I would like to answer them.

9
00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:43,000
Speaker 1: So let's take a moment to dive into a think

10
00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:48,120
Speaker 1: hoole and answer some questions. Hi, Katie, I was recently

11
00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:51,440
Speaker 1: re listening to the lemon and grapefruit episodes of Secretly

12
00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:55,200
Speaker 1: Incredibly Fascinating, and in those episodes, Alex springs up that

13
00:00:55,320 --> 00:00:58,600
Speaker 1: citrus can cross breed and mutate easily with each other.

14
00:00:59,080 --> 00:01:01,000
Speaker 1: I would like to know if there are any other

15
00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:04,840
Speaker 1: genuses of organisms that can cross breed and mutate as

16
00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:08,240
Speaker 1: well or better than citrus. Also, are there any specific

17
00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:13,600
Speaker 1: genes or structures in organisms that facilitate mutations? Overall? I

18
00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:16,760
Speaker 1: was thinking and wondering if an organism's ability to more

19
00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:20,440
Speaker 1: easily mutate would be an evolutionary advantage. Thank you for

20
00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,120
Speaker 1: the great podcast, Daniel. Thank you so much, Daniel. This

21
00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:27,960
Speaker 1: is really a fantastic question. Also, thanks for the secretly

22
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:31,200
Speaker 1: incredibly fascinating shout out. That is a show that I

23
00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:34,600
Speaker 1: do with Alex Schmidt where he teaches me about wild

24
00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:39,400
Speaker 1: stuff every week. So let's tackle this question one part

25
00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:45,240
Speaker 1: at a time. So can animals cross breed and facilitate evolution?

26
00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:50,440
Speaker 1: So can there be a hybrid animal that progresses evolution? Yes,

27
00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:54,760
Speaker 1: this can happen as long as the animals are closely related.

28
00:01:55,160 --> 00:02:01,080
Speaker 1: So this is called hybrid speciation when you have two

29
00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:04,480
Speaker 1: different species who create a hybrid, and then that hybrid

30
00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:09,079
Speaker 1: goes on to propagate and create its own species. So

31
00:02:09,440 --> 00:02:12,440
Speaker 1: in plants it is far more common than in animals,

32
00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:17,359
Speaker 1: likely because hybridization is less likely to make them infertile.

33
00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:21,799
Speaker 1: You also have more rapid reproductive cycles in a lot

34
00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:27,280
Speaker 1: of plants. In animals, the reason hybridization often causes the

35
00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:31,799
Speaker 1: offspring to be sterile is when the number of chromosomes

36
00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:36,480
Speaker 1: don't line up. Say one animal has twenty chromosomes and

37
00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:39,639
Speaker 1: the other has twenty one, and then when you add

38
00:02:39,680 --> 00:02:42,600
Speaker 1: those together, the hybrid is going to have an uneven

39
00:02:42,720 --> 00:02:46,360
Speaker 1: number of chromosomes, say forty one, and when it tries

40
00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:49,000
Speaker 1: to split that in half and create its own gameats,

41
00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:52,079
Speaker 1: this odd number of chromosomes means that it doesn't have

42
00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:56,839
Speaker 1: pairs that can recombine properly, like not missing the other

43
00:02:56,880 --> 00:02:59,360
Speaker 1: half of a zipper, so that when it goes through

44
00:03:00,320 --> 00:03:03,520
Speaker 1: myosis in the creation of its gam meats, it can't

45
00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:07,160
Speaker 1: create viable gameats even though it was able to be

46
00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:15,760
Speaker 1: created by its parents. Sometimes hybrids can be created have

47
00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:20,280
Speaker 1: an even number of chromosomes because the two species ended

48
00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:24,760
Speaker 1: up having matching sets of chromosomes the matching numbers, and

49
00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:28,079
Speaker 1: then they can reproduce and then so this hybrid, which

50
00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:32,000
Speaker 1: is viable and not sterile, could become a new species.

51
00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,760
Speaker 1: Doesn't always, so this is the case for Koi wolves.

52
00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:40,880
Speaker 1: So coyotes hybridized with red wolves, who are becoming very

53
00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:47,040
Speaker 1: quickly more common in eastern North America, potentially displacing red wolves,

54
00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:53,240
Speaker 1: and so this could be a case of hybrid speciation.

55
00:03:53,880 --> 00:03:56,120
Speaker 1: But in order to become a new species, the hybrid

56
00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:58,640
Speaker 1: has a pretty difficult task. It has to both be

57
00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:02,480
Speaker 1: fertile and more fit in order to become its own

58
00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:07,120
Speaker 1: viable species, particularly one that takes over the evolutionary niche

59
00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:11,880
Speaker 1: left thereby its predecessors. So, in terms of what kinds

60
00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:16,760
Speaker 1: of animals are really good at creating hybrid speciation, insects

61
00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,120
Speaker 1: seem to be the best at it in terms of

62
00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,840
Speaker 1: creating new hybrid species that then becomes their own species.

63
00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:27,120
Speaker 1: So this is probably due to just the sheer quantity

64
00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:32,680
Speaker 1: and diversity of insects, making viable and successful combinations much

65
00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:37,360
Speaker 1: more likely. So one example is fruitflies. Fruitflies are a

66
00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:42,840
Speaker 1: family that seems to hybridize and specie pretty well. So

67
00:04:43,560 --> 00:04:46,800
Speaker 1: onto the next part of your question, So are there

68
00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:52,560
Speaker 1: specific genes or structures in organisms that facilitate mutations? And

69
00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:56,920
Speaker 1: would an organism's ability to more easily mutate be an

70
00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,520
Speaker 1: evolutionary advantage? So let's talk about the second part of

71
00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:06,960
Speaker 1: the question. First, is more easily mutating a good thing

72
00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:09,839
Speaker 1: for a species because it makes you more likely to

73
00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:15,160
Speaker 1: evolve faster. So mutation is a bit like genetic gambling

74
00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:20,200
Speaker 1: or maybe an investment portfolio, where there's, you know, the

75
00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:25,159
Speaker 1: bigger the risk, perhaps the bigger the reward, but also

76
00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:32,120
Speaker 1: the bigger the downfall that you might have. So most

77
00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:38,560
Speaker 1: mutations that occur are actually either neutral or actively harmful

78
00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:43,760
Speaker 1: to an animal. Only rarely is a mutation actually beneficial.

79
00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:48,960
Speaker 1: So the more dramatic the mutation, say a mutation that

80
00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:53,279
Speaker 1: makes you just not have a head right, the more

81
00:05:53,520 --> 00:06:01,160
Speaker 1: dramatic the problem. So if you're if you have a mutation,

82
00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:04,360
Speaker 1: like there's a very low chance that it's going to

83
00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:09,480
Speaker 1: be helpful, there's some chance that it's going to be neutral,

84
00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:13,919
Speaker 1: and it could get passed on, and then there's a

85
00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:16,520
Speaker 1: pretty good chance that that mutation is actually going to

86
00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:21,360
Speaker 1: negatively impact your survival. So it's very very rare that

87
00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:25,719
Speaker 1: like a dramatic mutation would be beneficial and then lead

88
00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:29,720
Speaker 1: to a sudden jump in evolution. It can happen, but

89
00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:33,479
Speaker 1: it's very very rare. So if you're an animal, do

90
00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,719
Speaker 1: you want there to be a higher chance of genetic errors?

91
00:06:37,800 --> 00:06:40,960
Speaker 1: And I would say probably not. So, in addition to

92
00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:46,560
Speaker 1: many mutations being harmful to offspring, greater risks for genetic

93
00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,160
Speaker 1: errors would potentially increase the risk of cancer because cancer

94
00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:57,080
Speaker 1: is a result of genetic mishaps genetic errors that causes

95
00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,320
Speaker 1: the cells to reproduce uncontrollably and not go through cell death,

96
00:07:02,320 --> 00:07:07,800
Speaker 1: which is called apoptosis, So having a genetic error that

97
00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:13,720
Speaker 1: creates these like bad immortal cells is not good. And

98
00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,880
Speaker 1: so yeah, it would not necessarily be advantageous to have

99
00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:21,600
Speaker 1: a greater rate of mutations in order to facilitate evolution.

100
00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:26,360
Speaker 1: You want some chance of mutation without it being too

101
00:07:26,440 --> 00:07:29,560
Speaker 1: much of a risk, like having a you know, kind

102
00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:33,920
Speaker 1: of diversified investment portfolio instead of something that's very very

103
00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:38,840
Speaker 1: you know, wild and chaotic and volatile. I don't actually

104
00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,240
Speaker 1: know much about investment. I can't give you advice, probably

105
00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:44,520
Speaker 1: both legally and also just I'm not good at it,

106
00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:49,760
Speaker 1: so don't listen to me. So there are some ways

107
00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:53,560
Speaker 1: to increase your chance of positive genetic mutations. One is

108
00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:57,960
Speaker 1: a greater genetic library. So the more genes and the

109
00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:01,240
Speaker 1: more diverse genes that a species has had, the more

110
00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:04,960
Speaker 1: it has to kind of randomly pull upon in response

111
00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:10,040
Speaker 1: to environmental pressures, and more stuff to kind of play with,

112
00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:13,400
Speaker 1: like more legos in a giant bin that could be

113
00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:21,760
Speaker 1: used to create new mutations or new characteristics. So like

114
00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:24,000
Speaker 1: kind of think of your genetic code as an archive

115
00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:28,200
Speaker 1: full of like blueprints, only some of which are actually

116
00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:31,200
Speaker 1: used and copied over to build things. Actually a lot

117
00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:35,600
Speaker 1: of it is not generally used. But say like there's

118
00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:38,800
Speaker 1: like an earthquake or something and a blueprint falls next

119
00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:43,199
Speaker 1: to another blueprint and changes the design. The more blueprints

120
00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:46,480
Speaker 1: you have, the more chances you have to find something

121
00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:49,720
Speaker 1: that might actually address a certain issue. Like, say an

122
00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:54,880
Speaker 1: earthquake happened, all your bridges got damaged, and this blueprint

123
00:08:55,720 --> 00:08:57,640
Speaker 1: that kind of fell off the shelves next to this

124
00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:01,000
Speaker 1: other one gives you an idea for more flexible bridge,

125
00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:03,439
Speaker 1: which maybe it's a little weaker, but in this situation,

126
00:09:03,520 --> 00:09:05,920
Speaker 1: in this type of environment, with a lot of earthquakes,

127
00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:10,440
Speaker 1: having the more flexible bridge is actually better. So so

128
00:09:10,679 --> 00:09:12,960
Speaker 1: for an animal, what this means, right, is if you

129
00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:17,679
Speaker 1: have a large sort of genome, a large genetic lot

130
00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:21,800
Speaker 1: of genetic diversity, a big genetic library, and then also

131
00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:24,560
Speaker 1: other members of your species who have their own sort

132
00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:28,800
Speaker 1: of large genetic library, there's a good chance that, say

133
00:09:28,840 --> 00:09:32,840
Speaker 1: there's an environmental pressure, right, some change in your environment,

134
00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:36,480
Speaker 1: maybe a disease or a new predator, there's a greater

135
00:09:36,600 --> 00:09:40,480
Speaker 1: chance that you're going to randomly Again, none of this

136
00:09:40,559 --> 00:09:44,400
Speaker 1: can be planned, right, It's all a random mutation that

137
00:09:44,679 --> 00:09:49,880
Speaker 1: happens to be able to address some environmental pressure. Even

138
00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:53,800
Speaker 1: though most mutations are either neutral or bad, once in

139
00:09:53,840 --> 00:09:57,640
Speaker 1: a while you might happen upon a mutation that's actually good.

140
00:09:57,679 --> 00:10:01,920
Speaker 1: And it's those rare cases that advanced evolution. And that's

141
00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:07,160
Speaker 1: why evolution is so so so slow. Millions and millions

142
00:10:07,160 --> 00:10:11,680
Speaker 1: of years to get to where we are at the

143
00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:15,400
Speaker 1: very least, you know, like like a thousand years on

144
00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:20,280
Speaker 1: the evolutionary timescale is very short, so hundreds of thousands

145
00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:23,800
Speaker 1: of years. It might take like hundreds of thousands of

146
00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:27,440
Speaker 1: years to address a certain evolutionary problem, right, So it's

147
00:10:27,679 --> 00:10:32,640
Speaker 1: very very very slow. It's hard to have really rapid evolution.

148
00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:36,040
Speaker 1: It can happen, like there are cases in which animals

149
00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:44,080
Speaker 1: adapt to situations quite quickly, it's just that's not super common, right,

150
00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:47,960
Speaker 1: Especially the more dramatic the change has to be, the

151
00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:51,160
Speaker 1: less likely it is to be happening really rapid, because

152
00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:55,760
Speaker 1: the more dramatic the change, the more likely it's going

153
00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:58,680
Speaker 1: to mess up that organism in a way it can't survive.

154
00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,520
Speaker 1: So like, hey, if there's a lot of flooding around us,

155
00:11:01,559 --> 00:11:04,360
Speaker 1: why can't we evolve gills in a few generations, Well,

156
00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:08,360
Speaker 1: you mess with our ability to breathe. The most likely

157
00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:13,079
Speaker 1: outcome is our offspring is just gonna die and not

158
00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:17,439
Speaker 1: be able to function. So going from something really dramatic

159
00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:23,280
Speaker 1: whereas like say having more of a say more say

160
00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:25,360
Speaker 1: the sun gets really bright, right, and then we end

161
00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:28,960
Speaker 1: up having more brown eyed people because they end up

162
00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:31,280
Speaker 1: being a lot more well suited to a lot of

163
00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:34,400
Speaker 1: harsh light or something. This is just an example. I

164
00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:38,079
Speaker 1: have nothing against blue eyed people. I have blue eyes myself,

165
00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:42,800
Speaker 1: but in that case, perhaps brown eyes might become more common,

166
00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,400
Speaker 1: right Like if somehow having really in a situation. Now

167
00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:49,040
Speaker 1: we live in a society right where we have sunglasses,

168
00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:50,839
Speaker 1: so this would not happen. I want to be clear,

169
00:11:50,880 --> 00:11:53,880
Speaker 1: but say, you know, we're an antle that really relies

170
00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:56,040
Speaker 1: on our site, and then say, if you have blue eyes,

171
00:11:56,080 --> 00:11:59,120
Speaker 1: you're a lot more sensitive to light. Then maybe blue

172
00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:03,600
Speaker 1: eyes might start to phase out a little bit more quickly,

173
00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:08,040
Speaker 1: right because eye color is something is a trait that

174
00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:12,760
Speaker 1: could say mutate or change really quickly without it being

175
00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:16,160
Speaker 1: devastating to the whole body. Right Like, like certain there's

176
00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:21,960
Speaker 1: certain sort of more superficial or minor changes to the

177
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,040
Speaker 1: body that could be could happen more rapidly, like hair loss, right,

178
00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:29,800
Speaker 1: hair gain, or hair loss that's not necessarily going to

179
00:12:29,920 --> 00:12:33,360
Speaker 1: doom an animal. Right, So you might have changes in coat,

180
00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:37,640
Speaker 1: changes in coat color changes, you know, slight changes in size,

181
00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,320
Speaker 1: things like that can happen much more quickly over an

182
00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:44,040
Speaker 1: evolutionary timeline than say, whether you have lungs or gills,

183
00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:48,839
Speaker 1: whether you have legs or tentacles. Right. So, yeah, so

184
00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:54,520
Speaker 1: evolution just happens really really slow because mutations are definitely

185
00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:58,880
Speaker 1: not something you typically want. You typically don't want a

186
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,640
Speaker 1: mutation typically that would be bad news or at the

187
00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:05,840
Speaker 1: very least neutral. It's super super rare for there to

188
00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:09,320
Speaker 1: be a mutation that's actually beneficial, that's actually going to

189
00:13:09,960 --> 00:13:14,120
Speaker 1: make the offspring more viable than its parents. But it

190
00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:17,520
Speaker 1: does happen, and that's the whole reason that evolution works.

191
00:13:17,559 --> 00:13:21,920
Speaker 1: So that's why it's really slow. Now onto the next

192
00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:25,199
Speaker 1: part of the question. Are there certain genes and structures

193
00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:33,480
Speaker 1: more prone to mutations? Absolutely, there's structures and genes more

194
00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:38,600
Speaker 1: prone to mutations, both in bad ways and potentially very

195
00:13:38,679 --> 00:13:42,400
Speaker 1: rarely in good ways. So these are genetic hotspots that

196
00:13:42,559 --> 00:13:47,240
Speaker 1: are more prone to mutation. Usually well, especially this happens

197
00:13:47,320 --> 00:13:52,680
Speaker 1: in DNA strands with many repeating sequences which can cause

198
00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:56,400
Speaker 1: that little enzyme that runs along your DNA to copy

199
00:13:56,480 --> 00:14:00,800
Speaker 1: it called a polymerase, to kind of like when it

200
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:05,440
Speaker 1: like decouples from the DNA and then reattaches and it

201
00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:08,320
Speaker 1: can actually sort of like lose its spot more easily

202
00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:13,679
Speaker 1: if you have repetitions of certain sequences. So it's kind

203
00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:15,920
Speaker 1: of like if you're trying to memorize a really long

204
00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:22,080
Speaker 1: sequence of numbers or letters, say, like you know, you're

205
00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:24,640
Speaker 1: memorizing a pin or a telephone number, and then like

206
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:27,320
Speaker 1: there's like a bunch of fives, and it's like, I

207
00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:29,640
Speaker 1: can't remember how many fives there were? Were there four

208
00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:34,400
Speaker 1: fives or five fives? That's sort of not on an

209
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,560
Speaker 1: intellectual level, right, a polimeraise can't think. But on a

210
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:43,240
Speaker 1: physical level, the reattachment is more likely to happen erroneously

211
00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:49,280
Speaker 1: in slip when you have repeating sequences, So this is

212
00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:53,160
Speaker 1: more likely to result in a mutation. This is actually

213
00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:57,000
Speaker 1: something that could be you know, like in terms of practicality, right,

214
00:14:57,040 --> 00:14:59,840
Speaker 1: like you may have DNA hotspots that are prone to mutation,

215
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,840
Speaker 1: and that can be a bad thing, like be more

216
00:15:02,920 --> 00:15:06,520
Speaker 1: likely to result in say certain types of cancers. But

217
00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:09,840
Speaker 1: you know you also have say like if you have

218
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:17,000
Speaker 1: cells that are certain characteristics of somatic cells, that means

219
00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:21,240
Speaker 1: like cells that are not involved in creating offspring. Somatic

220
00:15:21,280 --> 00:15:27,040
Speaker 1: cells in generally are more likely to mutate, right, because

221
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,640
Speaker 1: they only affect really that cell and then that cells offspring.

222
00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:37,360
Speaker 1: It doesn't affect an entire like new organism and new offspring.

223
00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:41,040
Speaker 1: So like you know, skin cells or muscle cells, right,

224
00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:44,760
Speaker 1: are much more likely to have some kind of like

225
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:50,080
Speaker 1: mutation than germline cells. So germline cells meaning cells involved

226
00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:52,520
Speaker 1: in creating gam meets, and those gam meats are what

227
00:15:52,920 --> 00:15:58,520
Speaker 1: then create offspring, right, sperm and eggs. So it's much

228
00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:01,800
Speaker 1: more likely you have mutations in cells that are happening

229
00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:05,000
Speaker 1: like happening in your body, then you are to have

230
00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:10,200
Speaker 1: mutations that affect your offspring. And in general that's a

231
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:15,760
Speaker 1: good thing because if you have a mutation of of

232
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,320
Speaker 1: something important for your offspring, most likely that's going to

233
00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:26,040
Speaker 1: result in say like a spontaneous abortion, right, a miscarriage,

234
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:32,040
Speaker 1: which is very natural, happens very often, and or you know,

235
00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:36,920
Speaker 1: in some some severe cases, right, the offspring has some

236
00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:39,720
Speaker 1: severe issue that makes it harder for it to survive.

237
00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:44,760
Speaker 1: So you know, it's it's a really it's a really

238
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:48,760
Speaker 1: interesting thing. Evolution has to be really slow. If it

239
00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:53,280
Speaker 1: were too fast, basically, our cells would be mutating at

240
00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:57,960
Speaker 1: such a rate that we would have so many potential problems, cancer,

241
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:03,560
Speaker 1: debilitating mutations that say, like, you know, like I said,

242
00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,159
Speaker 1: the example is like a mutation that like lops your

243
00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:08,480
Speaker 1: whole head off, right, Like you're born without a head.

244
00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:12,960
Speaker 1: You can't really do much. So mutations have to be

245
00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:21,160
Speaker 1: countered counterbalanced by, you know, some some slowness. Otherwise, things

246
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:23,760
Speaker 1: that mutate too quickly are not going to last very

247
00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:27,720
Speaker 1: long because they're taking too many genetic risks. But like

248
00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,920
Speaker 1: I said, you know, having a lot of genetic diversity,

249
00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:34,720
Speaker 1: a huge genetical library is one way that animals can

250
00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:39,199
Speaker 1: instead of going for speed of mutations, going for a

251
00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:45,400
Speaker 1: higher probability of different types of diverse mutations and then

252
00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:48,560
Speaker 1: increasing the chance that one of those mutations might end

253
00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:55,359
Speaker 1: up being something good. All right, on to the next

254
00:17:55,560 --> 00:17:59,639
Speaker 1: listener question. Hi, Katie, our three year old German shepherd Betty.

255
00:18:00,119 --> 00:18:02,560
Speaker 1: Sometimes we'll kick up the grass behind her after going

256
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,040
Speaker 1: to the bathroom, both number one and number two. The

257
00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:09,760
Speaker 1: last time we saw this. My daughters Eleanor and Penelope

258
00:18:09,960 --> 00:18:14,560
Speaker 1: seven and ten almost tune and I try to figure

259
00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:18,280
Speaker 1: out why dogs do this. Their guesses were to either

260
00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:21,960
Speaker 1: spread the smell or conversely cover the smell. I suggested

261
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,399
Speaker 1: maybe it is like doggy toilet paper, kicking up grass

262
00:18:25,440 --> 00:18:28,880
Speaker 1: and leaves and such to knock shake loose any hangers on.

263
00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,639
Speaker 1: I further suggested, maybe Betty evolved to have a higher

264
00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:35,200
Speaker 1: likelihood of kicking dirt at me while I bent over

265
00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:38,480
Speaker 1: to pick up her poop. Any actual research on this topic,

266
00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:41,880
Speaker 1: what are your thoughts? Thank you? Patrick? Hi? Patrick, Yes,

267
00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:44,800
Speaker 1: there is actually some research on this topic. It is

268
00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:50,119
Speaker 1: a very common behavior among dogs. My dog does it too,

269
00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:54,600
Speaker 1: which is especially funny when she poops on cobblestone and

270
00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:58,200
Speaker 1: she tries to scratch at that nothing really happens. Also,

271
00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:01,240
Speaker 1: don't worry, I pick up every single dog turn she

272
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:06,119
Speaker 1: leaves on the cobblestones because I am not a filthy degenerate.

273
00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:10,720
Speaker 1: I very much believe in picking up dog doodoes, to

274
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:13,320
Speaker 1: the point where my dog probably thinks I'm obsessed with

275
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:17,240
Speaker 1: collecting her poop. Okay, so you may notice that your

276
00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:21,720
Speaker 1: dog is more likely to do it when another dog

277
00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:25,040
Speaker 1: is around, right like after she's pooped or peed and

278
00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:27,439
Speaker 1: she sees another dog, maybe she's more likely to scratch

279
00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:30,159
Speaker 1: at the ground, or even when you stoop down to

280
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,560
Speaker 1: pick up the poop, that's when your dog suddenly decides

281
00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:35,200
Speaker 1: it's scratch and time, tend to kick up some turf

282
00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,639
Speaker 1: and possibly peepee or poopoo in your face. So this

283
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:45,000
Speaker 1: seems to be an instinctive territory marking response. So rather

284
00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:47,480
Speaker 1: than covering up the smell, which is a very good theory,

285
00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:51,359
Speaker 1: they seem to actually be trying to enhance it. So

286
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:55,760
Speaker 1: they're likely using scent glands on their paws to make

287
00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,000
Speaker 1: some smell markings. There might be visual cues like scratch marks,

288
00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:03,400
Speaker 1: and given that it's more likely to be done actively

289
00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:09,159
Speaker 1: in the presence of other dogs, according to studies, it

290
00:20:09,640 --> 00:20:13,480
Speaker 1: might be a form of visual communication too, so like hey,

291
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,040
Speaker 1: look at me, I'm marking my territory. I'm doing it

292
00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:18,239
Speaker 1: in front of you, just so you know what's going on.

293
00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:24,120
Speaker 1: So my theory is that dogs feel pretty vulnerable when

294
00:20:24,119 --> 00:20:28,160
Speaker 1: they poop and pee, so I suspect that scratching, even

295
00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:31,040
Speaker 1: growling after they use the toilet may be a way

296
00:20:31,160 --> 00:20:35,439
Speaker 1: of defensively marking their territory. But also not just in

297
00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:37,919
Speaker 1: terms of saying like, this is my spot, but a

298
00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:41,560
Speaker 1: warning to other dogs who any dogs that might have

299
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:43,800
Speaker 1: an idea about messing with them while they're in such

300
00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:48,040
Speaker 1: a vulnerable potty position, just like, hey, I'm alert and

301
00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:50,960
Speaker 1: I'm aware and I see you and back off. This

302
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,640
Speaker 1: is my toilet, like don't mess with me, essentially while

303
00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:59,840
Speaker 1: I'm doing my potties, which I can totally you know,

304
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,119
Speaker 1: but I get it, like when someone's pounding on the

305
00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:04,320
Speaker 1: door when I'm trying to do my potties, I get

306
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:09,320
Speaker 1: very upset. So an anecdotal example is that my dog

307
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:14,159
Speaker 1: primarily does the ground scratching behavior after she goes to

308
00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:18,119
Speaker 1: the bathroom when she notices another dog approaching. So I

309
00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:21,440
Speaker 1: think that for her, she's feeling sort of insecure, and

310
00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:24,199
Speaker 1: so it's not necessarily that she really wants this to

311
00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:27,280
Speaker 1: be part of her territory as much as it's saying like, hey,

312
00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:30,800
Speaker 1: I see you there, this is my toilet. Don't bother

313
00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:33,359
Speaker 1: me while I'm doing my potties and don't try to

314
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:35,800
Speaker 1: take advantage of me when I'm in this vulnerable position

315
00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:38,359
Speaker 1: like I'm on it and I want you to know.

316
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,359
Speaker 1: And other dogs that might pass by here know that like,

317
00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,040
Speaker 1: I'm aware, I'm on it, and I'm not going to

318
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,600
Speaker 1: tolerate anyone messing with me when I do my potties.

319
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,200
Speaker 1: So yeah, I think that if a dog is feeling

320
00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:54,199
Speaker 1: territorial defensive, insecure, or simply wants to communicate this is

321
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,760
Speaker 1: my toilet, the kicking behavior helps them spread their scent

322
00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:03,080
Speaker 1: and visually communicate that they're not going to tolerate interlopers

323
00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:06,480
Speaker 1: or look at loose. So interestingly, there was a study

324
00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:09,720
Speaker 1: that found that older shelter dogs were more likely to

325
00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:13,680
Speaker 1: do the ground scratching behavior, which does lend a bit

326
00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:17,320
Speaker 1: of credence to my theory that dogs who are more insecure,

327
00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:21,280
Speaker 1: perhaps feeling that they don't have a stable established territory

328
00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:23,960
Speaker 1: or that they're in an area that may be frequented

329
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,119
Speaker 1: by other dogs, that they might be more likely to

330
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:30,280
Speaker 1: do the ground scratching behavior in general. Now, I don't

331
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:32,560
Speaker 1: want anyone to like freak out and think, oh, no,

332
00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:35,600
Speaker 1: I have an insecure dog. That's not necessarily what I'm saying,

333
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:38,520
Speaker 1: Like this might be more of a general rule, like

334
00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,159
Speaker 1: if your dog may have no problems or not be

335
00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:46,800
Speaker 1: insecure at all, they may like have the sort of

336
00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:49,159
Speaker 1: instinct to do it and then just kind of really

337
00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:52,000
Speaker 1: enjoy the feeling of it, like the feeling of scratching,

338
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:54,920
Speaker 1: the feeling of security of like kind of securing their toilet.

339
00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,840
Speaker 1: For instance, my dog really enjoys doing sort of scratching,

340
00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:02,080
Speaker 1: digging and real behavior in her bed and on the

341
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:05,320
Speaker 1: couch when she's really relaxed, So that is not a

342
00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:09,600
Speaker 1: stress behavior. That's her relaxing and kind of settling and

343
00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:12,960
Speaker 1: sort of like tucking herself in and feeling secure. So

344
00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:15,800
Speaker 1: I don't think it's always a stress response, but for

345
00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:18,199
Speaker 1: a lot of dogs it might be like when they

346
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,960
Speaker 1: are feeling a little vulnerable or a little insecure. It's

347
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:24,639
Speaker 1: not a problem though, Like it's it's not a problem

348
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:27,600
Speaker 1: behavior unless for some reason they it seems to really

349
00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:29,879
Speaker 1: stress them out. Like it's very very common, So I

350
00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:32,240
Speaker 1: wouldn't worry about it other than the fact that your

351
00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,160
Speaker 1: dog it does seem to be kicking turf into your face,

352
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:41,080
Speaker 1: which you know is a little disrespectful, but hey, what

353
00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:43,080
Speaker 1: are you gonna do about it? I think that she's

354
00:23:43,359 --> 00:23:47,880
Speaker 1: made her point, which is you should, you know, give

355
00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:50,560
Speaker 1: her maybe some reading materials while she's going to the bathroom.

356
00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:56,359
Speaker 1: My newspaper think about it all right, onto the next

357
00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:59,200
Speaker 1: listener question. Hi Katie. Every day in my seventh grade

358
00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:03,560
Speaker 1: Life Science Clubs clssroom, I highlight some organism. Sometimes they're

359
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,159
Speaker 1: just living things I find cool or interesting. Other times

360
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:10,000
Speaker 1: the creatures related to the day's topic. Tomorrow we begin

361
00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:13,400
Speaker 1: that middle school rite of passage, the cell model project.

362
00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:16,480
Speaker 1: I remember that tomorrow's creature is going to be the

363
00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:21,159
Speaker 1: Portuguese man o war. I'm highlighting this creature because it

364
00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:24,840
Speaker 1: is a complex colonial organism with several zooids, which are

365
00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:28,760
Speaker 1: multicellular little things that are specialized in work together. But wait,

366
00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:33,560
Speaker 1: doesn't that mean the whole organism is multi cellular? Some

367
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:37,639
Speaker 1: internet person wrote it is colonial from the morphological, developmental,

368
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:40,040
Speaker 1: and evolutionary points of view. I have an idea of

369
00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:41,879
Speaker 1: what that means, but don't have time right now to

370
00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:44,119
Speaker 1: research the details of it. This is what made me

371
00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:46,399
Speaker 1: think of you, because that's literally your job as the

372
00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:48,480
Speaker 1: host of my favorite podcast. I would love to hear

373
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:51,480
Speaker 1: a show about this distinction and other examples of organisms

374
00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:57,720
Speaker 1: that blur the lines between unicellular, colonial and multicellular. As always,

375
00:24:57,760 --> 00:24:59,639
Speaker 1: I love the show and wish you the best. And

376
00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:03,040
Speaker 1: this is from Amanda m Hi Amanda, this is a

377
00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:07,440
Speaker 1: fantastic question, and I love the Portuguese Man of War.

378
00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:11,400
Speaker 1: They are beautiful, They're amazing. They look like aliens, sort

379
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:13,960
Speaker 1: of like a cross between a jellyfish and a discarded

380
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,760
Speaker 1: shopping bag floating in the ocean. Definitely not something you

381
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:22,359
Speaker 1: said should touch, given their venomous stingers. And that's a

382
00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:24,320
Speaker 1: great idea for a whole episode to do a show

383
00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:28,080
Speaker 1: about colonial and multicellular organisms. I will probably do that,

384
00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:31,720
Speaker 1: but for now let me answer your questions. So the

385
00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:37,440
Speaker 1: difference between a unicellular and multicellular organism is straightforward, right,

386
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:42,439
Speaker 1: A single cell like a protozoan versus multiple cells. But

387
00:25:42,760 --> 00:25:48,080
Speaker 1: what is a colonial organism and how does it distinguish

388
00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:51,800
Speaker 1: itself from a multi cellular organism? So why is a

389
00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:55,840
Speaker 1: man of war considered a colonial organism whereas a jellyfish

390
00:25:55,960 --> 00:26:01,480
Speaker 1: is considered multicellular. So technically, a colonial organism is one

391
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,879
Speaker 1: made up of individual organisms that could, in theory, be

392
00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:10,119
Speaker 1: separated from the collective organism and survive. And these are

393
00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:13,919
Speaker 1: called zooids. So a human skin cell can't survive on

394
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,720
Speaker 1: its own, whereas like a zooid such as a part

395
00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,760
Speaker 1: of a piece of coral like a coral polyp could

396
00:26:21,359 --> 00:26:25,000
Speaker 1: in theory or in general, survive on its own. The

397
00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:29,199
Speaker 1: reason the man o war is confusing is that it

398
00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:33,520
Speaker 1: has progressed so far into being a colonial organism that

399
00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:39,040
Speaker 1: the individual zooids now act more like little organelles, and

400
00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:43,919
Speaker 1: it couldn't really survive on their own. So the distinction

401
00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:48,679
Speaker 1: between a man of war and a multicellular organism is

402
00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:52,600
Speaker 1: partially semantic, but also it's in terms of how it

403
00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:58,080
Speaker 1: develops and its evolutionary history. So I think the best way,

404
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: perhaps most horrifying way, but the best way to imagine

405
00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:04,600
Speaker 1: it is it's as if a human embryo, like a

406
00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:09,959
Speaker 1: human fetus, cloned itself in utero, differentiated a bunch of

407
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:14,439
Speaker 1: other fetuses that were good at different jobs, and formed

408
00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,760
Speaker 1: a giant monster made out of hundreds of babies, and

409
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:21,840
Speaker 1: then evolved to the point where all these babies were

410
00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:24,680
Speaker 1: connected by tissue and there were helpless and would die

411
00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,400
Speaker 1: on their own if you separated them from the giant,

412
00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:32,760
Speaker 1: horrifying megatron baby. So one could argue that functionally this

413
00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:36,880
Speaker 1: is the same as a multicellular organism, or maybe it's

414
00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:39,479
Speaker 1: on its way to being a multicellular organism, but the

415
00:27:39,520 --> 00:27:44,320
Speaker 1: way it evolved right in the way that it developed,

416
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:46,800
Speaker 1: right as like basically making a bunch of clones of

417
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:51,480
Speaker 1: itself and then each like sort of clone organism, differentiating

418
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:55,399
Speaker 1: sort of starting out as a collection of zoids and

419
00:27:55,440 --> 00:28:00,520
Speaker 1: then becoming more of a cohesive, interdependent organism. The way

420
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,280
Speaker 1: things are classified now, this would be considered a colonial organism.

421
00:28:04,359 --> 00:28:08,280
Speaker 1: But it's a really good question because there is it's

422
00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:11,359
Speaker 1: there's a lot of gray areas in evolutionary biology, and

423
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,320
Speaker 1: this is one of them. At one point, does something

424
00:28:14,359 --> 00:28:20,800
Speaker 1: that's like a colonial organism just become a multicellular organism

425
00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:22,240
Speaker 1: and a lot of it's a lot of it's a

426
00:28:22,359 --> 00:28:26,199
Speaker 1: semantic difference, but it's it's a semantic difference that's based

427
00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:31,639
Speaker 1: on its evolutionary history and the way that it develops, right,

428
00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:36,480
Speaker 1: the reproductive cycle, the way it develops. So that is

429
00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:40,680
Speaker 1: the answer to your question, I hope, and definitely stay

430
00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:43,000
Speaker 1: tuned in the future because I will. It's a great

431
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,800
Speaker 1: idea for an episode to do one on colonial organisms

432
00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:51,200
Speaker 1: and why they're so weird, what's going on with those guys? Well,

433
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,080
Speaker 1: thank you guys again so much for your questions. If

434
00:28:54,080 --> 00:28:57,560
Speaker 1: you have a question, please write to me at Creature

435
00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: featurepod at gmail dot com. I do love doing these

436
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:03,920
Speaker 1: listener questions episodes. Let me know so if you enjoy

437
00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:08,120
Speaker 1: hearing them, if you want me to do less more

438
00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:11,360
Speaker 1: of them, but I am definitely. I have a really

439
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:14,280
Speaker 1: great lineup of guests coming up on the show, so

440
00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:19,760
Speaker 1: I'm gonna have some fowlength episodes with a guest so

441
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,080
Speaker 1: that I'm not just staring at my dog talking to

442
00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:28,280
Speaker 1: her as I'm podcasting, right, Cookie, Is that better? Yep? Yep,

443
00:29:28,360 --> 00:29:31,440
Speaker 1: She's leaving. She doesn't want me to do this anymore anyways,

444
00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,560
Speaker 1: Thank you guys so much for listening, and thanks to

445
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,240
Speaker 1: the Space Classics for their super awesome song Exo Lumina.

446
00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:42,920
Speaker 1: Creature features a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts like

447
00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,000
Speaker 1: the one you just heard, visit the iHeartRadio app Apple podcast,

448
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:49,000
Speaker 1: or Hey guess what where you listen to your favorite shows.

449
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,200
Speaker 1: I can't judge you, and I'm not your mother, so

450
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:54,200
Speaker 1: I can't tell you what to do. But don't touch

451
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:58,400
Speaker 1: a man o war. It's outchi kaboobers. It'll hurt you,

452
00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:00,840
Speaker 1: even though it does look kind of like a pretty

453
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:05,400
Speaker 1: grocery bag floating in the ocean. See you next Wednesday.

454
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:08,480
Speaker 1: M