1 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:15,120 Speaker 1: The farm hands knew that the Old Testament had spoken 2 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: about a race of giants, but Cardiff, New York was 3 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:21,360 Speaker 1: a very long way from the Promised Land. So you 4 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:24,639 Speaker 1: can imagine their surprise on that cool October morning in 5 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:29,120 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine when the men accidentally unearthed a petrified 6 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:32,480 Speaker 1: body of a massive ten foot tall man. He laid 7 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: flat on his back, as pale and chalky as soft plaster. 8 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: It was easy for the workers to recall the Bible 9 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: story of Goliath being struck down by David slingshot. The 10 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: resemblance in their mind was striking. The laborers couldn't believe 11 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:51,280 Speaker 1: their luck. They thought it was a weird and wonderful discovery, 12 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:54,320 Speaker 1: and they set off to let the world know. But 13 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: none of this was by happenstance or happy accident. No, 14 00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:01,840 Speaker 1: it was all part of a heavily choreographed and brilliantly 15 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:05,479 Speaker 1: engineered plan drummed up by a fellow named George Hull, 16 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: one that involved a handful of years, a couple of 17 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:12,680 Speaker 1: thousand dollars, and a big chunk of gypsum. You see, 18 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: George was a skeptic by nature. He didn't believe in God. 19 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 1: He certainly didn't believe in the Bible and definitely didn't 20 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: believe in giants. This life was all there was, he thought, 21 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:27,600 Speaker 1: and anyone trying to convince people otherwise were fraudsters. So 22 00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:30,440 Speaker 1: George came up with an idea to hoodwink the faithful, 23 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:34,399 Speaker 1: and he picked the perfect time too. Charles Darwin had 24 00:01:34,440 --> 00:01:37,479 Speaker 1: just published his Origin of Species, and the world as 25 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 1: we knew it had been thrown into flux. George roped 26 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: in a cast of characters, a Chicago marble dealer, some sculptors, 27 00:01:46,120 --> 00:01:48,560 Speaker 1: and a distant relative by the name of Stub Newell. 28 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:51,160 Speaker 1: The latter just happened to own a farm in upstate 29 00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: New York, which would prove to be the perfect resting 30 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:58,680 Speaker 1: place for a faux fossil. Visitors soon began pouring onto 31 00:01:58,720 --> 00:02:01,400 Speaker 1: the property. Men left to work, and women brought their 32 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,160 Speaker 1: babies along. They showed up to the farm in droves, 33 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:08,400 Speaker 1: trying to catch a glimpse of this fossilized giant. Stubb 34 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 1: erected a big white tent and charged admission. Soon businessmen 35 00:02:13,320 --> 00:02:16,960 Speaker 1: and investors came knocking, all wanting a piece of the action. 36 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:20,320 Speaker 1: And while the experts and naysayers certainly had a few 37 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:24,200 Speaker 1: things to say. Stubb stuck by his story this was 38 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:29,240 Speaker 1: the real deal. Inspired by the publicity, P. T. Barnum 39 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: tried to buy the giant, but when Stubb turned him down, 40 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:35,400 Speaker 1: Barnum changed plans and simply made his own copy of it. 41 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: And when that new handcrafted petrified giant corpse was ready, 42 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:42,080 Speaker 1: he put it on display in his American Museum in 43 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: New York City. That first fraud gave way to others too, 44 00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: and soon even more copies were cropping up. But ultimately 45 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 1: the story unraveled when a guilt ridden sculptor decided to 46 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:56,240 Speaker 1: come clean, and the Cardiff Giant was eventually put into storage, 47 00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: where it would languish for years to come. This time, 48 00:02:59,520 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: at least, the skeptics had won the day, and it 49 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: demonstrates that universal truth that everyone loves a good narrative. 50 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:10,160 Speaker 1: It's part of our nature as humans to look for 51 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,920 Speaker 1: story and to cling onto it for dear life. Story 52 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: helps us anchor ourselves in reality, and it gives us 53 00:03:17,480 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: something that most people can never get enough of, hope, 54 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:25,679 Speaker 1: But for many that's never anything more than just a dream. 55 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:28,799 Speaker 1: Hope is a wonderful target to aim for, after all, 56 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: that's why they call it shooting for the stars, but oftentimes, 57 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 1: happily ever after is too far out of reach, and 58 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:39,920 Speaker 1: few individuals throughout history have had farther to stretch for 59 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:44,119 Speaker 1: their lofty goals than one person in particular. But despite 60 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: a life filled with challenges and obstacles that would make 61 00:03:47,120 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: most of us give up and settle for less, she 62 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:57,560 Speaker 1: managed to do the impossible. I'm Aaron Manky, Welcome to 63 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 1: the Side Show. Stealing a horse and wagon was an 64 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: impressive feat, especially since the culprits were both just a 65 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:24,200 Speaker 1: hair over two ft tall. Mercy and her sister Minnie 66 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 1: had just wanted to go for a joy ride, so 67 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:30,039 Speaker 1: when a peddler stopped by their family home in Middleborough, Massachusetts, 68 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,680 Speaker 1: the sisters saw their chance. They climbed up into the 69 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:35,479 Speaker 1: driver's seat and took the reins in their tiny fists. 70 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: But they underestimated the horsepower in front of them and 71 00:04:39,520 --> 00:04:41,719 Speaker 1: never thought that the beast might make a break for it. 72 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:44,920 Speaker 1: So when their older brother finally found them a mile 73 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:47,320 Speaker 1: from home, he gave them a piece of his mind. 74 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:51,159 Speaker 1: Despite the lecture, though they couldn't help us squeal with glee. 75 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:54,960 Speaker 1: And these antics were part and parcel for the tiny 76 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: package that was Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump. By all accounts, 77 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,800 Speaker 1: she was a completely unremarkable baby. She made her world 78 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:06,159 Speaker 1: debut on Halloween of eighteen forty one, the fifth child 79 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,839 Speaker 1: in her family. Born to parents who were seasoned in 80 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:12,680 Speaker 1: matters of birthing and rearing, the Bump family was made 81 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:16,320 Speaker 1: of solid Yankee stock, comprised of folks descended from not two, 82 00:05:16,520 --> 00:05:20,440 Speaker 1: but five Mayflower passengers, and by all accounts they eked 83 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:23,919 Speaker 1: out a quiet New England existence, one dictated by the 84 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,640 Speaker 1: church bells and the seasons, with each change in the 85 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:30,000 Speaker 1: weather a cause for celebration or a warning sign of 86 00:05:30,040 --> 00:05:33,279 Speaker 1: things to come. As her first year went on, Mercy's 87 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:36,880 Speaker 1: parents noticed something unusual about her. It seemed, in the 88 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: strangest of ways, that she had simply stopped growing. They 89 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:43,799 Speaker 1: kept a watchful eye as one year turned to the next. 90 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: What she lacked in size she made up foreign spirits, 91 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 1: growing into a tiny, yet precocious child. But even so, 92 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:54,160 Speaker 1: the smallest and youngest Bump was able to keep up 93 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:57,040 Speaker 1: with the rest. She went to school and did her chores, 94 00:05:57,480 --> 00:05:59,720 Speaker 1: all with the help of a small step ladder her 95 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:02,760 Speaker 1: father had built for her. And when her sister Minnie 96 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:06,000 Speaker 1: arrived seven years later. The family recognized something in her, 97 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:10,040 Speaker 1: she too, was going to stay small. Looking back, historians 98 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,200 Speaker 1: think it's likely that both sisters suffered from a pituitary 99 00:06:13,279 --> 00:06:18,040 Speaker 1: disorder resulting from their ancestors in her marrying. Mercy graduated 100 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:21,119 Speaker 1: from school at sixteen and remained in the schoolhouse to teach. 101 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:25,000 Speaker 1: She was universally adored. It said that her students would 102 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:27,840 Speaker 1: pick her up and carry her over deep puddles and 103 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:31,360 Speaker 1: ferry her along on a sled during the snowfall. Life 104 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:36,080 Speaker 1: and all it offered Mercy was good, so when her cousin, 105 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: George Wood showed up at the family's home after her 106 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:41,760 Speaker 1: first year on the job, she didn't take much interest 107 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: in the offer that he put on the table. George 108 00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:48,719 Speaker 1: was working for the Spalding in Rogers North American Circus, 109 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:51,480 Speaker 1: an outfit that floated show boats along the Ohio and 110 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:54,960 Speaker 1: Mississippi Rivers. He had seen the great success of P. T. 111 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:59,839 Speaker 1: Barnum's General Tom Thumb, another proportional dwarf, and thought that Mercy, 112 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:03,320 Speaker 1: all thirty two inches of her, could likewise be destined 113 00:07:03,360 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: for the stage. But George's idea of showcasing Mercy wasn't 114 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:11,040 Speaker 1: a novel idea. In fact, there is a long global 115 00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 1: history of people living with dwarf is um being sought 116 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 1: after for entertainment. They loom large in folklore and myths worldwide, 117 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: with pictorial histories found across ancient cultures. Powerful rulers were 118 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:27,240 Speaker 1: said to have collected little people like baseball cards, as 119 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:30,360 Speaker 1: if they were mere two dimensional characters and not living, 120 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: breathing humans. History tells us that for upwards of five 121 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:37,080 Speaker 1: thousand years, they were often held in some degree of bondage, 122 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:40,280 Speaker 1: thought of as property, and fulfilled the roles of either 123 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:44,720 Speaker 1: servant or entertainer. But as the world changed and courts declined, 124 00:07:44,840 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: people with dwarfism began appearing at fairs, taverns, and other 125 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,080 Speaker 1: venues where folks of all kinds went to seek a 126 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:54,560 Speaker 1: reprieve from their daily lives. By the time George's offer 127 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: came to Mercy, it was an era when women were 128 00:07:56,960 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: expected to be good wives and mothers. Did she want 129 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:02,600 Speaker 1: to give up her quiet life, one in which she 130 00:08:02,720 --> 00:08:05,640 Speaker 1: was safely tucked into her little town, for a life 131 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:08,720 Speaker 1: aboard a floating circus cruising along the banks of the 132 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: American frontier. Did she want to say yes to something more. 133 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:16,679 Speaker 1: It turns out that she did so with her parents 134 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:19,840 Speaker 1: blessing Mercy decided to make a go of it. She 135 00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: had the privilege of making this choice, something that not 136 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:26,320 Speaker 1: many women around her did, and with that she re 137 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:29,520 Speaker 1: christened herself with her two middle names for the stage, 138 00:08:29,960 --> 00:08:33,160 Speaker 1: and in doing so, she was reborn as a star. 139 00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:49,560 Speaker 1: Lavinia Warren. It was eighteen sixty and the floating palace 140 00:08:49,679 --> 00:08:52,920 Speaker 1: was never going to outsail the war doct in New Orleans. 141 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:56,400 Speaker 1: The Mississippi River waters ran beneath her, a watery spine 142 00:08:56,520 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: binding the shores of a fracturing nation. Lavinia and her 143 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:03,680 Speaker 1: troop had a good run, but George began to feel uneasy. 144 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: Abraham Lincoln had recently been elected president and won the 145 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:10,400 Speaker 1: electoral College by less than forty percent of the popular vote. 146 00:09:10,840 --> 00:09:14,480 Speaker 1: More significantly, he didn't win a single Southern state. The 147 00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:17,920 Speaker 1: country was picking sides, and each was taking up arms 148 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:21,600 Speaker 1: to prove it. Georgia Lavinia decided to make a run 149 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:24,040 Speaker 1: for the north, booking the first train out of town 150 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:28,840 Speaker 1: to Vicksburg, Mississippi. Their car ferried both people and ammunition alike. 151 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:31,440 Speaker 1: What they didn't know then is that Vicksburg would go 152 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 1: on to witness one of the bloodiest sieges of the 153 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:37,120 Speaker 1: impending war, but for now, the cousins were just trying 154 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:41,600 Speaker 1: to get through and get home. With rest on her mind, 155 00:09:41,679 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: Lavinia had planned to ride out the Civil War back home, 156 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:46,719 Speaker 1: but that was before one of P. T. Barnum's men 157 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:50,160 Speaker 1: came knocking. Barnum had her tales of Lavinia's success on 158 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:54,280 Speaker 1: the show boats and wanted her to join his ranks. However, 159 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: to his surprise, she categorically refused, but Barnum wouldn't take 160 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: no for an answer. He invited Lavinia and her parents 161 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: to visit his sprawling estates in Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he 162 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,520 Speaker 1: continued to court her with the lure of a weekly 163 00:10:08,559 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 1: salary and the promise of far flung adventures. And you 164 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:15,840 Speaker 1: know what, Lavinia had a change of heart, so she agreed. 165 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:19,720 Speaker 1: Barnum got right to work. He ordered up reams of 166 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:23,440 Speaker 1: fabulous dresses and jewels, designing a wardrobe fit for a 167 00:10:23,480 --> 00:10:27,560 Speaker 1: tiny queen. By spinning his stories, working his magic, and 168 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:30,800 Speaker 1: emptying his bank account, he was going to mold Lavinia 169 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:34,520 Speaker 1: from a show girl into a celebrity. But to understand 170 00:10:34,559 --> 00:10:37,400 Speaker 1: his impulse, we have to look closer at this moment. 171 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: The previous generation of Americans had fought for freedom from 172 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:45,280 Speaker 1: the English crown, but Queen Victoria's influence was so strong 173 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:48,920 Speaker 1: that it crossed the pond, and upper crust Americans took note. 174 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: Had she been alive today, she probably would have been 175 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: a social media influencer. And Victorian America was changing too. 176 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:00,800 Speaker 1: The cities were growing, the fires of industry burning hot, 177 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:04,679 Speaker 1: and social settings that were once rigid began to tremble. 178 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:07,560 Speaker 1: The ideals of the Victorian Age brought a sense of 179 00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:11,040 Speaker 1: control to white, middle and upper class Americans as the 180 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:14,880 Speaker 1: country around them changed. Decked Out in corsets and pearls, 181 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:18,360 Speaker 1: top hats and tails, they enacted the rituals they thought 182 00:11:18,360 --> 00:11:22,920 Speaker 1: would keep them safe and empowered and lavinia while Barnum 183 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:25,560 Speaker 1: saw her as the perfect canvas upon which to craft 184 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:29,680 Speaker 1: the ideal Victorian aristocrat, one who could be kept stateside 185 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: for their own viewing pleasure. Of course, the night of 186 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:35,960 Speaker 1: her official entrance to high society took place at New 187 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:40,280 Speaker 1: York City's magnificent St. Nicholas Hotel, and it's was dazzling. 188 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:43,640 Speaker 1: She dripped with charm and diamonds, dressed in a get 189 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:47,200 Speaker 1: up that would cost over fifty two dollars today, and 190 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:51,800 Speaker 1: the press went wild. She was suddenly a diminutive debutante 191 00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:55,680 Speaker 1: of the highest regard. The New York Commercial Advisor called 192 00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: Lavinia one of the most extraordinary little ladies at any 193 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:03,439 Speaker 1: time scene in this age of extraordinary beings. The New 194 00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:06,640 Speaker 1: York Tribune wrote extensively about Lavinia, noting her to be 195 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:12,000 Speaker 1: bright and sweet, eyes, brilliant and intelligent, her form faultless, 196 00:12:12,120 --> 00:12:14,360 Speaker 1: and her manner to be that of a woman of 197 00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: the world. And The New York Sun was bold enough 198 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:20,480 Speaker 1: to suggest that she could even challenge the riotously successful 199 00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:24,560 Speaker 1: career of Charlie s Stratton, otherwise known as General Tom Thumb. 200 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:27,640 Speaker 1: Charlie had signed on with Barnum at an early age 201 00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:31,720 Speaker 1: and had become a global sensation, and Charlie, as the 202 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:36,040 Speaker 1: story goes, was quite smitten with Barnum's new star. He 203 00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:39,679 Speaker 1: took Barnum aside and asked him to play matchmaker. Charlie 204 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:43,360 Speaker 1: even promised exclusive rights to publicize their wedding if Barnum 205 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,920 Speaker 1: were to foot the bill. Ever, the step ahead, Barnum 206 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: began planting the seeds with Lavinia. Their courtship began in 207 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:54,360 Speaker 1: earnest Charlie got to work wooing Lavinia the moment she 208 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:57,400 Speaker 1: stepped off the train to visit him in Bridgeport, where 209 00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,480 Speaker 1: he picked her up in a miniature carriage. Over the 210 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 1: course of the afternoon, Lavinia spoke of her upcoming trip 211 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:06,840 Speaker 1: to Europe. So Charlie got bold and asked would it 212 00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:11,120 Speaker 1: be more proper for them to go as man and wife? Surprisingly, 213 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:17,679 Speaker 1: Lavinia said yes. On February tenth, eighteen sixty three, curious spectators, 214 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: all bundled up in yards of wool and furs, flooded 215 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,280 Speaker 1: the sidewalks. In the pews of Grace Church on Broadway. 216 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:29,800 Speaker 1: Guests waited anxiously. Everyone who was anyone was there. Congressmen 217 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:33,480 Speaker 1: rubbed shoulders with governors, Captains of industry stood flanked by 218 00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:38,439 Speaker 1: their wives, all seated among worry newspaper editors. Barnum accepted 219 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: no bribes for the invitations that we know of, although 220 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:45,280 Speaker 1: it's said that many tried. After all, who didn't want 221 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,640 Speaker 1: to be at the social event of the season. The 222 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:53,040 Speaker 1: oregan blared and the ceremony began. Next crane toward the aisle, 223 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:56,199 Speaker 1: trying to catch a glimpse of the wedding party, guests, 224 00:13:56,240 --> 00:13:58,840 Speaker 1: who were compelled to giggle at the spectacle of it all, 225 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:02,840 Speaker 1: soon fell in line, a hush reverence falling over the audience. 226 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: Lavinia and Charlie ascended to the altar. Clymina said, of 227 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:11,079 Speaker 1: small stairs, to a special platform built just for them. 228 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:14,880 Speaker 1: They were young, wealthy, and famous. They held each other's 229 00:14:14,920 --> 00:14:18,200 Speaker 1: hands and kissed, and for the first time in three years, 230 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:20,840 Speaker 1: the New York Times ran something other than news of 231 00:14:20,880 --> 00:14:24,600 Speaker 1: the Civil War on the front page. Yes, they were small, 232 00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:29,160 Speaker 1: but it was clear that their love was mighty. Lavinia said, 233 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: I do, and with that they were ready to take 234 00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:41,680 Speaker 1: on the world. I can't think of a worse way 235 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:44,520 Speaker 1: to mix business and pleasure than by setting off on 236 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,640 Speaker 1: a honeymoon tour. But Lavinia and Charlie did just that. Now, 237 00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:51,200 Speaker 1: while the idea of a honeymoon might conjure visions of 238 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: sunsets and sandy beaches, these two had a different idea 239 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,440 Speaker 1: in mine. They were off to the White House. That's right. 240 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,280 Speaker 1: They went down to Washington, d C. A city full 241 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:05,920 Speaker 1: of crime, vice, and malaria. Not exactly my idea of romance, 242 00:15:05,960 --> 00:15:09,840 Speaker 1: but to each their own. Mary Todd Lincoln had extended 243 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:12,840 Speaker 1: an invitation to the Stratton's. Maybe she felt she was 244 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:16,760 Speaker 1: in competition with Queen Victoria's friendship with Charlie, or maybe 245 00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:19,920 Speaker 1: Barnum pressured her into it. Regardless of how it all 246 00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:22,320 Speaker 1: came to be, what we do know is that the 247 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:26,880 Speaker 1: First Family pulled out all the stops. On Friday, February 248 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:31,120 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, Lavinia and Charlie were greeted with a 249 00:15:31,160 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: proper white house reception by the Lincoln's. The newlyweds suited 250 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:38,200 Speaker 1: up in their full wedding attire for an audience of dignitaries. 251 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 1: Lavinia had a bouquet of fresh orange blossoms and strings 252 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:45,440 Speaker 1: of pearls around her neck. The newspapers reported the scene 253 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:47,640 Speaker 1: to be quite a vision, with the specter of a 254 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: gangly Lincoln, all in black, bending at the waist to 255 00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:54,160 Speaker 1: shake Charlie's hand and kiss Lavinia's cheek. It was said 256 00:15:54,160 --> 00:15:57,040 Speaker 1: that there was even a striking resemblance between Mary Todd 257 00:15:57,080 --> 00:15:59,880 Speaker 1: and Lavinia if you could scale them to an equal 258 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: eyes that is, whispers floated throughout the room. Some audience 259 00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:08,400 Speaker 1: members were amused, others were ashamed. The pretense of this 260 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:11,320 Speaker 1: visit was a dignified one, but we have to notice 261 00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: There were echoes of the past that filled the east 262 00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:17,360 Speaker 1: room at that moment, as two little people were presented 263 00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: to the head of the highest office in the land. 264 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: Soon after their White House visit, they joined Lavinia's sister 265 00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:27,320 Speaker 1: Minnie and her husband George, and set off touring. But 266 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:31,200 Speaker 1: travels took them across New England, up into Canada, down south, 267 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: and across the Midwest talk about the ultimate double date. 268 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:38,720 Speaker 1: The troop soon bunked down at a hotel in Louisville, Kentucky, 269 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:41,760 Speaker 1: where Lavinia spent some time chatting with her neighbor across 270 00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:44,280 Speaker 1: the hall. He shared with her his pain in what 271 00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:48,680 Speaker 1: the South was experiencing. He was distraught but determined to help, 272 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:53,160 Speaker 1: and she listened intently. As they parted ways, he handed 273 00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:55,600 Speaker 1: her assigned photograph that she would go on to carry 274 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:58,440 Speaker 1: with her. It may seem strange now, but as a 275 00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:02,480 Speaker 1: famous theater actor John Wilkes Booth had his own fans. 276 00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: It would be in Europe that spring when they learned 277 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:09,320 Speaker 1: of Lincoln's assassination and the war's end. Lavinia was an 278 00:17:09,359 --> 00:17:12,399 Speaker 1: utter shock, and when asked by a British reporter about 279 00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: her relationship with Booth, she ended up giving them that 280 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:18,959 Speaker 1: signed photograph, it ran in the newspaper, the first photo 281 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:21,800 Speaker 1: of the president's assassin to appear in the British press. 282 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,240 Speaker 1: Over the next few years, the four friends continued to 283 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:28,400 Speaker 1: cross the world and back again, two pairs of pre 284 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:31,440 Speaker 1: eminent global emissaries of their day. When it was all 285 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:34,200 Speaker 1: said and done, their travels added up to a distance 286 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,560 Speaker 1: that could have circumnavigated the globe twice, with a bit 287 00:17:37,560 --> 00:17:40,960 Speaker 1: of mileage to spare. But home is often where they 288 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,359 Speaker 1: craved to be. I'm not gonna lie to you. It 289 00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: was sometimes tense between Charlie and Lavinia, as he wished 290 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: for retirement and she wished for adventure. Their permanent residence 291 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:55,640 Speaker 1: sat on an eight one acre plot back in Lavinia's hometown. 292 00:17:56,119 --> 00:17:59,160 Speaker 1: It was all theirs, every last inch of it, complete 293 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:03,639 Speaker 1: with its rapper porch, mansward roof, chimneys and dormers. It 294 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:06,400 Speaker 1: was more than they could ever dream of and certainly 295 00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:10,399 Speaker 1: exactly what they needed. They outfitted their newly built place 296 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:14,040 Speaker 1: with furniture made in miniature, including a pint sized grand 297 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:17,680 Speaker 1: piano and a shrunken billiards table. Visitors to the house 298 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:21,040 Speaker 1: today can still find remnants of their personal renovations. A 299 00:18:21,119 --> 00:18:24,480 Speaker 1: small soapstone sink and a small staircase in the back. 300 00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:27,480 Speaker 1: At one point there was a cast iron stove measuring 301 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:30,680 Speaker 1: two feet tall for their guests, though they always had 302 00:18:30,680 --> 00:18:34,400 Speaker 1: on hand average sized furniture and plates. They were global 303 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:37,760 Speaker 1: celebrities living in a small town after all, and frequently 304 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:41,680 Speaker 1: found themselves playing host to long nights of entertainment. And 305 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:45,919 Speaker 1: it's here, after a life of travel, adoration, and near missus, 306 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:50,320 Speaker 1: that Charlie would die in three He was forty five, 307 00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:53,600 Speaker 1: taken at a young age by a stroke. Surely he 308 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:56,280 Speaker 1: had many roads behind him, but he still had the 309 00:18:56,320 --> 00:19:01,560 Speaker 1: world ahead of him. In Lavinia was devastated. She haunted 310 00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,679 Speaker 1: the halls of her house, unmoored with life, making a 311 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:07,440 Speaker 1: little less sense without her general. On the day of 312 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:11,880 Speaker 1: Charlie's funeral, twenty three horse drawn carriages and ten thousand 313 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:15,640 Speaker 1: mourners made their way to Mountain Grove Cemetery. The air 314 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:19,560 Speaker 1: was heavy with the weight of this enormous finality. She 315 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:22,119 Speaker 1: had made a career out of being the center of attention, 316 00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:24,960 Speaker 1: but this was a performance she didn't want to be 317 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 1: a part of. As Charlie was lowered into the earth, 318 00:19:28,320 --> 00:19:32,840 Speaker 1: Lavinia collapsed moments later, someone tenderly picked her up and 319 00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:37,040 Speaker 1: carried her to a carriage. One last funeral dirge filled 320 00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:41,200 Speaker 1: the air, and then with a sudden jolt, the horses 321 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:56,600 Speaker 1: hold away. The Victorian age is often defined by death, 322 00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 1: and Lavinia's life was no exception, especially being an generation 323 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:03,840 Speaker 1: who lived and loved through the war. She had lost 324 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:06,480 Speaker 1: so many already, and now her husband was gone to 325 00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: she was stuck between two worlds, life on the road 326 00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: and life in the home. It was in straddling this 327 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:16,520 Speaker 1: line that she was unlike almost any other Victorian woman 328 00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,399 Speaker 1: she knew, and it was in this tension that she 329 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: felt most alone. But as they say, the show must 330 00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:27,879 Speaker 1: go on. She soon remarried to another proportional dwarf by 331 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:31,000 Speaker 1: the name of Count Primo Magre, who she and Charlie 332 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:34,440 Speaker 1: had met on the road years before. They continued performing 333 00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:38,239 Speaker 1: together alongside the count's brother, But where Lavinia and her 334 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,360 Speaker 1: crew had once held court with royals and presidents, they 335 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:45,480 Speaker 1: now began finding themselves scraping together itineraries and descending into 336 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:48,760 Speaker 1: the bellies of cedi er venues. They spent some time 337 00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: starring in the Lily Peucia Midget Village, a Coney Island 338 00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 1: attraction featuring over three h little persons recruited from various 339 00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:00,400 Speaker 1: side shows. Picture it as an early twentieth century, real 340 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:04,280 Speaker 1: world social experiment. The sets, built to look like fifteenth 341 00:21:04,280 --> 00:21:08,679 Speaker 1: century Nuremberg, of course, featured a theater, circus, a firehouse, 342 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:12,199 Speaker 1: and a beach with lifeguard towers. It was here that 343 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:16,480 Speaker 1: performers acted out their mundane, everyday life, and audiences came 344 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: to watch. In the village, the actors were stripped of 345 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:24,680 Speaker 1: their individual identities and folded into a homogeneous group. They 346 00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:27,560 Speaker 1: were being sold as one fictitious race of little people. 347 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:30,280 Speaker 1: If you've seen The Wizard of Oz or Charlie and 348 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:33,160 Speaker 1: the Chocolate Factory, you've caught a glimpse of this new 349 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,080 Speaker 1: mythology coming to life. As you can imagine, this was 350 00:21:37,119 --> 00:21:40,040 Speaker 1: all pretty demeaning. The luster of this life and the 351 00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:44,000 Speaker 1: opportunities that presented were waning. The curtains were finally drawing 352 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:48,040 Speaker 1: to a close. Lavinia had been one of America's first celebrities, 353 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:51,640 Speaker 1: loved by the public until they found newer, shiny or entertainments, 354 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: but in nineteen nineteen, on the cusp of her eighth 355 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:58,240 Speaker 1: decade of life, she fell ill and died on November. 356 00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:02,680 Speaker 1: By then, Lavinia had become one of the most photographed 357 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:06,080 Speaker 1: people in the world. An obituary claimed that more people 358 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:09,480 Speaker 1: knew of her than any other woman in the entire country. 359 00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: In an amazing way, she had really done it all. 360 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: But what made Lavinia a star was certainly complicated. She 361 00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:21,000 Speaker 1: played the part of the ideal Victorian woman in miniature, 362 00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:24,560 Speaker 1: a human doll dressed to the nines. This was quite 363 00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,720 Speaker 1: literally her whole act. Barnum knew that with the right 364 00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:31,760 Speaker 1: aesthetic trappings, he could transform her to his benefit, yes, 365 00:22:32,359 --> 00:22:35,720 Speaker 1: and maybe even to her own. It was a transformation 366 00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:38,439 Speaker 1: that allowed her to climb higher than any step ladder 367 00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:42,000 Speaker 1: could have allowed. She was a hero, a celebrity, and 368 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 1: the biggest star of her day. But when she was 369 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:49,000 Speaker 1: buried beside Charlie's life size monument, her simple headstone bore 370 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:52,520 Speaker 1: the only title that she felt most proud of. It's 371 00:22:52,520 --> 00:23:16,399 Speaker 1: simply read His wife. Lavinia Warren's life and adventures clearly 372 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:20,600 Speaker 1: proved that big things often come in small packages. The fame, 373 00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:24,199 Speaker 1: the wealth, and those millions of adoring fans all stand 374 00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:27,160 Speaker 1: as definitive proof that she really had reached the top 375 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:30,000 Speaker 1: of the world. But there were others like her, and 376 00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:33,359 Speaker 1: their lives were no less extraordinary. And if you stick 377 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,639 Speaker 1: around through this brief sponsor break, this season's writer and 378 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: lead producer, Robin Miniter, will take you on that journey. 379 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,960 Speaker 1: Thomas was built as three ft tall and three ft broad, 380 00:23:57,560 --> 00:24:01,360 Speaker 1: although this was possibly the least interesting thing about him. 381 00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:04,639 Speaker 1: A native son of Brooklyn, New York, Thomas Dilward was 382 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:09,720 Speaker 1: a showman and a show stopper, A fellow who could sing, dance, fiddle, contort, 383 00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:13,359 Speaker 1: and act. He was sometimes billed as the African Tom Thumb. 384 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:17,200 Speaker 1: But whereas Charlie Stratton was accepted in the courts of Europe, 385 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:22,120 Speaker 1: Dillward embraced a more sinister legacy. Right around the time 386 00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: Thomas was born, in the eighteen thirties, America's social landscape 387 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:29,480 Speaker 1: was feeling a new squeeze whore in working class immigrant 388 00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:33,919 Speaker 1: families struggled to get by, hardly benefiting from any association 389 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:38,160 Speaker 1: with the dominating Anglo social classes. This, though, was about 390 00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: to change. There are a few stories that float around, 391 00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:44,760 Speaker 1: but this is the most popular one. A traveling actor 392 00:24:44,840 --> 00:24:46,840 Speaker 1: by the name of Thomas Rice was said to have 393 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,600 Speaker 1: watched an elderly, decrepit black man singing and dancing while 394 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 1: working at a horse table. He took notes and practiced 395 00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:58,680 Speaker 1: his mimicry. Rice took inspiration from the man's jarring movements, 396 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:02,440 Speaker 1: his Southern twang, and his dark skin. He wrote a 397 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:06,199 Speaker 1: few musical lines, and then he burned some cork. He 398 00:25:06,359 --> 00:25:09,479 Speaker 1: smudged the inky black ash across his face in his hands, 399 00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:13,439 Speaker 1: put on some raggedy clothes, and created what would become 400 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:17,359 Speaker 1: a monster in the American imagination, a character by the 401 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:21,840 Speaker 1: name of Jim Crow. And with that American minstrel shows 402 00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:24,639 Speaker 1: were born. And it was through these shows that white 403 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:28,800 Speaker 1: minstrel actors tried to codify blackness. By doing this, they 404 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: attempted to grasp at any thread of social control that 405 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:34,600 Speaker 1: might be available to them and to create a foil, 406 00:25:35,119 --> 00:25:38,879 Speaker 1: a foil to their own whiteness, which was purely fabricated 407 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:42,879 Speaker 1: and purely cruel. This attempt to define the markers of 408 00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:47,119 Speaker 1: being black led to the creation of stereotypes, flattening the 409 00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:50,920 Speaker 1: experience of black folks through the creation of harmful caricatures 410 00:25:50,960 --> 00:25:54,840 Speaker 1: for entertainment and profit. But the history of these minstrel 411 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:58,199 Speaker 1: shows in the American side show is inextricably linked, and 412 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:00,520 Speaker 1: it's partially due to P. T. Barnum and his Great 413 00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: American Museum. It's true that Barnum trafficked and oddities, inanimate 414 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,119 Speaker 1: and animate alike. The bulk of his acts focused on 415 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:11,679 Speaker 1: people with physical deformities, and his inclusion of black folks 416 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:17,400 Speaker 1: right alongside them exposed underlying social prejudices. Blackness and disability 417 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:21,320 Speaker 1: were starting to be cast in the same light. Thomas 418 00:26:21,359 --> 00:26:25,399 Speaker 1: was an interesting case study. Though his act his body 419 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,439 Speaker 1: existed at the intersection of a head spinning identity. He 420 00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:33,040 Speaker 1: was a black person living with dwarfism, traveling and entertaining 421 00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:36,040 Speaker 1: in the years before the Civil War. He dressed in 422 00:26:36,119 --> 00:26:38,920 Speaker 1: drag and even took on the name Japanese Tommy as 423 00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:41,880 Speaker 1: a way to trick audiences who would otherwise not pay 424 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:44,960 Speaker 1: to see a black man perform. In fact, he was 425 00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:47,280 Speaker 1: one of the only black actors to travel with a 426 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:51,040 Speaker 1: white troop. He stated audiences of all colors and shapes, 427 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:53,320 Speaker 1: and even came up with a turn of phrase that 428 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:57,960 Speaker 1: you can still hear in conversation today, hunky dory. The 429 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:02,080 Speaker 1: phrase was first found in Russell bart It's Seven Dictionary 430 00:27:02,119 --> 00:27:06,679 Speaker 1: of Americanisms, and it means everything is all right, but 431 00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:12,520 Speaker 1: knowing Thomas's story, It's easy to wonder was it really? 432 00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:19,439 Speaker 1: Sideshow was written by Robin Minater, with production, narration, and 433 00:27:19,520 --> 00:27:23,160 Speaker 1: audio editing by me Aaron Mankey research for the series 434 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:26,880 Speaker 1: was done by Robin Minater, Taylor Haggerdorn, and Sam Alberty. 435 00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:30,119 Speaker 1: Grim and Mild Presents was created in partnership with I 436 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:32,879 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. You can learn more about this show and 437 00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:35,600 Speaker 1: everything else going on from Grim and mild over at 438 00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:40,200 Speaker 1: Grim and mild dot com and, as always, thanks for listening.