1
00:00:05,120 --> 00:00:06,280
Speaker 1: Welcome to take it up in here.

2
00:00:06,440 --> 00:00:10,720
Speaker 2: I'm Andrew of the Channel Andrewism and I'm here.

3
00:00:10,560 --> 00:00:14,480
Speaker 3: With Mia who didn't.

4
00:00:14,240 --> 00:00:20,640
Speaker 2: Miss them learning today. I just wanted to shed lights

5
00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:22,959
Speaker 2: on just some of the interesting history of the anarchists

6
00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:27,040
Speaker 2: move went in Egypt. This is part two, first part really,

7
00:00:27,040 --> 00:00:30,960
Speaker 2: but just went into the historical context and progression and

8
00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:34,000
Speaker 2: how the anarchist community emerged in Egypt, you know, fueled

9
00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:39,160
Speaker 2: by this growing Mediterranean network of migration, labor, mobility and communication.

10
00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:43,280
Speaker 2: Of course, it started with the Italian community, known for

11
00:00:43,360 --> 00:00:46,640
Speaker 2: their anarchism in that time, but they soon gained the

12
00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,520
Speaker 2: support of other groups sharing a radical vision of social emancipation.

13
00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,760
Speaker 2: I learned all this from the book Anarchism and Syndicalism

14
00:00:54,840 --> 00:00:58,240
Speaker 2: in the Colonial and Post Colonial World, particularly the section

15
00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:06,960
Speaker 2: written by Anthony Gorma on Egyptian history. In the years

16
00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:10,520
Speaker 2: leading up to World War One, anarchos cynicalism, represented by

17
00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:14,280
Speaker 2: the International Union, played a leading role in organizing and

18
00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:19,640
Speaker 2: developing a militant labor movement, advocating for international solidarity among workers.

19
00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:23,720
Speaker 2: They adapted well to Egypt's diverse society, embracing ethnic and

20
00:01:23,720 --> 00:01:29,240
Speaker 2: religious pluralism and internationalism while opposing capitalism. Anarchists, along with

21
00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:33,080
Speaker 2: socialists and liberals, contributed to the advancement of secular thoughts

22
00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:38,279
Speaker 2: and Egyptian intellectual life, the even significant impact on their society. However,

23
00:01:38,319 --> 00:01:40,959
Speaker 2: the anarchist movement faced challenges due to the state's coercion

24
00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:44,200
Speaker 2: through surveillance, prosecution, and deportation.

25
00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:46,360
Speaker 1: The authorities portrayed.

26
00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:52,080
Speaker 2: Them as dissolute political adventurers pushing an alien ideology. Despite

27
00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:55,240
Speaker 2: their achievements in formulating and anti capitalist discourse and advocating

28
00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:59,360
Speaker 2: for social emancipation, other forces like the Egyptian Communist Party

29
00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:02,160
Speaker 2: and the National Movement would take on some of the

30
00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:05,520
Speaker 2: ideas with a louder and more prominent voice. Do they

31
00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:07,800
Speaker 2: just want to give more details on the movement and

32
00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:12,560
Speaker 2: what exactly they were doing in their heyday?

33
00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:14,240
Speaker 1: Clearly, the anarchists move went in.

34
00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:17,120
Speaker 2: Egypt was not confined to the local It was all

35
00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:21,120
Speaker 2: about connected with anarchists from different countries, making international friendships

36
00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,840
Speaker 2: and fighting for their shared ideals. The anarchists in Egypt

37
00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:28,440
Speaker 2: got involved with the conference in Verva's and conferences in

38
00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:32,680
Speaker 2: London and Italy and hung up with anarchists from Istanbul, Greece,

39
00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:37,360
Speaker 2: Tunisia and more. Egypt became the spot for anarchists in

40
00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:40,400
Speaker 2: the eastern Mediterranean, and they'd made connections all the way

41
00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:42,240
Speaker 2: to the United States and South America.

42
00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:46,040
Speaker 3: It's kind of interestingly playing a similar role to like

43
00:02:46,919 --> 00:02:50,760
Speaker 3: early nineteen hundreds Japan in terms of the anarchist movement,

44
00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:53,000
Speaker 3: where yeah, it's you know, you get these sort of

45
00:02:53,040 --> 00:02:56,000
Speaker 3: like regional hubs that develop and people sort of like

46
00:02:56,120 --> 00:02:59,240
Speaker 3: moved through and around them, which I think is really interesting.

47
00:03:00,200 --> 00:03:05,720
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, agreed, Agreed, and each of being in a hub,

48
00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:08,440
Speaker 2: you know, a lot of big name anarchists to are visiting, oh,

49
00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:12,919
Speaker 2: you know, big name talking people like am Claire Cypriani,

50
00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:18,520
Speaker 2: Elised Recluse, Aricoma ro Testa, Luigi Kaliani, and Pietro Gory.

51
00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,680
Speaker 2: And of course with these agitators in the mix, the

52
00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:27,720
Speaker 2: authority has called it the new of Us. But the

53
00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:32,600
Speaker 2: real life flood of the movement with not these influential figures,

54
00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:37,320
Speaker 2: they were the publications that this community was producing and

55
00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:42,360
Speaker 2: reading and distributing. The anarchists in Egypt didn't just read

56
00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:45,720
Speaker 2: from newsletters all around the world, though that was a

57
00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:48,680
Speaker 2: part of it, but they also contributed their own articles.

58
00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:53,320
Speaker 2: But always happening in Egypt they're connected, informed and motivated

59
00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,760
Speaker 2: by the international community they had built. There are a

60
00:03:56,760 --> 00:04:01,680
Speaker 2: bunch of publications dedicated to work as issues, offering insights, debates,

61
00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:06,000
Speaker 2: and discussions on common difficulties on matters of labor, organization,

62
00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:11,040
Speaker 2: and strategy. Facilitated by an increasingly developed international transport system,

63
00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:15,720
Speaker 2: particularly steamership services, the International Anarchist press served as a

64
00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:18,680
Speaker 2: vital channel the dissemination and diffusion.

65
00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:19,640
Speaker 1: Of the movement's ideas.

66
00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:26,520
Speaker 2: It was the anarchist Library before the anarchist Library in

67
00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:27,000
Speaker 2: terms of.

68
00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:29,480
Speaker 1: How they went about organizing and propriation.

69
00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:33,680
Speaker 2: In Egypt, the anarchists there recognized the unique challenges of

70
00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:34,920
Speaker 2: the local situation.

71
00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:35,520
Speaker 1: That they have to deal with.

72
00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:41,039
Speaker 2: For the European anarchists, promoting the message of emancipation and

73
00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:44,719
Speaker 2: combat and the exploitation, ignorance, and injustice caused by capitalism,

74
00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,200
Speaker 2: the states and religious authority would be no easy task

75
00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,839
Speaker 2: in a region where, for one, they're already being seen

76
00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:57,160
Speaker 2: as part of the onicle and attempts of political domination

77
00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:01,279
Speaker 2: by Western powers, and also in a region with very

78
00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:06,200
Speaker 2: deep historical religious divisions, you know, such as the Crusades

79
00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:10,520
Speaker 2: and the British French colonization. It's really one of the

80
00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:15,159
Speaker 2: major projects I suppose the European anarchists needed to communicate

81
00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,680
Speaker 2: to the local population was that their ire did not

82
00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:22,320
Speaker 2: lay with Europeans as a whole. It lay primarily with

83
00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:27,240
Speaker 2: the European ruling class, and so when it came into

84
00:05:27,279 --> 00:05:31,159
Speaker 2: critique and societal issues and has strongly attacked the evils

85
00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:33,919
Speaker 2: of capitalism, and of course that had the best reception

86
00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:37,159
Speaker 2: among the Egyptian workers. Of course, this isn't to say

87
00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:41,520
Speaker 2: that the European workers in Egypt were like completely in

88
00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:45,240
Speaker 2: common with the Egyptian workers, despite the fact that the

89
00:05:45,279 --> 00:05:48,839
Speaker 2: ire of the Egyptian workers should really lie primarily with

90
00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:53,760
Speaker 2: the European ruling class that was responsible for the imperialization

91
00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:56,839
Speaker 2: of their country and the expectation of their people. The

92
00:05:56,880 --> 00:06:01,560
Speaker 2: presence of the European workers did also contribute to the

93
00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:06,080
Speaker 2: exploitation because those European workers were paid so much better

94
00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:11,160
Speaker 2: than native worn workers were. It was experienced and privileges

95
00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:15,880
Speaker 2: that the Native one workers did not have access to. Interestingly,

96
00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:20,440
Speaker 2: although anarchists typically advocate for emancipation from all religious authorities,

97
00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:25,440
Speaker 2: Islam wasn't specifically targeted in their literature, and there was

98
00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:29,840
Speaker 2: probably a pragmatic consideration for whether anti religiou rhetoric would fly,

99
00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:33,520
Speaker 2: considering they could just be reported because of course that

100
00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:37,120
Speaker 2: was a crime. They still took on a hostile attitude

101
00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:40,279
Speaker 2: towards the Egyptian state, though, condemn its course of actions,

102
00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:44,080
Speaker 2: surveillance culture, and abusive power, but they didn't confront it

103
00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:47,320
Speaker 2: head on. The program of action was far more focused

104
00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:51,919
Speaker 2: on the goal of social transformation through the use of propaganda, education,

105
00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:56,880
Speaker 2: and workers associations. Because of the mixed conditions in Europe

106
00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:00,560
Speaker 2: and in Egypt, the ideal of people of different races, religions,

107
00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:04,159
Speaker 2: and nationalities united in solidarity had some real potency to it.

108
00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:07,600
Speaker 2: So the internationalist mission was a very central component in

109
00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:12,400
Speaker 2: their messaging at public conferences and at labor meetings, But

110
00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:16,480
Speaker 2: it really was more so about the speaking the propaganda

111
00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:18,400
Speaker 2: of the word rather than the propaganda of the deed.

112
00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:22,000
Speaker 2: In fact, interestingly, for that time, the anarchists in Egypt

113
00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:25,240
Speaker 2: didn't really engage in much propaganda of the deed at all,

114
00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:29,560
Speaker 2: Propaganda the deed being you know, political violence and assassination attempts.

115
00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:43,560
Speaker 1: For those who know you know a bit about.

116
00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:45,800
Speaker 2: The anarchists of that time, propaganda of the deed was

117
00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:49,200
Speaker 2: what they were known for. They had some some big

118
00:07:49,280 --> 00:07:53,480
Speaker 2: name assassinations in the books. For example, Franz Fudinan I

119
00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:56,320
Speaker 2: believe was assassinated by an anarchist.

120
00:07:56,560 --> 00:08:00,360
Speaker 3: No hold on Franford nand is the guy he was

121
00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:05,600
Speaker 3: killed by. Gavya Princett, the guy who started World War One.

122
00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:10,280
Speaker 2: Right. I've seen some sources call him a nationalist, souses

123
00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:12,280
Speaker 2: call him an anarchist.

124
00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:15,320
Speaker 3: I don't think he was an anarchist.

125
00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:21,240
Speaker 2: Yeah, he was exposed to socialist, anarchist and communist writings

126
00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:24,480
Speaker 2: when he was younger, through school and through his roommate

127
00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:30,080
Speaker 2: danielo Iriech, but he was more so associated with nationalists,

128
00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,840
Speaker 2: particularly when he got around to assassinate in Franz Ferdinand.

129
00:08:35,600 --> 00:08:41,840
Speaker 2: Nazis and fascists did call him an anarchist and a socialist,

130
00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:45,679
Speaker 2: But it seems as though although he was inspired by

131
00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:49,920
Speaker 2: nationalists anarchists, he was more so in the nationalists side

132
00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:50,440
Speaker 2: of the equation.

133
00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:53,640
Speaker 3: Yeah. I mean they did kill a few Habsburgs, which

134
00:08:54,040 --> 00:08:57,160
Speaker 3: always always a good thing to have less Habsburgs in

135
00:08:57,200 --> 00:08:59,920
Speaker 3: the world. You can you can you can make you

136
00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:02,400
Speaker 3: can make a chart over time and what access is

137
00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:04,679
Speaker 3: good and the other axis is Habsburg. You can see

138
00:09:04,679 --> 00:09:06,040
Speaker 3: that they're adversely correlated.

139
00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:10,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, habspurgs or something else.

140
00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:14,280
Speaker 2: But yeah, the anarchists in Egypt not too much into

141
00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,080
Speaker 2: the political violence and assassinations. They were focused really on

142
00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:20,760
Speaker 2: promoting the ideas through spoken and written communication, you know,

143
00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:24,840
Speaker 2: like public meetings, demonstrations in the press, and the press

144
00:09:24,880 --> 00:09:28,880
Speaker 2: was really the crucial axis of their efforts and disseminating

145
00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:32,160
Speaker 2: the ideas and sustaining their identity. They had local properly,

146
00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:40,160
Speaker 2: they had local publications like that Tribuna Liberal, Lepero, Looks

147
00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:44,560
Speaker 2: and others, which save to spread anarchist thought and discuss.

148
00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:46,800
Speaker 1: Ideas and issues of social emancipation.

149
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:59,559
Speaker 2: The weekly paper l'apero mostly promoted anarcho syndicalism, and then

150
00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:02,960
Speaker 2: the paper Ill Dominant Dominie came up and decided to

151
00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:07,640
Speaker 2: adopt a more tridently libertarian tone. And then you have

152
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:14,520
Speaker 2: Rise Again Or, which is another people another weekly that

153
00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:19,040
Speaker 2: promoted a very strong anti clerical line. And then there

154
00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:23,559
Speaker 2: was the people who Ergatis, which was or the Worker,

155
00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:26,440
Speaker 2: and that was an organized organ for the emancipation of

156
00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:29,240
Speaker 2: women and the worker, and it provided primarily for a

157
00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:35,280
Speaker 2: Greek language readership. Are see a lot of these seapers

158
00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:40,199
Speaker 2: will tailor towards specific languages, so that Greek had Italian

159
00:10:40,880 --> 00:10:45,600
Speaker 2: and you also had French like Legnon and l Idea.

160
00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:50,800
Speaker 2: But despite its polygod character, the anarchist press in Egypt

161
00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:54,720
Speaker 2: doesn't seem to have included an Arabic language newspaper, which

162
00:10:54,760 --> 00:11:01,480
Speaker 2: is kind of weird when you're surrounded by Arabic speaking people. However,

163
00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:06,520
Speaker 2: anarchism had regularly featured in the mainstream Arabic newspapers since

164
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:10,520
Speaker 2: since the eighteen nineties, usually however in reports and the

165
00:11:10,559 --> 00:11:15,040
Speaker 2: activities in the movement abroad, not locally in Egypt. At

166
00:11:15,080 --> 00:11:18,480
Speaker 2: the same time, there were also journals like Al Muktataf

167
00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:22,480
Speaker 2: and Al Hilal, which carried articles discussing the origins and

168
00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:26,440
Speaker 2: development of anarchist thought and practice. It seems as though

169
00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:28,800
Speaker 2: in eighteen ninety seven there was also a figure who

170
00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:34,880
Speaker 2: engaged with socialized ideas, but that particular publication seems to

171
00:11:34,880 --> 00:11:39,720
Speaker 2: have been closed down quite quickly by the authorities, particularly

172
00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:43,920
Speaker 2: for feature in the work of Salama Musa and Shibili Shumayu,

173
00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:47,319
Speaker 2: who were two Egyptian writers who were clearly influenced by

174
00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,120
Speaker 2: anarchist ideas. Something that just occurred to me is that

175
00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:56,560
Speaker 2: what it could be influencing this is that the Italians

176
00:11:56,559 --> 00:11:58,760
Speaker 2: and the Greeks and the French and all these different

177
00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:04,240
Speaker 2: people who are writing about these anarchist ideas in Egypt.

178
00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:08,480
Speaker 2: It's possibly they had a bit more leeway when it

179
00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:13,920
Speaker 2: came to the local authorities that locals themselves would not have.

180
00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:19,680
Speaker 2: Their foreign status may have provided them with slight immunity

181
00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:22,720
Speaker 2: in comparison. And this is just me spitball in, but

182
00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:28,640
Speaker 2: it's possible that Arabophone writers and speakers would be taken

183
00:12:28,679 --> 00:12:31,320
Speaker 2: on significantly more risk if they were to agitate in

184
00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:34,800
Speaker 2: the same ways that these you know, migrant workers were advocating.

185
00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:39,880
Speaker 2: And then there's also the component and that speculation, but

186
00:12:39,960 --> 00:12:45,319
Speaker 2: there is a proven component of financial difficulties and limited

187
00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:49,520
Speaker 2: literacy rates among the Egyptian population that made it difficult

188
00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:54,920
Speaker 2: to distribute Arabic language material, religious and anarchism because a

189
00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:57,719
Speaker 2: lot of the workers in Egypt who spoke Arabic were

190
00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:04,120
Speaker 2: not literate. What did help, though, because you know, the

191
00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:08,079
Speaker 2: anarchists were about that life. They would go to cafes

192
00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:14,280
Speaker 2: and read the newspapers out loud to reach their target audience.

193
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:22,319
Speaker 2: The first podcasters exactly exactly, the first podcasters for real,

194
00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:26,240
Speaker 2: as the anarchist movement in Egypt was really commemorating important

195
00:13:26,280 --> 00:13:29,800
Speaker 2: political events, celebrating new principles through posters, leaflets, and flyers

196
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,040
Speaker 2: celebrating the animal history of events like the Paris Commune

197
00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,880
Speaker 2: in May day truly spread that message of international solidarity

198
00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:43,000
Speaker 2: among the workers, and anarchists in Egypt are also very

199
00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:49,040
Speaker 2: fond of showing solidarity to their international figures like Francisco Ferrer,

200
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:53,240
Speaker 2: who was a very influential Spanish anarchist thinker who did

201
00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:56,320
Speaker 2: a lot of work in the field of anarchist education.

202
00:13:56,920 --> 00:14:00,400
Speaker 2: He created for their schools, which influenced figures like Goldman

203
00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:04,319
Speaker 2: to create their own modern schools in the US and elsewhere.

204
00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:10,400
Speaker 2: And he was arrested and then executed, which led to

205
00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:13,920
Speaker 2: a lot of protests both locally and internationally, making him

206
00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:27,880
Speaker 2: something of a martyr for the anarchist cause. And so

207
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:31,040
Speaker 2: the outrage expressed at the execution of Ferver was not

208
00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:34,920
Speaker 2: simply just a protest against the attorney, but also recognition

209
00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:37,920
Speaker 2: of his status as an advocate for cycle education, which

210
00:14:37,960 --> 00:14:39,800
Speaker 2: is an important vehicle for you know.

211
00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:40,600
Speaker 1: Social emancipation.

212
00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:45,240
Speaker 2: Before Francisco Ferrera was executed, though anarchists in Egypt were

213
00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:51,120
Speaker 2: already working on educational programs. In fact, they launched their

214
00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:57,120
Speaker 2: most ambitious project, the Free Popular University or Universita Popularity

215
00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:01,320
Speaker 2: Liberal or UPL, in alexand Andrea in nineteen oh one.

216
00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:05,720
Speaker 2: The UPL aimed to provide free evening education to the

217
00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:10,880
Speaker 2: popular classes and received great support across alexandri and society.

218
00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:16,600
Speaker 2: Courses included you know, the works of Tolstoi and Bucunan,

219
00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:24,400
Speaker 2: the arts, and pragmatic topics like worker negotiation strategies. However,

220
00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:28,800
Speaker 2: the upl's radical nature also brought criticism, with the Italian

221
00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:33,080
Speaker 2: authorities initiating legal proceedings against the UPL lecturer for some

222
00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:36,960
Speaker 2: remarks he made about the assassination of the Italian king Umbelta. First,

223
00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:41,320
Speaker 2: I of course leave you to speculate what those comments

224
00:15:41,320 --> 00:15:46,120
Speaker 2: and remarks may have been. But despite some initial public support,

225
00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:54,960
Speaker 2: its critics accused the UPL of being based on depraved principles.

226
00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,200
Speaker 2: Now I mentioned this school before, and the episode did

227
00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:03,480
Speaker 2: on Islam and anarchism, and like I said in that episode,

228
00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:07,520
Speaker 2: Ouric speakers would quickly marginalized from the education, and the

229
00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,840
Speaker 2: UPL gradually became more aimed toward and controlled by upper

230
00:16:10,840 --> 00:16:15,680
Speaker 2: class interests. In fact, within a year, reliably bourgeois elements

231
00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:18,600
Speaker 2: had arrested control of the UPL from its anarchist founders

232
00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:25,440
Speaker 2: and had wrested controlled the UPL from its anarchist founders

233
00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:28,680
Speaker 2: and proceeded to transform it into a vocational college that,

234
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:35,200
Speaker 2: among other things, taught shorthand, accountancy, and languages. So, despite

235
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:38,960
Speaker 2: its very brief existence as a revolutionary project, the UPL

236
00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:42,440
Speaker 2: marked an important movement for anarchism in Egypt and inspired

237
00:16:42,480 --> 00:16:47,120
Speaker 2: other movements seeking educational reform. The upl's impacts and vision

238
00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:52,080
Speaker 2: influenced Egyptian nationalists, who established the Higher Schools Club in

239
00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:55,560
Speaker 2: nineteen oh five, which also emphasized educational means.

240
00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:56,440
Speaker 1: For political purposes.

241
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,600
Speaker 2: Anarchism in Egypt had a significant impact on the development

242
00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:06,800
Speaker 2: of the labor movement. As a new working class emerged

243
00:17:06,840 --> 00:17:10,560
Speaker 2: towards the end of the nineteenth century, anacho cynicalism emerged

244
00:17:10,600 --> 00:17:14,680
Speaker 2: as a powerful force advocating for formal collective organization as

245
00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:17,840
Speaker 2: the instrument of social revolution. Of course, each just's labor

246
00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:20,639
Speaker 2: movement wasn't entirely new, as killed have been part of

247
00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:24,280
Speaker 2: the traditional Ottoman order, regulating trade and provide mutual lead

248
00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:27,919
Speaker 2: but the modernization efforts of Muhammad Ali no Relation and

249
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:32,280
Speaker 2: Egypt's integration into the international capitalist system changed that landscape,

250
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:35,560
Speaker 2: affecting the role of guilds and shape in the working class.

251
00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:39,640
Speaker 2: Foreign workers, like I mentioned before, came into Egypt alongside

252
00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:44,880
Speaker 2: native Egyptian labor, but despite the differences between them, evidence

253
00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:48,520
Speaker 2: does show a strong cooperation and collaboration between the groups.

254
00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:56,160
Speaker 2: The native Egyptian working class was affected by a variety

255
00:17:56,960 --> 00:18:00,040
Speaker 2: of factors, but there was a model of collaboration that

256
00:18:00,160 --> 00:18:10,080
Speaker 2: was emersion between European and Egyptian workers. The Cigarette Rollers Union,

257
00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:14,000
Speaker 2: for example, was initially a Greek body in Cairo, but

258
00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:18,240
Speaker 2: later became more inclusive as their successful strike in eighteen

259
00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:21,760
Speaker 2: and nine to nineteen hundred marked a milestone in Egyptian

260
00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:30,240
Speaker 2: industrial militancy. However, their subsequent strikes fixed However, subsequent strikes

261
00:18:30,280 --> 00:18:34,720
Speaker 2: faced brutal confrontations with the police, leading to divisions.

262
00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:35,200
Speaker 1: Among the workers.

263
00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:38,000
Speaker 2: By the end of the first decade of the century,

264
00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,720
Speaker 2: the Anacos Syndicalist International Union had emerged as a significant

265
00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:47,840
Speaker 2: force based on universalist principles and international solidarity. The optimism

266
00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:50,720
Speaker 2: for the future of a socialist center in Cairo was

267
00:18:50,720 --> 00:18:53,199
Speaker 2: a reflection of the broader movement within the working class

268
00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:59,160
Speaker 2: led by anarchists and cynicalists. Anarchism first appeared in Egypt

269
00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:03,160
Speaker 2: among Italian political refugees and workers during the eighteen sixties,

270
00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:08,200
Speaker 2: nurtured by a development international network of labor transporting communications

271
00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:12,640
Speaker 2: expanded beyond Italian circles, attract members from across Egypt's diverse

272
00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:19,679
Speaker 2: communities the heterogynous through the discourse of radical social emancipation

273
00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:24,679
Speaker 2: and propaganda and public action declaring the universality of humankind

274
00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:27,000
Speaker 2: and the crime the evils of capitalism state power on

275
00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:32,800
Speaker 2: the dogma, the anarchist movement would come into force in

276
00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:37,000
Speaker 2: Egypt's history in the years after nineteen hundred. Anarchist cyndicalism

277
00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:39,439
Speaker 2: played a central role in development of the labor movement

278
00:19:39,840 --> 00:19:42,840
Speaker 2: or circulating the rights of workers in struggle against capital,

279
00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:50,280
Speaker 2: against capital and promoting internationalists activism yet wildly rejected. Yet

280
00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:54,000
Speaker 2: while they rejected nationalism as an organizing principle, anarchists did

281
00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:56,359
Speaker 2: at times to make common cause of the nationalists against

282
00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:01,000
Speaker 2: imperialism and arguably had a revie lub eats An influence

283
00:20:01,359 --> 00:20:04,320
Speaker 2: on the strategy is antactics of the nationalist movement.

284
00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:07,399
Speaker 1: That's all I have for today.

285
00:20:09,119 --> 00:20:14,639
Speaker 2: On this brief month in Egyptian anarchist history, but I

286
00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:20,399
Speaker 2: hope an illuminated, very interesting.

287
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,240
Speaker 1: Chapter and context. That's fair.

288
00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:28,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, And I think there's another kind of important, broader

289
00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:32,560
Speaker 3: lesson from this that is I think mostly forgotten, which

290
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:38,959
Speaker 3: is that you know, from this period of I don't know,

291
00:20:39,160 --> 00:20:43,000
Speaker 3: roughly the late eighteen hundreds through about nineteen seventeen, like

292
00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:47,119
Speaker 3: in most parts of the world except for basically like

293
00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:51,320
Speaker 3: Western Europe, or not even Western Europe, like apart from

294
00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:56,240
Speaker 3: basically like the Germany's, if you're talking about socialism, there's

295
00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,440
Speaker 3: like anywhere in the world, there's a very very good

296
00:20:58,520 --> 00:21:02,240
Speaker 3: chance the thing you're actually talking about isism. And you know,

297
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:07,200
Speaker 3: there's been a sort of systemic attempt by both liberal

298
00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:10,000
Speaker 3: and sort of later communists like historians to sort of

299
00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:13,240
Speaker 3: like wipe the historical record clean and make it look

300
00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,840
Speaker 3: like everything was always sort of like the sort of

301
00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:20,000
Speaker 3: on rush of Marxism, but like that just wasn't true.

302
00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:25,040
Speaker 3: And they were very powerful anarchist movements on every continent,

303
00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:27,600
Speaker 3: and they did a lot, they did a lot of

304
00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:30,879
Speaker 3: really interesting things, and yeah, yeah, that.

305
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,000
Speaker 2: Really needs to be respected and recognized and it hasn't

306
00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:38,280
Speaker 2: so far, So flee this and if folks check out

307
00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,480
Speaker 2: the book they can get some more insights on some

308
00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,240
Speaker 2: of the other actions that have taken place in that time. Again,

309
00:21:45,320 --> 00:21:48,320
Speaker 2: the book is anarchism and syndicalism in the colonial and

310
00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:53,440
Speaker 2: post colonial world. It really illuminates a lot of that

311
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:57,600
Speaker 2: lost history. Thanks for joining me and be young on

312
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,240
Speaker 2: this episode of It Can Happen Here Again. You can

313
00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:03,959
Speaker 2: follow me Andrew on the YouTube channel andrewism on support

314
00:22:04,040 --> 00:22:09,360
Speaker 2: on petare dot com slash Sandrew take Ko.

315
00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,440
Speaker 3: It Could Happen Here as a production of cool Zone Media.

316
00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:17,200
Speaker 3: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website

317
00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:19,480
Speaker 3: cool zonemedia dot com or check us out on the

318
00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:22,960
Speaker 3: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

319
00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:25,640
Speaker 3: You can find sources for It Could Happen Here, updated

320
00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:29,280
Speaker 3: monthly at cool zonemedia dot com slash sources. Thanks for

321
00:22:29,359 --> 00:22:29,679
Speaker 3: listening