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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy D. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Guy Fox

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Speaker 1: and the Gunpowder Plot, which our predecessors Sarah and Bablina

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Speaker 1: talked about in a two part podcast back in have

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Speaker 1: become part of the popular culture on both sides of

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Speaker 1: the Atlantic, definitely more so in the UK, but here too,

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Speaker 1: like we have Guy Fox masks at protests and all

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Speaker 1: of this other stuff. Uh, but that plot to blow

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Speaker 1: up Parliament was not history's only attempt to violently destroy

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Speaker 1: the British government and spark a popular uprising. It's just

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Speaker 1: become way more famous than the one we're going to

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Speaker 1: talk about today. That incident that we're talking about today

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Speaker 1: happened more than two hundred years later, but it's not

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Speaker 1: nearly as well remembered or in some ways popularized, And

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Speaker 1: that is the Cato Street Conspiracy. And it's been a while,

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Speaker 1: but we've talked a bit on past podcasts about the

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Speaker 1: economic and cultural climate of Great Britain in the early

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Speaker 1: nineteenth century, including in our episode on the Luddite Rebellion.

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Speaker 1: In the first decades of the eighteen hundreds, the Industrial

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Speaker 1: Revolution was well underway, and while much of Britain was

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Speaker 1: still quite rural and agrarian, parts of the nation were

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Speaker 1: also urbanizing really rapidly. People were moving to cities faster

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Speaker 1: than the cities themselves could keep up, leading to overcrowding,

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Speaker 1: unsanitary living conditions, poverty, crime, and the rapid spread of disease.

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Speaker 1: Food production hadn't kept up with the shifts in economy

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Speaker 1: and industrialization, leading to food shortages, inflation, and laws meant

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Speaker 1: to regulate the grain market, which tended to favor landowners

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Speaker 1: over workers and consumers. As the nation was becoming more urbanized,

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Speaker 1: work was also becoming more mechanized, and as a result,

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Speaker 1: skilled craftspeople and agriculture workers were increasingly being pushed out

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Speaker 1: of their jobs. At the same time, working conditions in

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Speaker 1: the nation's newly opened factories were often very very poor.

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Speaker 1: People worked long hours for low pay and conditions that

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Speaker 1: ranged along a spectrum from unpleasant to unsafe. Disciplinary action

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Speaker 1: for even minor infractions tended to be really severe, including

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Speaker 1: everything from withholding people's pay to physical punishments. People who

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Speaker 1: worked in these factories were prohibited from organizing themselves to

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Speaker 1: advocate for better conditions, fairer treatment, or better pay. Parliament

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Speaker 1: had passed what was known as the Combination Act in

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Speaker 1: sevent which received royal assent on July twelve of that year.

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Speaker 1: Combination here is a synonym for union. Any two men

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Speaker 1: who combined or unionized to try to get better pay

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Speaker 1: or reduced hours could be sentenced to two months of

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Speaker 1: hard labor, and the same was true of anyone who

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Speaker 1: tried to convince anyone else to leave work, in other words,

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Speaker 1: to go on stra Although the Combination Act technically applied

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Speaker 1: to organizations of employers as well, it was really only

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Speaker 1: enforced for workers. So not only were people working in unpleasant, difficult,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes dangerous conditions, but they were also prohibited from

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Speaker 1: getting together to try to do anything about it. All

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Speaker 1: of this contributed to things like the Luddite Rebellion that

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Speaker 1: we mentioned a few moments ago, and a few years

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Speaker 1: before today's subject took place. The Luddites had been protesting

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Speaker 1: against mechanization in the textile industry. In eighteen eleven, the

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Speaker 1: Leddites famously smashed knitting machines, ultimately leading to the deployment

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Speaker 1: of a military force to stop those protests in eighteen twelve.

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Speaker 1: Today's conspiracy took place just a little later than that,

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Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty. The same trends of urbanization and mechanization,

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Speaker 1: and all of the downsides that they were bringing along

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Speaker 1: with them, had continued in the years since the Leadite Rebellion.

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Speaker 1: By then, the Napoleonic Wars and the War of eighteen

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Speaker 1: twelve had both also ended both of them in eighteen fifteen.

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Speaker 1: Many of the soldiers and sailors who had previously been

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Speaker 1: away fighting in the British Empires military were now home again,

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Speaker 1: and they were all competing for the same very scarce

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Speaker 1: supply of jobs. Arthur Thistlewood was one of the many

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Speaker 1: radical voices in Great Britain protesting against all of this.

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Speaker 1: He was baptized on December four of seventeen seventy four,

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Speaker 1: and probably born that year to William Thistlewood and Anne Burnett,

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Speaker 1: who were unmarried. Arthur's father was a stock breeder and

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Speaker 1: his mother was a shopkeeper's daughter. A lot of the

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Speaker 1: details about his early life and his upbringing are very

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Speaker 1: hazy or contradictory, and this continues into his adult life

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Speaker 1: as well, since he seems to have invented a highly

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Speaker 1: romanticized and embellished biography for himself. He definitely did serve

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Speaker 1: in two different militia, first as an ensign and then

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Speaker 1: as a lieutenant. He may have been in Paris during

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Speaker 1: the Reign of Terror, although that's a little harder to substantiate.

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Speaker 1: He claimed to have visited the Americas and the Caribbean,

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Speaker 1: but that seems less likely. When Thistlewood was in his twenties,

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Speaker 1: he had a series of brushes with money, each of

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Speaker 1: them ending abruptly and putting him back where he started financially.

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Speaker 1: He's reported to have been married twice. One was a

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Speaker 1: Miss Bruce around seventeen ninety one or seventeen ninety two,

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Speaker 1: and the other was Jane Worsley in eighteen o four,

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Speaker 1: although it's possible that that first report is erroneous. In

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Speaker 1: both cases, these women came from money, but that money

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Speaker 1: reverted back to each of their families because each of

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Speaker 1: those women died in childbirth. Yeah, there's there's some speculation

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Speaker 1: that maybe that seventy one or ninety two uh marriage

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Speaker 1: was was a mistaken identity or someone else, But it

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Speaker 1: happened at least once in that pattern, and he did

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Speaker 1: also have a surviving son named Julian, who was born

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Speaker 1: around eighteen o four that was either by Jane Worsley

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Speaker 1: or by another woman, but regardless. When he married again

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Speaker 1: in eighteen o eight, the time to a woman named

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Speaker 1: Susan Wilkinson, she accepted the young Julian as her own.

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Speaker 1: Around the same time, Thistlewood came into an inheritance which

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Speaker 1: he sold in exchange for an annuity, but his buyer

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Speaker 1: almost immediately went bankrupt, leaving Thistlewood without his property and

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Speaker 1: his buyer without the money to pay him. So at

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Speaker 1: this point he had come into money and then lost

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Speaker 1: it uh several times, at least two, possibly three times,

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Speaker 1: and this cycle of coming into money and then losing

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Speaker 1: it again seems to have made him both bitter and

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Speaker 1: ready to fight back against a system that he thought

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Speaker 1: was stacked against him and against the working class. When

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Speaker 1: Thistlewood made his way to London sometime before eighteen ten,

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Speaker 1: he found a community of people who were ready to

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Speaker 1: stoke both his bitterness and his sense of being economically wronged.

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Speaker 1: Once there, he quickly made connections to some of London's

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Speaker 1: most radical thinkers and activists, including members of the Jacobin Club,

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Speaker 1: that formed in the wake of the French Revolution. Another

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Speaker 1: in thistle Wood's newfound circle was Thomas Spence, who was

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Speaker 1: the de facto leader of a loose collection of radical organizations,

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Speaker 1: all of them in one way or another advocating for revolution.

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Speaker 1: Spence was against the monarchy, state, religion, and the aristocracy,

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Speaker 1: and he was in favor of true universal suffrage, although

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Speaker 1: many of his allies advocated universal male suffrage only. Spence

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Speaker 1: had kept various bookstalls, and he opened a bookstore known

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Speaker 1: as the Hive of Liberty, where he sold revolutionary tracks,

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Speaker 1: including ones that he had written himself. He also published

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Speaker 1: a magazine known as pigs Meat, in which he called

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Speaker 1: for things like the forest nationalization and equal redistribution of

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Speaker 1: all the land in Britain. Spence thought that private property

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Speaker 1: ownership was giving uh the rich a permanent domination over

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Speaker 1: the poor, and the only answer was to take all

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Speaker 1: of the land and then divided up equally. At first

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Speaker 1: this Wood's activities within these circles didn't really get a

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Speaker 1: lot of attention from authorities, but shortly before the end

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Speaker 1: of the Napoleonic Wars, he was part of a group

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Speaker 1: that was trying to send an emissary to France to

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Speaker 1: essentially invite Napoleon to invade Britain directly and overthrow the monarchy.

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Speaker 1: This plan completely fizzled out after Thistlewood's promised funding of it,

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Speaker 1: which was supposed to come from a lawsuit, failed to materialize.

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Speaker 1: But it was this plan to petition Napoleon that finally

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Speaker 1: caught the government's eye, and from that point they were

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Speaker 1: really keeping a pretty steady gaze on Thistlewood. We will

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Speaker 1: get into what happened after Thistlewood was under the government's

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Speaker 1: watchful eye after a quick sponsor break. Although Thomas Spence

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Speaker 1: himself died in eighteen fourteen, his followers, who became known

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Speaker 1: as the Spencying Philanthropists or just Spensions, were still active

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Speaker 1: two years later in the midst of a movement for

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Speaker 1: parliamentary reform, and Arthur Thistlewood had become one of their

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Speaker 1: key organizers. One of their strategies was to piggyback their

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Speaker 1: revolutionary efforts on more moderate calls for reform, and this

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Speaker 1: is what happened at the Spa Fields Riot on December two,

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixteen. The meeting scheduled at Spa Fields that day

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Speaker 1: was supposed to be an update on a petition to

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Speaker 1: reform Parliament. However, Thistlewood was on the planning committee and

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Speaker 1: he and others were working behind the scenes to use

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Speaker 1: the meeting to foment rebellion. Ahead of that meeting, the

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Speaker 1: organizers had visited taverns and barracks to sow the seeds

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Speaker 1: of a revolutionary riot, and they strategically position their allies

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Speaker 1: within the crowd to try to incite violence. This didn't

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Speaker 1: entirely go as planned. Although some in the crowd did

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Speaker 1: become violent and the riot went on for hours, most

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Speaker 1: of the attendees at this meeting remained peaceful. Thistlewood's ambitious

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Speaker 1: goals of taking the Tower of London in the Bank

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Speaker 1: of England and stealing weapons liberating prisoners did not happen

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Speaker 1: at all. They did march to the tower, with Thistlewood

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Speaker 1: leading the way, but order was restored by nightfall. Although

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Speaker 1: there was sufficient evidence to arrest thistle Would and his

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Speaker 1: accomplices in the Spa Fields riot immediately, the government also

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Speaker 1: had a network of spies placed within the spencions and

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Speaker 1: arrests would have disrupted that intelligence that they were gathering.

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Speaker 1: So it was May of the following year when Thistlewood

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Speaker 1: and his family were about to flee to the America's

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Speaker 1: when he was finally arrested and tried. Sources actually contradict

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Speaker 1: either he was acquitted or the charge was withdrawn when

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Speaker 1: the key witness turned out to be a pimp and

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Speaker 1: a perjurer. Yeah. Unfortunately that trial does not seem to

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Speaker 1: be in the online records at Old Bailey, so I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure which is correct. But two different sources said

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Speaker 1: clearly different things. After this failed attempt to start a

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Speaker 1: revolution at the Spa Fields riots, this Will would increasingly

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Speaker 1: believe that only an armed coup would bring the revolution

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Speaker 1: that he thought England needed. He had yet another plot

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Speaker 1: to take a for the Bank of England during the St.

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Speaker 1: Bartholomew's Fair on September six, eighteen seventeen, although that effort

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Speaker 1: once again failed. At this point a lot of the

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Speaker 1: remaining Spencians had grown wary of all the overt attempts

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Speaker 1: to start a violent rebellion. Many of them went back

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Speaker 1: to advocating for reforms from the taverns in small groups

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Speaker 1: that were less easily tracked and apprehended. This will Would,

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Speaker 1: on the other hand, doubled down in eighteen eighteen, he

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Speaker 1: challenged Home Secretary Henry Addington, Lord Sidmuth, who had previously

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Speaker 1: served as Prime Minister, to a duel for the first time.

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Speaker 1: This Will would wound up in prison, starting a year

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Speaker 1: long sentence for threatening a breach of peace in May

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Speaker 1: of eighteen eighteen. Not long after this Will was released

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Speaker 1: from prison, on August six, eighteen nineteen, the Manchester Yeomanry,

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Speaker 1: armed with sabers, violently broke up a protest for parliamentary

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Speaker 1: reform and what came to be known as the Peterloo Massacre.

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Speaker 1: In addition to those who were killed by members of

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Speaker 1: the Yeomanry, others were trampled in their efforts to escape.

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Speaker 1: At least ten people were killed and hundreds more were injured.

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Speaker 1: The immediate aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre did spark outrage

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Speaker 1: and calls for the types of reforms that the protesters

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Speaker 1: had been demanding, but in the end the government sanctioned

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Speaker 1: the way the Yeomanry and magistrates had handled the protest,

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Speaker 1: and in response to it, Parliament also passed the Six Acts.

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Speaker 1: This was a set of six separate acts that limited

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Speaker 1: the rights to do things like assemble and print political material,

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Speaker 1: while also implementing harsher punishments for printing materials deemed seditious

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Speaker 1: or obscene. One of the acts, the Training Prevention Act,

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Speaker 1: made it illegal to have military style training and drills

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Speaker 1: outside of official organizations like municipal militias. One of their

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Speaker 1: main proponents for these acts was the Home Secretary. That's

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Speaker 1: same man that Thistlewood had gone to prison for challenging

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Speaker 1: to a duel was maybe the last straw. A lot

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Speaker 1: of theories about exactly what prompted this a Wood to

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Speaker 1: go from like a radical revolutionary calling for, you know,

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Speaker 1: a total change in the British government, to somebody who

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Speaker 1: was literally planning to assassinate the entire cabinet. But at

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Speaker 1: some point after the Peter Low massacre, this Wood did

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Speaker 1: indeed start planning to assassinate the entirety of the Prime

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Speaker 1: Minister's Cabinet and to replace them all with the provisional

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Speaker 1: government that he thought would truly be both for and

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Speaker 1: by the people. The cabinet met for dinners on a

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Speaker 1: regular basis, and he planned to use one of these

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Speaker 1: dinners to kill them all at once. He and his

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Speaker 1: co conspirators rented rooms on Cato Street to plan and

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Speaker 1: to assemble and then to do things like make hand grenades.

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Speaker 1: This Wood considered figuring out a way to destroy the

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Speaker 1: cabinet without the convenience of the state dinner after the

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Speaker 1: death of George the Third On January, following the king's death,

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Speaker 1: the cabinet dinners were temporarily suspended, but they did resume

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Speaker 1: fairly quickly. The first one after that was to take

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Speaker 1: place in the home of the Earl of Harrowby and

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Speaker 1: Grosvenor Square on February. This Will had learned of it

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Speaker 1: on the twenty two through an announcement published in the

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Speaker 1: New Times, and the announcement itself may have been brought

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Speaker 1: to his attention by a man named George Edwards. The

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Speaker 1: plan was to go to Grosvenor Square with a note

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Speaker 1: for the Earl, and then once the servant had opened

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Speaker 1: the door, rush in, brandishing pistols, subdue all the servants,

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Speaker 1: block their escape roots, and if any of them tried

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Speaker 1: to escape, they would use hand grenades to kill all

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Speaker 1: the servants in the household. Then, according to court testimony,

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Speaker 1: they were planning to go onto the dining room and

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Speaker 1: quote the men who were to go into the room

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Speaker 1: were to rush in directly, and to murder all they

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Speaker 1: found in the room, good or bad, and if there

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Speaker 1: were any good ones, they would murder them for keeping

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Speaker 1: bad company. One of the conspirators, James Ing's, volunteered to

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Speaker 1: rush the room first and behead everyone there and take

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Speaker 1: the heads of the Lord Castlereay and Sidmouth for later display.

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Speaker 1: They were the Secretaries of State for Foreign and Home Affairs.

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Speaker 1: Once this mass assassination was complete, the conspirator's plans to

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Speaker 1: move on to loot and destroy nearby barracks and stables,

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Speaker 1: and then take over the Lord Mayor's residence to use

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Speaker 1: as a seat of their provisional government. That done, they

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Speaker 1: were going to raid the bank and if all, if

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Speaker 1: at all possible, come away with the books still intact

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Speaker 1: so they could use them as evidence for wrongdoing within

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Speaker 1: London's more affluent class. But once again Thistlewood's attempt to

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Speaker 1: start a rebellion was thwarted. Thomas Hayden, one of the

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Speaker 1: men Thistlewood had tried to recruit, wrote a letter to

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Speaker 1: Lord castle Reay detailing this plot, which he gave to

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Speaker 1: Lord Harrowby in a park. Lord Harrowby immediately canceled the

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Speaker 1: dinner and informed the Bow Street Runners that something was afoot.

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Speaker 1: Hayden wasn't Thistlewood's only undoing, though. George Edwards, one of

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Speaker 1: the Wood's co conspirators, was really a spy for the government.

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Speaker 1: He had been passing information about Thistlewood's activities to the

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Speaker 1: Bow Street Runners the entire time. There's even some suggestion

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Speaker 1: that he set thistle Wood up in all of this,

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Speaker 1: not only calling his attention to the advertisement about the dinner,

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Speaker 1: but actually placing that advertisement in The New Times himself.

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Speaker 1: At trial, the court reporter who usually posted those sorts

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Speaker 1: of announcements testified that he had not placed one for February,

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Speaker 1: and that the one that appeared in The New Times

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Speaker 1: that day or the day before didn't even sound like

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Speaker 1: when he had written. Regardless of how it all came about,

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Speaker 1: Bow Street Runners raided the conspirators loft before they even

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Speaker 1: left their Cato Street lodgings. In the ensuing melee, Thistlewood

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Speaker 1: killed one officer, Richard Smithers, with his rapier, before escaping

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Speaker 1: and evading capture until the following morning. We will talk

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Speaker 1: about the trial and it's aftermath after one more quick

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Speaker 1: sponsor break. Although there were certainly others involved in the

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Speaker 1: planning in some way. In the end, thirteen conspirators and

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Speaker 1: the plot to massacre the cabinet were arrested. Most of

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Speaker 1: them were laborers or craftspeople. In some ways they were shoemakers, carpenters,

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Speaker 1: tailors and the like. Two turned King's evidence, which meant

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Speaker 1: that the trial could proceed without blowing the cover of

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Speaker 1: George Edwards by having to call him to the stand

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Speaker 1: to testify. One of the cases was also dropped. The

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Speaker 1: trials began on April seventeen, eighteen twenty, and the guilt

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Speaker 1: of most of those on trial was never really in question.

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Speaker 1: Witness after witness named Thistlewood as the ringleader and key

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Speaker 1: organizer of the entire operation. The defense of one of

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Speaker 1: the co conspirators in particular stands out, William Davidson, who

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Speaker 1: was tried a little later in April. Davidson, born in Jamaica,

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Speaker 1: was the son of Jamaica's white Attorney General and a

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Speaker 1: black Jamaican woman. He had been sent to England to

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Speaker 1: receive an education that would be on are with his

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Speaker 1: father's position. At trial, Davidson said in his own defense quote,

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Speaker 1: I was accidentally drawn into Cato Street in the way

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Speaker 1: I have said, but knew nothing of a plot to plunder,

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Speaker 1: burn or massacre. I did not know that any such

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Speaker 1: plot was in existence. I am not such a man.

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Speaker 1: If my color be against me, I am not void

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Speaker 1: of all feeling, and would not act the murderer or

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Speaker 1: the brute. He then went on to suggest that it

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Speaker 1: was all a case of mistaken identity, that he had

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Speaker 1: been mistaken for another black man, which had also happened

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Speaker 1: to him at the Sunday School where he taught. According

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Speaker 1: to Davidson, all the witnesses who described quote a man

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Speaker 1: of color, we're talking about some other man and not him.

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Speaker 1: The judge tried to assuage Davidson's fears that his color

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Speaker 1: was being used as a strike against him, saying, quote,

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Speaker 1: you may rest most perfectly assured that with respect to

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Speaker 1: the color of your countenance, no prejudice either has or

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Speaker 1: will exist in any part of this court against you.

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Speaker 1: A man of color is entitled to British justice as

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Speaker 1: much as the fairest British subject. But Davidson's argument of

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Speaker 1: mistaken identity did not lead to an acquittal. He and

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Speaker 1: all the other men on trial for the conspiracy were

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Speaker 1: all found guilty and sentenced to be taken to their

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Speaker 1: execution on hurdles, hanged, beheaded and quartered. Five of those

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Speaker 1: sentences were commuted to transportation to New South Wales, and

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Speaker 1: the men transported arrived there on September twenty. The executions

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Speaker 1: of the others, who were Arthur Thistlewood, James Ng's, James Brunt,

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Speaker 1: William Davidson and Richard Tid were carried out on May one,

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Speaker 1: eighteen twenty, although the carrying on hurdles and the quartering

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Speaker 1: afterward were dropped from their sentence for what was framed

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Speaker 1: as humanitarian reasons. Thistlewood's last statement before the execution was

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Speaker 1: quote my only sorrow is that soil this Wood's last

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Speaker 1: statement before his execution was quote my only sorrow is

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Speaker 1: that oil should be a theater for slaves, for cowards

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Speaker 1: and for despots. My motives, I doubt not, will hereafter

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Speaker 1: be justly appreciated. Their execution drew an enormous crowd, and

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Speaker 1: a railing at St. Sepulcher's Church collapsed under the weight

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Speaker 1: of all the people who had climbed up onto it

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Speaker 1: for a better view. The bodies remained hanging for half

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Speaker 1: an hour before the beheading. An ax was specially made

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Speaker 1: for the execution, but the actual beheading wound up being

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Speaker 1: carried out by a barber surgeon wearing a mask and

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Speaker 1: using a surgical knife. According to William Thackeray's account, James

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Speaker 1: Brunt's head was dropped while it was being displayed to

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Speaker 1: the crowd, which was one of the incidents cited in

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Speaker 1: efforts to get beheading removed from the punishments for traders.

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Speaker 1: Eventually all the other ancillary steps to the execution itself

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Speaker 1: were removed in the from the punishments for traders, so

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Speaker 1: people would just be hanged in the instead of taken

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Speaker 1: to the gallows on hurdles and then hanged and then

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Speaker 1: beheaded and then quartered, which was a lot. Although there

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Speaker 1: was plenty of more moderate activism around the rights of

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Speaker 1: workers and reforms of parliament and all those sorts of

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Speaker 1: things after this point, the failed Cato Street Rebellion really

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Speaker 1: put an end to the most radical and violent arm

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Speaker 1: of the labor rights movement at the time. The spency

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Speaker 1: and philanthropists effectively dissolved, and at the same time, the

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Speaker 1: government pointed to the Cato Street Rebellion as evidence that

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Speaker 1: the Six Acts and the combination acts that had previously

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Speaker 1: been passed were all necessary to keep order. The location

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Speaker 1: where the conspirators were discovered was marked with a plaque

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Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy seven. It has a historical marker. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Not the same name recognition though as Guy Fox Plats

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Speaker 1: blew up parliament. No, not at all, even though they

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Speaker 1: had the same core objective, which was to destroy the

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Speaker 1: government and start over. So that was the Cato Street.

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Speaker 1: Uh conspiracy. Uh do you have less conspiratorial listener? Man?

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Speaker 1: Kind of Uh A little. I mean it's it's about

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Speaker 1: the Tuskey U Syphilis study, which uh could be framed

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Speaker 1: as a conspiracy based on how terrible it was. It

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Speaker 1: is from Emily. Emily says, good morning, Tracy and Holly.

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Speaker 1: I'm writing to you about some comments made during the

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Speaker 1: discussion of the study design for the Tusky U syphilis study.

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Speaker 1: Please don't get me wrong, someone from Alabama. I feel

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Speaker 1: a huge amount of shame when people discussed the Tuskey

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Speaker 1: U Syphilis study. The U S Public Health Service, as

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Speaker 1: well as the local physicians involved in the study are

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Speaker 1: beneath contempt for their deception and extremely unethical behavior. There

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Speaker 1: was no informed consent, which is sacrosanctin research. Now, the

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Speaker 1: incentives provided to participants were probably coercive, and the UH

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Speaker 1: and the whistleblower Peter Buxton, made several attempts to have

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Speaker 1: the study stopped. Both the A M A and N

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Speaker 1: m A supported the study and it continued. Finally began

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Speaker 1: coming to an end once it leaked was leaked to

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Speaker 1: the Associated Press in the early nineteen seventies. I'm more

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Speaker 1: in interested in addressing a technical point raise during the

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Speaker 1: discussion of the additional autopsies for control and the term

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Speaker 1: all the term the term was not used case participants.

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Speaker 1: I would like step briefly away from the fact that

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Speaker 1: this was a very bad study and draw a distinction

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Speaker 1: between that and a bad studied design is not a

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Speaker 1: bad study design for controls to who become cases to

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Speaker 1: be considered cases. In epidemiology, we have case cohort designs

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Speaker 1: developed during the nineteen eighties, which allow for a group

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Speaker 1: of participants to be sampled at the beginning of a

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Speaker 1: study and followed for a set period of time. At

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Speaker 1: that time, they may have originally been cases, remain controls throughout,

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Speaker 1: or transition from controls to cases at some point. Another

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Speaker 1: design that would allow. This is called incidents density sampling. Here,

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Speaker 1: controls are selected at the same time participants become cases.

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Speaker 1: Time is a matching variable, although you can also match

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Speaker 1: on race, age sets, etcetera. Here, again, a subject may

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Speaker 1: be selected as a can troll early on in the

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00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,080
Speaker 1: study and a case later. And then she goes on

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00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:10,080
Speaker 1: to talk some more about um, how people interpret study

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Speaker 1: design um in the in the field of epidemiology. UH two,

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00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:20,399
Speaker 1: get to the last paragraph. The problem with this person

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Speaker 1: of the Tuskegee syphilis study is that once participants became cases,

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Speaker 1: they were not provided with essentially life saving treatment, nor

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Speaker 1: were their families, who were also affected by the disease

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Speaker 1: possible infections for spouses, sexual partners, and children, loss of

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Speaker 1: the primary bread winner resulting in even lower financial and

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Speaker 1: educational opportunities. As a researcher in the health care field,

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Speaker 1: I daily deal with the aftermath of the study as

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Speaker 1: it affects our research and participants faith in what we

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Speaker 1: are doing. Thank you for your very excellent podcast. You

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Speaker 1: ladies doing amazing job. I've been listening for years and

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Speaker 1: I've heard every episode at least once, often more than that. Emily,

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Speaker 1: Thank you so much. Emily for that clarification. UM. The

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Speaker 1: comment we made about UM how moving from the control

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Speaker 1: group to the participant group UM was not a good

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Speaker 1: thing to do, came actually from a report from the

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Speaker 1: Hastings Center, which is a bioethics organization UM that came

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Speaker 1: out of nineteen seventy eight, so it would have been

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Speaker 1: before case co cohort designs were were developed, and that

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Speaker 1: paper called it quote a strikingly inept violation of standard

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Speaker 1: research procedure. So when that paper was written, the idea

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Speaker 1: of someone moving from the control group to the participant

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Speaker 1: group was viewed very differently than apparently it is now

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Speaker 1: in the field of eponemiology. So thank you for writing

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Speaker 1: in UM with that clarification. Emily. Also, we had another

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Speaker 1: healthcare provider right and ask us to give a shout

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Speaker 1: out for getting tested. That's a good thing to do.

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Speaker 1: I'm always happy to give a shout out for getting

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Speaker 1: tested for it. Number of things right, right, right, You

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Speaker 1: should be screening your health on a regular basis. Yes,

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Speaker 1: uh and and uh. Syphilis is definitely a disease that

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00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:13,080
Speaker 1: still exists and because as we talked about its symptoms

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00:26:13,119 --> 00:26:15,040
Speaker 1: can resolve on their own without treatment. A lot of

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Speaker 1: people become infected and don't realize that they are, so

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Speaker 1: that is our plug testing is important. UH. If you

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Speaker 1: would like to write to us about this or any

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Speaker 1: other podcast where a history podcast at how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com. We're also on Facebook at facebook dot com

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Speaker 1: slash miss in history and on Twitter at miss in

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Speaker 1: history are tumbler miss in history dot tumbler dot com.

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00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:37,879
Speaker 1: We're also on Pinterest and Instagram at miss in History.

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Speaker 1: You can come to our parent company's website, which is

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00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,520
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com, where there's a lot of stuff,

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00:26:43,760 --> 00:26:47,800
Speaker 1: more than you might expect about various uh conspiracies that

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00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:51,959
Speaker 1: have happened or are purported to have happened throughout history.

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00:26:52,520 --> 00:26:54,600
Speaker 1: You can also come to our website, which is a

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00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:56,639
Speaker 1: missed in history dot com, and you will find the

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Speaker 1: archive of every single episode we have ever done show

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00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,919
Speaker 1: notes for all of our past episodes Holly and I

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00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:04,960
Speaker 1: have done. We are now publishing the show notes on

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Speaker 1: the same page as the podcast, so all that stuff

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00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:09,080
Speaker 1: is together, so you can do all that and a

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00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:11,359
Speaker 1: whole lot more at how stuff works dot com or

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Speaker 1: missed in history dot com for more on this and

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Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com,