1 00:00:02,560 --> 00:00:07,040 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. Last week's episode on Very Old Animals kept 2 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:11,440 Speaker 1: reminding me of our previous episode on endlings. That's a 3 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:15,160 Speaker 1: word that's been coined to describe the last known surviving 4 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,479 Speaker 1: members of a species. So we're bringing our episode out 5 00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:22,920 Speaker 1: on some endlings as Today's Saturday Classic. This episode originally 6 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:26,319 Speaker 1: came out on February twenty first, twenty eighteen in Joy 7 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:32,640 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 8 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:43,280 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 9 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:48,600 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. On February twenty first, nineteen eighteen, 10 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: a bird named Incas died at the Cincinnati Zoo. Incas 11 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: was a Carolina parakeet and his mate, Lady Jane, had 12 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:59,800 Speaker 1: died the year before. They were the last of their species. 13 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:04,880 Speaker 1: In the nineteen nineties, physician Robert Webster of Jasper, Georgia 14 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 1: coined a name for the last living member of a species, 15 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:11,360 Speaker 1: which was endling, and so the word he realized the 16 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:13,680 Speaker 1: need for while he was treating a patient who told 17 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:15,920 Speaker 1: him that she was the last living member of her 18 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:20,679 Speaker 1: family line. Endling isn't in Merriam Webster or the Oxford 19 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: English Dictionary as of when we recording the show, but 20 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: it's been picked up by museums and journals and magazines 21 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,319 Speaker 1: and their discussions of last animals, especially ones that people 22 00:01:31,360 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 1: cared enough about to name and then write about them 23 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:37,400 Speaker 1: when they died. So a few other examples of these 24 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: endlings are booming. Ben the heath hen who was last 25 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: seen on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts on March eleventh, nineteen thirty two. Benjamin, 26 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:49,640 Speaker 1: the last Tasmanian tiger, died on September seventh, nineteen thirty 27 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:52,880 Speaker 1: six at the Hobart Zoo in Tasmania. And some of 28 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:56,520 Speaker 1: these are really recent. Tufie, who was the last known 29 00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:01,160 Speaker 1: RABS fringe limbed tree frog, died on September twenty sixteen 30 00:02:01,160 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: at the Atlanta Botanical Gardens Frog Pod Laboratory for Amphibian Conservation. 31 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:09,320 Speaker 1: So since we're coming up on the centennial of its 32 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:12,160 Speaker 1: extinction today, we're going to talk about the Carolina parakeet, 33 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:16,240 Speaker 1: along with two other endlings who were marked, the Passenger 34 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 1: pigeon and Lonesome George, the Penta Island tortoise. Just in 35 00:02:20,720 --> 00:02:27,639 Speaker 1: case not clear this episode would get the I think 36 00:02:27,639 --> 00:02:30,480 Speaker 1: they've changed the way they do these ratings, but it 37 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:33,079 Speaker 1: used to be at doesthdog dye dot com. There would 38 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: be a sad face of a dog. Yeah. If the 39 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: dog died this this would have like all sad faces. 40 00:02:38,639 --> 00:02:43,919 Speaker 1: This whole episode is about animals dying. Yeah. Uh. Once 41 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:47,239 Speaker 1: upon a time, Eastern North America had its own native 42 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:53,320 Speaker 1: parrot species Consis carolinensis, better known as the Carolina parakeet, 43 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:59,800 Speaker 1: or sometimes the Carolina parrot. A subspecies Counterropsis carolinensis ludovicianis, 44 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,720 Speaker 1: was sometimes known as the Louisiana parakeet, but in writings 45 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:07,760 Speaker 1: about them, they're generally grouped together, just as the Carolina parakeet. 46 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 1: It is not clear who coined the term Carolina parakeet, 47 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: but it was some time after the Carolina Colony was 48 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: chartered in sixteen sixty three. The birds first mentions in 49 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,400 Speaker 1: writing date back to the fifteen eighties, obviously without the 50 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:27,800 Speaker 1: Carolina moniker as part of them. In sixteen twelve, William 51 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:31,600 Speaker 1: Stratchy described them this way in the History of Travel 52 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:36,920 Speaker 1: into Virginia, Britanna. Quote parakeitos. I have seen many in 53 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 1: the winter and known diverse killed. Yet they be a 54 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: foul most swift of wing, Their wings and breasts are 55 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: of a greenish color with forked tails. Their heads some crimson, 56 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: some yellow, some orange, tawny, very beautiful. You'll just have 57 00:03:52,960 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: to imagine the seventeenth century spelling of that passage, because 58 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: it's delightful. It is, and it's one of those green 59 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:02,600 Speaker 1: examples that reminds me of the episode we did about 60 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:05,720 Speaker 1: how language shifts and the rules are made up, uh huh, 61 00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 1: because there's some fast and loose spelling that changes from 62 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: mention to mention there, and I love it. My favorite 63 00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:15,160 Speaker 1: is that they are very beau t y f ull 64 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:20,920 Speaker 1: It's like the way little kids say beautiful. Of course, 65 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:23,800 Speaker 1: North America's indigenous people already had their own names for 66 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:27,040 Speaker 1: these birds, and they're represented in indigenous art going back 67 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:31,359 Speaker 1: to prehistory, including in pipes and calcite and hematite ornaments. 68 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:34,640 Speaker 1: Their feathers and other parts were also used in native 69 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:39,040 Speaker 1: clothing and ornaments. Most sources describe the bird's range as 70 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,120 Speaker 1: covering almost all of the eastern United States, but research 71 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:46,080 Speaker 1: that was published in twenty seventeen suggests that the Carolina 72 00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: and Louisiana subspecies really had smaller ranges that didn't really 73 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:54,040 Speaker 1: overlap each other very much. According to this research, Carolina 74 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: parakeets lived all through Florida and then in coastal regions 75 00:04:57,680 --> 00:05:02,640 Speaker 1: from Texas up to Virginia. Louisiana parakeets lived in the 76 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:05,839 Speaker 1: central part of the country in a squarish blob with 77 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:09,920 Speaker 1: the southwest corner in central Texas and the northeast corner 78 00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:14,480 Speaker 1: in central Ohio. These were bright green birds, roughly twelve 79 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:18,599 Speaker 1: inches or thirty centimeters long. Juveniles were green all over, 80 00:05:18,680 --> 00:05:21,479 Speaker 1: and as they matured their heads turned yellow, with little 81 00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:25,800 Speaker 1: reddish orange masks along their eyes, running down beside their beaks, 82 00:05:25,839 --> 00:05:29,279 Speaker 1: and across the tops of their heads. In the words 83 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:32,640 Speaker 1: of James Hall, writing in eighteen thirty eight, they were 84 00:05:32,720 --> 00:05:37,000 Speaker 1: quote a bird of beautiful plumage, but very bad character. 85 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: But their character probably got a lot worse after the 86 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:47,280 Speaker 1: arrival of European colonists in North America. I really yearned 87 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:49,760 Speaker 1: to know what gave the bad care. Were they just sassy? 88 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:53,640 Speaker 1: Were they really about food? That's the next thing that 89 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:56,200 Speaker 1: we're talking about. I like it. It's like a far 90 00:05:56,240 --> 00:05:58,360 Speaker 1: side cartoon, right with like the birds from the wrong 91 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:00,279 Speaker 1: side of the tracks kind of thing. In my head. 92 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:04,359 Speaker 1: That's how this plays out Carolina parakeets ate fruit plants, 93 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:07,360 Speaker 1: some insects, and a lot of seeds, and they were 94 00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:11,719 Speaker 1: particularly fond of cocklebar seeds. So cocklebars are native to 95 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 1: North America, but they're invasive in other parts of the world, 96 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:18,280 Speaker 1: and even in North America, these plants are annoying since 97 00:06:18,279 --> 00:06:22,479 Speaker 1: they're covered in prickly, clinging seed pods. Cockle Bars didn't 98 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:26,080 Speaker 1: really run rampant in pre colonial forests, but once colonists 99 00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: started clearing those forests for farmlands, they thrived in the 100 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,800 Speaker 1: disturbed soil. The plants themselves could choke out crops and 101 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:36,840 Speaker 1: make them difficult to harvest, and the burrs could ruin 102 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:41,520 Speaker 1: sheep's wool and cause problems for other livestock. Cocklebar seeds 103 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:45,600 Speaker 1: contain a glucoside that's toxic to mammals, but Carolina parakeets 104 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:48,200 Speaker 1: love to grab one with a claw, eat the seeds 105 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: out of the middle of it, and then drop the 106 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:53,760 Speaker 1: prickly part on the ground. Carolina parakeets love of these 107 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 1: seeds made them useful for cocklebar control and for control 108 00:06:57,480 --> 00:07:00,800 Speaker 1: of the similarly annoying sand spur, which they also liked 109 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:05,320 Speaker 1: to eat. But European Colonists also were planting orchards of 110 00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:09,240 Speaker 1: fruit trees, and the parakeets treated these crops exactly the 111 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: same way that they treated cocklebers. They grabbed the fruit 112 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:14,200 Speaker 1: with a foot, pecked the seeds out of it, and 113 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:17,000 Speaker 1: then threw the ruined fruit down on the ground. That 114 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 1: is their bad character, litterbugs. They're wasteful. I somehow feel 115 00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: guilty also joking about it. Extinct species. I'm gonna put 116 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 1: this away now. Carolina parakeets went after cultivated fields of 117 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:33,760 Speaker 1: corn and other grains as well, spoiling more food than 118 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 1: they ate. John James Audubon described them as covering fields 119 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: of stacked grains so completely that they looked like a 120 00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: bright carpet on top of all this crop destruction. Carolina 121 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:49,040 Speaker 1: parakeets were highly social, gregarious birds that traveled in huge, 122 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:52,120 Speaker 1: noisy flocks and left lots of droppings behind, so a 123 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: lot of colonists thought they were an enormous nuisance. Farmers 124 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:58,800 Speaker 1: hunted them aggressively to keep them away from crops, and 125 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:01,960 Speaker 1: people also hunted them for food and for their feathers. 126 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 1: That very vibrant, beautiful plumage made them really popular among milliners. 127 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:11,480 Speaker 1: The bird's own behavior also made them easy targets. They 128 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:14,240 Speaker 1: congregated in large flocks, and they would fly off at 129 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: the sound of gunfire, but then all the birds would 130 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:19,920 Speaker 1: return to the same spot, especially if they heard one 131 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,680 Speaker 1: of their own injured. There By the early nineteenth century, 132 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: the Carolina parakeet's numbers were in obvious decline. John J. 133 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,840 Speaker 1: Audubon published his Birds of America in installments from eighteen 134 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:34,520 Speaker 1: twenty seven to eighteen thirty eight, and in that book 135 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:37,280 Speaker 1: he described the decline as recent. He said that they 136 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:41,000 Speaker 1: had been plentiful twenty five years before. In this drop 137 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: in population can't really be pinned on just one cause. 138 00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:48,240 Speaker 1: In addition to the relentless hunting, the birds lost huge 139 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:52,439 Speaker 1: amounts of habitats through deforestation, especially after the Cotton gin 140 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:56,040 Speaker 1: made cotton a profitable crop in the South. It's also 141 00:08:56,120 --> 00:08:58,800 Speaker 1: possible that the birds were forced out of nesting sites 142 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 1: after the introduction of bees to North America. There was 143 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:04,880 Speaker 1: never a formal study of these birds in the wild, 144 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:06,959 Speaker 1: so there is a bit of debate about whether they 145 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:09,960 Speaker 1: nested in hollow trees like honey bees do, or if 146 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:12,880 Speaker 1: they built nests out of sticks, or if they possibly 147 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:16,200 Speaker 1: did some of both. In the last few decades of 148 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: their existence, Carolina parakeets were viewed as much less of 149 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:22,600 Speaker 1: a nuisance. Their numbers had dropped to the point that 150 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 1: their control of cocklebers outweighed their potential damage to crops. 151 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 1: Farmers were more inclined to just let them be, which 152 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 1: may have ultimately led to their extinction. We really don't 153 00:09:33,679 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: know what tipped the scale from a reduced population to 154 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:40,080 Speaker 1: one that was actively dying out, but one theory is 155 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: that Carolina parakeets contracted a viral disease from domesticated poultry, 156 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:47,360 Speaker 1: and that only would have been possible after they were 157 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: allowed to hang around farms instead of being shot on site. 158 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: In nineteen oh four, the last known wild Carolina parakeet 159 00:09:55,800 --> 00:10:00,080 Speaker 1: was killed in Okachobee County, Florida. Carolina parakeets were easy 160 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:02,840 Speaker 1: to keep his pets, although they could not be trained 161 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:06,199 Speaker 1: to talk. Breeding pairs and small groups also lived in 162 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:08,839 Speaker 1: zoos on both sides of the Atlantic until the early 163 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: twentieth century, and they had been bred in captivity since 164 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy seven. There wasn't any sort of organized breeding 165 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:19,320 Speaker 1: program to try to repopulate the species or create a 166 00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:24,000 Speaker 1: genetically diverse breeding pool at the Cincinnati Zoo. Incas and 167 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 1: Lady Jane produced several eggs, but they tended to throw 168 00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:30,080 Speaker 1: them out of the nest and they weren't retrieved or incubated. 169 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:34,600 Speaker 1: After Incas's death on February twenty first, nineteen eighteen, it 170 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:37,719 Speaker 1: took a while to confirm that the species really was extinct. 171 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:41,360 Speaker 1: The official determination came in nineteen thirty nine, following a 172 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: National Audubon Society search of South Carolina after a purported 173 00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: siding there. None of these reported sidings were ever substantiated, 174 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 1: and a few of them turned out to be feral 175 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:56,040 Speaker 1: parrots or parakeets that had previously been somebody's pets and 176 00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:59,280 Speaker 1: had wound up out in the wild. I grew up 177 00:10:59,320 --> 00:11:03,240 Speaker 1: in North Carolin, and I always as a child having 178 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:05,600 Speaker 1: heard about the Carolina parakeet, the fact that I was 179 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: from North Carolina and that they were from North Carolina, 180 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: and when the name Carolina parakeet meant that they were 181 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: my personal species of parakeet that was now extinct, and 182 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:19,960 Speaker 1: I was very put out about that. And when Incas died, 183 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 1: it was purportedly in the same cage where Martha, the 184 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:27,200 Speaker 1: last passenger pigeon, had also died, and we're going to 185 00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:30,360 Speaker 1: talk about Martha and passenger pigeons in general after we 186 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:42,640 Speaker 1: first paused for a little sponsor break. Passenger pigeons or 187 00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:47,320 Speaker 1: Ectoscopies migratoris used to be the most common bird in 188 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,240 Speaker 1: what's now the United States. Their winter range stretched from 189 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:54,319 Speaker 1: eastern Canada down to Florida. It went all across the 190 00:11:54,320 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 1: Mississippi River, covering more than half of the continent. Their 191 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:01,640 Speaker 1: breeding range was a smaller hocket, primarily around the Great 192 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: Lakes and what's now New York. Male passenger pigeons were 193 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,400 Speaker 1: blue gray with a rosy pink throat and chest. They 194 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:11,880 Speaker 1: were about sixteen and a half inches that's about forty 195 00:12:11,920 --> 00:12:15,760 Speaker 1: two centimeters in length, and females were slightly smaller and 196 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:18,960 Speaker 1: not as distinctively colored. They were closer to brown gray 197 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:22,200 Speaker 1: than blue gray, and they had more subdued coloring on 198 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:26,000 Speaker 1: their throat and chest. They looked enough like mourning doves 199 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:29,280 Speaker 1: that this often led to cases of mistaken identity, although 200 00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: passenger pigeons were usually a couple of inches larger than 201 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:37,680 Speaker 1: mourning doves. They ate nuts, acorns, seeds, and berries, along 202 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:40,400 Speaker 1: with some worms and insects. In the spring, and summer. 203 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:45,559 Speaker 1: So when we say the most common bird, it's estimated 204 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:48,920 Speaker 1: that before European arrival in North America, there were between 205 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,600 Speaker 1: three and five billion of them, that is, billion with 206 00:12:52,720 --> 00:12:55,959 Speaker 1: a bee, making up between twenty five and forty percent 207 00:12:56,040 --> 00:12:58,560 Speaker 1: of all the birds. In the places where they lived. 208 00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:01,600 Speaker 1: They formed a noise ormous colonies, with up to one 209 00:13:01,679 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: hundred nests in an individual tree. Sometimes so many birds 210 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,320 Speaker 1: would nest in a tree that branches would snap off 211 00:13:08,360 --> 00:13:11,040 Speaker 1: of it or the tree itself would fall. In the 212 00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:16,760 Speaker 1: seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, missionary Gabriel Sagarteadat described their numbers 213 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:21,320 Speaker 1: as infinite multitudes, and Cotton Mather wrote about mile wide 214 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:25,559 Speaker 1: flocks that took hours to pass overhead. Here's how John J. 215 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:29,360 Speaker 1: Audubon described a flock he saw in eighteen thirteen quote, 216 00:13:29,679 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: the air was literally filled with pigeons. The light of 217 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:37,200 Speaker 1: noonday was obscured as by an eclipse. The dung fell 218 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: in spots, not unlike melting flakes of snow, and the 219 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,880 Speaker 1: continued buzz of the wings had a tendency to lull 220 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:49,160 Speaker 1: my senses to repose. An eighteen fifty five account from Columbus, 221 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:52,760 Speaker 1: Ohio described the local response to the passing of an 222 00:13:52,880 --> 00:13:57,200 Speaker 1: enormous pigeon flock quote, children screamed and ran for a home, 223 00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: Women gathered their long skirts and hurried for the shelter 224 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:04,959 Speaker 1: of stores. Horses bolted, a few people mumbled frightened words 225 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:08,079 Speaker 1: about the approach of the millennium, and several dropped onto 226 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:11,720 Speaker 1: their knees and prayed. According to this account, this flock's 227 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:14,560 Speaker 1: passage took two hours. There have been a number of 228 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,679 Speaker 1: remarks about, like, we don't have any kind of pictures 229 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:22,560 Speaker 1: or I mean obviously not video quite at that point 230 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:28,400 Speaker 1: showing how dramatic these flocks of birds were. But like 231 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 1: the over and over, they're described as literally blotting out 232 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 1: the sun and just waiting for hours and hours as 233 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: this massive flock of birds that blotted out the sun 234 00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:42,760 Speaker 1: flew over and left droppings everywhere. Yeah, I think the 235 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: fact that people responded as though the apocalypse was nine 236 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:49,760 Speaker 1: is a pretty good indicator of how significant this bird 237 00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:54,480 Speaker 1: flight was. Uh. This eighteen fifty five account is somewhat 238 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:58,240 Speaker 1: surprising because the passenger pigeon had a pretty similar trajectory 239 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:02,360 Speaker 1: to the Carolina parakeet, and by eighteen fifty five their 240 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:07,600 Speaker 1: numbers were noticeably declining. This decline came primarily from over hunting. 241 00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:12,400 Speaker 1: Passenger pigeons formed such enormous flocks that they vastly outnumbered 242 00:15:12,440 --> 00:15:16,560 Speaker 1: animal predators, so normal predation and even some hunting by 243 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: humans wasn't enough to really reduce their numbers. But the 244 00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: passenger pigeon could not overcome industrialization and are rapidly increasing 245 00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:29,560 Speaker 1: human population in the nineteenth century. To technologies were a 246 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,520 Speaker 1: huge part of the end of the species, the telegraph 247 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:35,480 Speaker 1: and the railroad. The telegraph made it easy to send 248 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: word of where passenger pigeons were roosting, and the railroad 249 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 1: made it possible to ship huge barrels of pigeons around 250 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:44,600 Speaker 1: the country to use as a cheap source of meat. 251 00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 1: There were no conservation laws restricting how people hunted passenger 252 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:53,080 Speaker 1: pigeons or how many could be killed, so people hunted 253 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:56,800 Speaker 1: them at their nesting sites, and they killed massively unsustainable 254 00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:00,960 Speaker 1: numbers in one go. One eighteen seventy eight hunt in 255 00:16:01,040 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: Michigan took fifty thousand birds a day from their nesting site. 256 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:08,240 Speaker 1: As we said earlier, people had been noticing that the 257 00:16:08,280 --> 00:16:11,920 Speaker 1: pigeon population was dropping as early as the eighteen fifties. 258 00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:16,560 Speaker 1: People were still hunting these pigeons in massive numbers decades 259 00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:21,440 Speaker 1: after they noticed their decline. States began passing laws to 260 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: try to protect the passenger pigeon, including outlawing hunting near 261 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:28,840 Speaker 1: their nesting areas and in one case, closing the pigeon 262 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:33,880 Speaker 1: hunting season entirely. In nineteen hundred, President William McKinley signed 263 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: the Lacey Act, which was the nation's first federal conservation 264 00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:40,520 Speaker 1: law meant to protect fish and wildlife. One of the 265 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:44,040 Speaker 1: motivations for passing the Lacy Act was the plummeting stock 266 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:46,960 Speaker 1: of passenger pigeons, and it made it illegal to poach 267 00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:49,800 Speaker 1: pigeons from one state with the intent of selling them 268 00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:54,240 Speaker 1: in another. This was far too late for the passenger pigeon, 269 00:16:54,280 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 1: though by this point some states where the birds had 270 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:02,160 Speaker 1: been widespread hadn't spotted one in years. The last confirmed 271 00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:05,359 Speaker 1: sighting of a wild passenger pigeon was on March twenty fourth, 272 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:10,119 Speaker 1: nineteen hundred, in Pike County, Ohio, almost two months to 273 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:14,560 Speaker 1: the day before the passage of the Lacy Act. Ornithologists 274 00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:18,880 Speaker 1: mounted organized searches, including offering up a reward of fifteen 275 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,200 Speaker 1: hundred dollars to anyone who could find a passenger pigeon 276 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:26,080 Speaker 1: between nineteen oh nine and nineteen twelve, but none were found. 277 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,320 Speaker 1: By the nineteen teens, the birds were extinct in the wild, 278 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:33,159 Speaker 1: and the only captive populations were in three zoos, the 279 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:37,480 Speaker 1: Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, the Milwaukee Zoo, and the Cincinnati Zoo. 280 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:41,280 Speaker 1: Attempts to set up a breeding program failed because the 281 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: bird's highly social nature meant that they just didn't breed 282 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:49,120 Speaker 1: well in captivity. Martha, the last of the passenger pigeons, 283 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: was born in the Brookfield Zoo and then donated to Cincinnati. 284 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:56,320 Speaker 1: She was named after Martha Washington and her later years, 285 00:17:56,359 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: her keepers had to keep lowering her perch as she 286 00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:01,399 Speaker 1: became less able to fly, so they basically had to 287 00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:03,440 Speaker 1: get it low enough that she could just climb up there. 288 00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:07,480 Speaker 1: The last male passenger pigeon died at the zoo on 289 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: July tenth, nineteen ten, and then Martha died on September one, 290 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:15,560 Speaker 1: nineteen fourteen, at the age of about twenty nine. After 291 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 1: her death, Martha was packed in a three hundred pound 292 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:21,800 Speaker 1: block of ice and shipped to the Smithsonian by train. 293 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:26,800 Speaker 1: Taxidermist Nelson Wood mounted her remains and her internal organs 294 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:31,000 Speaker 1: are part of the Smithsonian's wet collections. Martha is still 295 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:33,719 Speaker 1: part of the Smithsonian collection as well, although she is 296 00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: not usually on display because she is so delicate and 297 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:40,639 Speaker 1: very valuable. There's also a passenger pigeon memorial at the 298 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:46,720 Speaker 1: Cincinnati Zoo. Our last endling was also preserved through taxidermy. 299 00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:50,320 Speaker 1: Couldn't confirm whether Incas was or not, and we will 300 00:18:50,359 --> 00:18:53,359 Speaker 1: get to that last story after one more quick sponsor break. 301 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: The Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador are famous 302 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:07,879 Speaker 1: for their diversity of plant and animal life, with a 303 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:11,120 Speaker 1: lot of species that are unique to each individual island. 304 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 1: Charles Darwin conducted research there during the second voyage aboard 305 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,320 Speaker 1: the HMS Beagle, which contributed to his theory of evolution 306 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: by means of natural selection. Giant tortoises are one of 307 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,600 Speaker 1: the most famous animals found in the Galapagos. Galapago in 308 00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:30,640 Speaker 1: Spanish means turtle, and there are fifteen different species which 309 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: fall into two primary categories, domed and saddlebacked. Pinta Island 310 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:39,919 Speaker 1: tortoises were saddlebacked tortoises with the shape of their shell 311 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,399 Speaker 1: allowing them to stretch their heads up to reach for food. 312 00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:47,040 Speaker 1: This was also a form of communication among the tortoises. 313 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:49,600 Speaker 1: They would stretch their heads up as far as possible 314 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:54,640 Speaker 1: when settling disputes. These tortoises were, as their name suggests, 315 00:19:54,760 --> 00:19:58,160 Speaker 1: found on Pinta Island. Penta Island as a shield volcano, 316 00:19:58,280 --> 00:20:01,359 Speaker 1: and it's the northernmost island of the Galapagos, so for 317 00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 1: whalers who passed through the area, Penta Island was usually 318 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:08,480 Speaker 1: the first and last island they passed on their journey. 319 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:12,479 Speaker 1: From the seventeen hundreds to the nineteen hundreds, whalers hunted 320 00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:15,800 Speaker 1: a lot of tortoises from Pinta Island to use as food, 321 00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,439 Speaker 1: and as was the case with the Carolina parakeet, the 322 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: tortoises own traits made them susceptible to this. Tortoises can 323 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:27,879 Speaker 1: live for an extended period without food or water. Whalers 324 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,960 Speaker 1: realized that this meant that they could capture live tortoises 325 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,720 Speaker 1: on the island and keep them alive on board their 326 00:20:33,720 --> 00:20:36,159 Speaker 1: ships without a lot of effort, allowing them to have 327 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,080 Speaker 1: fresh tortoise meat in transit. It's hard to pinpoint how 328 00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:43,040 Speaker 1: many tortoises were taken from Pinta Island, alone, but it's 329 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,720 Speaker 1: estimated that more than one hundred thousand tortoises were killed 330 00:20:46,720 --> 00:20:51,760 Speaker 1: in the Galapagos in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 331 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:55,000 Speaker 1: the early twentieth century, researchers believed that the Penta Island 332 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:59,200 Speaker 1: tortoise was already extinct. At that time, the island's ecosystem 333 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: was in pretty good condition apart from the absence of tortoises. 334 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: But in nineteen fifty nine, some fishermen released three goats 335 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,199 Speaker 1: onto the island, hoping to use them as a food supply. 336 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:13,800 Speaker 1: When they passed through the area, as will surprise no 337 00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: one who has ever been around goats, they ran rampant 338 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:19,840 Speaker 1: over the island. They ate their way through a lot 339 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:22,760 Speaker 1: of the vegetation, and they produced lots and lots more goats. 340 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: At that point, researchers concluded that if there had somehow 341 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:30,399 Speaker 1: been any tortoises left on Pensa Island, the feral goats 342 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: would have destroyed their habitat completely. And yet, in nineteen 343 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:38,560 Speaker 1: seventy one, a Hungarian scientist who was on the island 344 00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 1: studying snails spotted a tortoise. The scientist's name and apologies 345 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:49,359 Speaker 1: if this is a butchering job was Yojev Vagvolji, and 346 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:51,399 Speaker 1: when he got back to Port, he reported what he 347 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:55,120 Speaker 1: had seen, and a year later Galapagos National Park rangers 348 00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 1: went to the island to look for themselves, and there 349 00:21:58,119 --> 00:22:01,080 Speaker 1: they found one tortoise, and they took him to the 350 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:04,720 Speaker 1: Tortoise Center on Santa Cruz to keep him safe. The 351 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:08,600 Speaker 1: American media later started calling him Lonesome George, after TV 352 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:12,480 Speaker 1: comedian George Goebel, who had given himself that same nickname 353 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:17,119 Speaker 1: for decades. They tried to find a breeding partner for 354 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:21,520 Speaker 1: Lonesome George. They tried pairing him with other tortoise species, 355 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: including two female wolf Volcano giant tortoises from Isabella Island. Later, 356 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: DNA research revealed that Pensa Island tortoises might be more 357 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: compatible with the Espanola tortoise. Two female Espanola tortoises from 358 00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:38,720 Speaker 1: a breeding program were housed in George's corral, but none 359 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: of the eggs that they produced were fertile. Lonesome George 360 00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:45,800 Speaker 1: died on June twenty fourth, twenty twelve, and he was 361 00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:49,400 Speaker 1: probably at least one hundred and that sounds like quite old, 362 00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:51,560 Speaker 1: but he was actually on the younger side for a 363 00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:55,199 Speaker 1: Pina Island tortoise. Those tortoises could live to be up 364 00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:58,159 Speaker 1: to two hundred, but the average age was more like 365 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:01,320 Speaker 1: around one hundred and fifty and other than some weight 366 00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,400 Speaker 1: gain which is common among tortoises in captivity. He had 367 00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:07,760 Speaker 1: been in good health and his death was really unexpected. 368 00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:12,399 Speaker 1: His unexpected death meant that his keepers were unprepared for 369 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:16,520 Speaker 1: preserving his body. The islands are remote and the temperature 370 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:19,639 Speaker 1: was around one hundred degrees fahrenheit or thirty eight celsius. 371 00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:23,040 Speaker 1: They eventually secured enough plastic wrap to cover his entire 372 00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:27,000 Speaker 1: body and a freezer to store him in lonesome George's 373 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,520 Speaker 1: remains were transported to the United States, where New Jersey 374 00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:34,879 Speaker 1: taxidermists George Dante preserved them in a year long, thirty 375 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: thousand dollars process that took five hundred hours of labor 376 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:42,119 Speaker 1: to complete. George spent some time on display at the 377 00:23:42,160 --> 00:23:46,200 Speaker 1: American Museum of Natural History before being returned to Ecuador. 378 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:49,159 Speaker 1: There was a little bit of a dispute between the 379 00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:53,200 Speaker 1: researchers and the Galopagos and the government of Ecuador about 380 00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:56,080 Speaker 1: where he should be kept. Once he was returned. The 381 00:23:56,119 --> 00:23:58,600 Speaker 1: government's argument was that a lot more people would be 382 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,760 Speaker 1: able to see him on display in the capital of Quito, 383 00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:04,959 Speaker 1: and they also argued that there wasn't a facility in 384 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:08,879 Speaker 1: the Galopogos Islands that could guarantee precise enough temperature and 385 00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:14,760 Speaker 1: humidity control. I mean, after an animal specimen is preserved 386 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:20,360 Speaker 1: through taxidermy like, that doesn't mean it stops decaying for 387 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,400 Speaker 1: the rest of time. Right, It's still tissue that's going 388 00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:27,520 Speaker 1: to have to be preserved. So there is a bronze 389 00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:31,119 Speaker 1: statue of George at Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz and the 390 00:24:31,160 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: Galapagos instead. In nineteen ninety seven, the Charles Darwin Foundation 391 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:40,280 Speaker 1: and the Galapagos National Park Service launched Project Isabella, which 392 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:44,200 Speaker 1: was a massive conservation project meant to restore several islands 393 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: that had been damaged through the introduction of non native 394 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:51,920 Speaker 1: plants and animals, and this included exterminating hundreds of thousands 395 00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:55,520 Speaker 1: of feral goats. The work at Penta Islands started in 396 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,159 Speaker 1: nineteen ninety nine, and in two thousand and three the 397 00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:02,280 Speaker 1: island was declared goat free. Fortunately, it appears that none 398 00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:06,520 Speaker 1: of the island's plant species became extinct during the goat infestation, 399 00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:11,200 Speaker 1: and May of twenty ten, thirty nine sterilized adult tortoises 400 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:15,200 Speaker 1: were released on the island to continue the restoration process. 401 00:25:15,320 --> 00:25:19,200 Speaker 1: So basically, they're there to serve the purpose that tortoises 402 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:23,800 Speaker 1: fulfill in that ecology, but not to make more baby 403 00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: tortoises yet. I'm going to work on that part later 404 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:32,280 Speaker 1: in twenty fifteen, a breeding program was announced to try 405 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,400 Speaker 1: to bring back the Pinta Island tortoise, or at least 406 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:39,520 Speaker 1: a tortoise that is ninety five percent genetically similar. The 407 00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:42,680 Speaker 1: starting point is a population of Isabella Island tortoises that 408 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:46,760 Speaker 1: had interbred with some Pinta Island tortoises that sailors throw 409 00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:50,560 Speaker 1: overboard about one hundred years ago. There has also been 410 00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:54,240 Speaker 1: talk of cloning Lonesome George himself, although that has of 411 00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:57,879 Speaker 1: course raised a number of ethical questions, along with concerns 412 00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,240 Speaker 1: that people won't care about protecting and daured animal species 413 00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:04,679 Speaker 1: if we just clone them later. We said at the 414 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,679 Speaker 1: top of the show, or the top of this chapter 415 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 1: of the show, that there were fifteen species of tortoise 416 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:13,080 Speaker 1: in the Galopogos, but now there are only ten. Some 417 00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:16,200 Speaker 1: of those species were only saved from extinction through very 418 00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:19,800 Speaker 1: careful breeding programs and other conservation efforts, and although they 419 00:26:19,920 --> 00:26:23,120 Speaker 1: used to live elsewhere in the world, giant tortoises are 420 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:27,119 Speaker 1: now found only in the Galopogos and in the Aldabra 421 00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:36,480 Speaker 1: atole in the Seychelles. Thanks so much for joining us 422 00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: on this Saturday. Since this episode is out of the archive, 423 00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:41,880 Speaker 1: if you heard an email address or a Facebook RL 424 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,280 Speaker 1: or something similar over the course of the show, that 425 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:48,520 Speaker 1: could be obsolete now. Our current email address is History 426 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:53,159 Speaker 1: Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can find us all 427 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,399 Speaker 1: over social media at missed in History, and you can 428 00:26:56,440 --> 00:27:00,199 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the 429 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts. 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