WEBVTT - How Net Neutrality Works

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<v Speaker 1>Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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<v Speaker 1>It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology? With

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<v Speaker 1>tech stuff from how stuff works dot com. Hello everyone,

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<v Speaker 1>welcome to the podcast. My name is Chris Poullett. I'm

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<v Speaker 1>an editor at how Stuff Works, and sitting next to

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<v Speaker 1>me as usual, I have senior writer and Jonathan Strickland.

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<v Speaker 1>Hey there everyone, So how are you feeling today? I

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<v Speaker 1>am neither happy nor sad. I expect then that we're

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<v Speaker 1>talking about net neutrality. That is correct, but boy, we

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<v Speaker 1>are just getting more and more lame with these intros,

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<v Speaker 1>aren't we. Yeah, and that's probably because they're all my intros. No, No,

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<v Speaker 1>might have been bad too. Let's let's move on to

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<v Speaker 1>net neutrality. Okay, this is one of those buzz words

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<v Speaker 1>that you hear a lot, and not everyone really understands

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<v Speaker 1>what the term means. And part of that is because

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<v Speaker 1>the term kind of means a lot of different things

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<v Speaker 1>to a lot of different people. But we'll we'll try

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<v Speaker 1>and muddy the waters a little bit here, I mean, sorry,

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<v Speaker 1>clear things up, and we're gonna are with just sort

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<v Speaker 1>of a broad definition of net neutrality. Not in general,

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<v Speaker 1>net neutrality refers to being able to access all the

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<v Speaker 1>different kinds of information that are on the Internet with

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<v Speaker 1>any applicable device without any restrictions um, meaning that the

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<v Speaker 1>different companies that own parts of the Internet don't restrict

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<v Speaker 1>your access to any of the freely available stuff in

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<v Speaker 1>any way. Socialism, yes, socialism uh so. In other words,

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<v Speaker 1>for what this would mean to you is that you

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<v Speaker 1>would log onto your computer at home into onto the Internet,

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<v Speaker 1>and you would be able to access any normal web

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<v Speaker 1>page the same as any other normal web page, assuming

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<v Speaker 1>there aren't any weird problems on the Internet at the time,

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<v Speaker 1>like the target server has gone down or something. Right, So,

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<v Speaker 1>like your I s P, it doesn't matter what I

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<v Speaker 1>s P you have, and it doesn't matter what site

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<v Speaker 1>you're accessing, right, because you should be able to have

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<v Speaker 1>the same you know, Ina provided their new problem technical problems,

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<v Speaker 1>you should be able to have the same experience no

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<v Speaker 1>matter who you're using. Right, you would be able to

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<v Speaker 1>to access a web page at the same speed, no

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<v Speaker 1>matter where you were going. So let's say you're getting

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<v Speaker 1>the news. Let's just go ahead and use an example.

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<v Speaker 1>Let's say you want to get the news and you

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<v Speaker 1>want to lug onto CNN Dot com and so you

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<v Speaker 1>tell your your browser and okay, that's where I want

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<v Speaker 1>to go. Well, on a net neutral platform, that means

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<v Speaker 1>you could access it just as fast as if you

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<v Speaker 1>were to access any other news site like MSNBC or BBC.

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<v Speaker 1>Um you would you would access those sites equally quickly.

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<v Speaker 1>Now here's where the issue comes in. As a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of I sps kind of want to move away from

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<v Speaker 1>this net neutrality. It sort of hinders them in their mind. Um.

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<v Speaker 1>And and it takes away one of their potential sources

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<v Speaker 1>of revenue, which would be to make partnerships with certain

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<v Speaker 1>content providers so that those content providers would get referential treatment.

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<v Speaker 1>And you would say, if you were a Comcast customer,

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<v Speaker 1>it's a Comcast makes a partnership with MSNBC, then MSNBC

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<v Speaker 1>site might load significantly faster for you than say CNN

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<v Speaker 1>or BBC. And therefore, as a customer, you would be

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<v Speaker 1>more likely to go to MSNBC because it would mean

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<v Speaker 1>less waiting around. Right. And this is um, this is

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<v Speaker 1>not really a hot button issue probably for most people. UM.

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<v Speaker 1>This is kind of a There's been some talk about

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<v Speaker 1>it even in the presidential debates and two eight and UM,

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<v Speaker 1>it's something I think you'd probably hear more as a

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<v Speaker 1>you know, secondary or tertiary topic, but it does come

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<v Speaker 1>up from time to time, and uh, you know, it's

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<v Speaker 1>it's interesting to hear who exactly who wants uh net

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<v Speaker 1>neutrality and who doesn't. Right, there's even been an act

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<v Speaker 1>that has not been there's been introduced on both in

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<v Speaker 1>both houses of the American Congress for called the Internet

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<v Speaker 1>Freedom Preservation Act UM. And basically this is it's still

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<v Speaker 1>ongoing undergoing some debate in both houses. But the thing

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<v Speaker 1>is um this would basically say, look, it doesn't matter

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<v Speaker 1>who you have, you should everyone is entitled to the

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<v Speaker 1>same experience when they use the Internet. But the problem

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<v Speaker 1>is there are other companies who would like to to

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<v Speaker 1>throttle that band within you know, in some ways they

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<v Speaker 1>have a good reason to do so. Right, it's not

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<v Speaker 1>just it's not just revenue generation. No, that's true, because

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<v Speaker 1>we're talking you know, we've talked about other some of

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<v Speaker 1>these other topics before, you know, streaming audio and video,

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<v Speaker 1>bit torrent um. You know, now that we have all

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<v Speaker 1>these conveniences, now that a lot of us have high

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<v Speaker 1>speed internet connections at home. Uh, you know, people are

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<v Speaker 1>using them and are using them. And that's a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of you know, bandwidth, a lot of information traveling on

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<v Speaker 1>the series of tubes. So we series of two. Well,

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<v Speaker 1>we were talking about politics in the Internet, and we

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<v Speaker 1>good talk about Steven's because he has mentioned anyway, um,

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<v Speaker 1>let's talk about let's talk about the bandwidth issue. So

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<v Speaker 1>bandwidth is not infinite. There is a finite amount of bandwidth.

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<v Speaker 1>It's and it it ends within the infrastructure. Okay, well, literally,

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<v Speaker 1>the physical cables and fiber optics that make up the

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<v Speaker 1>Internet's backbone can only hold so much information at one time.

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<v Speaker 1>Now you can always add more. You can add more nodes,

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<v Speaker 1>you can add more cable and so there's you know,

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<v Speaker 1>there does there is a solution beyond just oh well

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<v Speaker 1>it's full now, you know. It's kind of like the

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<v Speaker 1>whole build more roads idea for managing traffic. That's the

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<v Speaker 1>other part is when you build more stuff, more people

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<v Speaker 1>use it. Um It's kind of funny how that works out.

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<v Speaker 1>But as as things like digital distribution of media come

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<v Speaker 1>into play, where more and more companies are really looking

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<v Speaker 1>at that as a possible way to to move into distribution,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, skip the whole blu ray DVD problem. A

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<v Speaker 1>lot of people are are concerned that blue rays never

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<v Speaker 1>going to mature as a full technology because by the

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<v Speaker 1>time the prices come down, digital distribution will have taken

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<v Speaker 1>its place. So here's the issue. Digital distribution takes up

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of bandwidth. I mean if you're especially if

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<v Speaker 1>you're talking about like a high definition movie. Yeah, huge files,

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<v Speaker 1>enormous files. So that if you want to get one

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<v Speaker 1>of those files in a timely manner, meaning that you

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<v Speaker 1>don't want to wait three months while your computer downloads,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, a film, then you need a lot of bandwidth.

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<v Speaker 1>You need the speed to be able to access these files. Um. Well,

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<v Speaker 1>because this band what fills up the I s p

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<v Speaker 1>s have to sit there and think, okay, well, how

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<v Speaker 1>are we going to manage this? Are we going to

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<v Speaker 1>invest in putting down more hardware to meet demand or

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<v Speaker 1>could we just sort of figure out a different way

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<v Speaker 1>where we kind of do some traffic control. And that's

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<v Speaker 1>where that's where some problems have popped up recently. Um.

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<v Speaker 1>In fact, there's a pretty famous case with Comcast. I

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<v Speaker 1>was wondering if you picked them for a reason. Yeah, well,

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<v Speaker 1>I guess who I have is an I I S

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<v Speaker 1>p um not anymore. Yeah, I'll go home and I'll realize, hey,

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<v Speaker 1>where my internet go? Um. Comcast has uh come under

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<v Speaker 1>fire by the FCC for throttling traffic related to bit

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<v Speaker 1>torrent users, although not necessarily bit torrent. I guess it

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<v Speaker 1>could be anyone who's who's consuming tons and tons of bandwidth. Actually, again,

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<v Speaker 1>I say it's funny that you mentioned that, because I

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<v Speaker 1>read an article in which the Electronic Frontier Foundation was

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<v Speaker 1>saying that yes, bit torrent was one of them, but

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<v Speaker 1>there were other protocols affected as well. HTML, which is

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<v Speaker 1>the protocol that you normally used on a web page. Uh,

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<v Speaker 1>not so much affected by this, but they had they

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<v Speaker 1>had a test that they did and um bit to

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<v Speaker 1>warrant Nutella and even the Lotus notes, the popular corporate

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<v Speaker 1>email program. And I think this probably dates the information

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<v Speaker 1>a little bit. You know Natella too. But it wasn't

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<v Speaker 1>just bit torrent, So they were apparently looking for other

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<v Speaker 1>things that used a lot of bandwidth, uh, bit torrent

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<v Speaker 1>and not tell A, both sharing file sharing pro programs

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<v Speaker 1>and um what they were doing apparently was forging packets,

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<v Speaker 1>and a packet is a little chunk of information when

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<v Speaker 1>you when you request something over the internet. Um, basically

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<v Speaker 1>Internet protocol breaks it down where the machines do break

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<v Speaker 1>it down into little chunks which travel over Internet protocol

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<v Speaker 1>to get to your machine from the machine that's serving

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<v Speaker 1>it up. Well, what they were doing at Concast, apparently

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<v Speaker 1>according to this this article I read, was they were

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<v Speaker 1>making up extra packets and when they would when it

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<v Speaker 1>would detect bit torrent um, it would basically throw some

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<v Speaker 1>of these junk packets in there, which would disrupt the

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<v Speaker 1>connection and cause it to break basically hang it up.

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<v Speaker 1>Beyond just throttling, it's like sticking a stick through this

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<v Speaker 1>spoke to your bicycle wheel. Golly, except with the last

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<v Speaker 1>road rash. Yeah. So so throttling, Uh, traffic is bad enough.

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<v Speaker 1>That's where you you actually put in exterior control so

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<v Speaker 1>that you slow down someone's traffic, giving that bandwidth, opening

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<v Speaker 1>up that bandwidth for other users theoretically, um, but you're

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<v Speaker 1>not really supposed to do that. In the FCC kind

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<v Speaker 1>of spanked Comcast when when the allegations came to light

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<v Speaker 1>that Comcast was throttling users, um, not literally throwing users bandwidth,

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<v Speaker 1>I should say, weren't coming to people's houses and strangling them. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>although I guess some people probably felt like that, Yeah, yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>that's nice visual Chrys. It will really come across in

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<v Speaker 1>the podcast. Thanks. So anyway, Um, so, yeah, the FCC

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<v Speaker 1>comes down, and this was a big deal because some

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<v Speaker 1>people weren't sure the FCC really had the authority need

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<v Speaker 1>to do this. In fact, contest was one of them saying,

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<v Speaker 1>who gives you the right to do this? And this

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<v Speaker 1>is one of those things that that people are kind

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<v Speaker 1>of they're kind of forging what net neutrality means and

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<v Speaker 1>where the parameters are as we go along, because it

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<v Speaker 1>is new ground, and so I think, you know, to

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<v Speaker 1>be fair, we should look at it from the other

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<v Speaker 1>from the company's point of view. Now, not everyone is

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<v Speaker 1>using that level of bandwidth. Really, from what I understand,

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<v Speaker 1>it's less than five percent of users who are really

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<v Speaker 1>cranking down all the goodies they can download from the

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<v Speaker 1>Internet and and taking advantage of the fact that they

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<v Speaker 1>have this massive, unlimited connection. Um. The thing is, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>these companies have responsibility their shareholders, and they need to

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<v Speaker 1>make the most of their investment, and they don't you know,

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<v Speaker 1>they'd love to have additional customers, and they I'm sure

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<v Speaker 1>they probably really don't have a problem with us downloading

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<v Speaker 1>all the videos and music as long as it doesn't

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<v Speaker 1>get them in trouble with the different copyright holders. But

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<v Speaker 1>you know that they're not really so much interested in that.

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<v Speaker 1>But they you know, every time they have to go

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<v Speaker 1>out and add a new fiber optic line or or

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<v Speaker 1>you know, upgrade their additional additional lines that cost them

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<v Speaker 1>money to which cuts into the bottom line and hurts

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<v Speaker 1>them in the shareholders. Uh, you know, they have a

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<v Speaker 1>reason reasonably legitimate reason to uh do you do that?

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<v Speaker 1>But the article that I read uh in c net

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<v Speaker 1>Um Australians say that this is an American problem, Yes,

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<v Speaker 1>because that that's where I read about you know, the

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<v Speaker 1>less than five percent. Well, uh, they say, basically, what

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<v Speaker 1>we should do is limit the amount of information that

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<v Speaker 1>we can we can download because essentially these few people

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<v Speaker 1>are the ones costing everyone else. Uh. When it comes

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<v Speaker 1>to net neutrality, they're saying, if you've throttled back on

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<v Speaker 1>those select few people, then uh, you know, it won't

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<v Speaker 1>be much of an issue and people won't be calling

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<v Speaker 1>for the takeover of net resources. That I can I

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<v Speaker 1>can kind of see that argument. There's also the argument

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<v Speaker 1>that some people make that if you were to regulate

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<v Speaker 1>net neutrality it would hamper innovation in some way. And

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<v Speaker 1>you're talking about Andy Kessler from the Wall Street Journal

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<v Speaker 1>also talking about Bob Cohn, founders of the Internet. So yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>because both of them then apparently said that it would

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<v Speaker 1>be anti competitive, right, it would. And well, it's more,

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<v Speaker 1>it's not just the leaving a neutral it's the idea

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<v Speaker 1>of regulation when you bring regulation into the picture, that

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<v Speaker 1>somehow regulation automatically constricts innovation. Um. I think when we

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<v Speaker 1>look at our economy sometimes we say that a lack

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<v Speaker 1>of regulation could also cause problems. I'm just saying I'm

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<v Speaker 1>not a huge fan of massive amounts of regulation either,

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<v Speaker 1>but if it means preventing abuse, then I think it

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<v Speaker 1>does become necessary. And we're we're recording this before the

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<v Speaker 1>the presidential election. Um so by the time this comes out,

0:13:08.160 --> 0:13:10.760
<v Speaker 1>maybe maybe this has been decided one way or the other.

0:13:11.240 --> 0:13:14.040
<v Speaker 1>But uh, it's interesting to look at how the candidates

0:13:14.120 --> 0:13:18.760
<v Speaker 1>view net neutrality. McCain has said that he kind of

0:13:19.640 --> 0:13:21.640
<v Speaker 1>he wants the market to take care of it, so,

0:13:21.679 --> 0:13:25.240
<v Speaker 1>in other words, hands off lack of regulation, so really

0:13:25.440 --> 0:13:28.600
<v Speaker 1>kind of against the whole regulating net neutrality, No, no

0:13:28.679 --> 0:13:33.959
<v Speaker 1>big government hands off. Uh lazy fair. That was a

0:13:34.040 --> 0:13:38.320
<v Speaker 1>nice one. So Obama he uh, he believes in net neutrality,

0:13:38.400 --> 0:13:40.319
<v Speaker 1>or at least has said that he would. He would

0:13:40.360 --> 0:13:43.959
<v Speaker 1>favor net neutrality, which is interesting because his running mate

0:13:44.360 --> 0:13:48.120
<v Speaker 1>Joe Biden does not favor net neutrality. So there's not

0:13:48.160 --> 0:13:51.320
<v Speaker 1>really a clear cut choice for people who are really

0:13:51.880 --> 0:13:54.600
<v Speaker 1>itching to use net neutrality is one of the one

0:13:54.640 --> 0:13:57.480
<v Speaker 1>of their factors for voting, unless they, of course, they're

0:13:57.520 --> 0:13:59.800
<v Speaker 1>completely hands off, from which case, you know, McCain is

0:14:00.600 --> 0:14:04.120
<v Speaker 1>pretty clear on the subject. Um. Obama's personal stance seems

0:14:04.120 --> 0:14:06.040
<v Speaker 1>to be that, hey, we need to make sure that

0:14:06.040 --> 0:14:08.960
<v Speaker 1>people have access to this information no matter who they choose.

0:14:09.520 --> 0:14:12.440
<v Speaker 1>And as you pointed out, talking about an American problem

0:14:12.840 --> 0:14:15.840
<v Speaker 1>that's not unique to the Australians. Europe seems to think

0:14:15.880 --> 0:14:20.240
<v Speaker 1>the same thing. I've read that that in Europe the

0:14:20.440 --> 0:14:23.160
<v Speaker 1>concept of net neutrality is also one of those things

0:14:23.200 --> 0:14:26.840
<v Speaker 1>where they they're afraid it's going to hamper competitiveness. But

0:14:26.920 --> 0:14:29.440
<v Speaker 1>in Europe there are a lot more choices for I

0:14:29.640 --> 0:14:32.840
<v Speaker 1>s p s, So you could if you knew ahead

0:14:32.880 --> 0:14:35.800
<v Speaker 1>of time that this I s P partnered with these

0:14:35.840 --> 0:14:38.920
<v Speaker 1>particular sites, you could shop around. You could say, hey,

0:14:38.920 --> 0:14:41.600
<v Speaker 1>you know, that's not the website I prefer. I prefer

0:14:41.680 --> 0:14:45.000
<v Speaker 1>this website. You could theoretically look around and get a

0:14:45.040 --> 0:14:49.160
<v Speaker 1>different I S and use them in order to access

0:14:49.160 --> 0:14:51.280
<v Speaker 1>the Internet. And then maybe you're okay, maybe you don't

0:14:51.320 --> 0:14:55.000
<v Speaker 1>care that the other sites are are throttled because the

0:14:55.000 --> 0:14:57.800
<v Speaker 1>ones that you like are fine. Uh. In the United States,

0:14:57.840 --> 0:14:59.920
<v Speaker 1>that's not really the case. We don't have that kind

0:15:00.040 --> 0:15:02.960
<v Speaker 1>of choice. In most regions you have maybe two choices.

0:15:03.640 --> 0:15:06.600
<v Speaker 1>Maybe some places you only you don't have a choice,

0:15:06.640 --> 0:15:09.120
<v Speaker 1>you have one, or you're not on at all. Well,

0:15:09.160 --> 0:15:12.120
<v Speaker 1>there's satellite internet, Well okay, but then that has its

0:15:12.160 --> 0:15:15.840
<v Speaker 1>own bandwidth throttling, which is due to the latency of

0:15:15.960 --> 0:15:18.160
<v Speaker 1>the signal traveling up to the satellite, back down to

0:15:18.200 --> 0:15:21.080
<v Speaker 1>the provider, and back up to the point being that

0:15:21.160 --> 0:15:24.240
<v Speaker 1>you only have maybe one or two choices, maybe three

0:15:25.000 --> 0:15:27.960
<v Speaker 1>uh max wherever you happen to be UM, as opposed

0:15:28.000 --> 0:15:30.600
<v Speaker 1>to Europe, where you may have several, like maybe half

0:15:30.600 --> 0:15:33.480
<v Speaker 1>a dozen or even a dozen choices. UM. When you

0:15:33.520 --> 0:15:36.920
<v Speaker 1>don't have that kind of choice, that's where the customer

0:15:36.920 --> 0:15:40.320
<v Speaker 1>impact really comes into play. Yeah, and uh, as a

0:15:40.360 --> 0:15:44.400
<v Speaker 1>matter of fact, you know the Internet basically started in

0:15:44.440 --> 0:15:48.880
<v Speaker 1>the United States. I mean there's there's I'm sure that

0:15:48.880 --> 0:15:51.480
<v Speaker 1>that other people have added on to it, but you know,

0:15:51.520 --> 0:15:57.880
<v Speaker 1>as a Defense Department initiative essentially kind of the foundation

0:15:58.000 --> 0:16:00.160
<v Speaker 1>for the Internet. And and there you know, there were

0:16:00.200 --> 0:16:03.400
<v Speaker 1>other people in the in the universities and some universities

0:16:03.400 --> 0:16:05.600
<v Speaker 1>who are working on similar things. But when they got together,

0:16:05.640 --> 0:16:08.920
<v Speaker 1>that was essentially what what made it happen. You'd think,

0:16:09.240 --> 0:16:12.920
<v Speaker 1>you know, being the leader in creating this worldwide network

0:16:13.840 --> 0:16:17.880
<v Speaker 1>that the United States would own, you know, the most bandwidth,

0:16:17.880 --> 0:16:22.359
<v Speaker 1>and we wouldn't have in this country the fastest connection speeds.

0:16:22.400 --> 0:16:25.680
<v Speaker 1>But part of the reason that neutrality is such an

0:16:25.680 --> 0:16:28.040
<v Speaker 1>issue is that the speeds in the United States are

0:16:28.120 --> 0:16:31.880
<v Speaker 1>are if you take them in rank, the United States

0:16:31.920 --> 0:16:36.040
<v Speaker 1>is not even in the top ten uh and fastest

0:16:36.080 --> 0:16:38.840
<v Speaker 1>internet speeds. I mean places like South Korea and and

0:16:38.880 --> 0:16:44.040
<v Speaker 1>I think Finland, I mean jan Japan, you know, double, triple, quadruple,

0:16:44.360 --> 0:16:46.600
<v Speaker 1>usually the speeds that we get here on our our

0:16:46.640 --> 0:16:49.880
<v Speaker 1>fastest internet connection. And you might you might wonder why

0:16:49.960 --> 0:16:53.280
<v Speaker 1>that is. There's I can give you one simple reason.

0:16:53.400 --> 0:16:57.440
<v Speaker 1>I mean, it's not the only reason United States is big. Well,

0:16:57.960 --> 0:17:01.080
<v Speaker 1>it's enormous. It's a lot hard to wire a country

0:17:01.120 --> 0:17:03.600
<v Speaker 1>the size of the United States that it is South Korea.

0:17:04.280 --> 0:17:05.920
<v Speaker 1>That's not the only reason, I mean, there are also

0:17:05.960 --> 0:17:08.080
<v Speaker 1>other reasons, like a lot of these other countries have

0:17:08.280 --> 0:17:11.920
<v Speaker 1>government funding that goes into these infrastructures, whereas the United

0:17:11.960 --> 0:17:15.280
<v Speaker 1>States is private companies, so you've you know, you're looking

0:17:15.320 --> 0:17:18.640
<v Speaker 1>at for the public good versus for private enterprise. Um,

0:17:18.720 --> 0:17:21.440
<v Speaker 1>that's a big difference as well. But size I think

0:17:21.440 --> 0:17:24.800
<v Speaker 1>plays a huge role. Yeah, I think I think that's true.

0:17:24.840 --> 0:17:27.360
<v Speaker 1>And it's just one of a number of issues. As

0:17:27.400 --> 0:17:29.600
<v Speaker 1>you can tell, it's they're a bunch of different sides

0:17:29.640 --> 0:17:31.560
<v Speaker 1>to this, and it's one of those things where it's

0:17:31.600 --> 0:17:34.920
<v Speaker 1>not a top issue. But I think it's growing. I mean,

0:17:34.960 --> 0:17:38.040
<v Speaker 1>just judging from the the amount of traffic it's getting. Uh,

0:17:38.240 --> 0:17:39.960
<v Speaker 1>something I heard about a long time ago, and it's

0:17:40.080 --> 0:17:42.720
<v Speaker 1>popping up a lot more. I think it's going to

0:17:42.760 --> 0:17:46.040
<v Speaker 1>become something that people can't ignore, at least here in

0:17:46.040 --> 0:17:48.960
<v Speaker 1>the United States, when you've got Obama even suggesting having

0:17:48.960 --> 0:17:52.720
<v Speaker 1>a Chief Technical Officer or a Technologies are um to

0:17:52.880 --> 0:17:55.399
<v Speaker 1>look into this kind of thing. And there's some pretty

0:17:55.440 --> 0:17:58.680
<v Speaker 1>big names that have been bandied about potentially to fill

0:17:58.760 --> 0:18:01.920
<v Speaker 1>this position. Um, I mean you know that it's starting

0:18:01.960 --> 0:18:03.840
<v Speaker 1>to come into the forefront of that point where you're

0:18:03.840 --> 0:18:08.840
<v Speaker 1>talking about the founding a new national office that would

0:18:08.840 --> 0:18:12.160
<v Speaker 1>oversee this sort of thing. That's pretty good news. Well,

0:18:12.160 --> 0:18:15.040
<v Speaker 1>that wraps up this discussion on net neutrality. If you

0:18:15.080 --> 0:18:17.320
<v Speaker 1>want to read more about this and other topics, you

0:18:17.320 --> 0:18:20.200
<v Speaker 1>should check out how stuff works dot com. And we'll

0:18:20.240 --> 0:18:24.240
<v Speaker 1>talk to you again really soon, but more on this

0:18:24.400 --> 0:18:26.920
<v Speaker 1>and thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff works

0:18:26.920 --> 0:18:30.120
<v Speaker 1>dot com? Let us know what you think. Send an

0:18:30.119 --> 0:18:37.080
<v Speaker 1>email to podcast at how stuff works dot com, brought

0:18:37.119 --> 0:18:40.320
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0:18:40.520 --> 0:18:40.960
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