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Speaker 1: Hey Katie, how do you like your gelato?

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Speaker 5: Definitely with two scoops of basically any flavor.

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Speaker 1: So it's all about quantity for you, Is that right?

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Speaker 5: It's all about gelato? What's to complain about?

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Speaker 1: All right? So is that also true for things out

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Speaker 1: in space? Bigger is always better.

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Speaker 5: I mean, the sun is gigantic, and I only have

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Speaker 5: good things to say about that, So you.

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Speaker 1: Know, all right, you should leave a five star review

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Speaker 1: for our star. What about things like comets? Is bigger

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Speaker 1: always better? There?

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Speaker 5: I mean, especially if they're made out of ice cream?

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Speaker 5: So a big old comet streaking above our sky leaving

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Speaker 5: a trail of sprinkles, who doesn't want that?

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Speaker 1: Well? What if it's sprinkling its way towards the earth

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Speaker 1: like impact style?

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Speaker 5: Well, then I can order a triple gelato with no consequences.

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Speaker 6: Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at

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Speaker 1: UC Irvine.

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Speaker 5: And I am Katie, and I'm the host of the

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Speaker 5: podcast Creature Feature. And I enjoy ice cream as much

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Speaker 5: as I enjoy physics, which is a lot.

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Speaker 1: But not too much moderation in all things? Is that

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Speaker 1: the vibe I'm getting?

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Speaker 5: That's probably right in both cases. If I have too

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Speaker 5: much physics at once, I also get a brain freeze.

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Speaker 1: Or did you mean, like after a nice large meal

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Speaker 1: you need a little bit of physics to sort of

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Speaker 1: like balance out the palette.

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Speaker 5: I mean, I think that's what digestion is, right.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely well, welcome to the podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain

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Speaker 1: the universe in which we try to digest the entire universe.

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Speaker 1: We serve it up on a platter to you and

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Speaker 1: give it to you in tiny little spoonfuls, hoping that

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Speaker 1: helps you understand the mysteries of black holes, the incredible

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Speaker 1: frothing quantum nature of reality, the mysteries, the puzzles, the insights,

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Speaker 1: all of it. We sprinkle delicious treats on top and

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Speaker 1: serve it up to you.

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Speaker 5: It's the Mouz booge of particle physics.

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Speaker 1: My typical co host and friend, Jorge Sham can't be

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Speaker 1: here today, so as usual we are joined by the

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Speaker 1: wonderful Katie. Katie, thank you very much for joining us

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Speaker 1: again today.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, happy to be here again. Want to point out

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Speaker 5: Porge and I have never been seen together in the

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Speaker 5: same room. Raises some questions, doesn't it?

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Speaker 1: Does that mean that Jorge transforms into you or you

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Speaker 1: transform into Jorge?

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Speaker 5: At this point, who can say who is who Isn't

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Speaker 5: that the lesson of Jequel and Hide.

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Speaker 1: Exactly the quantum mechanical interpretation of modern literature. It's really

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Speaker 1: the Jeckyl Hide wave function.

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Speaker 5: That's right, got to collapse the wave form.

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Speaker 1: Well, we are happy to talk physics with either Katie

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Speaker 1: or Jorge, so thanks for joining us. And while we

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Speaker 1: nibble on our gelato, we ponder the mysteries of the universe,

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Speaker 1: but we also ponder the mysteries of our own neighborhood.

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Speaker 1: You might think that astronomers have our backyard the Soul system,

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Speaker 1: mostly figured out, and that the open questions in physics

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Speaker 1: revolve around things very very far away and far in

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Speaker 1: the future and far back in time. But you might

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Speaker 1: be surprised to learn that our own neighborhood remains something

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Speaker 1: of a mystery to us.

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Speaker 5: Now, that doesn't seem right, because my understanding is we've

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Speaker 5: already got real estate on Mars and have every crevice,

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Speaker 5: every crater of the Moon mapped out, So how can

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Speaker 5: there be any mysteries left here in our Solar system.

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Speaker 1: Well, it's probably true that some entrepreneur has planned the

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Speaker 1: first gelato stand on Mars. That's pretty close to Earth.

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Speaker 1: And you know, the Solar system is actually really really vast.

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Speaker 1: The Earth is tucked in really tightly, very close to

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Speaker 1: the Sun, but outpast Jupiter and outpast the icy planets,

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of mysterious stuff going on.

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Speaker 5: What's the furthest we've ever sent any of our instruments

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Speaker 5: out into space. We haven't gotten past our own Solar system.

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Speaker 1: We have sent some pros really deep into space, like

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Speaker 1: launch them out there and see how long they last.

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Speaker 1: And the one that's the furthest out the object that

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Speaker 1: humans have built that has gone the deepest into space

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Speaker 1: is Voyager one. But even Voyager one hasn't officially left

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Speaker 1: the Solar System yet. In around three hundred years, it

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Speaker 1: might reach the outskirts of the Solar System, but unfortunately

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Speaker 1: its power runs out in twenty twenty five, so by

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Speaker 1: the time it gets there, it'll just be.

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Speaker 5: A dead lump well sololy, so you know.

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Speaker 1: You'll be fifty percent gelato by that point.

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Speaker 5: Anyway, I can only hope. So there could be some

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Speaker 5: space gophers in our space backyard and we wouldn't even

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Speaker 5: know it.

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Speaker 1: That's right. There are mysteries right here on our own backyard.

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Speaker 1: There are things we do not understand. One way to

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Speaker 1: explore them is to send probes deep into the outskirts

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Speaker 1: of the Solar System. But that's pretty slow. You know,

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Speaker 1: it takes years for things to get out there because

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Speaker 1: it's so dang far away. You know, it takes months

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Speaker 1: to get to Venus or Mars, but to get out

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Speaker 1: to Pluto can take a decade. To get further out

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Speaker 1: deep into the farthest reaches of the Solar System to

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Speaker 1: explore its fringes takes even longer. But there's another way

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Speaker 1: to study our deep, mysterious backyard, and that's to wait

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Speaker 1: for it to come to us. Because sometimes things out

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Speaker 1: from the outskirts do fall into the Solar System, and

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Speaker 1: these things are called comets. They accelerate to incredible speeds

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Speaker 1: as they whip around the Sun and then go back

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Speaker 1: to where they came from.

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Speaker 5: So how do comets find us? Did they see some

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Speaker 5: kind of flyer way out in space? It is the Earthsail,

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Speaker 5: about two point five light years away. Is it just

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Speaker 5: random chance? Are they drawn into our Solar system?

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Speaker 1: They hang out there in the deep reaches of the

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Speaker 1: Solar System, and we're not exactly sure what sometimes triggers

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Speaker 1: them to fall in. It might be the passing of

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Speaker 1: a nearby star, or the gravitational tug of the Milky Way,

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Speaker 1: or something else. Entirely, we don't even really understand what's

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Speaker 1: going on out there and what is out there waiting

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Speaker 1: to maybe fall into the Solar system. For those of

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Speaker 1: you who have seen Look Up and worry about things

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Speaker 1: hitting the Earth, you don't have to worry too much

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Speaker 1: about things like asteroids, those rocks that are orbiting in

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Speaker 1: the inner Solar system. But comets are much more dangerous

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Speaker 1: because they can be hard to predict, and they're moving

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Speaker 1: much more quickly when they do enter the Solar System.

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Speaker 5: I watched Don't Look Up, and I find it interesting

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Speaker 5: because I think there is a big divide in terms

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Speaker 5: of how realistic people find it, and those who are

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Speaker 5: either climate scientists or even in any related science find

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Speaker 5: it very realistic, whereas other people think, oh, this is

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Speaker 5: just too on the nose, it's too outrageous.

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Speaker 1: You mean like the social response to the scientific warning,

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Speaker 1: or you mean the science itself.

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Speaker 5: The social response to the scientific warning that's in the movie.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that was pretty sobering. Actually, I think that was

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Speaker 1: mostly the point of the movie. The actual science bit

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Speaker 1: where they're like at the whiteboard figuring out the trajectory

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Speaker 1: of the comment. That was like the first two minutes

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Speaker 1: of the movie. After that there was a science but

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Speaker 1: that part was pretty accurate. You know though, I heard

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Speaker 1: that they had to find somebody to play a math

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Speaker 1: double for Leonardo DiCaprio. When they zoom in on the whiteboard,

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Speaker 1: that's not actually his hand doing those calculations, which means

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Speaker 1: there's a whole other career. I didn't even realize I

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Speaker 1: was missing out on, you know, Hollywood math double.

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Speaker 5: Who do you think you would be in terms of

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Speaker 5: Hollywood's math double.

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Speaker 1: I'd like to be Jeff Goldlum's math double. I want

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Speaker 1: to do his math. Jeff, if you're listening, please hook

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Speaker 1: me up. I don't want you to hurt yourself doing maths,

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Speaker 1: so please let me take the fall for you. But

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Speaker 1: speaking of taking the fall, some of these comets that

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Speaker 1: enter the Solar System are pretty small. They're just a

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Speaker 1: few kilometers wide. But there's some been some recent discoveries

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Speaker 1: that are stretching people's brains about how big a comet

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Speaker 1: can be.

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Speaker 5: So you're saying that asteroids are not typically that dangerous,

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Speaker 5: whereas comets are. Why is that is that based on

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Speaker 5: the stuff that they're made out of or their behaviors.

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Speaker 1: It's mostly based on our ability to see them. Comets

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Speaker 1: orbit in the inner Solar System, and so we can

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Speaker 1: point to our telescopes and we can watch them, and

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Speaker 1: we can see where they're going, and we are not

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Speaker 1: worried about them because we know where basically all the

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Speaker 1: big ones are. They reflect enough sunlight for us to

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Speaker 1: track them and predict their path for a few hundred years.

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Speaker 1: Once an astronomer gets like four or five six measurements

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Speaker 1: of the emotion of an object, they can pretty well

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Speaker 1: predict its path. But comets have very long periods. Some

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Speaker 1: of these things have like hundreds or thousands of years

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Speaker 1: long period, which means the first time we see it

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Speaker 1: might be when it's headed towards the Earth, which is

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Speaker 1: why you might not get a whole lot of warning.

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Speaker 1: And they're going much much faster because they're falling in

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Speaker 1: from much further away. And those of you who watch

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Speaker 1: these guys might remember that this happened in nineteen ninety five.

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Speaker 1: This is not just fiction. In ninety five, a comet

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Speaker 1: enter the Solar System and then smacked right into Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: It was spectacular. You could see it with your own

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Speaker 1: telescope in your own backyard, earth sized fireballs rising from

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Speaker 1: the surface of Jupiter. It was like astronomical shot, and

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Speaker 1: you know, it was pretty awesome, but we were glad

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Speaker 1: it wasn't hitting us.

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Speaker 5: Those poor Jupetonians.

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Speaker 1: Jupetonians to have that name, man, we'll have to ask

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Speaker 1: or hey, what he would prefer as a name for that.

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Speaker 1: It's definitely not Jupiter Lyings. That would be pretty awkward Jupichians.

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Speaker 1: Maybe I'm not sure.

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Speaker 5: Pitt Cans, my fellow Jupeticans, we can't necessarily know when

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Speaker 5: a comet is coming, but should we really be that worried?

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Speaker 5: Our atmosphere is pretty hot, so it seems like it

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Speaker 5: could melt a comet. Right.

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Speaker 1: Our atmosphere is pretty hot, and it could melt a

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Speaker 1: comet if it wasn't too big. But remember the impactor

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Speaker 1: that took out the dinosaur sixty five million years ago

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Speaker 1: was only a few kilometers wide. So anything bigger than

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Speaker 1: that is going to make it to the surface of

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Speaker 1: the Earth and deposit a lot of kinetic energy. And

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Speaker 1: so that's why it's really important to think about questions like, well,

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Speaker 1: how big can a comet get? And so today in

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Speaker 1: the podcast, we'll be asking that exact question, how big

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Speaker 1: can a comet get?

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Speaker 5: Empire state building size?

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Speaker 1: That's my guess you just like the mental visual of

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Speaker 1: the Empire state building crashing into the Earth. Somebody's got

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Speaker 1: to do that in Hollywood.

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Speaker 5: Maybe blue whale size, because I also like the image

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Speaker 5: of a blue whale crashing in the earth.

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Speaker 1: Man talk about a belly flop, right, a blue whale

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Speaker 1: coming from space and hitting the ocean. Ouch, that sounds

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Speaker 1: like it hurts well as usual. I was curious what

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Speaker 1: people out there on the Internet thought about this question.

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Speaker 1: Have people thought about how big a comet is? Do

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Speaker 1: they have any idea how large these snowballs from the

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Speaker 1: far reaches of space can be? So I asked folks

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Speaker 1: to volunteer to answer random physics questions to contribute to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. And if you would like to participate, please

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Speaker 1: don't be shy. You are very very welcome. No expertise

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Speaker 1: is required. Just email me to questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 1: So before you listen to these answers, think to yourself,

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Speaker 1: how big do you think a comet can get? Here's

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Speaker 1: what people had to say, pretty big.

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Speaker 7: But then it starts getting into like whether you classify

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Speaker 7: as comet or a planet.

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Speaker 8: I think comics can get as big as some of

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Speaker 8: the largest planets out there. I think if something happens

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Speaker 8: where planet gets out of orbit or a star fades away,

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Speaker 8: then those planets could then become free.

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Speaker 3: Practically, I never thought that commets could or like pigeonholed

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Speaker 3: into a certain size. I think, you know, it could

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Speaker 3: just be a straight ice ball. But size doesn't really

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Speaker 3: matter for comments.

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Speaker 1: Well, based purely on imagination, I think comets can get

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Speaker 1: as big as our moon. A venture to guess.

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Speaker 6: Comets can become as large as they can until they

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Speaker 6: are too large to be called comets.

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Speaker 7: From what I know, comets are the frozen stuff of

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Speaker 7: dust and solids and gases. So it depends on what

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Speaker 7: the comet has in it, because most of the stuff

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Speaker 7: gets melted away as it enters and becomes warmer and hotter.

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Speaker 9: What would prevent the commet from getting too big? I

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Speaker 9: guess The.

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Speaker 10: Two things that I can think of are, if it's.

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Speaker 1: Too big, it could break up easily, and hence you.

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Speaker 10: Won't have one comet, you'll have multiple comments and that's

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Speaker 10: related to the structure of it. The other thing is

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Speaker 10: that if you have something that's very big, it's likely

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Speaker 10: not made out of a large percentage of ice.

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Speaker 1: Crystal.

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Speaker 9: It's probably going to be highly metallic, and it won't

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Speaker 9: develop the tails of the comet. So that still doesn't

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Speaker 9: answer the question of how big can the comet get.

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Speaker 9: I will guess I don't know, three or four bus sizes.

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Speaker 1: I don't know.

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Speaker 11: I would imagine oat as big as it without the

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Speaker 11: thus squishing it, because aren't comets quite low density. I

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Speaker 11: suppose the gravity might turn it into an asteroid. I'm

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Speaker 11: not sure about what the definitions are there, but I

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Speaker 11: hope that's helped in some way.

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Speaker 1: That's a good question.

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Speaker 12: I imagine they could get bigger than an asteroid, depending on

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Speaker 12: how much gravity maybe they had when they were out

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Speaker 12: far far far in the far reaches of the Solar

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Speaker 12: systems or the Oort clouds, or wherever they get all

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Speaker 12: their ice from. Like maybe they're just a particularly big

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Speaker 12: chunk that gathered a whole lot and solidified before it

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Speaker 12: came rushing in toward the center of our Solar system.

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Speaker 1: All right, So nobody else said empire states building or

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Speaker 1: blue whale sized.

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Speaker 5: Well, I am interested in the question of when does

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Speaker 5: it become a plan It is the only thing separating

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Speaker 5: something like a comet and a planet just its signs,

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Speaker 5: or is there some other property to a comet that

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Speaker 5: makes it not a planet?

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Speaker 1: Oh man, this is such a tangle of names. The

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Speaker 1: astronomers have made such a mess of what they call things.

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Speaker 1: Is a centaur, is it a trans Newtonian object? It

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Speaker 1: is a minor planet. There are such ridiculous and sometimes

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Speaker 1: conflicting rules about these things. But in this case you

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Speaker 1: can actually make a nice little line between what's a

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Speaker 1: comet and what's not. What you call a comet is

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Speaker 1: something that has an atmosphere because the Sun is heating

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Speaker 1: it up and it's outgassing. So imagine some icy ball

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Speaker 1: thousands of au away from the Sun. It's just going

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Speaker 1: to be sitting there frozen. But if it falls in

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Speaker 1: towards the Solar System and the Sun starts to heat

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Speaker 1: it up, then some of those ices are going to

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Speaker 1: turn into gas, and they're going to give that comet

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Speaker 1: a little atmosphere, which they call a coma, and it

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Speaker 1: might even give it a little tail if some of

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Speaker 1: it is blown off behind it. So that's what distinguishes

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Speaker 1: an asteroid from a comet or a planet, or even

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Speaker 1: a minor planet or a or a trans neptuny. Sorry,

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Speaker 1: trans Neptunian object, not trans Newtonian. Nobody launched isomating into

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Speaker 1: outer space, yet.

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Speaker 5: They should it though that'd teach them a thing or

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Speaker 5: two about gravity. So if these comets have atmospheres, could

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Speaker 5: this mean that some form of life could conceivably breathe

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Speaker 5: it in? Or is it just inherently unfriendly towards life?

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Speaker 1: Oh, I was hoping you were going to go there

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Speaker 1: the biologists, and you can't resist asking that question. You

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Speaker 1: can now, of course, we can never say never, because

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Speaker 1: life is weird and could take all sorts of strange forms.

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Speaker 1: But these would be very short lived atmospheres. This is

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Speaker 1: something that doesn't exist when it's out there, deep into space.

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Speaker 1: It only appears when the comet is falling towards the Sun,

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Speaker 1: and it's not gravitationally bound like these things are not

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Speaker 1: big enough to have an atmosphere. The reason an asteroid

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Speaker 1: doesn't have an atmosphere is that doesn't have enough gravity

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Speaker 1: to hold hold onto it. Even the Moon doesn't have

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Speaker 1: enough gravity to hold onto it. If you like, pumped

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Speaker 1: an atmosphere onto the Moon, we all just drift away

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Speaker 1: in a few dozen years or maybe one hundred. So

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Speaker 1: a comet it's atmosphere is sort of transient. It keeps

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Speaker 1: losing it and then it keeps replenishing it by outgassing it.

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Speaker 1: So it'd be pretty hard situation, I think for life

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Speaker 1: to form.

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Speaker 5: So you'd basically just get a few puffs of atmosphere

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Speaker 5: as life, but you wouldn't have millions of years to

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Speaker 5: evolve on This comment more of a vape situation if

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Speaker 5: you're a life.

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Speaker 1: Form, Yeah, unless you're some really weird form of life

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Speaker 1: which can like go into stasis for a long long

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Speaker 1: time and then wake up again, like those insects that

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Speaker 1: wake up every seventeen years and like take a few breaths,

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Speaker 1: live a very short life as the comet is diving

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Speaker 1: towards the Sun, and then go back to sleep.

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Speaker 5: Well, you know, there is a life form already out

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Speaker 5: in space that can go into stasis and can survive

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Speaker 5: the rigors of the vacuum of space at least short

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Speaker 5: periods of time, and those are tartar grades. So who knows,

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Speaker 5: maybe some of those tartar grades we accidentally dropped on

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Speaker 5: the Moon will someday find their way to sort of

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Speaker 5: ride a comet for a little while.

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Speaker 1: You think maybe they're going to just like jump off

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Speaker 1: the moon because there's such little gravity there, land on

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Speaker 1: a comet and ride it around the Solar system. That

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Speaker 1: sounds pretty awesome, Like Doctor Strangelove, Tartar.

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Speaker 5: Grade, little tiny silver surfers, Well, that sounds.

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Speaker 1: Like a great science fiction novel. So what we're talking

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Speaker 1: about today are these comets, and these comments are again

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Speaker 1: distinguished from asteroids because they have a coma and they

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Speaker 1: can have a tail. A tail is not actually necessary

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Speaker 1: for it to be a comet. A lot of people

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Speaker 1: think about comments, they think about tails because when you

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Speaker 1: look up in the sky, that's how a comet looks

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Speaker 1: different from just like a star or something else shiny. Technically, though,

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Speaker 1: astronomers will call it a comet even if it doesn't

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Speaker 1: yet have a tail, like before it's really fallen into

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Speaker 1: the inner Solar System, it can still just have a coma.

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Speaker 1: The other weird thing about comets is that they don't

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Speaker 1: always just have one tail. They can have two different

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Speaker 1: tails simultaneously.

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Speaker 5: So just kind of a split stream going on, or

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Speaker 5: are these tails made out of different stuff?

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Speaker 1: So commets on like these dirty snowballs, and some of

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Speaker 1: the stuff, when it gets heated up, turns into gas,

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Speaker 1: and then the sun blows that away. So one of

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Speaker 1: the tails of a comet is a gas tail, and

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Speaker 1: that's pointing away from the sun. A lot of people

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Speaker 1: think like the comet's tail is pointing behind it, sort

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Speaker 1: of like a rocket's exhaust or like you know those

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Speaker 1: wiggle motions in a cartoon. That means that something's moving fast,

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Speaker 1: But it's actually pointing away from the sun, like the

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Speaker 1: sun is blowing gas away from it. So that's the

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Speaker 1: gas tail. The other tail is typically made out of

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Speaker 1: dust to like little bits of rock or whatever from

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Speaker 1: the core of a comet, the non ice parts, and

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Speaker 1: those are a little heavier so they don't get blown

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Speaker 1: by the solar wind, and they do actually follow more

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Speaker 1: like the trajectory of the comet. So you have one

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Speaker 1: tail that's sort of flying out behind find the comet

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Speaker 1: along its path, and the other one that's getting blown

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Speaker 1: away by the sun. And these are not always pointed

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Speaker 1: in the same direction. So if you're really lucky, you

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Speaker 1: can see a comet with both of these tails simultaneously.

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Speaker 1: It looks pretty spectacular.

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Speaker 5: So we're thinking of a comet like a runway model.

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Speaker 5: The gas tail is its hair getting blown out of

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Speaker 5: its face by some conveniently placed fans, and the dust

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Speaker 5: tail is like its cloak, kind of wafting behind it

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Speaker 5: as it struts down the runway, hopefully not towards Earth exactly.

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Speaker 1: And if you are running with a tailwind right when

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Speaker 1: the comet comes around the Sun and is now going

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Speaker 1: back into the outer Solar System, then its tail is

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Speaker 1: pointing in the direction it's moving. It's like an anti

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Speaker 1: tail because the Sun is now behind it, and so

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Speaker 1: it's blowing gas in the direction the comet is moving.

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Speaker 1: So the tail isn't always even behind the comet. Sometimes

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Speaker 1: it's a head of the comet.

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Speaker 5: So if we see a giant comet that has a

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Speaker 5: tail pointed in our direction, that does not mean we're

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Speaker 5: not in danger, because it could be coming right this way.

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Speaker 1: That's right. You need me at the whiteboard or somebody

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Speaker 1: else doing those calculations before you know whether or not

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Speaker 1: we should abandon the planet. And these comets come in

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Speaker 1: two different groups. Some of them are short period comets

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Speaker 1: which come from the Kuiper Belt. This is a region

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Speaker 1: of just like icy stuff planetismals just past Neptune, you know,

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Speaker 1: past Neptune. This is like a whole big, messy pile

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Speaker 1: of stuff. That's why people argue about whether Pluto should

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Speaker 1: be a planet, because Pluto is the first thing we

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Speaker 1: saw out there that was about that size, and then

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Speaker 1: we discovered, oh my gosh, there's a lot of these

439
00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:38,240
Speaker 1: like frozen balls out there that are about Pluto size.

440
00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:40,440
Speaker 1: We call Pluto a planet, We've got to call them

441
00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:44,520
Speaker 1: all planets. So like after Neptune, the solar system's basically

442
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:45,480
Speaker 1: just a big mess.

443
00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:48,879
Speaker 5: Sounds like a lot of planetary gate keeping. Just because

444
00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:51,560
Speaker 5: Pluto's a mess doesn't mean it shouldn't be a planet.

445
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:53,840
Speaker 1: It's not just the Pluto's a mess. It's Pluto, and

446
00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:56,520
Speaker 1: it's like seventeen thousand friends are all a mess. And

447
00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:59,040
Speaker 1: do you want a solar system with seventeen thousand planets

448
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:00,639
Speaker 1: in it? You know, I guess it just depends on

449
00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:02,320
Speaker 1: what you think of a solar system. But you know,

450
00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:05,080
Speaker 1: to me, these arguments are just about names, because.

451
00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:07,199
Speaker 5: It depends on if they're bringing pizza money or if

452
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:08,960
Speaker 5: they're just coming there for the free food.

453
00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:13,280
Speaker 1: That's right, anybody who brings Toelato is welcome. But some

454
00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:15,720
Speaker 1: of these little icy balls out there and the Kuiper

455
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:19,320
Speaker 1: Belt can get nudged and fall into the Solar System.

456
00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:21,880
Speaker 1: And these are called short period comets, meaning that they

457
00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:24,959
Speaker 1: take months or years to go around the Solar System.

458
00:23:25,080 --> 00:23:28,680
Speaker 1: But there's another group, these long period comets that come

459
00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:32,560
Speaker 1: from another source that much further out past even the

460
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:36,840
Speaker 1: Kuiper Belt way past Pluto, many many, many thousands and

461
00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:39,840
Speaker 1: millions of kilometers, and that comes from this blob called

462
00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:43,960
Speaker 1: the Ort Cloud, which is this theoretical cloud of icy

463
00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:47,360
Speaker 1: mini planets. And I say theoretical because we're pretty sure

464
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:50,200
Speaker 1: it's there, but we've never actually seen.

465
00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:54,199
Speaker 5: It, so we only know about its possible existence based

466
00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:57,760
Speaker 5: on the garbage that it throws our way exactly.

467
00:23:57,880 --> 00:24:01,680
Speaker 1: We can't otherwise explain where the comets come from. And

468
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,080
Speaker 1: so based on these commets, about fifty years ago, Yon

469
00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,000
Speaker 1: Ort suggested maybe there's this huge group of icy balls

470
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:11,800
Speaker 1: out there, and just a tiny fraction them are occasionally

471
00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:14,960
Speaker 1: falling towards the Earth. So I want to talk a

472
00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:17,360
Speaker 1: lot more about the Ort Cloud and what it contains

473
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:20,200
Speaker 1: and the size of the comets that might be lurking

474
00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:27,320
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530
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531
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532
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541
00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:07,160
Speaker 1: All right, we're back and we're talking about what's going

542
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:10,199
Speaker 1: on in the messy outer reaches of the Solar System.

543
00:28:10,480 --> 00:28:14,960
Speaker 1: Well passed Pluto, well passed, all of the trans Neptunian objects,

544
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:18,520
Speaker 1: well past everything that might be called a planet, deep deep,

545
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:22,119
Speaker 1: deep out there, more like one thousand or two thousand

546
00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:26,560
Speaker 1: astronomical units past the Sun. There is this graveyard of

547
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:29,840
Speaker 1: icy objects which might form future comets.

548
00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:35,800
Speaker 5: So we only know about this based on this sort

549
00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:40,080
Speaker 5: of space junk that comes our way. We've never actually

550
00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:43,200
Speaker 5: seen the Ort cloud itself.

551
00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:46,680
Speaker 1: Exactly, and that's because it's so far away. You know.

552
00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:49,520
Speaker 1: The an astronomical unit is the distance between the Sun

553
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:53,360
Speaker 1: and the Earth and the ort cloud starts like thousands

554
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,440
Speaker 1: of astronomical units, maybe up to fifty thousand astronomical units

555
00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:00,240
Speaker 1: from the sun. We're talking like one to two two

556
00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:03,960
Speaker 1: light years away. And it's really hard to see these

557
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,959
Speaker 1: objects when they're so far away because they don't reflect

558
00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,280
Speaker 1: a whole lot of sun because not much sun gets there,

559
00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:12,000
Speaker 1: and they're so small that not much of their light

560
00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:14,320
Speaker 1: comes back to us. You know, they're not glowing on

561
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:17,080
Speaker 1: their own like stars. We can only see them if

562
00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:19,760
Speaker 1: the light reflects at just the right angle and there's

563
00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:23,000
Speaker 1: enough of it. So we've never seen it directly. We've

564
00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:25,600
Speaker 1: only seen the ones that are fallen towards the Earth,

565
00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,720
Speaker 1: and from that we're trying to guess what's out there.

566
00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,240
Speaker 1: It's like if you couldn't see clouds, but you could

567
00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:33,800
Speaker 1: measure rain, and you're wondering, like, hmm, what's up there

568
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,840
Speaker 1: in the sky. Maybe there are these huge reservoirs of

569
00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:38,280
Speaker 1: water floating above us.

570
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:40,680
Speaker 5: Or it's like when you can't see a squirrel in

571
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:42,840
Speaker 5: a tree, but you know it must be there because

572
00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:45,960
Speaker 5: you keep getting little pieces of acorn shell showering down

573
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:46,560
Speaker 5: on your head.

574
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:50,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And the range of speculation for like how

575
00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:54,160
Speaker 1: much stuff is out there is enormous. It could be

576
00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:56,960
Speaker 1: that there are billions of icy objects out there. It

577
00:29:56,960 --> 00:30:00,640
Speaker 1: could be that there are trillions of icy objects out there.

578
00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:03,160
Speaker 1: It all depends on also, like how big they are,

579
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,320
Speaker 1: Like there could be billions of things like twenty kilometers

580
00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:08,240
Speaker 1: wide or larger, but if you get too smaller and

581
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:11,360
Speaker 1: smaller objects like just a kilometer or so, there could

582
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,440
Speaker 1: be even trillions out there. And it's a lot of

583
00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:17,240
Speaker 1: stuff that we're talking about. They speculate that if you

584
00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:19,719
Speaker 1: add up all of this stuff, it's like five to

585
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,080
Speaker 1: ten times the mass of the Earth. So it's not

586
00:30:23,160 --> 00:30:26,440
Speaker 1: a small amount of basic material that's orbiting out there

587
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:29,600
Speaker 1: in the distance waiting for its trip around the Sun.

588
00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:34,440
Speaker 5: So how much can we determine just based on the

589
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,480
Speaker 5: sort of fall off that happens from this proposed org cloud,

590
00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:42,000
Speaker 5: Like do we know the shape of it or can

591
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:44,760
Speaker 5: we just kind of basically guess, well, it's there and

592
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:45,600
Speaker 5: maybe it's big.

593
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:47,800
Speaker 1: A lot of it is guesswork. Based on modeling, we

594
00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:50,600
Speaker 1: try to think about how the solar system formed, how

595
00:30:50,680 --> 00:30:53,200
Speaker 1: stuff would end up, what's likely to be out there,

596
00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:56,360
Speaker 1: and that really informs a lot of our understanding of

597
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,200
Speaker 1: the Solar System for things that we cannot see, and

598
00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:01,320
Speaker 1: that doesn't mean that it's blowney, It's not just something

599
00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:03,480
Speaker 1: we're making up. You know, this is a really valuable

600
00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:05,400
Speaker 1: part of how we do science is that we try

601
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:09,400
Speaker 1: to tell a complete, holistic story of the Solar System

602
00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:11,320
Speaker 1: and say, if this is true, and that is true,

603
00:31:11,320 --> 00:31:13,560
Speaker 1: what does that mean about the early times or the

604
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,719
Speaker 1: late times or what's going on. It's really valuable, and

605
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:18,479
Speaker 1: you know, you can take the measurements that we have

606
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:20,800
Speaker 1: and you try to make them consistent with that story.

607
00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:23,520
Speaker 1: And so they think about this huge cloud of gas

608
00:31:23,520 --> 00:31:26,680
Speaker 1: and dust and ice crystals that helped form the Solar system.

609
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:29,080
Speaker 1: The reason we talk about ice in the far reaches

610
00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:31,400
Speaker 1: of the Solar system is because it's cold out there

611
00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:34,320
Speaker 1: and ice melts, and any water that was closer before

612
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 1: the snow line they call it would have been liquid

613
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:40,560
Speaker 1: or vapor, and so it wouldn't form these icy objects.

614
00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:43,200
Speaker 1: So we think, based on these models that the Orc

615
00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:46,160
Speaker 1: cloud has sort of two different shapes. It's like an

616
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:48,920
Speaker 1: inner Oort cloud. It's sort of like a doughnut, sort

617
00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:51,160
Speaker 1: of flat like the rest of the Solar System. And

618
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,040
Speaker 1: this might be from like a few thousand au out

619
00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:56,959
Speaker 1: to like twenty thousand AU, and then there might be

620
00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:01,160
Speaker 1: like a larger spherical oort cloud surrounding the higher Solar system,

621
00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:04,000
Speaker 1: like a huge ball that goes out to like fifty

622
00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:07,760
Speaker 1: thousand AU or even further. And that's sort of like

623
00:32:08,280 --> 00:32:11,240
Speaker 1: at the edge of the interstellar distance. You know, other

624
00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:14,080
Speaker 1: stars are like a few light years away. So now

625
00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:16,800
Speaker 1: we're talking about like the very edges of our little

626
00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:20,719
Speaker 1: corner of space bumping up against other stars edges of

627
00:32:20,760 --> 00:32:21,480
Speaker 1: their space.

628
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:26,160
Speaker 5: And so maybe this sport cloud and these big icy

629
00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:31,520
Speaker 5: frosted doughnuts can only exist between Solar systems because otherwise

630
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:33,800
Speaker 5: they get too warm or they get pulled in and

631
00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:37,520
Speaker 5: then become a comet that eventually melts or collides with something.

632
00:32:37,760 --> 00:32:40,200
Speaker 1: Exactly in order to be an ice blob, you have

633
00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:42,800
Speaker 1: to be far away from a star. And that's why Earth,

634
00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:44,800
Speaker 1: for example, is not an ice ball. It's just too

635
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:47,520
Speaker 1: warm and mercury and venus, and that's why the icy

636
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:50,560
Speaker 1: planets are far away from the Sun. And as you say,

637
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:52,800
Speaker 1: these things are too far away to get melted. So

638
00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:55,040
Speaker 1: that's where you go to find gelato on your trip

639
00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:56,160
Speaker 1: between stars.

640
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:58,280
Speaker 5: I'm glad I don't have to walk as far here

641
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:00,960
Speaker 5: for Gelato, but it would.

642
00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:03,040
Speaker 1: Still be worth it, right. Jelatto was just that good.

643
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:05,320
Speaker 1: But it's really fascinating to me because it shows you

644
00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 1: something of the tug of war between solar systems. We

645
00:33:08,080 --> 00:33:10,720
Speaker 1: tend to think of stars as like totally separate. We

646
00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:13,520
Speaker 1: have our solar system, they got their solar system, and

647
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,440
Speaker 1: maybe very rarely two stars will come near each other

648
00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:19,280
Speaker 1: and there'll be chaos. But in reality, there's like a

649
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:23,280
Speaker 1: constant tug of war at the boundaries between the solar system.

650
00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:26,600
Speaker 1: Like imagine you're halfway between two stars and you're feeling

651
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,560
Speaker 1: gentle gravity from both stars, and so you're being tugged

652
00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:33,360
Speaker 1: one way, tugged another way, And that's these stars are

653
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:36,240
Speaker 1: moving relative to each other, that gravity is changing, and

654
00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:39,080
Speaker 1: so maybe you get like bumped from one solar system

655
00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:42,520
Speaker 1: to another, which means that like some parts of our

656
00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:46,080
Speaker 1: ort cloud might not be from our solar system. They

657
00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:49,000
Speaker 1: might have started out in another solar system and then

658
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,160
Speaker 1: got past two hours, maybe several times. Maybe they're like

659
00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:54,520
Speaker 1: hopscotching from solar system to solar system.

660
00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:57,560
Speaker 5: Could that be one reason that our solar system is

661
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:00,920
Speaker 5: able to host our comfy little planet Earth without having

662
00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:04,400
Speaker 5: gotten pummeled by too many comets. Could there be a

663
00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:09,480
Speaker 5: benevolent Solar system out there absorbing or sucking in more comments.

664
00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:12,600
Speaker 1: I like your optimistic theory of the universe that there's

665
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,239
Speaker 1: somebody out there looking at for us by eating all

666
00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:17,719
Speaker 1: the gelato before it falls to Earth to kill us.

667
00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:21,600
Speaker 5: It could be, yeah, you know, maybe not intentionally, but

668
00:34:21,960 --> 00:34:25,680
Speaker 5: just by pure chance, a sun out there kind of

669
00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:29,960
Speaker 5: preventing more of these frozen ice balls from colliding with

670
00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:31,320
Speaker 5: our Solar system.

671
00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:33,839
Speaker 1: It could be, or it could be even closer to home.

672
00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:37,000
Speaker 1: A lot of folks think that our gas giants Saturn

673
00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:41,520
Speaker 1: and Jupiter provides something of a gravitational shield against impactors

674
00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,680
Speaker 1: in the inner Solar system, and that like a lot

675
00:34:43,680 --> 00:34:45,799
Speaker 1: of the icy balls in the or Cloud are there

676
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:48,600
Speaker 1: because they got thrown out of the Solar system early

677
00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:51,560
Speaker 1: on by these gas giants as things were like still

678
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:55,400
Speaker 1: coming together, and so now they're like lurking outside waiting

679
00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:57,160
Speaker 1: for their chance to come back into the light.

680
00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:01,200
Speaker 5: Well, it seems like for some planets that maybe protecting

681
00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:03,160
Speaker 5: all life on Earth, we should come up with a

682
00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:07,560
Speaker 5: more flattering name than gas giants. But you know, I

683
00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:09,720
Speaker 5: guess that's accurate at least.

684
00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:11,879
Speaker 1: Well, you know, we did name them after the most

685
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:15,000
Speaker 1: important gods, you know, like Jupiter and Zeus, so that

686
00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:16,320
Speaker 1: you know, that's pretty flattering.

687
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:18,320
Speaker 5: Right, there's no planet named Zeus.

688
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,120
Speaker 1: Zeus is the Greek version of Jupiter, isn't it right?

689
00:35:21,239 --> 00:35:22,520
Speaker 5: Yes, that's right, that's right.

690
00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:24,560
Speaker 1: I think Zeus would be a much better name for

691
00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:27,040
Speaker 1: a planet than Jupiter. Right, I'm petitioning that we renamed

692
00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:29,520
Speaker 1: Jupiter Zeus because then the people who live on it

693
00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:30,960
Speaker 1: would be called Zeusians.

694
00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:33,279
Speaker 5: That rolls off the tongue much nicer. And then you

695
00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:35,880
Speaker 5: can't have that school yard chant of girls go to

696
00:35:35,960 --> 00:35:38,719
Speaker 5: Jupiter to get more stupider. So I'm all for it.

697
00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:41,680
Speaker 1: I've never heard that one. That's terrible.

698
00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:44,480
Speaker 5: Well, it goes either way. You can say boys go

699
00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:47,280
Speaker 5: to Jupiter to get more stupider, girls go to Mars

700
00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:50,120
Speaker 5: to drive cool cars, or vice versa. But you know,

701
00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:54,359
Speaker 5: I think we should be breaking those rigid gender roles

702
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:55,440
Speaker 5: in terms of planets.

703
00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:58,560
Speaker 1: Totally agree. And so one question about what's out there

704
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:00,799
Speaker 1: in the or cloud is just like how to get

705
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:04,680
Speaker 1: formed and what's its composition? But a big and important question,

706
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:07,600
Speaker 1: and one that might really affect our future, is how

707
00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,040
Speaker 1: big are the things out there? You know, a lot

708
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:11,920
Speaker 1: of the comets that we have seen come in the

709
00:36:11,920 --> 00:36:14,759
Speaker 1: Inner Solar System are just a few kilometers wide, and

710
00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:17,440
Speaker 1: they're big enough to be spectacular. But people wonder, like,

711
00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:21,240
Speaker 1: are there planet sized objects out there in the org cloud?

712
00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:24,360
Speaker 1: Could one of them fall into the Inner Solar System

713
00:36:24,680 --> 00:36:26,640
Speaker 1: and like really do some damage.

714
00:36:26,719 --> 00:36:29,360
Speaker 5: So if there's an ice ball hang out there that

715
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:33,800
Speaker 5: is planet sized, would it be considered a planet before

716
00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:37,080
Speaker 5: it becomes a comet? Or is it just considered some

717
00:36:37,239 --> 00:36:38,160
Speaker 5: kind of ice ball.

718
00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:40,840
Speaker 1: I think that the new definition of planet makes it

719
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:44,359
Speaker 1: basically impossible because an object has to like clear its

720
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,320
Speaker 1: own path, that has to basically have its own unique

721
00:36:47,320 --> 00:36:49,400
Speaker 1: path through the Solar System to be called a planet.

722
00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:52,319
Speaker 1: But I also think that there are now conflicting definitions

723
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:54,480
Speaker 1: of what a planet is. But as soon as it

724
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,600
Speaker 1: falls in towards a Solar system and develops a coma,

725
00:36:58,120 --> 00:36:59,960
Speaker 1: then it's a comet, even if it used to be

726
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:03,640
Speaker 1: like the Moon sized or Pluto sized, or even I

727
00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:06,480
Speaker 1: guess Neptune sized, right, Like one of the listeners was

728
00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:09,480
Speaker 1: guessing planets that lose their orbits could be comets, Like

729
00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:11,480
Speaker 1: that's really crazy to think about.

730
00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:14,680
Speaker 5: They would be at least ice planets. So could there

731
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:19,480
Speaker 5: be a big ice ball the size of Earth that

732
00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:23,319
Speaker 5: at some point comes in and smashes into our solar system? Like,

733
00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:26,600
Speaker 5: how much sleep should I lose after starting this podcast?

734
00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:28,799
Speaker 1: Well, we just don't know, is the thing. It's a

735
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:31,480
Speaker 1: mystery to us. One thing we do know is that

736
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:33,960
Speaker 1: most of the things that fall in from the Oor

737
00:37:34,040 --> 00:37:36,960
Speaker 1: cloud tend to be smaller. But there's now a spectrum

738
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:39,759
Speaker 1: and we're seeing larger and larger objects. So the thing

739
00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:42,720
Speaker 1: that should scare you is that as we keep studying,

740
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:45,880
Speaker 1: we keep discovering larger and larger objects of the Orc cloud.

741
00:37:45,880 --> 00:37:48,760
Speaker 1: And we'll talk about one particular monster in a minute.

742
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:51,200
Speaker 1: So that should terrify you because it might mean that

743
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,600
Speaker 1: there are really some huge blobs of ice waiting out there.

744
00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:56,960
Speaker 1: The thing that should help you fall asleep, though, is

745
00:37:57,000 --> 00:37:59,719
Speaker 1: that we do know that there's an inverse relationship between

746
00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:03,359
Speaker 1: how many there are and their size. Like with everything else,

747
00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:05,520
Speaker 1: there's going to be lots and lots of dust grains,

748
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:07,319
Speaker 1: and then there's going to be fewer things the size

749
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:10,720
Speaker 1: of a snowball, and fewer things the size of a bus,

750
00:38:10,920 --> 00:38:13,520
Speaker 1: and even fewer things the size of you know that

751
00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:16,600
Speaker 1: are ten kilometers across. The interesting thing is we don't

752
00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:18,799
Speaker 1: know what the maximum is like. There might just be

753
00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:21,960
Speaker 1: one real monster out there. But how big is the

754
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:22,880
Speaker 1: biggest monster?

755
00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:25,760
Speaker 5: If you can't see it, if we're too far away

756
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:27,759
Speaker 5: to be able to see it with any of our

757
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:30,719
Speaker 5: monitoring tools from here on Earth or even you know

758
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:32,960
Speaker 5: ones that we send out on the edges of our

759
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:37,120
Speaker 5: solar system, how would you be able to guess the

760
00:38:37,160 --> 00:38:39,399
Speaker 5: size of the biggest ice ball?

761
00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:41,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, you would have to use some models. You'd have

762
00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:43,879
Speaker 1: to understand how all those ice balls formed. Then you'd

763
00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:46,960
Speaker 1: have to develop a simulation that ran through the formation

764
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,440
Speaker 1: of the solar system, and you'd look for models that

765
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:51,759
Speaker 1: explain what we do see, you know that look at

766
00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:56,040
Speaker 1: this relationship between size and frequency and correctly predict that,

767
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,080
Speaker 1: and then you could extrapolate. You could say, well, as

768
00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:01,200
Speaker 1: they get bigger, if the rate of their occurrence drops

769
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,600
Speaker 1: by some factor, then you could follow that line forward

770
00:39:04,640 --> 00:39:08,839
Speaker 1: and try to predict how big theoretically an object could be.

771
00:39:08,920 --> 00:39:10,160
Speaker 1: But this is the kind of thing that we do

772
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:13,040
Speaker 1: all the time in astronomy, and then we're surprised, like

773
00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:16,400
Speaker 1: we have predictions for how big the largest galactic cluster

774
00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:19,600
Speaker 1: should be, and then we keep finding bigger ones. We're like, h, well,

775
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:22,040
Speaker 1: I guess something was wrong. But that's just the process

776
00:39:22,040 --> 00:39:25,360
Speaker 1: of science, and so until we actually see these things,

777
00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:28,520
Speaker 1: we're often not sure about what the upper limits are.

778
00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:32,560
Speaker 5: So we would have to base it on the sort

779
00:39:32,600 --> 00:39:35,640
Speaker 5: of our existing models, the things we can observe, and

780
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:39,279
Speaker 5: sort of use that to extrapolate what it is. But

781
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,239
Speaker 5: do we know theoretically if there is a limit to

782
00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:47,879
Speaker 5: just physically to an ice ball, how big can an

783
00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:51,160
Speaker 5: object made with a solid core and then sort of

784
00:39:51,239 --> 00:39:53,480
Speaker 5: an icy exterior get that we know of.

785
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:56,440
Speaker 1: I think there are some theoretical limits you could place,

786
00:39:56,520 --> 00:39:58,279
Speaker 1: like we know that you could be as big as

787
00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,400
Speaker 1: Neptune or Uranus because we see and those are basically

788
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:03,480
Speaker 1: the same thing. A huge balls of ice with a

789
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:07,400
Speaker 1: rocky core. If it gets much bigger than that Jupiter size,

790
00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:10,560
Speaker 1: that could still exist. If it gets even bigger than that,

791
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:13,000
Speaker 1: if it gets like one hundred times the size of Jupiter,

792
00:40:13,239 --> 00:40:15,719
Speaker 1: then it would be big enough to ignite fusion in

793
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:18,239
Speaker 1: its core and it would start to glow. We would

794
00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:21,239
Speaker 1: definitely see that if there was another star out there

795
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:23,880
Speaker 1: that was actually emitting light we would see it. So

796
00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:26,520
Speaker 1: the work cloud is dark, and that in itself puts

797
00:40:26,520 --> 00:40:29,279
Speaker 1: a limit on the biggest thing that could be in there.

798
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:32,040
Speaker 1: You can't have a glowing star in the work cloud,

799
00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:35,480
Speaker 1: So like one hundred jupiters is the biggest anything could

800
00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:40,279
Speaker 1: be theoretically, but that's really big, Like Jupiter itself is

801
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:43,560
Speaker 1: three hundred times the mass of the Earth. So that's

802
00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:47,120
Speaker 1: not a very useful limit. It doesn't really reassure anybody.

803
00:40:48,560 --> 00:40:51,439
Speaker 5: We wouldn't be less dead if we were hit by

804
00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:55,840
Speaker 5: a half the size of Jupiter comet versus twice the

805
00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:59,360
Speaker 5: size of Jupiter Comet would be equally dead in both scenarios,

806
00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:00,160
Speaker 5: is what you're saying.

807
00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:02,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, though the astronomers would be like, oh wow,

808
00:41:02,640 --> 00:41:06,120
Speaker 1: that's really interesting. We're surprised, just before we all get

809
00:41:06,160 --> 00:41:06,560
Speaker 1: blown up.

810
00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:07,920
Speaker 5: Hey, well that's worth something.

811
00:41:09,239 --> 00:41:11,399
Speaker 1: At least the astronomers will get their kicks as we're

812
00:41:11,480 --> 00:41:14,320
Speaker 1: munch of gone Gela doo. But recently we did spot

813
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:18,040
Speaker 1: a pretty big monster object in the ord cloud heading

814
00:41:18,080 --> 00:41:21,319
Speaker 1: towards the Inner Solar System that kind of surprised astronomers.

815
00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:24,480
Speaker 1: Nobody had ever seen something this large, and it sort

816
00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:27,560
Speaker 1: of stretched people's brains about how big one of these

817
00:41:27,719 --> 00:41:31,080
Speaker 1: icy objects could be. It's not Jupiter size, but it

818
00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:34,040
Speaker 1: is pretty large. So the object that hit the Earth

819
00:41:34,080 --> 00:41:37,399
Speaker 1: sixty five million years ago was about five to six

820
00:41:37,480 --> 00:41:41,120
Speaker 1: kilometers wide. We think, based on reconstructions.

821
00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:42,120
Speaker 5: How much is that in blue whales?

822
00:41:43,680 --> 00:41:46,440
Speaker 1: That's not a physical unit I'm familiar with, so I

823
00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:48,040
Speaker 1: have to type that into Google.

824
00:41:48,480 --> 00:41:52,520
Speaker 5: Well, if blue whale is maybe about thirty meters long.

825
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:54,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, so we're talking about something that's two hundred blue

826
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,000
Speaker 1: whales long by volume, that would make it like eight

827
00:41:58,120 --> 00:41:59,280
Speaker 1: million blue whales.

828
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:00,640
Speaker 5: That's a lot of blue whales.

829
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:05,120
Speaker 1: Exactly eight million blue whales rolled into a six kilometer

830
00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:08,520
Speaker 1: wide ball impacting the Earth would not be a great situation.

831
00:42:08,719 --> 00:42:11,720
Speaker 1: But that's basically what happened sixty five million years ago.

832
00:42:11,960 --> 00:42:16,040
Speaker 1: But two astronomers called Bernadelli and Bernstein recently spotted an

833
00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:18,880
Speaker 1: object that they think is one hundred to two hundred

834
00:42:18,960 --> 00:42:23,279
Speaker 1: kilometers across, so like much bigger than the one that

835
00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:26,800
Speaker 1: hit the Earth and caused an environmental cataclysm that changed

836
00:42:26,840 --> 00:42:29,960
Speaker 1: the future of the planet. This thing is forty times bigger,

837
00:42:30,040 --> 00:42:30,600
Speaker 1: so we'll.

838
00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:33,640
Speaker 5: Lose forty times the number of dinosaurs this time around.

839
00:42:35,480 --> 00:42:37,319
Speaker 1: They don't think it's scales that way.

840
00:42:39,360 --> 00:42:42,040
Speaker 5: Don't tell me how to do math. That's a hefty

841
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:45,279
Speaker 5: that's a hefty comment. How far away is it? Just

842
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:47,880
Speaker 5: asking for generally interested.

843
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:53,000
Speaker 1: This thing, we think started its journey around forty thousand

844
00:42:53,120 --> 00:42:56,319
Speaker 1: aus away, so deep deep in the Orc cloud. And

845
00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:59,000
Speaker 1: last time it was spotted middle of last year, it

846
00:42:59,080 --> 00:43:02,719
Speaker 1: was about twenty au away. So that's twenty times the

847
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:05,360
Speaker 1: distance from the Sun to the Earth, so still really

848
00:43:05,480 --> 00:43:07,880
Speaker 1: really far away. And so I want to talk about

849
00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:10,960
Speaker 1: how we spotted this thing, what its future trajectory is,

850
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:13,520
Speaker 1: what we might learn about the deep reaches of the

851
00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:16,840
Speaker 1: Solar system by studying this massive common But first, let's

852
00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:18,239
Speaker 1: take another quick break, and.

853
00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:19,800
Speaker 5: I'm going to take some deep breeding.

854
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:26,000
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

855
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:29,240
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

856
00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:33,320
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

857
00:43:33,360 --> 00:43:36,000
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

858
00:43:36,040 --> 00:43:40,319
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

859
00:43:40,360 --> 00:43:42,919
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

860
00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:45,279
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

861
00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:49,600
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions take water.

862
00:43:49,640 --> 00:43:53,240
Speaker 1: For example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

863
00:43:53,280 --> 00:43:56,640
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

864
00:43:56,719 --> 00:44:00,440
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

865
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:03,480
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

866
00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:06,920
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

867
00:44:06,960 --> 00:44:09,200
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

868
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:11,080
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

869
00:44:11,160 --> 00:44:13,800
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

870
00:44:13,920 --> 00:44:17,640
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

871
00:44:17,680 --> 00:44:20,359
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872
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Speaker 1: All right, we're back and we're talking about a ginormous

907
00:46:19,080 --> 00:46:22,240
Speaker 1: visitor from the far edges of the solar system. Comment

908
00:46:22,360 --> 00:46:26,920
Speaker 1: Bernadelli Bernstein, And I don't know anything about Bernadelli or Bernstein,

909
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,080
Speaker 1: but I'm imagining this very nice friendship between an Italian

910
00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:31,480
Speaker 1: guy and a Jewish guy.

911
00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:35,040
Speaker 5: Having an ice cream, having a gelato discovering a giant.

912
00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:37,960
Speaker 1: Comment Yeah, maybe they're having some gelato on their babka.

913
00:46:38,120 --> 00:46:40,880
Speaker 1: You know, they're just like really fusing the cultures together.

914
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:45,240
Speaker 5: Yeah. Yes, having some halva and some bacchididama.

915
00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:48,520
Speaker 1: Here you go. You know, every culture has its take

916
00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:50,600
Speaker 1: on ice cream. But now, for the life of me,

917
00:46:50,680 --> 00:46:53,239
Speaker 1: I can't think what is the Jewish version of ice cream?

918
00:46:53,280 --> 00:46:54,720
Speaker 1: Do we have our own kind of ice cream?

919
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:57,040
Speaker 5: I don't know. That's why I said Halva, because that's

920
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,759
Speaker 5: sort of the creamiest dessert I know of. But yeah,

921
00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:02,279
Speaker 5: I am not sure.

922
00:47:02,440 --> 00:47:06,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, desert cultures, I guess, don't have everything.

923
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:10,160
Speaker 5: Exactly except for those of us who ended up in Siberia.

924
00:47:10,280 --> 00:47:13,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, right, So we are importing gelato from the

925
00:47:13,320 --> 00:47:16,040
Speaker 1: far regions of the Solar System into our desert culture.

926
00:47:16,080 --> 00:47:20,719
Speaker 1: Here as commet Bernard Deli Bernstein comes closer to the Sun,

927
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:23,719
Speaker 1: is developing a coma. So that's why we don't call

928
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:26,279
Speaker 1: this thing a minor planet or a dwarf planet. It's

929
00:47:26,280 --> 00:47:29,279
Speaker 1: officially a comet because it's grown a coma. They can

930
00:47:29,320 --> 00:47:32,440
Speaker 1: see this thing out gassing and it's like surrounded by

931
00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:34,040
Speaker 1: this little puff of gas.

932
00:47:34,160 --> 00:47:38,000
Speaker 5: So again, just generally interested, no big deal. But do

933
00:47:38,080 --> 00:47:41,040
Speaker 5: we know the direction this giant comet is going in?

934
00:47:41,360 --> 00:47:43,440
Speaker 1: We do. We've spotted it a few times, We've made

935
00:47:43,440 --> 00:47:46,400
Speaker 1: a bunch of measurements, and so we can predict its trajectory.

936
00:47:46,760 --> 00:47:49,279
Speaker 1: It looks like the closest it's going to come is

937
00:47:49,320 --> 00:47:52,840
Speaker 1: in twenty thirty one. It's going to come within around

938
00:47:53,120 --> 00:47:56,400
Speaker 1: eleven AU. So that's the closest to the Sun it's

939
00:47:56,440 --> 00:47:59,120
Speaker 1: going to get, which means we are totally safe. Right,

940
00:47:59,160 --> 00:48:01,680
Speaker 1: we are at one au, so this thing is going

941
00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:04,120
Speaker 1: to be really far away compared to us, and so

942
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:06,960
Speaker 1: this commet is going to swoop actually up, It's like

943
00:48:07,160 --> 00:48:10,960
Speaker 1: not following the plane of the ecliptic. It's actually coming

944
00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:13,719
Speaker 1: like sort of from below the plane. It's going to

945
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:17,360
Speaker 1: swoop up between the orbits of Saturn and Urinus, and

946
00:48:17,360 --> 00:48:20,160
Speaker 1: then it's going to pass above the Solar System. So

947
00:48:20,280 --> 00:48:23,080
Speaker 1: these comments aren't necessarily limited to the plane of the

948
00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:26,080
Speaker 1: Solar System because they come from this spherical cloud of

949
00:48:26,120 --> 00:48:28,240
Speaker 1: objects the outerword cloud.

950
00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:32,600
Speaker 5: So it probably had its own trajectory and velocity before

951
00:48:33,239 --> 00:48:35,520
Speaker 5: started being influenced by our Sun, right.

952
00:48:35,440 --> 00:48:38,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, probably, and it's probably been falling in towards the

953
00:48:38,640 --> 00:48:41,799
Speaker 1: Sun for a long long time. They estimate that the

954
00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:45,560
Speaker 1: period of this commet is about three million years. It's

955
00:48:45,560 --> 00:48:48,080
Speaker 1: going to take three million years to loop around go

956
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,040
Speaker 1: back out into the really far reach of the Solar System,

957
00:48:51,120 --> 00:48:53,719
Speaker 1: where it's going to start moving really really slow. Right.

958
00:48:53,760 --> 00:48:56,640
Speaker 1: People think about things moving fast when they're far away

959
00:48:56,680 --> 00:48:58,719
Speaker 1: from the Sun, but the opposite is true when you're

960
00:48:58,760 --> 00:49:01,320
Speaker 1: really close to the Sun, when you're moving really really fast,

961
00:49:01,360 --> 00:49:05,200
Speaker 1: like Mercury's orbit is very fast, Pluto plunks along very,

962
00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:08,080
Speaker 1: very slowly because it's far away from the Sun, which

963
00:49:08,080 --> 00:49:10,480
Speaker 1: means that the Sun's gravity is not very strong, so

964
00:49:10,480 --> 00:49:12,160
Speaker 1: it doesn't have to be moving very fast to be

965
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:14,480
Speaker 1: in an orbit. In the same way a comet when

966
00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:16,839
Speaker 1: it zooms towards the center of the Solar system, it's

967
00:49:16,880 --> 00:49:19,560
Speaker 1: going really fast as it whips around the Sun, and

968
00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:22,680
Speaker 1: then it slows down as it gets far out. It's

969
00:49:22,680 --> 00:49:24,680
Speaker 1: sort of like a ball in a well. It zooms down,

970
00:49:24,719 --> 00:49:27,120
Speaker 1: it's going gets fastest at the bottom, and then when

971
00:49:27,120 --> 00:49:29,759
Speaker 1: it comes back up and before it turns around, it's

972
00:49:29,760 --> 00:49:32,239
Speaker 1: like stops. It's the same thing with a comet. And

973
00:49:32,239 --> 00:49:35,240
Speaker 1: so it takes three million years to do this whole orbit,

974
00:49:35,360 --> 00:49:37,239
Speaker 1: all the way deep into the oor cloud and then

975
00:49:37,360 --> 00:49:38,719
Speaker 1: back in towards the Sun.

976
00:49:38,880 --> 00:49:42,120
Speaker 5: But will we actually get to see it. If it's

977
00:49:42,160 --> 00:49:43,600
Speaker 5: eleven au away.

978
00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:44,680
Speaker 1: We will get to see it, but will have to

979
00:49:44,760 --> 00:49:47,040
Speaker 1: use telescopes, so you won't be able to see it

980
00:49:47,080 --> 00:49:49,799
Speaker 1: with your naked eye. Even though this thing is a monster, right,

981
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:52,960
Speaker 1: it's like almost two hundred kilometers across, it's going to

982
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:55,640
Speaker 1: be too far away for us to spot it. The

983
00:49:55,680 --> 00:49:57,440
Speaker 1: commets that you can see with the naked eye, a

984
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:00,320
Speaker 1: Ley's comet and other stuff. That's because they come close

985
00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:02,359
Speaker 1: enough to the Earth that you can really see them.

986
00:50:02,480 --> 00:50:04,040
Speaker 1: But you will be able to see this thing with

987
00:50:04,080 --> 00:50:06,959
Speaker 1: an amateur telescope, and they suspect that it might grow

988
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:09,400
Speaker 1: a tail. Right now, it just has a coma, but

989
00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:11,600
Speaker 1: as it gets closer and closer to the Sun, it's

990
00:50:11,640 --> 00:50:13,520
Speaker 1: going to get heated up more and more and it

991
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:16,520
Speaker 1: might develop this gas tail or a dust tail. So

992
00:50:16,600 --> 00:50:20,120
Speaker 1: that'll be pretty useful also because studying that tail can

993
00:50:20,160 --> 00:50:23,120
Speaker 1: help us understand what is out there in the Ork cloud.

994
00:50:23,440 --> 00:50:25,440
Speaker 5: What can the tail tell us about the Oort cloud?

995
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:27,759
Speaker 1: So we don't know what the stuff out there is

996
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:29,959
Speaker 1: made out if we think it's like ice and rock,

997
00:50:30,280 --> 00:50:32,839
Speaker 1: And we really want to build better models of how

998
00:50:32,840 --> 00:50:35,520
Speaker 1: the solar system forms so we can understand what is

999
00:50:35,640 --> 00:50:38,440
Speaker 1: out there, and so we can take measurements of what's

1000
00:50:38,480 --> 00:50:41,560
Speaker 1: in this tail even without going out there. Like when

1001
00:50:41,600 --> 00:50:44,040
Speaker 1: an object is just frozen, all you can do is

1002
00:50:44,080 --> 00:50:46,040
Speaker 1: bounce light off of it and measure like how much

1003
00:50:46,120 --> 00:50:48,120
Speaker 1: light reflects. But if you have vapor, if you have

1004
00:50:48,239 --> 00:50:51,160
Speaker 1: gas and light passes through it, then you can tell

1005
00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:53,399
Speaker 1: a lot more about what's in it. Because you can

1006
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,799
Speaker 1: look at the frequency of light that passes through it,

1007
00:50:55,920 --> 00:50:59,239
Speaker 1: and it will also glow in its own frequencies, just

1008
00:50:59,320 --> 00:51:01,279
Speaker 1: like you can tell well what's in the atmosphere of

1009
00:51:01,360 --> 00:51:04,360
Speaker 1: Venus by looking at the frequencies of light that pass

1010
00:51:04,440 --> 00:51:07,040
Speaker 1: through it and the frequencies in which that gas glows.

1011
00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:10,880
Speaker 1: Because remember, every kind of gas glows in different frequencies.

1012
00:51:10,880 --> 00:51:13,400
Speaker 1: It's like a little fingerprint based on which kinds of

1013
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:15,839
Speaker 1: photons it likes to absorb and which kinds it likes

1014
00:51:15,880 --> 00:51:18,880
Speaker 1: to give off. So, because the comet is visiting closer

1015
00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:21,960
Speaker 1: to the Sun and some of its icy components are

1016
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:24,799
Speaker 1: being turned into gas, we can then study that tail

1017
00:51:24,880 --> 00:51:27,640
Speaker 1: and try to understand like, oh, how much methane is there,

1018
00:51:27,760 --> 00:51:30,160
Speaker 1: or how much carbon is there, how much oxygen is

1019
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,120
Speaker 1: there in these frozen objects, and that will really inform

1020
00:51:33,280 --> 00:51:36,520
Speaker 1: the models we build about how the Oort cloud came

1021
00:51:36,560 --> 00:51:39,759
Speaker 1: to be and where everything is distributed in the Solar System, and.

1022
00:51:39,719 --> 00:51:43,520
Speaker 5: It could maybe tell us like how big the largest

1023
00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:45,960
Speaker 5: ice balls might be in the Ort cloud exactly.

1024
00:51:46,120 --> 00:51:49,080
Speaker 1: The more data we have about these details, the better

1025
00:51:49,120 --> 00:51:52,160
Speaker 1: we can build our models to really specifically predict what's

1026
00:51:52,239 --> 00:51:54,960
Speaker 1: out there in the Ork cloud. Because this is the

1027
00:51:54,960 --> 00:51:57,680
Speaker 1: biggest one we've seen. Is it likely that it's the

1028
00:51:57,719 --> 00:52:01,520
Speaker 1: biggest thing in the oork cloud? Almost certainly? Not right,

1029
00:52:01,719 --> 00:52:05,120
Speaker 1: Probably there are many more of these things waiting out

1030
00:52:05,120 --> 00:52:08,560
Speaker 1: there to fuse different cultures together as astronomers from around

1031
00:52:08,560 --> 00:52:10,880
Speaker 1: the world come together to find them. But there are

1032
00:52:10,920 --> 00:52:13,880
Speaker 1: probably much bigger ones that we just have not seen yet.

1033
00:52:14,160 --> 00:52:17,960
Speaker 5: So mark down on your calendars nine years from now,

1034
00:52:18,600 --> 00:52:22,240
Speaker 5: get your telescopes out and start looking at that comment.

1035
00:52:22,360 --> 00:52:25,440
Speaker 1: Huh exactly. And another fun way to think about commets

1036
00:52:25,760 --> 00:52:28,719
Speaker 1: is not just the size of their central object, like

1037
00:52:28,719 --> 00:52:31,680
Speaker 1: we're talking about the icy frozen core, like how much

1038
00:52:31,760 --> 00:52:34,640
Speaker 1: stuff there is to the comet, which is a useful

1039
00:52:34,640 --> 00:52:36,319
Speaker 1: way to think about it if you're worried about the

1040
00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:38,719
Speaker 1: comets hitting the planet. But there's another way you can

1041
00:52:38,800 --> 00:52:41,239
Speaker 1: measure the size of the commet, and that's by the

1042
00:52:41,280 --> 00:52:44,799
Speaker 1: size of the coma. They make this gaseous envelope that

1043
00:52:44,880 --> 00:52:47,560
Speaker 1: surrounds the comet. As it gets heated up, some of

1044
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:52,040
Speaker 1: these things get like crazy big, it's ridiculous, it's bonkers.

1045
00:52:52,280 --> 00:52:54,840
Speaker 1: These things are not gravitationally bound. They're just sort of

1046
00:52:54,840 --> 00:52:57,520
Speaker 1: like surrounding the comet, but they can eject so much

1047
00:52:57,640 --> 00:53:00,840
Speaker 1: gas that their comas can be like inmous. There's a

1048
00:53:00,880 --> 00:53:03,760
Speaker 1: comment they found in two thousand and seven called comet

1049
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:07,640
Speaker 1: homes that has a really tiny, small core. But it's coma.

1050
00:53:08,040 --> 00:53:10,000
Speaker 1: Get ready for this because it's going to sound insane.

1051
00:53:10,040 --> 00:53:12,600
Speaker 1: It's coma is bigger than the sun.

1052
00:53:12,719 --> 00:53:15,799
Speaker 5: Shut the front door of the celluarphous system and don't

1053
00:53:15,840 --> 00:53:18,560
Speaker 5: let him have the SNS. So how can it produce

1054
00:53:18,680 --> 00:53:21,040
Speaker 5: if it's got a small core, how can it produce

1055
00:53:21,080 --> 00:53:24,320
Speaker 5: such a huge cloud of gas? And don't say q

1056
00:53:24,480 --> 00:53:25,880
Speaker 5: dooba because I won't believe you.

1057
00:53:28,080 --> 00:53:31,239
Speaker 1: Exactly. That's the problem with being flavored ice cream exactly.

1058
00:53:31,600 --> 00:53:35,560
Speaker 1: Fajoli gelato not a good idea. Nobody knows really, and

1059
00:53:35,600 --> 00:53:37,919
Speaker 1: it's a question about like what is this thing made

1060
00:53:37,960 --> 00:53:40,040
Speaker 1: out of and how to do this? But they saw

1061
00:53:40,160 --> 00:53:44,560
Speaker 1: this coma. It's one point four million kilometers wide. You

1062
00:53:44,560 --> 00:53:46,799
Speaker 1: can actually see it in our skies as like a

1063
00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:49,600
Speaker 1: big circular cloud. So we don't really understand it. The

1064
00:53:49,640 --> 00:53:53,000
Speaker 1: core of this thing common homes is just four kilometers

1065
00:53:53,040 --> 00:53:56,759
Speaker 1: in diameter and it made this enormous coma. So it

1066
00:53:56,760 --> 00:53:59,839
Speaker 1: could be something about what that comet is made out of,

1067
00:54:00,160 --> 00:54:02,680
Speaker 1: or maybe how it was layered. You know, if you

1068
00:54:02,680 --> 00:54:04,600
Speaker 1: get layers and just the right way, you get like

1069
00:54:04,719 --> 00:54:08,080
Speaker 1: explosive release of energy rather than like a gradual release.

1070
00:54:08,239 --> 00:54:11,239
Speaker 1: We're just building models and trying to understand it. It's fascinating,

1071
00:54:11,560 --> 00:54:13,400
Speaker 1: and that's why it's so much fun to look up

1072
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:15,440
Speaker 1: at the night sky, because, as we were saying earlier,

1073
00:54:15,480 --> 00:54:18,280
Speaker 1: there are always surprises. We're going to make a model

1074
00:54:18,280 --> 00:54:20,040
Speaker 1: of what's in the Orc cloud and what the biggest

1075
00:54:20,040 --> 00:54:22,239
Speaker 1: thing out there is, and then five years later it's

1076
00:54:22,280 --> 00:54:24,439
Speaker 1: going to say, nuh huh, I got a bigger one

1077
00:54:24,440 --> 00:54:24,719
Speaker 1: for you.

1078
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:27,400
Speaker 5: How long could something like that last? Like if you

1079
00:54:27,480 --> 00:54:32,000
Speaker 5: have a small core and it's exuding so much gas

1080
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,480
Speaker 5: in this giant ball, it can't last that long, right,

1081
00:54:34,520 --> 00:54:36,640
Speaker 5: It's got to be sort of a flash in a pan.

1082
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:39,479
Speaker 1: Yeah, it can't last that long exactly because the Sun

1083
00:54:39,560 --> 00:54:42,879
Speaker 1: is constantly stripping it of this gas. To maintain it

1084
00:54:42,920 --> 00:54:46,920
Speaker 1: has to continuously evaporate or sublimate more and more gas.

1085
00:54:47,120 --> 00:54:49,600
Speaker 1: And actually some of the things in the asteroid belt

1086
00:54:49,640 --> 00:54:53,120
Speaker 1: they think are dead comets. Comets that used to be

1087
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:57,000
Speaker 1: rocks surrounded by ice that flew around the sun, blew

1088
00:54:57,120 --> 00:54:59,719
Speaker 1: up all of that ice into a coma and are

1089
00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:03,279
Speaker 1: now just totally stripped and are just dead rocks, and

1090
00:55:03,360 --> 00:55:05,799
Speaker 1: so now they're called asteroids because they no longer have

1091
00:55:05,920 --> 00:55:09,480
Speaker 1: a coma. So a comet is like a transitional period

1092
00:55:09,640 --> 00:55:11,759
Speaker 1: in the life of a Solar System object. You can

1093
00:55:11,800 --> 00:55:13,640
Speaker 1: be a comet for a while and then I mentionally

1094
00:55:13,680 --> 00:55:16,879
Speaker 1: you get downgraded to an asteroid when you've blown all

1095
00:55:16,920 --> 00:55:17,759
Speaker 1: of your gas.

1096
00:55:17,920 --> 00:55:20,319
Speaker 5: I'm trying to imagine what it would be like to

1097
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:25,800
Speaker 5: sort of pass through that coma of a comet. Would

1098
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:29,960
Speaker 5: it be like you're in this swirling world of like

1099
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:35,359
Speaker 5: chunks of ice and gases. Would you immediately be sort

1100
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:40,120
Speaker 5: of pulverized by these little particles being shooting out from it?

1101
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:43,440
Speaker 5: What would that experience be like? Being in the coma

1102
00:55:43,560 --> 00:55:44,360
Speaker 5: of a comet.

1103
00:55:44,560 --> 00:55:47,799
Speaker 1: It's not nearly as dense as our atmosphere. It's very

1104
00:55:47,920 --> 00:55:50,800
Speaker 1: very dilute in comparison, and so it's nothing like being

1105
00:55:50,920 --> 00:55:53,439
Speaker 1: in air, but it is more dense than the rest

1106
00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:55,200
Speaker 1: of space. And so one thing you have to worry

1107
00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:58,319
Speaker 1: about is the velocity. If there are dust greens in

1108
00:55:58,360 --> 00:56:01,600
Speaker 1: this tail or in this that are moving at high speeds,

1109
00:56:01,840 --> 00:56:04,919
Speaker 1: they can carry a lot of kinetic energy and they could,

1110
00:56:04,960 --> 00:56:07,360
Speaker 1: you know, hold your spaceship. We talked about this is

1111
00:56:07,360 --> 00:56:10,120
Speaker 1: actually on the podcast recently, about how to protect ships

1112
00:56:10,360 --> 00:56:14,440
Speaker 1: from high speed micrometeorites or dust grains. It's a challenge,

1113
00:56:14,480 --> 00:56:16,319
Speaker 1: but we have sent stuff up there. We have sent

1114
00:56:16,360 --> 00:56:22,000
Speaker 1: probes to comets. We had Rosetta, which landed on a comet,

1115
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,640
Speaker 1: and then NASA sent Deep Impact, which actually blasted a

1116
00:56:25,760 --> 00:56:28,120
Speaker 1: crater off of a comet to try to study what

1117
00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:30,640
Speaker 1: it was made out of. So you can send spaceships

1118
00:56:30,719 --> 00:56:34,320
Speaker 1: up to like intercept comets and study them. It's pretty awesome.

1119
00:56:34,480 --> 00:56:37,319
Speaker 5: What did Rosetta and Deep Impact find? Like were they

1120
00:56:37,360 --> 00:56:40,560
Speaker 5: able to get some kind of samples of what the

1121
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:42,920
Speaker 5: comets were made out of and bring them back to Earth.

1122
00:56:43,040 --> 00:56:45,840
Speaker 1: So there currently aren't any samples from comets that have

1123
00:56:45,960 --> 00:56:48,600
Speaker 1: returned to Earth. But they did send these missions out

1124
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:50,920
Speaker 1: there and they studied them and they tried to understand, like,

1125
00:56:50,960 --> 00:56:52,920
Speaker 1: you know, what is the geology of this thing? And

1126
00:56:52,960 --> 00:56:55,480
Speaker 1: the thing that surprises me the most is that looking

1127
00:56:55,520 --> 00:56:57,359
Speaker 1: at the surface of these things, they just sort of

1128
00:56:57,440 --> 00:57:01,160
Speaker 1: look like big rocks. They're sort of familiar, like they

1129
00:57:01,160 --> 00:57:03,560
Speaker 1: look like a big rock you would see sitting on

1130
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,560
Speaker 1: the ground in Joshua Tree or you know, near some

1131
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:08,960
Speaker 1: sort of like volcano or something. They're sort of familiar

1132
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:12,720
Speaker 1: looking objects. They're not otherworldly at all. They have weird

1133
00:57:12,760 --> 00:57:15,319
Speaker 1: shapes and each one tells its history. But we're still

1134
00:57:15,360 --> 00:57:17,960
Speaker 1: sort of studying the data from Deep Impact and from

1135
00:57:18,040 --> 00:57:21,120
Speaker 1: Rosetta to understand like the deep geology of what's in

1136
00:57:21,160 --> 00:57:22,240
Speaker 1: those commets.

1137
00:57:22,480 --> 00:57:25,480
Speaker 5: Do those probes remain on the comets forever and just

1138
00:57:25,560 --> 00:57:27,440
Speaker 5: send us back this data?

1139
00:57:27,520 --> 00:57:29,560
Speaker 1: They don't last very long. One of them was orbiting

1140
00:57:29,640 --> 00:57:32,040
Speaker 1: the comet for a while and then sent down a lander,

1141
00:57:32,120 --> 00:57:34,120
Speaker 1: and the lander didn't last for very long and like

1142
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:36,360
Speaker 1: took a little bit of data and then sort of

1143
00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:38,680
Speaker 1: died and the orbiter was able to take a picture

1144
00:57:38,720 --> 00:57:40,720
Speaker 1: of it dead on the surface of the comet.

1145
00:57:41,120 --> 00:57:42,800
Speaker 5: So sad, so sad.

1146
00:57:43,040 --> 00:57:45,600
Speaker 1: But yeah, these things don't last very long, all right.

1147
00:57:45,680 --> 00:57:48,200
Speaker 1: So that's a little tour of what's going on out

1148
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:51,600
Speaker 1: there in the deep edges of the Solar System, including

1149
00:57:51,680 --> 00:57:54,520
Speaker 1: some surprises. There are comments out there that are bigger

1150
00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:57,600
Speaker 1: than a bus, bigger than many school buses, bigger than

1151
00:57:57,640 --> 00:58:01,880
Speaker 1: maybe even millions of blue whales all packed together. And

1152
00:58:01,960 --> 00:58:04,560
Speaker 1: so as usual, the thing that I love is discovering

1153
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,880
Speaker 1: that there are surprises out there in space, not just

1154
00:58:08,040 --> 00:58:11,160
Speaker 1: super far away, but here in our backyard. And that's

1155
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:13,920
Speaker 1: really fun because it means we can learn the answers.

1156
00:58:14,280 --> 00:58:16,840
Speaker 1: We don't have to rely on aliens coming to visit

1157
00:58:16,880 --> 00:58:18,760
Speaker 1: to tell us the deep secrets of the universe. We

1158
00:58:18,840 --> 00:58:21,360
Speaker 1: could actually send more probes out there and explore the

1159
00:58:21,440 --> 00:58:24,360
Speaker 1: Org cloud, build more space telescopes, and get better pictures.

1160
00:58:24,560 --> 00:58:26,920
Speaker 1: These are things that we will know the answers to.

1161
00:58:27,200 --> 00:58:30,120
Speaker 1: In one hundred years, astronomers will know so much more

1162
00:58:30,160 --> 00:58:32,480
Speaker 1: about the far reaches of the Solar System, and they'll

1163
00:58:32,480 --> 00:58:34,400
Speaker 1: look back and think of us as living in the

1164
00:58:34,480 --> 00:58:35,120
Speaker 1: dark ages.

1165
00:58:35,280 --> 00:58:38,280
Speaker 5: And I'm just totally happy that there's a big cloud

1166
00:58:38,320 --> 00:58:42,040
Speaker 5: of mysterious giant ice balls of which we do not

1167
00:58:42,280 --> 00:58:45,720
Speaker 5: know the maximum size. I think that's great and perfectly fine.

1168
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:47,720
Speaker 5: I'll sleep like a baby tonight.

1169
00:58:49,160 --> 00:58:53,640
Speaker 1: Have another spoonful of gelado, and just enjoy your life. Katie.

1170
00:58:54,560 --> 00:58:56,560
Speaker 1: All right, Well, thanks Katie very much for joining us.

1171
00:58:56,520 --> 00:58:58,000
Speaker 5: Today, Thank you for having me.

1172
00:58:58,160 --> 00:59:00,360
Speaker 1: And thanks to all of you for listening. Tune in

1173
00:59:00,440 --> 00:59:10,680
Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and

1174
00:59:10,720 --> 00:59:14,360
Speaker 1: Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For

1175
00:59:14,560 --> 00:59:19,520
Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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