WEBVTT - How Vestigial Organs Work 0:00:01.840 --> 0:00:05.320 Welcome to Stuff you should know from How Stuff Works 0:00:05.320 --> 0:00:15.120 dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 0:00:15.640 --> 0:00:19.439 There's Charles W Chuck Bryant, and there's no al over there. 0:00:19.520 --> 0:00:22.759 So this is stuff you should know. Sure, everyone is 0:00:22.920 --> 0:00:26.000 wondering if Jerry has been kidnapped. She has been, and 0:00:26.040 --> 0:00:28.720 we are refusing to pay the ran. It's only like 0:00:28.720 --> 0:00:31.840 twenty bucks, but I don't know. They sent her finger 0:00:32.159 --> 0:00:35.159 and we said we need more proof. You know why 0:00:35.200 --> 0:00:37.480 we won't send the twenty bucks because we don't negotiate 0:00:37.560 --> 0:00:42.080 with kidnappers. No, it's just good policy. Jerry probably understands. 0:00:43.760 --> 0:00:46.720 Who'd you think? I don't know that finger they sent 0:00:46.880 --> 0:00:50.040 was pointed in our direction. I know that well, Jerry, 0:00:50.280 --> 0:00:52.199 from all of us here at How Stuff Works, we 0:00:52.320 --> 0:00:54.960 miss you and we wish you'd the best of luck. 0:00:57.400 --> 0:01:01.840 That breeding too holds up so Chuck, yes, you were 0:01:02.200 --> 0:01:04.600 correcting me. I think we should get this out on 0:01:04.680 --> 0:01:09.680 the air as well. Vestigial organs. You have to say 0:01:09.720 --> 0:01:14.640 it like you're all like you're eating a meat ball. Vestigial. Yeah, sure, 0:01:15.080 --> 0:01:22.720 well you so you're saying it's vestigial. It's not vestigile. No, vestigialstial. 0:01:23.000 --> 0:01:28.839 I'm a vestigial fan, alrighty, and you're the correct fan. 0:01:29.880 --> 0:01:33.800 I'm not a fan of either. I just for once 0:01:34.319 --> 0:01:37.280 looked up the pronunciation of something. So how are you 0:01:37.319 --> 0:01:42.160 feeling about vestigial organs? Are you liking it? Uh? Yeah, 0:01:42.240 --> 0:01:44.759 I mean I thought it was good. Organs is a 0:01:44.760 --> 0:01:47.240 little misleading. It should be just be like body parts, 0:01:47.280 --> 0:01:51.960 I think, yeah, vestigial parts. It can also be traits behaviors. Yeah, 0:01:52.000 --> 0:01:56.400 you know, like what about what's like the go to 0:01:56.560 --> 0:02:01.160 vestigial trait? Oh, the palmer grass brief X. Yeah, it's 0:02:01.160 --> 0:02:04.120 a great one. Yeah, that's one of the first things 0:02:04.160 --> 0:02:07.080 they test on a baby. Yeah, it says a lot 0:02:07.080 --> 0:02:08.920 about the baby. It's like, can you hold onto my 0:02:08.960 --> 0:02:13.320 fingers and lift your little body? Yeah, So we just 0:02:13.360 --> 0:02:16.800 go ahead and say human babies are born with the 0:02:16.840 --> 0:02:20.400 ability where if there if the palm of their hand 0:02:21.040 --> 0:02:24.079 is um stimulated, you know, you like, tell it a 0:02:24.160 --> 0:02:27.320 joke or give it some candy or something like that. Um, 0:02:27.600 --> 0:02:32.080 the baby will grasp onto the finger just reflexively, and 0:02:32.120 --> 0:02:34.720 the baby grasps so hard, and we're talking like newboards. 0:02:35.080 --> 0:02:39.239 The baby grasps with enough strength that it can you 0:02:39.240 --> 0:02:41.720 you could pick the baby up with your finger and 0:02:41.840 --> 0:02:45.720 it'll dangle from your hand and look very cute. Of babies, 0:02:45.760 --> 0:02:48.480 I think they said. So that doesn't make any sense. 0:02:48.480 --> 0:02:50.800 Why would a baby be able to do that? So 0:02:50.880 --> 0:02:54.079 they can hang on to your furry coat as you 0:02:54.400 --> 0:02:57.880 run through the jungle. That's the uh, that is the 0:02:57.919 --> 0:03:03.560 predominant answer amongst science. Yeah, and uh, Ruby grabs my 0:03:03.639 --> 0:03:06.799 beard like it's rope. Yeah, I remember you saying that, 0:03:06.919 --> 0:03:10.680 and pulls herself up my chest, so it's like it's 0:03:10.720 --> 0:03:14.240 like a little animal. Yeah. Apparently have you ever tickled 0:03:14.280 --> 0:03:18.280 her feet? Because they grasped with those two had leg 0:03:18.360 --> 0:03:21.679 hair pinched by little feet. Man already, boy, having a 0:03:21.800 --> 0:03:25.880 kid sounds like a lot of fun. That's right. Your beard, 0:03:25.960 --> 0:03:30.040 your leg hair getting climbed on. It's all worth it those, 0:03:30.040 --> 0:03:33.360 isn't it. I don't know. We'll see good for you, chucker. 0:03:33.400 --> 0:03:36.120 I'll let you know in eighteen years. So uh so, 0:03:36.360 --> 0:03:39.720 um uh what is that called again? The palmer grass 0:03:39.760 --> 0:03:42.760 reflects and the one that's also from the feet. That's 0:03:42.800 --> 0:03:45.840 a vestigial trait. It's something that used to serve a 0:03:45.920 --> 0:03:50.800 purpose further back on our ancestral line. It still serves 0:03:50.800 --> 0:03:56.160 a purpose in things like um primates, higher apes, UM, 0:03:56.240 --> 0:03:59.160 but it doesn't in humans anymore. The thing about it, though, 0:03:59.640 --> 0:04:03.960 is that the whole idea of vestigial organs, vestigial body parts, 0:04:03.960 --> 0:04:08.640 of vestigial traits is gives a tremendous amount of credence. 0:04:08.640 --> 0:04:11.320 In fact, it's one of like the the main points 0:04:11.360 --> 0:04:14.720 of the theory of evolution that we have these traits 0:04:14.800 --> 0:04:19.360 left over because if you trace our ancestry back far enough, um, 0:04:19.520 --> 0:04:22.960 chimps and we had a common ancestor. Yeah, And if 0:04:23.000 --> 0:04:25.400 you trace it back even further, snakes and we had 0:04:25.440 --> 0:04:28.120 a common ancestor and so on and so on. These 0:04:28.120 --> 0:04:32.720 are just remnants from that distant past when we needed things, 0:04:33.520 --> 0:04:38.120 uh like uh, a tailbone to support a tail sure, 0:04:38.279 --> 0:04:40.239 or you know, to be able to grasp your mom's 0:04:40.279 --> 0:04:42.920 for the moment you're you're born basically so you can 0:04:42.960 --> 0:04:47.120 hang on. And there's a couple of different definitions to UM. 0:04:47.560 --> 0:04:49.679 If you asked Darwin, he will say that it doesn't 0:04:49.720 --> 0:04:52.159 necessarily mean that it has no function now. It just 0:04:52.240 --> 0:04:55.719 means that it doesn't have served the original purpose that 0:04:55.800 --> 0:04:58.960 it once did. And that's a huge point because UM 0:04:59.279 --> 0:05:07.560 vestigial organs is a flashpoint between creationists and scientists. Yeah, huge, man, 0:05:07.640 --> 0:05:09.919 I had no idea, but it's like a it's like 0:05:09.960 --> 0:05:14.360 a battlefield, but in that in that battle between creationism 0:05:14.400 --> 0:05:17.960 and science. Yeah, I looked that up about the conflict 0:05:18.000 --> 0:05:22.839 of religion in the vestigial organs and uh, at least 0:05:22.880 --> 0:05:26.120 some of the sites I went to said that we're 0:05:26.120 --> 0:05:30.720 fine with vestigial organs and we think that after God 0:05:30.800 --> 0:05:33.800 created Adam and Eve that they may have changed over 0:05:33.839 --> 0:05:36.240 the years. So I didn't run into that at all. Yeah. 0:05:36.279 --> 0:05:38.640 I saw a bunch of sites that said that that 0:05:38.680 --> 0:05:41.520 they can co exist basically and said that we agree 0:05:41.520 --> 0:05:44.039 there could be a loss of genetic information over the years, 0:05:44.640 --> 0:05:48.480 or that Adam and Eve uh were created and changed 0:05:48.560 --> 0:05:52.360 as well, but it was just all God's work hand. Yeah, 0:05:52.440 --> 0:05:55.960 which I mean the scientists would be like, no, still disagree, 0:05:56.080 --> 0:05:59.919 but I like the way you're thinking. Generally, the sites 0:06:00.040 --> 0:06:03.159 I ran into were just like, no, evolution is flat 0:06:03.160 --> 0:06:05.680 out wrong. I think one of them said that, um, 0:06:05.800 --> 0:06:09.559 and there is no such thing as a vestigial vestigial organ. 0:06:10.000 --> 0:06:12.440 The very fact that you're saying that there are vestigial 0:06:12.560 --> 0:06:17.920 organs because of evolution begs the question and you like, 0:06:18.080 --> 0:06:22.000 the whole idea is that we don't understand what these 0:06:22.080 --> 0:06:26.599 organs are for, not that they're useless. God wouldn't put 0:06:26.640 --> 0:06:33.640 anything useless in the human body, right and science? Um 0:06:33.680 --> 0:06:37.880 does face palm. Yeah, well so it I mean, it 0:06:37.920 --> 0:06:40.960 goes on and on. It's not they're not neither sides 0:06:41.200 --> 0:06:45.040 winning this. But I was very um, I was. I 0:06:45.080 --> 0:06:48.520 was surprised to find that this was a like, you know, 0:06:48.720 --> 0:06:53.120 you just kind of stumble onto a social war or 0:06:53.160 --> 0:06:57.920 a battle of the or I knew that that war 0:06:58.040 --> 0:06:59.600 was being waged, but I didn't realize that this is 0:06:59.640 --> 0:07:01.119 one of the I don't field. It was just really 0:07:01.120 --> 0:07:04.920 interesting to me. But you mentioned Darwin Man, Yeah, he 0:07:05.000 --> 0:07:08.400 was not the first person to point out vestigial organs. No, 0:07:08.560 --> 0:07:11.200 and we should point people to our Charles Darwin episode 0:07:11.240 --> 0:07:16.960 that in the Natural Selection is what we did and 0:07:17.000 --> 0:07:19.520 those I am very proud of those two because he 0:07:19.560 --> 0:07:21.720 was a fascinating guy. Whether or not you agree with 0:07:21.800 --> 0:07:25.200 us all that science science junk. You may also want 0:07:25.200 --> 0:07:27.240 to go listen to our Enlightenment episode. It kind of 0:07:27.280 --> 0:07:29.880 ties in. Yeah, agreed, So, like you said, he was 0:07:29.920 --> 0:07:32.920 not in the first dude, Um, there was another guy 0:07:32.960 --> 0:07:38.880 in name Robert Vida Scheim, who said he had a 0:07:38.880 --> 0:07:42.320 big list, running list going that had up to ninety 0:07:42.400 --> 0:07:46.480 parts that he claimed were vestigil and a lot of 0:07:46.520 --> 0:07:48.760 those were proved not to be, and even some of 0:07:48.800 --> 0:07:50.760 the ones. You might as well go ahead and talk 0:07:50.760 --> 0:07:54.800 about the appendix a little bit, because everyone for a 0:07:54.840 --> 0:07:57.800 long time said, we don't need the appendix. It does 0:07:57.920 --> 0:08:00.920 nothing in our bodies. We can just take it out 0:08:01.080 --> 0:08:05.680 and suffer no ill consequences. Yeah. So the idea is, well, 0:08:05.720 --> 0:08:08.680 if you can take it out and not die, then 0:08:08.720 --> 0:08:11.280 what's the point. Yeah, then it's vestigial. And I write 0:08:11.320 --> 0:08:13.080 an article and you're like, you kind of have to 0:08:13.120 --> 0:08:15.600 be careful saying stuff like that, because I can cut 0:08:15.640 --> 0:08:18.200 my leg off and not die. But I still could 0:08:18.200 --> 0:08:21.760 have used it, sure, you know, and with the appendix. 0:08:21.840 --> 0:08:25.840 For for many years, like you said, after successful appendectomy, 0:08:25.920 --> 0:08:31.000 after successful appendectomy, um, there were there was this predominant 0:08:31.080 --> 0:08:33.560 idea that it was just this useless organ. One of 0:08:33.600 --> 0:08:37.840 the reasons why um it was officially labeled vestigial right 0:08:37.840 --> 0:08:40.040 out of the gate is because you can find it 0:08:40.120 --> 0:08:42.880 elsewhere in the animal kingdom, which is another big part 0:08:42.880 --> 0:08:46.600 of the definition of a vestigial organ. Is functioning organ 0:08:47.120 --> 0:08:49.839 in the animal kingdom. Correct, Yeah, so you you can 0:08:49.920 --> 0:08:53.040 find the same thing elsewhere in the animal kingdom, and 0:08:53.120 --> 0:08:56.840 it it's it performs a more robust function. So with 0:08:56.920 --> 0:09:01.640 the appendix, in particular for animals that have of a 0:09:01.040 --> 0:09:04.760 m diet high in fiber, this serves as an extra 0:09:04.840 --> 0:09:08.000 like digestive tract or an extra part of the digestive 0:09:08.040 --> 0:09:12.440 tract um in humans that has no role in digestion whatsoever. 0:09:12.720 --> 0:09:17.439 So scientifically speaking, it's lost its original purpose. Yeah, which 0:09:17.600 --> 0:09:21.240 people long thought when we used to be plant eating. Uh, 0:09:21.360 --> 0:09:24.520 for the most part, plant eating people's that that's what 0:09:24.679 --> 0:09:28.400 the appendix aided in digestion and cellulose when you ate 0:09:28.400 --> 0:09:31.400 a lot of plants. But now we don't eat plants, 0:09:31.400 --> 0:09:32.920 so we don't need it. So it's just a little 0:09:33.440 --> 0:09:38.440 a little sad sack. It is pretty sad looking compared 0:09:38.480 --> 0:09:43.000 to compared to a chimp's mighty appendix. This is uh, 0:09:43.120 --> 0:09:45.880 this is sad. But chuck, they have found and this 0:09:45.920 --> 0:09:48.400 is pretty much the story for almost all of us. 0:09:48.440 --> 0:09:52.760 To Jill Organs, there's really only two that remain where 0:09:52.760 --> 0:09:56.640 we're just like, we have no idea what these do. Yeah, um, 0:09:56.760 --> 0:09:59.480 but but with the appendix. We've come to find that 0:10:00.400 --> 0:10:06.400 either it performed this role simultaneously to um chewing cud 0:10:06.520 --> 0:10:10.400 for us, or it evolved to perform this role, so 0:10:10.440 --> 0:10:12.880 it's not totally useless. It's like, don't cut me out, 0:10:12.920 --> 0:10:16.040 and I'm I'm doing something. But it's a store for 0:10:16.160 --> 0:10:20.360 um beneficial bacteria. Yeah, it's basically a reserve in case 0:10:20.440 --> 0:10:23.840 you get really sick with diarrhea or some other gut 0:10:23.880 --> 0:10:27.480 infection and and it vacates all that good bacteria. Then 0:10:27.520 --> 0:10:30.640 you have this appendix waiting in the wings to say, hey, 0:10:30.679 --> 0:10:34.560 I've got this, I'll reboot your system. Stand by, I'm 0:10:34.600 --> 0:10:40.120 gonna spit them up right, and it's spits bacteria into 0:10:40.160 --> 0:10:42.440 your gut. But they say, because we have medicines that 0:10:42.520 --> 0:10:44.480 take care of all that stuff, that we never need 0:10:44.480 --> 0:10:48.800 the appendix, right, because we have medicine now to do 0:10:48.880 --> 0:10:51.520 that perform that same function essentially. Yeah, and I mean 0:10:51.559 --> 0:10:55.240 that that makes a that's a pretty pro Western medicine 0:10:56.120 --> 0:11:00.199 concept though, Like if you um, if you take a 0:11:00.200 --> 0:11:03.200 bunch of antibiotics, you're probably going to be able to 0:11:03.280 --> 0:11:06.760 use your appendix to repopulate the floora in your gut, 0:11:07.240 --> 0:11:09.480 you know what I mean? Because antibiotics go through and 0:11:09.520 --> 0:11:13.200 they just like laid a waste all bacteria beneficial or otherwise. 0:11:13.240 --> 0:11:16.560 And you know, so after a round of antibiotics, if 0:11:16.559 --> 0:11:19.800 your appendix is functioning, and you should probably be able 0:11:20.040 --> 0:11:23.319 theoretically to recover better than if you've had your appendix removed. 0:11:23.320 --> 0:11:26.280 So we mayn't even know that our appendix is functioning. No, 0:11:26.440 --> 0:11:30.120 but Molly Edmonds comes up with an evil genius idea, 0:11:30.280 --> 0:11:32.640 and she doesn't know vertly say that we should try it, 0:11:32.679 --> 0:11:35.480 but she suggests that at the end, the only way 0:11:35.520 --> 0:11:37.880 to really tell if we need an appendix is to 0:11:37.920 --> 0:11:42.160 start taking them out of people in um, the undeveloped world, 0:11:42.760 --> 0:11:44.880 who have less access to the same health care that 0:11:44.960 --> 0:11:47.959 we have. I think what she meant was study people 0:11:48.040 --> 0:11:52.720 who have had appendectomies, not necessarily like just bring people in, 0:11:53.679 --> 0:11:59.120 like what happens, and if they have an appendicitis. I'm 0:11:59.360 --> 0:12:03.040 hopefully that's a pretty routine procedure and that it can 0:12:03.080 --> 0:12:06.280 be removed. But that's another thing that people argue, like, no, 0:12:06.480 --> 0:12:09.040 this thing is useless. Not only not only does it 0:12:09.120 --> 0:12:13.679 not chew cud for us any longer, um, it can 0:12:13.800 --> 0:12:17.319 become really infected and kill you and so we should 0:12:17.360 --> 0:12:20.080 just take appendixes out. That was the predominant thought. And 0:12:20.120 --> 0:12:25.480 I think that you're kind of slowing it down lately. Yeah, like, uh, well, 0:12:25.520 --> 0:12:27.240 we should talk about wisdom teeth. I was just about 0:12:27.280 --> 0:12:29.240 to bring those up. You want to take a break first, 0:12:29.840 --> 0:12:32.440 or you want to keep coming with wisdom teeth? Break? 0:12:35.280 --> 0:12:55.720 Stop you stop? Stop you alright? So I teased everyone 0:12:55.760 --> 0:13:01.440 with wisdom teeth. Ah, there was have heard Duck Dennis say, 0:13:01.520 --> 0:13:04.400 you know, you should just always take out your wisdom teeth, 0:13:04.559 --> 0:13:07.319 and others say, well know if your mouth has enough room, 0:13:07.480 --> 0:13:10.360 like not everyone needs their wisdom teeth outright. But this 0:13:10.440 --> 0:13:12.560 goes back to the evolution as well, Like we needed 0:13:12.600 --> 0:13:15.520 back when we ate roots and tuberds and plants and 0:13:15.520 --> 0:13:17.760 we had bigger jaws, we had room for those teeth 0:13:17.800 --> 0:13:20.439 and we needed them. See that. To me, wisdom teeth 0:13:20.480 --> 0:13:25.520 are the definitive evidence of vestigial organs as as support 0:13:25.640 --> 0:13:31.160 for the theory of evolution, because our jaws don't they're 0:13:31.200 --> 0:13:35.080 not shaped like they were before because our diet has changed, 0:13:35.280 --> 0:13:38.440 our skulls have changed shape, and so there's not room 0:13:38.520 --> 0:13:40.840 for that third moler that there used to be room for, 0:13:41.000 --> 0:13:43.160 which is why it grows in all messed up a 0:13:43.280 --> 0:13:46.160 k A impacted. Yeah, we needed uh once we started 0:13:46.200 --> 0:13:50.520 cooking food and vegetables and making them soft, unless you're 0:13:50.600 --> 0:13:54.360 on the Paleo diet and you eat raw edgies. Yes, 0:13:54.480 --> 0:13:56.920 but if you're rich and you're on the paleod diet, 0:13:56.920 --> 0:13:59.680 you probably pay for somebody to chew them up first, 0:13:59.679 --> 0:14:03.040 since at them in your mouth. That's what rich people 0:14:03.040 --> 0:14:08.439 on paleot so. Uh. Yeah, so now we don't need 0:14:08.480 --> 0:14:12.160 those those teeth, and so clearly that's an example of 0:14:12.200 --> 0:14:15.800 a vestigial body parts. Correct. But yes, but not only 0:14:15.800 --> 0:14:19.000 do we not need them, there's no room for them 0:14:19.000 --> 0:14:21.800 in most people's jaws. I just think, like, there you go, 0:14:21.960 --> 0:14:24.640 that's it. Drop drop the mic right there. Yeah, we 0:14:24.800 --> 0:14:27.320 talked about this before, but I had might not know. Sixteen. 0:14:27.440 --> 0:14:32.400 I think they're seventeen. How old are you? Like, Yeah, 0:14:32.520 --> 0:14:34.720 I feel like it's usually in that range. Whenever I 0:14:34.760 --> 0:14:37.480 hear about someone that's older that has their wisdom teeth, 0:14:37.520 --> 0:14:41.400 then it just I don't know, it seems like an outlier. Yeah, yeah, 0:14:41.400 --> 0:14:43.720 I think it's about the normal age, like in your 0:14:43.760 --> 0:14:46.960 teen's late teens. Mentally, yeah, kind of like tonsils. I 0:14:46.960 --> 0:14:50.040 don't know many adults who have their tonsils removed. No, 0:14:50.120 --> 0:14:52.160 I'm sure it happens. But then I mean, now that 0:14:52.240 --> 0:14:55.080 you've brought up tonsils, this is a rabbit hole. So 0:14:55.160 --> 0:14:58.640 that's another thing that that um, a lot of people say, 0:14:59.080 --> 0:15:01.800 just go ahead and get room moved. The thing is is, 0:15:01.960 --> 0:15:06.040 if history is taught as anything, just getting vestigial organs 0:15:06.040 --> 0:15:08.840 removed electively is not a good move. Just in case 0:15:09.640 --> 0:15:12.200 if they are getting infected a lot and they threaten 0:15:12.400 --> 0:15:15.200 your health, yeah, you probably should get your tonsils removed. 0:15:15.520 --> 0:15:19.880 But just as wisdom teeth to me are definitive evidence that, um, 0:15:20.120 --> 0:15:24.840 we've evolved and have vestigial organs, so to our tonsils, 0:15:24.880 --> 0:15:29.760 because no one has any real idea why we have tonsils, 0:15:29.800 --> 0:15:32.480 and as a matter of fact, they can harm our health. Yeah, 0:15:32.520 --> 0:15:35.320 this one article you since says they are supposedly the 0:15:35.320 --> 0:15:38.880 first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. That's the best 0:15:38.960 --> 0:15:43.040 they can come up with. I like it, Yeah, I guess, 0:15:43.040 --> 0:15:45.280 but that's a pretty weak system. I mean, like there's 0:15:45.280 --> 0:15:49.000 this kind of it rings the edges. I mean, it's 0:15:49.000 --> 0:15:51.240 not even like a net. No, we should be able, 0:15:51.240 --> 0:15:54.720 we should evolve a net, you know, a throat net, 0:15:54.720 --> 0:15:56.880 a throat net that falls to the side when we 0:15:56.920 --> 0:16:01.080 need like food to go through, but when we're just breathing, Like, yeah, 0:16:01.720 --> 0:16:04.600 if you're dieting, you can have the throat net shut 0:16:05.000 --> 0:16:08.000 and everything will just bounce back up. Yeah, that'd be great. 0:16:08.040 --> 0:16:10.760 It's a great idea. They're uh, you know, chewing up 0:16:10.760 --> 0:16:12.720 food and spitting it out as a weight loss method 0:16:12.760 --> 0:16:16.400 is dangerous, but some people think that, Hey it makes sense. Man, 0:16:16.440 --> 0:16:20.160 I just want to taste it. Uh what else? Oh, 0:16:20.200 --> 0:16:22.520 I like the goose bumps. That's a good one. Yeah, 0:16:22.560 --> 0:16:24.600 that's one of my favores too, because when you get 0:16:24.640 --> 0:16:27.600 scared or chili, you'll get you'll see the goose bumps. 0:16:27.600 --> 0:16:30.920 What are they called the erector peli. Goose bumps is 0:16:30.920 --> 0:16:33.280 so much more fun. Well, the erector peli are the 0:16:33.480 --> 0:16:35.560 muscles that give you goose bumps. It's kind of like 0:16:35.600 --> 0:16:39.680 the Marines Awajima raising the flag. These muscles do that 0:16:39.720 --> 0:16:43.600 to your hair follicles, right, and you get goosebumps. Yeah, 0:16:43.640 --> 0:16:47.560 and that is left over from when we wanted to uh, 0:16:47.680 --> 0:16:50.360 we're animals and we wanted to appear larger. We could 0:16:50.360 --> 0:16:54.160 puff up our fur in defense or to hold in 0:16:54.840 --> 0:16:56.960 to keep yourself warm. You know, the air gets trapped 0:16:56.960 --> 0:16:58.880 in between the hair when it stands up. And if 0:16:58.880 --> 0:17:00.720 you think about it, when you have a adrenaline running 0:17:00.720 --> 0:17:04.680 through your veins and you're scared or you're you've got 0:17:04.680 --> 0:17:08.080 the fight or flight thing going on, you can get goosebumps. 0:17:08.359 --> 0:17:11.680 Same thing with when you're cold, get goosebumps left over 0:17:11.760 --> 0:17:15.400 from when we have for I never get goosebumps, really well, 0:17:15.440 --> 0:17:17.240 I'm never cold. The only time I get him is 0:17:17.280 --> 0:17:21.200 when I like a I get the creepy sugar you know. Um, 0:17:21.240 --> 0:17:24.479 and that doesn't happen much either. That's because the horror 0:17:24.480 --> 0:17:30.119 movie industry is just really stinks. Man. No more goose bumps. 0:17:30.160 --> 0:17:33.040 I'm working my way through that list that the Grabster 0:17:33.200 --> 0:17:35.800 prepared for us. So nice of him. You've been on 0:17:35.800 --> 0:17:39.440 a horror kick? Yeah, have you seen pre October horror kick? 0:17:39.480 --> 0:17:41.920 Even Yeah, right when it started to get a little 0:17:42.240 --> 0:17:45.359 even slightly cool, you got a blankie out and you 0:17:45.400 --> 0:17:48.400 and you may snuggle up and watch horror movies. That's great. Um, 0:17:48.640 --> 0:17:51.400 Emily won't watch him at all, which is very disappointing. Well, yeah, 0:17:51.400 --> 0:17:53.480 I mean you it will be in the room. But 0:17:53.920 --> 0:17:57.800 like she's like not paying that much attention, and I'm like, 0:17:57.800 --> 0:18:01.400 why are you watching? But um, I saw a Pontypool 0:18:01.440 --> 0:18:05.080 on the grabster's recommendation has a very good creative movie. 0:18:05.200 --> 0:18:06.840 Have you seen it? No, so I haven't seen that one. 0:18:06.920 --> 0:18:09.320 It's on Netflix, and I don't think it's ever been 0:18:09.359 --> 0:18:11.440 off Netflix in the history of Netflix. I think it's 0:18:11.440 --> 0:18:14.000 always been there. See. The problem is because Emily doesn't 0:18:14.000 --> 0:18:17.080 watch him in then I'm saying, well, I'd like to 0:18:17.080 --> 0:18:20.399 spend a couple of hours alone tonight with Ponty Pool, 0:18:20.560 --> 0:18:24.040 which happens enough with sports, so horror in there, and 0:18:24.480 --> 0:18:26.160 all of a sudden, what's the point of being married? 0:18:26.600 --> 0:18:31.720 You know? I think that's that's that's good if you chuck, 0:18:31.760 --> 0:18:34.720 that's upstanding choosing your wife over horror movies. Yeah, I'll 0:18:34.720 --> 0:18:40.800 watch Nashville. Actually that's not true. You won't watch Nashville. No, 0:18:40.840 --> 0:18:42.399 I'll be in the room when it's on. But again, 0:18:42.440 --> 0:18:46.800 I'm not watching. I've never seen it. Am I missing it? No? 0:18:47.000 --> 0:18:50.199 Even she's like it's so terrible, but still watches it. 0:18:50.200 --> 0:18:53.840 It's one of those why do people do the things 0:18:53.840 --> 0:18:56.239 they do? You know? Speaking of tangents like the one 0:18:56.280 --> 0:19:00.560 we're on now I listened to our pez episode. It 0:19:00.680 --> 0:19:04.560 is tangent city. Yeah, I mean even as far as 0:19:04.560 --> 0:19:07.600 our normal stuff goes, it is tangential. We could call 0:19:07.680 --> 0:19:15.000 our tangents vestigial material. Yeah, serves a purpose kind of 0:19:15.240 --> 0:19:19.119 some some people like it, some people hate it, hate it. Uh. 0:19:19.240 --> 0:19:22.560 So we brought up the tailbone earlier. Um, the cock 0:19:22.760 --> 0:19:26.960 is it coxas I thought it was cossacks. Cossacks, I'll 0:19:26.960 --> 0:19:30.080 go with that. Um, that is not the same thing 0:19:30.280 --> 0:19:32.480 as when you were born with a tiny little tail 0:19:32.520 --> 0:19:37.080 bump that can happen, but that's an atavism. Yeah, Um, 0:19:37.119 --> 0:19:40.800 not the same thing as the cocksack. Cossacks. Well, it's 0:19:40.840 --> 0:19:43.440 attached to the cossacks. So the cossacks is itself a 0:19:43.560 --> 0:19:46.439 vestigial thing, right, Yeah, Like we don't need that bone, 0:19:46.480 --> 0:19:49.359 and those bones are found in other animals that have tails, 0:19:49.400 --> 0:19:51.840 and it's where the muscles connect to to control the 0:19:51.840 --> 0:19:54.360 tail and everything. Right, Yeah, so we don't need that. 0:19:54.800 --> 0:19:57.120 But then some people are even born with with an 0:19:57.119 --> 0:19:59.760 actual tail. And then, like you said, that's an ad 0:19:59.760 --> 0:20:03.280 of his, which is a relic that appears once in 0:20:03.320 --> 0:20:06.560 a while rather than in most people. But that's the 0:20:06.600 --> 0:20:08.800 only difference isn't it. I think so, And I was 0:20:08.960 --> 0:20:11.399 gonna say we should do an episode on that, but 0:20:11.520 --> 0:20:13.440 I looked at our article and I don't know, there's 0:20:13.480 --> 0:20:15.320 not a lot to it. So there you go. We 0:20:15.400 --> 0:20:19.280 just did atavism, I guess so. But with the cossacks, um, 0:20:19.359 --> 0:20:21.439 some folks think that there is in fact a reason 0:20:22.359 --> 0:20:26.159 that it. Kind of the best I could see is 0:20:26.200 --> 0:20:29.600 that it acts like as the holder of things in 0:20:29.640 --> 0:20:33.200 that area, kind of cinches everything up, like the anus 0:20:34.200 --> 0:20:38.879 and other organs in that area. Is that right? Um? Yeah, Yeah, 0:20:39.800 --> 0:20:42.159 that's that's the best they could come up with. But 0:20:42.440 --> 0:20:46.760 they've removed cossacks from people before, and you know, the 0:20:46.800 --> 0:20:49.320 anus didn't pro lapse or anything like that from what 0:20:49.359 --> 0:20:55.800 I understand. Yet, they're just taking time. That's a horror 0:20:55.800 --> 0:21:00.760 movie waiting to happen. I have never seen, or at 0:21:00.800 --> 0:21:05.960 least I've never noticed Darwin's point on someone's ear. It's 0:21:06.000 --> 0:21:09.960 a no. I know what they are, but I've never 0:21:10.000 --> 0:21:15.439 noticed that anyone had one. Yeah, but that's not the 0:21:15.480 --> 0:21:18.679 ones I've seen online. Is is a literal extra bump 0:21:19.200 --> 0:21:23.040 that looks like an elf mine's going downward. Yeah, the 0:21:23.040 --> 0:21:25.560 ones I've seen on the outside online I've never seen 0:21:25.560 --> 0:21:27.560 in real life, is what I'm saying. So it's called 0:21:27.560 --> 0:21:30.280 the Darwin's point, right, And they're just saying like it's 0:21:30.480 --> 0:21:32.760 left over from when our ears used to be bigger 0:21:32.800 --> 0:21:36.240 and weird. Yeah, like when we had to listen out 0:21:36.280 --> 0:21:38.720 for stuff. Yeah, ears a weird period. If you really 0:21:38.720 --> 0:21:42.560 look at them, I think supposedly people who can wiggle 0:21:42.560 --> 0:21:46.680 their ears that's a sign of less evolution. That's your forehead, 0:21:47.520 --> 0:21:50.239 my ears. My ears are wriggling too, No, just your 0:21:50.280 --> 0:21:58.119 four Well, your forehead's wiggling too. I really can't wiggle 0:21:58.160 --> 0:22:00.320 my ears really well. I must be tired because I 0:22:00.320 --> 0:22:02.719 can do them like one at a time and do 0:22:02.760 --> 0:22:05.240 the Star Spangled banner to it. Can you raise both 0:22:05.240 --> 0:22:10.120 eyebrows individually? Oh that's pretty good. I can also rule 0:22:10.160 --> 0:22:12.199 my tongue. Can you do this? Yeah? I can do 0:22:12.240 --> 0:22:14.399 the clover too, but I can't. I can't do I 0:22:14.440 --> 0:22:18.399 can't raise my left eyebrow by itself, which is weird. 0:22:19.200 --> 0:22:20.800 You can do your right now. You just look very 0:22:20.800 --> 0:22:24.119 suspicious of me, right, I don't believe you, but your eyebrow. 0:22:24.880 --> 0:22:27.720 I wish you guys could all see this. Oh yeah, 0:22:27.920 --> 0:22:32.159 it's scintillating. Also, with the ear. There are there there 0:22:32.160 --> 0:22:34.479 are muscles in the ear that uh, we say we 0:22:34.520 --> 0:22:37.240 don't need anymore because we don't need to move them 0:22:37.240 --> 0:22:41.960 to locate things like, uh, like a satellite dish. That's why. 0:22:42.160 --> 0:22:44.760 That's why if you like not everybody can wiggle their ears, 0:22:44.760 --> 0:22:47.359 and people who can have an atavistic trait, which is 0:22:47.400 --> 0:22:50.360 that muscle group is still left over. Yeah, And there's 0:22:50.400 --> 0:22:52.760 a lot of different muscle groups that pop up um 0:22:52.880 --> 0:22:56.800 as far as vestigial organs go. Um, there's one called 0:22:56.800 --> 0:23:00.600 the subclavius muscle, which is up here in your chest 0:23:01.080 --> 0:23:05.280 around your upper arms and chest um. And that's supposedly 0:23:05.359 --> 0:23:07.560 left over from when we could walk on all fours 0:23:07.640 --> 0:23:09.639 or mostly walked on all fours. Now some people have 0:23:09.720 --> 0:23:11.800 it and some don't. Is it something you can see 0:23:11.880 --> 0:23:13.840 or is it give you the ability to, like, you know, 0:23:13.840 --> 0:23:18.680 how muscle dudes bounce their pecks. I'm sure the ones 0:23:18.720 --> 0:23:23.199 with subclavio muscles are aces that that's so gross. There's um, 0:23:24.119 --> 0:23:27.959 there's a pal mayris and a plant harris um muscle 0:23:28.160 --> 0:23:31.720 that we don't need anymore. So much so that if 0:23:31.760 --> 0:23:34.680 you are having some sort of muscle or tendon surgery, 0:23:34.960 --> 0:23:37.920 the doctor will go in and harvest those for use 0:23:37.960 --> 0:23:40.360 elsewhere in your body. So you can like move your 0:23:40.359 --> 0:23:45.480 forehead like Reuben Kincaid and in the Partridge family, remember him, 0:23:45.520 --> 0:23:48.439 he could like separate his forehead from his hair. What 0:23:48.480 --> 0:23:50.280