1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: Stuffworks dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 3 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:17,400 Speaker 1: Polly Frying and I'm Tracy V. Wilson, So Tracy. And 4 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:20,640 Speaker 1: July of last year, we did a two parter about Carrie, 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:25,599 Speaker 1: a nation temperance activists, and I think a lot of 6 00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: people enjoyed those. Uh. You know, she's one of those 7 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:32,720 Speaker 1: interesting figures. Uh. And in her life story, the battle 8 00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: over temperance largely became sort of a battle of the sexes, 9 00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 1: at least the way it was being framed by her 10 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:42,680 Speaker 1: and her associates, which is that women were serving as 11 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:45,559 Speaker 1: the moral voice of sobriety. H. And that was due 12 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:47,720 Speaker 1: to a lot of women in the movement having experienced 13 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:51,280 Speaker 1: abuse or abandonment or other misfortunes due to the drunkenness 14 00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 1: of the men in their lives. But not all women 15 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:57,160 Speaker 1: were anti alcohol. And today we're going to talk about 16 00:00:57,160 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: a woman who is often credited as being one of 17 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: the major activists behind prohibitions repeal in the United States. 18 00:01:04,120 --> 00:01:06,880 Speaker 1: We also have to shout out to Amanda for suggesting 19 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:09,680 Speaker 1: this one, and say hi to Amanda and her mom Lynn, 20 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: because they have corresponded with us a bit uh, and 21 00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:14,559 Speaker 1: it's a good idea. So we're going to talk today 22 00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:19,319 Speaker 1: about Pauline Saban. So. She was born Pauline Morton on 23 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 1: April seven in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were Paul and 24 00:01:24,720 --> 00:01:27,760 Speaker 1: Charlotte good Rich Morton, and the family already had a 25 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,800 Speaker 1: really significant legacy before Pauline was even born. Yeah, she 26 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:36,640 Speaker 1: definitely came from sort of a moneyed, important family. Her grandfather, 27 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:40,040 Speaker 1: Julius Sterling Morton, had been a senator and eventually was 28 00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:43,720 Speaker 1: elected governor of Nebraska, and he then served under President 29 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: Grover Cleveland as the U s Secretary of Agriculture. So 30 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:49,160 Speaker 1: if you are a fan of Arbor Day, you can 31 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: thank Pauline's grandfather for that. He founded that day as 32 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:54,920 Speaker 1: a way to acknowledge the importance of trees, and now 33 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:57,760 Speaker 1: that day is actually celebrated on his birthday, which is April. 34 00:01:58,960 --> 00:02:02,160 Speaker 1: And her uncle, Joy Morton actually founded the Morton Salt Company, 35 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 1: which continues today. Pauline's father also served in a number 36 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,520 Speaker 1: of high profile and influential roles, including Secretary of the 37 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:14,239 Speaker 1: Navy under President Theodore Roosevelt. He also made a living 38 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:18,239 Speaker 1: as a railroad executive and president of a life insurance company. 39 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:22,520 Speaker 1: In nineteen o seven, then twenty year old Pauline married j. 40 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:27,600 Speaker 1: Hopkins Smith Jr. And this was no small affair. Teddy 41 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 1: and Edith Roosevelt, the philanthropist Andrew and Louise Carnegie, and 42 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:35,920 Speaker 1: socialite Caroline Schermerhorn asked her, we're all in attendance, so 43 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:40,919 Speaker 1: this is clearly a very high profile society event. The marriage, however, 44 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: only lasted seven years, but during that time, Pauline and 45 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:47,880 Speaker 1: her husband had two sons, Paul Morton Smith and Jay 46 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:51,240 Speaker 1: Hopkins Smith, the third. Pauline did not stay single for 47 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 1: very long after that marriage was over. She divorced Smith 48 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:58,720 Speaker 1: in nineteen fourteen and then remarried two years later. This 49 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:02,880 Speaker 1: time the groom was president of JP Morgan's guarantee Trust company. 50 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: That was Charles Hamilton Saban. That same year that they married, 51 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:10,560 Speaker 1: they built Baby Land on Long Island, South Fork. That 52 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:14,880 Speaker 1: sounds to me like a an amusement park. It is not. 53 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:18,000 Speaker 1: It is not, although if you're into high society and 54 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 1: beautiful landscaping, it is. It's really kind of a famous home. 55 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:24,359 Speaker 1: There was a lot written about it. That custom home 56 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:27,360 Speaker 1: was one of the grandest in the area uh. It 57 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:30,240 Speaker 1: was built on a two and fifty acre waterfront estate, 58 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:34,240 Speaker 1: and the architect John Walter Cross and the landscape designer 59 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 1: Marian Krueger Coffin worked pretty closely together to create what 60 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: turned out to be a spectacular show piece. And they started, 61 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:43,800 Speaker 1: as we said, in nineteen sixteen, the same year they 62 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,120 Speaker 1: got married. But once it was completed in nineteen nineteen, 63 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:50,360 Speaker 1: it was really a home that was focused on entertainment, 64 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 1: and Pauline was known for throwing the very best parties 65 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 1: and because she moved in very exclusive circles, she often 66 00:03:57,120 --> 00:04:01,280 Speaker 1: entertained politicians as well as captains of industry. A few 67 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:04,119 Speaker 1: years into her second marriage, Pauline also started to get 68 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: involved in political causes. In nineteen nineteen, she was elected 69 00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: to the Suffolk County Republican Committee, but that was just 70 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:13,320 Speaker 1: the beginning. In nineteen twenty she joined the New York 71 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:16,799 Speaker 1: State Republican Committee, and in nineteen twenty one she founded 72 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 1: the Women's National Republican Club. She was president of the 73 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: Women's National Republican Club from nineteen nineteen to nineteen twenty six. 74 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:27,920 Speaker 1: And this is an important time because it was during 75 00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: this tenure that the Nineteenth Amendment, which was passed by 76 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:33,920 Speaker 1: Congress in June nineteen nineteen and gave women the right 77 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:36,800 Speaker 1: to vote. Was ratified, and that happened in August eighteenth 78 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: of nineteen twenty. In nineteen twenty four, she became the 79 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:43,600 Speaker 1: first woman to serve as a representative to the Republican 80 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:48,560 Speaker 1: National Committee. The Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacturer, sale, 81 00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:51,920 Speaker 1: and transportation of alcohol in the United States, was ratified 82 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:55,800 Speaker 1: on January twenty ninth, nineteen nineteen, and initially Saban was 83 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 1: actually a prohibition supporter. She felt that her sons would 84 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: benefit from living without the temptations and potential problems of drinking, 85 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:08,159 Speaker 1: but eventually she turned around on this. She realized that 86 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 1: all that prohibition had really done was create an underground 87 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:15,320 Speaker 1: industry of bootleggers, and as someone who often entertained and 88 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:20,080 Speaker 1: particularly entertained politicians, she grew really, really weary of seeing 89 00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: so called dry politicians who spoke out against drinking and 90 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,560 Speaker 1: supported prohibition. But then we're perfectly happy to go to 91 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,919 Speaker 1: her home and want to drink. There. One thing that 92 00:05:31,080 --> 00:05:33,960 Speaker 1: really pushed Pauline Saban over the edge in terms of 93 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:37,559 Speaker 1: becoming a vocal opponent of prohibition was a woman named 94 00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,240 Speaker 1: Ella Bool and this was the leader of the Women's 95 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:44,000 Speaker 1: Christian Temperance Union, and part of the rhetoric that Boule 96 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,919 Speaker 1: routinely employed when speaking in favor of temperance and prohibition 97 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:51,479 Speaker 1: was that she spoke for all women. In speaking out 98 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 1: against the dangers of alcohol, Boule said, quote, women are 99 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: relieved of the fear of a drunken husband. Children no 100 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: longer hide with terror as they see their father reeling home. 101 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:05,200 Speaker 1: The whole United States is happier because the liquor traffic 102 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:08,880 Speaker 1: is an outlaw. I think it's important to note that 103 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:12,039 Speaker 1: when people say things like women blah blah blah, like 104 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:16,599 Speaker 1: they're not generally literally speaking for every woman on the planet. 105 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:20,440 Speaker 1: And we all know this. But that's not the only 106 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:23,520 Speaker 1: thing that she was doing. She she The story goes 107 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:27,840 Speaker 1: that when appearing before Congress, in Will stated quote, I 108 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: represent the women of America, and Pauline Saban thought to herself, well, lady, 109 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:36,279 Speaker 1: here is one woman you do not represent. Yeah. That 110 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:39,839 Speaker 1: story comes up over and over in retellings of Saban's life. 111 00:06:40,080 --> 00:06:42,760 Speaker 1: I think she mentioned it in an interview, and in 112 00:06:42,839 --> 00:06:47,240 Speaker 1: June Saban wrote an article for the publication Outlook titled 113 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 1: I changed my mind on prohibition. She wrote, quote, I 114 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:53,760 Speaker 1: was one of the women who favored prohibition when I 115 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: heard it discussed in the abstract, but I am now 116 00:06:56,480 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: convinced that it has been proved a failure. In a 117 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:01,920 Speaker 1: later inner of view, she also said quote, I began 118 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:04,440 Speaker 1: to see that whether my boys drank or not was 119 00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: my responsibility and not the governments. In nine, Pauline Saban 120 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: broke with the Republican National Committee despite misgivings over the 121 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:17,080 Speaker 1: prohibition issue. Pauline remained in the Republican Party through the 122 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:23,040 Speaker 1: presidential election, and that pitted Californian Republican Herbert Hoover against 123 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 1: New York Democrat Al Smith. Hoover, who campaign as a 124 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:31,320 Speaker 1: dry candidate, had stated while campaigning that he would look 125 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:34,360 Speaker 1: into the prohibition issue, but then once he was in office, 126 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:38,280 Speaker 1: it was not the priority that that Pauline that Pauline 127 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 1: Saban had hoped that it would be for the new president. 128 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:46,160 Speaker 1: In Hoover's inaugural address, given on March fourth, ninety nine, 129 00:07:46,320 --> 00:07:49,040 Speaker 1: he spoke to uphold the law of the land by 130 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:53,040 Speaker 1: adhering to the Eighteenth Amendment. He said, quote, no greater 131 00:07:53,200 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: national service can be given by men and women of 132 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,760 Speaker 1: goodwill who I know are not unmindful of the responsibilities 133 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:03,880 Speaker 1: of citizenship, then they should, by their example, assist in 134 00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 1: stamping out crime and outlawry by refusing participation in and 135 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: condemning all transactions with illegal liquor. So, instead of investigating prohibition, 136 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: he appointed George W. Wickersham to study criminal justice in America. 137 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:22,400 Speaker 1: This is a careful step around actually having to deal 138 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: with prohibition, precipitated by political favor that he owed to 139 00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:31,520 Speaker 1: the various dry senators. But the move led directly to 140 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:35,439 Speaker 1: Pauline Saban resigning from the Republican National Committee to form 141 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:38,160 Speaker 1: her own group. And we're going to talk about that 142 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:40,079 Speaker 1: group in just a moment, but first we will have 143 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:49,200 Speaker 1: a word from one of our BAB sponsors. After Saban 144 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:52,720 Speaker 1: left the Republican National Committee, she then founded the Women's 145 00:08:52,840 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: Organization for National Prohibition Reform or w o NPR, and 146 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:02,439 Speaker 1: that group was focused entirely on repealing prohibition. And if 147 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:04,960 Speaker 1: someone less connected had made this move, it might have 148 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:10,080 Speaker 1: fallen flat. But because of Pauline's savvy about political relationships 149 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:12,880 Speaker 1: and her vast network of friends in very high places, 150 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:17,280 Speaker 1: the prohibition reform movement really gained some traction under her stewardship, 151 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: and part of the success of her efforts was that, 152 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 1: even though she was from high society, she wanted the 153 00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:26,600 Speaker 1: organization to represent women from every walk of life. These 154 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,760 Speaker 1: are women that felt, as she did, that elible and 155 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,760 Speaker 1: the Women's Christian Temperance Union didn't speak for them, and 156 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:36,080 Speaker 1: this is a smart move. Temperance advocates often used language 157 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:38,720 Speaker 1: that cast the working class and immigrants as part of 158 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:41,920 Speaker 1: the problem, but the w n p R welcomed all 159 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:45,240 Speaker 1: women and united a lot of women who normally wouldn't 160 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:49,320 Speaker 1: agree on very much politically. Yes, since this was their 161 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:52,880 Speaker 1: only talking point, there was not really much to cause 162 00:09:52,920 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: any strife within the organization because there were women from 163 00:09:56,559 --> 00:09:59,800 Speaker 1: both sides of the political spectrum and everywhere between. That thought, 164 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:02,960 Speaker 1: prohibition is really not working out how we thought. And 165 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,440 Speaker 1: it did start initially though, with women much like Pauline herself, 166 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 1: who were wealthy white socialites. But once the w o 167 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:15,720 Speaker 1: NPR was officially launched under a one women strong advisory Council, 168 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:18,600 Speaker 1: the effort was made to reach out to that broader 169 00:10:18,679 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: range of women. Their argument for repeal of the Eighteenth 170 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:26,119 Speaker 1: Amendment was centered around morality while those who had campaigned 171 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:29,320 Speaker 1: for prohibition did so under the rhetoric that alcohol was 172 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:33,600 Speaker 1: withering the moral fiber of the country. Salmon's organization argued 173 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:36,920 Speaker 1: that prohibition was essentially doing the exact same thing by 174 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:41,760 Speaker 1: making hypocrites of everyone. Additionally, they recognized the danger of 175 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:46,160 Speaker 1: unregulated liquor that was being consumed during prohibition, but they 176 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:50,680 Speaker 1: never spoke out against temperance specifically, they merely made the 177 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,840 Speaker 1: case the alcohol's illegality had just made it all the 178 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 1: more alluring. Yeah, that was to me. It seems like 179 00:10:56,840 --> 00:10:59,680 Speaker 1: a very uh, savvy and careful move to go. No, 180 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,360 Speaker 1: it's fine if you think that people should never touch alcohol, 181 00:11:02,559 --> 00:11:05,320 Speaker 1: but this law is making a problem, and the law 182 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:08,079 Speaker 1: was definitely made up making a problem we should make. 183 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:11,239 Speaker 1: There was a lot of crime and lawlessness and bootlegging 184 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:15,439 Speaker 1: and people dying from tainted illegal liquor. It was a yeah, 185 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: there's no secret about how you know that whole entire 186 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:23,200 Speaker 1: secondary kind of underbelly culture that grew up around it 187 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:26,720 Speaker 1: had so many problems. And she references a little bit 188 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:32,160 Speaker 1: later in a moment that we're gonna talk about, but basically, uh, 189 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:35,480 Speaker 1: the the w O NPR felt that governmental regulation of 190 00:11:35,480 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: behavior in this matter was problematic rather than beneficial. And additionally, 191 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:42,760 Speaker 1: all of that personal hypocrisy was to the minds of 192 00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:46,280 Speaker 1: those who turned against prohibition, eroding the stature of the 193 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:49,360 Speaker 1: Constitution and the law of the land every time the 194 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:53,080 Speaker 1: ban on alcohol was publicly supported and then privately ignored. 195 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:56,120 Speaker 1: To make their case and convince the public, the women 196 00:11:56,320 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 1: of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform worked like 197 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: any campaign. After all, Saban and other wealthy women involved 198 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: in the organization had also helped all kinds of political 199 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:11,079 Speaker 1: campaigns before focusing on the repeal of prohibition, and because 200 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:14,440 Speaker 1: of the wealthy members of the organization, funding for these 201 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:18,040 Speaker 1: campaign efforts continued well after the stock market crash of 202 00:12:18,120 --> 00:12:21,800 Speaker 1: nine when a lot of other social organizations just did 203 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:24,880 Speaker 1: not have any more money. Yes, since this was kind 204 00:12:24,880 --> 00:12:27,760 Speaker 1: of a special interest group privately funded by people that 205 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: had a lot of money, and it wasn't all tied 206 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,080 Speaker 1: up in just the stock market, they kind of sailed 207 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:36,199 Speaker 1: through pretty unscathed, and within the first year of its existence, 208 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:38,480 Speaker 1: the New York chapter of the group was fifty thousand 209 00:12:38,559 --> 00:12:43,439 Speaker 1: members strong, and it's snowballed from there. There were marches, speeches, 210 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:47,360 Speaker 1: and rallies. A huge motorcade was organized by members Christina 211 00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:50,719 Speaker 1: Holmes and Mabel Chael that started at Fifth Avenue and 212 00:12:50,840 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: nine Street and then traveled through Manhattan. According to the 213 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:58,000 Speaker 1: book Women and Repeal, which was written in nineteen thirty 214 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:02,040 Speaker 1: four by Grace C. Root, one of the motorcade participants 215 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:06,680 Speaker 1: described it this way quote. Gaily decorated motor cars, varying 216 00:13:06,679 --> 00:13:11,240 Speaker 1: in design from open roadsters to elaborate limousines, all bearing 217 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:16,080 Speaker 1: repeal banners and heralded by state troopers on motorcycles, swept 218 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:20,200 Speaker 1: through the main streets. Loudspeakers amplified the addresses of the 219 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:24,920 Speaker 1: various speakers, while our pioneer organizer, Mrs Adria Locke Langley 220 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:28,480 Speaker 1: kept up a constant valley hue the street crowds. The 221 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:31,960 Speaker 1: crowds from the factories and after theater audiences found the 222 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,680 Speaker 1: appeals convincing, and an ever increasing numbers signed our w 223 00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 1: O NPR membership cards. As with any hot button issue, though, 224 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,880 Speaker 1: there were detractors and criticisms of w O nprs work, 225 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: and sometimes these actually came from fellow supporters of prohibition repeal. 226 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:52,040 Speaker 1: Frank R. Kent of the Baltimore Sun wrote an article 227 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:55,200 Speaker 1: for Scrubner's magazine in the late summer of ninety two 228 00:13:55,559 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: that criticized the w O NPR and specifically Mrs Sabin. 229 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:02,640 Speaker 1: He pointed out that she had supported Hoover even though 230 00:14:02,679 --> 00:14:05,040 Speaker 1: he was a dry candidate, and that her leadership of 231 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:09,120 Speaker 1: the organization had been inconsistent. He wrote, quote, after she 232 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:12,600 Speaker 1: had exhorted her adoring followers at many she luncheons and 233 00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:16,720 Speaker 1: tease to put repeal above everything else. This flaming angel 234 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:19,400 Speaker 1: of the wet cause voted for the dry Hoover and 235 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 1: against the wet Smiths. He went on to describe what 236 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 1: would seem to the readers who have been something of 237 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:30,320 Speaker 1: an exodus from w O NPR by frustrated members. And 238 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:33,360 Speaker 1: here's how he wrote about that quote. Then one morning 239 00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:35,920 Speaker 1: there appeared a list of some sixty members of the 240 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: organization who said that both parties now stand for repeal, 241 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:43,880 Speaker 1: that they objected to their organization being made a partisan agency, 242 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:46,320 Speaker 1: that in these critical times to make the position of 243 00:14:46,320 --> 00:14:49,600 Speaker 1: a candidate on control of the liquor traffic the sole 244 00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 1: test of his fitness for the presidency was very bad. Indeed, 245 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:57,600 Speaker 1: hence they advocated each individual voting for the man she 246 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: considers the best qualified to lead the nation. In the 247 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: names on this list were just as socially important as 248 00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: Mrs Saban, some of them more so, which was the 249 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:10,520 Speaker 1: reason for the split. So long as all the socially 250 00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:14,120 Speaker 1: prominent ladies strung together, such as the nature of the 251 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,920 Speaker 1: human female that pursued by the not so socially prominent 252 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,160 Speaker 1: was pretty much assured. But when they divided, so did 253 00:15:21,160 --> 00:15:24,000 Speaker 1: the others, and the sad spectacle was presented of a 254 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:28,040 Speaker 1: nullifying rupture in this women's organization which had done so 255 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:33,600 Speaker 1: much to force both parties to abandon prohibition. That article 256 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:38,680 Speaker 1: made Pauline Saban real man um and she was this 257 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:42,600 Speaker 1: really interesting figure in that she was very I don't 258 00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:44,320 Speaker 1: know if demure is the right word, but she was 259 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,240 Speaker 1: very well spoken. She carried herself with grace, She followed 260 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:49,960 Speaker 1: all of the rules of being, you know, a society woman. 261 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: But she also did not back down from moments like 262 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:57,800 Speaker 1: these when people she felt were unfairly and completely falsely 263 00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:00,760 Speaker 1: criticizing her organization. So we're going to talk about her 264 00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:04,720 Speaker 1: response to Mr Kent's article when we come back from 265 00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:12,680 Speaker 1: a little sponsor break. So before the break, we said 266 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: that Pauline Saban responded to Frank R. Kent and his 267 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: article that the w O NPR was experiencing this huge 268 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:24,600 Speaker 1: fissure in its membership. She wrote him a lengthy letter. 269 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:28,000 Speaker 1: She told him that she didn't even found the organization 270 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: until May nine, so her support of hoover In couldn't 271 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: have offended its members as he suggested, and she plainly 272 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:39,240 Speaker 1: stated that the women of the organization decided by a 273 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:42,800 Speaker 1: vote that they quote, would support only those candidates for 274 00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:46,360 Speaker 1: public office who favored the repeal of the eighteenth Amendment. 275 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:49,520 Speaker 1: She went on to dismantle his claims point by point, 276 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:53,280 Speaker 1: including giving him details on how their membership did experience 277 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:55,800 Speaker 1: a small dip, but that it was not an indicator 278 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:59,080 Speaker 1: of the health of the organization, stating, quote in regards 279 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:03,000 Speaker 1: to wheels of indignant protests were heard as a result 280 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: of our action, I want you to know the truth. 281 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 1: That is, we have had less than one and fifty 282 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,800 Speaker 1: resignations since we took that action, and that our membership 283 00:17:10,840 --> 00:17:14,879 Speaker 1: has grown from one million, fifteen thousand to one million 284 00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:18,399 Speaker 1: nineties six thousand since that meeting, an increase of over 285 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:23,160 Speaker 1: eighty thousand. Her closing paragraph reads as follows, we are 286 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:25,639 Speaker 1: really trying to do our best. And I'm sorry that 287 00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:28,600 Speaker 1: you feel so ornery about us, aren't you? With us? 288 00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:33,040 Speaker 1: As Seneca's pilot apostrophizing Neptune in the midst of a storm, 289 00:17:33,119 --> 00:17:36,040 Speaker 1: I can say, oh, Neptune, you may sink me if 290 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 1: you will. You may save me if you will, But 291 00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:42,720 Speaker 1: I have held my rudder true. This sparked it back 292 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: and forth of correspondence between Saban and Kent about the 293 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,520 Speaker 1: best way to achieve repeal, and Pauline Saban was polite, 294 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 1: but she never backed down and told Kent that she 295 00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:54,840 Speaker 1: looked forward to the pleasant surprise he would get when 296 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:58,359 Speaker 1: repeal was ratified by what we're considered to be quote, 297 00:17:58,359 --> 00:18:03,680 Speaker 1: hopelessly dry states. And she was right in that their 298 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:06,400 Speaker 1: membership was just growing and growing, because before long there 299 00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 1: were more than one point five million women in the 300 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:13,879 Speaker 1: Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform. In nineteen thirty, she 301 00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:16,520 Speaker 1: appeared before the House Judiciary Committee to speak on the 302 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:20,399 Speaker 1: matter and said, quote, in pre prohibition days, mothers had 303 00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:23,280 Speaker 1: little to fear in regards in regard to the saloon 304 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,560 Speaker 1: as far as their children were concerned. A saloon keeper's 305 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:30,000 Speaker 1: license was revoked if he were caught selling liquor to minors. 306 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:33,120 Speaker 1: Today and any speakeasy in the United States, you can 307 00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:36,480 Speaker 1: find boys and girls in their teens drinking liquor. And 308 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:39,240 Speaker 1: this situation has become so acute that mothers of the 309 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:42,200 Speaker 1: country feel something must be done to protect their children. 310 00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:48,199 Speaker 1: And continuing her high profile advocacy, on July eighteenth, nineteen 311 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:51,560 Speaker 1: thirty two, Pauline Sabin was on the cover of Time magazine. 312 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,320 Speaker 1: The article within was titled a Woman Crusader for the 313 00:18:55,359 --> 00:18:58,000 Speaker 1: Wet Cause, and a drawing of Mrs Saban that was 314 00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: done to illustrate the article is an out in the 315 00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:04,719 Speaker 1: National Portraits Gallery collection. She appeared in other publications throughout 316 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:08,200 Speaker 1: the country after her time cover, and in one she 317 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:13,520 Speaker 1: posed the moral quandary and raising children under prohibition quote, 318 00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:17,760 Speaker 1: settlement workers tell us that drunkenness has increased, not decreased. 319 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:21,400 Speaker 1: That's what the settlement workers say, not the professional drives 320 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:25,440 Speaker 1: the increase of drunkenness. As a parent, particularly among the young. 321 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:28,359 Speaker 1: The young see the law broken at home and upon 322 00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 1: the street. Can we expect them to be lawful? And 323 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,240 Speaker 1: she really did convince a lot of people with her 324 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:38,240 Speaker 1: her discussion of this and how morally messed up. The 325 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:41,720 Speaker 1: whole situation had become and then we get to ninety three, 326 00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,679 Speaker 1: which was incredibly busy for Pauline Sabin. That year she 327 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: co chaired Fearello LaGuardia's campaign for Mayor of New York 328 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:52,760 Speaker 1: and LaGuardia did win, and more importantly, per Apps, that 329 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:56,960 Speaker 1: year the w O NPRS mission was achieved. The twenty 330 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,280 Speaker 1: first Amendment was introduced, passed, and was ratified in December, 331 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:05,240 Speaker 1: and the text of that amendment reads Section one, the 332 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:08,600 Speaker 1: eighteenth Article of Amendment to the Constitution of the United 333 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:13,680 Speaker 1: States is hereby repealed. Section to the transportation or importation 334 00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:17,399 Speaker 1: into any State, territory, or possession of the United States, 335 00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:21,600 Speaker 1: for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors in violation 336 00:20:21,640 --> 00:20:26,040 Speaker 1: of the laws thereof is hereby prohibited. Section three. This 337 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified 338 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:31,960 Speaker 1: as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the 339 00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,440 Speaker 1: several States, as provided by the Constitution, within seven years 340 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:38,520 Speaker 1: from the date of the submission here off to the 341 00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: States by the Congress. The Women's Organization for National Prohibition 342 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:48,040 Speaker 1: Reform immediately disbanded, their work was done and Saban didn't 343 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:52,600 Speaker 1: want the organization to drag on looking for some other focus. Yeah, 344 00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:55,240 Speaker 1: there had been other groups that she had seen, activism 345 00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:57,960 Speaker 1: groups that had kind of had that problem where it's like, oh, 346 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,760 Speaker 1: we have all these people mobilize, been ready to take 347 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:04,280 Speaker 1: action on on our goals, and maybe we should keep 348 00:21:04,320 --> 00:21:09,439 Speaker 1: that together. And she's like, Nope, never works. But nineteen 349 00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: thirty three was also, unfortunately a year of loss because 350 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: Pauline Saban's husband, Charles died once again. She did not 351 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:20,560 Speaker 1: remain single for particularly long. She married Dwight F. Davis 352 00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:24,400 Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty six. She also campaigned for LaGuardia's reelection 353 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:26,720 Speaker 1: that year, and like a lot of the men that 354 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: she had grown up with, Davis had an impressive list 355 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,160 Speaker 1: of positions that he had served. From nineteen twenty five 356 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:35,879 Speaker 1: to nineteen twenty nine, he had served as Secretary of 357 00:21:35,920 --> 00:21:39,639 Speaker 1: War under Calvin Coolidge. Immediately after that, he was the 358 00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:42,360 Speaker 1: Governor General of the Philippines, and that was a position 359 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:46,719 Speaker 1: that he held until nineteen thirty two. In nineteen forty, 360 00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:50,200 Speaker 1: Pauline became the National director of the Volunteer Forces to 361 00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:54,560 Speaker 1: the American Red Cross, and that organization while she was 362 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:58,720 Speaker 1: serving as a national director actually used her massive estate 363 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:00,880 Speaker 1: that we talked about in Long eye Land for storage 364 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:04,720 Speaker 1: of some of their supplies. In ninety two, her husband 365 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 1: was Director General of the Army Specialist Corps and this 366 00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:11,680 Speaker 1: necessitated a move from Long Island to Washington, d C. 367 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:15,120 Speaker 1: Before that time, the couple had lived on the baby 368 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:17,960 Speaker 1: Land estate, but they left it to settle in the 369 00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: nation's capital, and Pauline remained active. She became a decorating 370 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: consultant for the White House during the Truman administration. But 371 00:22:26,359 --> 00:22:28,840 Speaker 1: a few years after the move, in November of nine, 372 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:33,400 Speaker 1: Pauline's third husband, Dwight, died, and Pauline didn't move back 373 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:35,800 Speaker 1: to Long Island. She decided to stay in Washington, d C. 374 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,280 Speaker 1: After that. Yeah, this seemed to surprise some people because 375 00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:43,439 Speaker 1: Bayberry Land had really been built to her specifications. It 376 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,199 Speaker 1: was basically her dream home. She loved it deeply, and 377 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:48,240 Speaker 1: so I think a lot of people expected her when 378 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,720 Speaker 1: Dwight passed away, to just move back there, but she 379 00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:55,119 Speaker 1: did not. Uh. Instead, she sold a plantation that she 380 00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:58,560 Speaker 1: owned through family holdings in South Carolina for thirty five 381 00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:01,920 Speaker 1: thousand dollars and even actually she actually sold baby Land 382 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:06,800 Speaker 1: for one two d fifty dollars and those property sales 383 00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:10,800 Speaker 1: were what funded her retirement. Pauline Saban died on December. 384 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,920 Speaker 1: She was buried in Southampton next to her second husband, 385 00:23:16,119 --> 00:23:21,639 Speaker 1: Charles Saban. That's always one of those things that I 386 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:23,960 Speaker 1: think many people wonder about, like what happens when you've 387 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 1: been married multiple times when you pass, like which spouse 388 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:32,760 Speaker 1: are you buried with? And clearly she loved baby Land 389 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,199 Speaker 1: and Long Island so much. I have no idea what 390 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:38,439 Speaker 1: her her thinking was in terms of which husband, but 391 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: I think it had a lot to do with the 392 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: place as well. In that case, I might may have 393 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:47,400 Speaker 1: just been where she had the plot exactly exactly. Uh. 394 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:51,080 Speaker 1: I just wanted to acknowledge that sometimes those are complicated 395 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 1: decisions and you can't always assume anything based on where 396 00:23:54,359 --> 00:23:57,880 Speaker 1: someone uh decides that their remains should end up interred. 397 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:01,280 Speaker 1: And it seems like the best way to really wrap 398 00:24:01,359 --> 00:24:04,440 Speaker 1: up Pauline Saban's life and acknowledge her impact would be 399 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:06,760 Speaker 1: through the words of one of her closest colleagues at 400 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:09,879 Speaker 1: the w O n p R and at the organization's 401 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,880 Speaker 1: fourth national Convention, the first Vice Chairman, Mrs Nichols, said 402 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: the following words about Pauline Saban quote. Without your vision, 403 00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:21,760 Speaker 1: Madam Chairman, this organization would not alone have perished. It 404 00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:24,840 Speaker 1: would never have come into being. Without your wisdom and 405 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,560 Speaker 1: your guiding hand, it would never have grown to maturity, 406 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,359 Speaker 1: and without your courage and your fixity of purpose, it 407 00:24:30,359 --> 00:24:32,920 Speaker 1: would never have sailed a charted course where the seas 408 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:37,000 Speaker 1: were stormy or reached port. At last, we believe that 409 00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: the historians of the future will rightly appraise the contribution 410 00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,680 Speaker 1: which this organization has made to the cause of good government. 411 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:46,959 Speaker 1: With that, we are not concerned for the moment. But 412 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,560 Speaker 1: if the historian be a wise one and seeks an 413 00:24:49,560 --> 00:24:52,720 Speaker 1: explanation for the phenomenal upheaval which has taken place in 414 00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:56,119 Speaker 1: public opinion within a short time, he will find that 415 00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: the answer lay in the dynamic, radiant and above all 416 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:05,440 Speaker 1: loving person melody of Pauline Sabin. You have some listener mail. 417 00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:09,040 Speaker 1: I do also. I hope everybody gets somebody to say 418 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,240 Speaker 1: something great like that about them in their lives, because 419 00:25:11,240 --> 00:25:15,080 Speaker 1: that's a good speech. Um, this is a cute little 420 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,040 Speaker 1: card that we got in the mail from our listener Amy, 421 00:25:18,119 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: and it just delighted me. So I wanted to read it, 422 00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:23,440 Speaker 1: She says, Holly and Tracy, I just had to let 423 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,440 Speaker 1: you know that when current news of politics seems so depressing, 424 00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:30,960 Speaker 1: I turned to your show. Even terrible mine accidents, awful poets, 425 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:34,760 Speaker 1: and awful race riots seem bearable in the past. On 426 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:38,119 Speaker 1: a happier note, I'm not writing to correct your pronunciation. 427 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,679 Speaker 1: I just want to send my appreciations. That's all it is. 428 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:45,480 Speaker 1: But it's so sweet. It's like the best concise, lovely card. 429 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:49,960 Speaker 1: And so thank you, thank you, Amy, because that was lovely. Uh. 430 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:51,439 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, you can 431 00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:54,720 Speaker 1: do so at our email address, which is History Podcast 432 00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:57,399 Speaker 1: at how stuffworks dot com. You can also find us 433 00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:00,919 Speaker 1: across the spectrum of social media as missed History, and 434 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: you can visit our website, which is missed in history 435 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:05,760 Speaker 1: dot com, and there you'll find show notes for any 436 00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:07,760 Speaker 1: episodes that Tracy and I have worked on, as well 437 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,640 Speaker 1: as a complete archive of every episode of the show. Ever, 438 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:13,040 Speaker 1: so we encourage you come and visit us at missed 439 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: in history dot com. For more on this and thousands 440 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:31,200 Speaker 1: of other topics, visit how staff works dot com.