Speaker 1: I'm Bob Crawford. This is founding son John Quincy's America.
Speaker 1: There's a town in Massachusetts, just outside of Boston called Quincy.
Speaker 1: In that town you'll find a home called Peacefield. And
Speaker 1: in that house you'll find a clock. It's a clock
Speaker 1: that belonged to John Adams, our second president, one of
Speaker 1: our founders. It still works today, marking the seconds and hours,
Speaker 1: two hundred years after his death. I like to imagine
Speaker 1: John and his wife Abigail, sitting in their parlor hearing
Speaker 1: it tick as they talked about the nation they helped create.
Speaker 1: What would they have said about it? I like to
Speaker 1: imagine their son, John Quincy Adams, greeted by its steady
Speaker 1: beat when he returned home from Washington for his father's funeral.
Speaker 1: John Quincy was President of the United States when his
Speaker 1: father died. Like his father before him, he reached the
Speaker 1: pinnacle of political success. Yet he never escaped the long
Speaker 1: shadow cast by the founding father, John Adams. John Quincy
Speaker 1: Adams would not be remembered as a national hero no
Speaker 1: matter what he did, how hard he tried, or how
Speaker 1: much time he had. By many accounts, John Quincy Adams
Speaker 1: accomplished just as much even more than his father, beginning
Speaker 1: with his education in staycraft at just ten years old,
Speaker 1: following his dad on diplomatic missions to France during the
Speaker 1: height of the American Revolution. In life, facing down Southern
Speaker 1: politicians who held Congress in a chokehold, John Quincy Adams
Speaker 1: was the only president elected to the House of Representatives
Speaker 1: after leaving office. You could argue that he did more
Speaker 1: for this nation in his nearly two decades as a
Speaker 1: congressman than he did as President, thrusting the issue of
Speaker 1: slavery to the center of political debate when Southern politicians
Speaker 1: wanted to silence the very discussion of it. The slave ocracy,
Speaker 1: as John Quincy called it, had to be stopped. The
Speaker 1: slavery the snake coiled under the table when the Constitution
Speaker 1: was drafted, was unfurled and slithering into our culture and
Speaker 1: our laws. The head of the snake needed to be
Speaker 1: lopped clean off. John Quincy never gave up the fight,
Speaker 1: ultimately collapsing at his desk in the US Capitol and
Speaker 1: dying on the job, paving the way for Abraham Lincoln
Speaker 1: and the next generation of lawmakers and activists to finally
Speaker 1: end human bondage in America. He was the right man
Speaker 1: for his time, a bridge that linked the founding of
Speaker 1: our nation to the war that freed its enslaved citizens
Speaker 1: and preserve the union. His war was not against tyranny
Speaker 1: like his father's, but a war for the direction of
Speaker 1: the fledgling nation, a nation being pulled apart as a
Speaker 1: new generation took the reins. This is what led me
Speaker 1: to tell the story of John Quincy Adams, a man
Speaker 1: whose story is just as relevant today as it was
Speaker 1: two hundred years ago. Some of you know me as
Speaker 1: a musician. I'm the basis for the Avett Brothers, and
Speaker 1: as a musician, I spent a lot of time on
Speaker 1: the road. I fill that time by reading mostly biographies
Speaker 1: in American history. Some of you who know me well
Speaker 1: know I also host a historical podcast called The to Now.
Speaker 1: Of all the figures in American history who have gotten
Speaker 1: lost in the annals of time, John Quincy Adams tops
Speaker 1: my list. Can you name one of his accomplishments. He
Speaker 1: fought to protect American democracy and build the nation while
Speaker 1: others sought to infiltrate the government and tear it down
Speaker 1: from the inside. He fought for the Constitution and American
Speaker 1: ideals putting the nation above any political party, even his own.
Speaker 1: A true maverick, a poet, a public servant, a president.
Speaker 1: I'm Bob Crawford, and this is founding son John Quincy's America,
Speaker 1: Chapter one, The Corrupt Bargain. In the late fall of
Speaker 1: eighteen twenty four, votes were still being counted in America's
Speaker 1: tenth presidential election. James Monroe was about to leave office.
Speaker 1: His secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, won in the gig.
Speaker 1: He was itching for it, so John Quincy threw his
Speaker 1: hat in the ring. Do you think that in some
Speaker 1: way inside, John Quincy Adams felt like the presidency was
Speaker 1: his birthright. Yes.
Speaker 2: I don't think it was really because he had some
Speaker 2: notion of hereditary succession.
Speaker 1: That's John Quincy Adams biographer James Traub.
Speaker 2: I think it's more because he was brought up by
Speaker 2: his parents to see serving this infant republic, which became
Speaker 2: a republic, it became a free nation while he was
Speaker 2: a boy as the highest good.
Speaker 1: By eighteen twenty four, one of the two original political parties,
Speaker 1: the Federalist disintegrated, leaving really only one party, the Democratic
Speaker 1: Republican Party. Since every candidate was technically a member of
Speaker 1: the same party. This period became known as the Era
Speaker 1: of Good Feelings. Despite the name, there was plenty of
Speaker 1: factionalism and discord. The four way race to replace Monroe
Speaker 1: devolved into an all out brawl. Adams was facing off
Speaker 1: against the crowded field. And I don't want this to
Speaker 1: get too confusing for you, so let me break it down.
Speaker 1: These are the candidates. William Crawford no relation, a Georgia
Speaker 1: statesman and Monroe's Secretary of the Treasury. Henry Clay, a
Speaker 1: season lawmaker from Kentucky who is ambitious as it gets
Speaker 1: you'll see later. But his most potent challenger was Andrew Jackson,
Speaker 1: a US senator and former general from Tennessee.
Speaker 2: Andrew Jackson was an adventurer. He was not just a
Speaker 2: military figure. He was a military figure who almost could
Speaker 2: not be restrained. He famously fought a war against first
Speaker 2: the Spanish and then the Indians, which was really brutal,
Speaker 2: and famously executed two British citizens who he said were
Speaker 2: agents on a drumhead. That is to say, he had
Speaker 2: his own impromptu court and hanged them. He was an
Speaker 2: ungovernable figure.
Speaker 1: Is there a single word or a sentence you would
Speaker 1: use to describe.
Speaker 3: Andrew Jackson probably not a very nice one.
Speaker 1: Presidential historian Lindsay Schervinsky picks it up from there.
Speaker 3: By the time that he died, he owned one hundred
Speaker 3: and fifty enslaved people, which was a huge estate, and
Speaker 3: so he presented himself as this man of the people,
Speaker 3: but actually was incredibly wealthy.
Speaker 1: Jackson did not back down from a fight. For many
Speaker 1: Southerners at the time, dueling was a common way of life,
Speaker 1: and Jackson had a number of them under his belt.
Speaker 3: The concept of honor and honor culture some feels a
Speaker 3: little bit foreign to us, but it was essential at
Speaker 3: that point because your reputation and your honor was what
Speaker 3: made possible business arrangements, business deals, whether or not you
Speaker 3: could get credit, what families you were able to socialize
Speaker 3: with or marry into, and so it was really important
Speaker 3: to people, and there was this sense that you had
Speaker 3: to defend it, even up through violence, and so dueling
Speaker 3: was a very complex system, and most duels actually were
Speaker 3: not violent, and so Andrew Jackson himself had been in
Speaker 3: several duels where they agreed to either walk away or
Speaker 3: they agreed to fire into the sky. So while fans
Speaker 3: of Hamilton may know that that duel was fatal, most
Speaker 3: were not. Now, some that Andrew Jackson were in were violent.
Speaker 1: In eighteen oh six, Jackson killed a man in a duel,
Speaker 1: and in another one Jackson took a bullet to the shoulder.
Speaker 1: In the election of eighteen twenty four, all bets were
Speaker 1: on Jackson to win. He was a war hero, a firebrand,
Speaker 1: riding a populist wave. More states were joining the Union
Speaker 1: all the time, bringing new voters to each election, and Jackson,
Speaker 1: being a tough talking Southerner, was popular with these voters.
Speaker 1: He promised to wrestle federal government control from New England
Speaker 1: and East Coast elites and put it in the hands
Speaker 1: of the people. Whether it was true or not, he
Speaker 1: was seen as one of them, a common man empowering
Speaker 1: the common man.
Speaker 3: A lot of states started to amend their suffrage laws,
Speaker 3: meaning more people had the right to vote. Now, of course,
Speaker 3: at this time it still really only applied to white men,
Speaker 3: but a lot of states dropped the property requirements, so
Speaker 3: even if you were not a landholder, you could still vote,
Speaker 3: which meant that what we might think of as more
Speaker 3: sort of radical voters started to have a voice in
Speaker 3: this process.
Speaker 1: Establishment politicians like Clan Adams feared Jackson, and they had
Speaker 1: no idea what he would do as president.
Speaker 3: They didn't know if he would work to undermine these
Speaker 3: institutions that they felt were really essential to long term success.
Speaker 3: And there was a lingering sense, and this had been
Speaker 3: an inheritance from the founding generation, that populism or mob
Speaker 3: control would lead to anarchy, and so they weren't sure
Speaker 3: if you gave the people too much power what they
Speaker 3: would do with it, if they would tear down the
Speaker 3: entire system.
Speaker 1: If you were a voter in eighteen twenty four, Jackson
Speaker 1: was the wild card and Adams was the safe bet.
Speaker 1: He promised to unite the nation, and he was by
Speaker 1: far the most qualified to be president.
Speaker 2: In John Quincy Adams's day, the presidency was almost a
Speaker 2: thing that you succeeded to by right, that is to say,
Speaker 2: you earned your way to it by conspicuous public service.
Speaker 2: Adams had been a diplomat from the age of twenty six.
Speaker 2: Really he became America's senior diplomat while he was still
Speaker 2: in his thirties.
Speaker 3: He had been the Secretary of State for eight years
Speaker 3: and had an incredible tenure, got some really major treaties
Speaker 3: passed that were essential to the United States future, as
Speaker 3: well as the articulation of the Monroe Doctrine, and was
Speaker 3: I think one of the best secretaries of State we've
Speaker 3: ever had.
Speaker 1: Up until eighteen twenty four. Being secretary of State was
Speaker 1: like being president in waiting. In the short life of
Speaker 1: the Republic, three former secretaries of State were elected President,
Speaker 1: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Now Adams was up.
Speaker 3: So he's coming into this position thinking, surely, hit some
Speaker 3: my turn. Surely the American people will select me and
Speaker 3: recognize these credentials.
Speaker 1: As he waited for the election. In the fall of
Speaker 1: eighteen twenty four, Adams returned to Quincy to visit his
Speaker 1: aging father, the ex president. Pondering his fate, he walked
Speaker 1: through the family graveyard, visiting his sister Nabby, who had
Speaker 1: died from breast cancer. As he paced, perhaps the words
Speaker 1: of his father rang in his ear. If you do
Speaker 1: not rise to the head not only of your profession,
Speaker 1: but of your country, it will be owing to your
Speaker 1: own laziness, slovenliness, and obstinacy. Adams also stopped at the
Speaker 1: grave of his great great grandfather, Henry Adams, who came
Speaker 1: over from England nearly two centuries.
Speaker 4: Before last another century, we shall all be moldering in
Speaker 4: the same dust, or resolved in the same elements. You, then,
Speaker 4: of our posterity, shall visit this yard. What shall he
Speaker 4: read engraved upon the stones? This is known only to
Speaker 4: the creator of all The record may be longer, may
Speaker 4: be of as blameless lives.
Speaker 1: When the election got under weigh in October, John Quincy's
Speaker 1: anxiety only got worse. What if all this experience, his
Speaker 1: diplomatic skills, his knowledge, What if it wasn't enough to
Speaker 1: rise above the anger and resentment the war hero General
Speaker 1: Jackson stoked in the minds of voters, what do you
Speaker 1: think was going through John Quincy Adam's head while the
Speaker 1: votes were being counted?
Speaker 3: He so desperately doesn't want to care, and yet cares
Speaker 3: so much, And he sort of detested himself for wanting
Speaker 3: it so badly.
Speaker 1: When the votes were finally tallied, US Secretary of War
Speaker 1: John C. Calhoun won a clear majority to become vice president.
Speaker 1: In the presidential race, Jackson was the clear front runner,
Speaker 1: but the four way race split the vote so much
Speaker 1: that no single candidate won a majority of votes or electors.
Speaker 3: Under the rules of the current system, the top three candidates.
Speaker 3: If there was no majority, which there was not, the
Speaker 3: top three candidates would go to the House, and the
Speaker 3: House of Representatives would be in charge of then basically
Speaker 3: selecting the next president.
Speaker 1: For the second time in America's short history, the House
Speaker 1: of Representatives would decide who would become the next president.
Speaker 1: If that sounds like a complicated and contentious way to
Speaker 1: decide an election, it is not to mention the House
Speaker 1: of Representatives circa eighteen twenty four wasn't exactly like we
Speaker 1: see these days on c SPAN.
Speaker 3: The House was really quite calamitous. So there's a great
Speaker 3: book by Joanne Freeman that talks about the violence in
Speaker 3: the House of Representatives leading up to the Civil War
Speaker 3: called The Field of Blood, and it talks about how
Speaker 3: the House chambers the floor was covered with straw because
Speaker 3: a lot of congressmen wouldn't bother to spit their tobacco
Speaker 3: juices into tins, and so the entire floor was just disgusting.
Speaker 3: A lot of people would kind of be coming in
Speaker 3: and out of the chambers. They would be taking naps
Speaker 3: at their desk. There was often regular threats of violence,
Speaker 3: so this was not a particularly esteemed branch of government
Speaker 3: at the moment.
Speaker 1: The House scheduled the vote to decide the election for
Speaker 1: early February. Henry Clay was automatically eliminated because he got
Speaker 1: the fewest votes. But Clay wasn't the type of guy
Speaker 1: to sit on the sidelines. He threw his support in
Speaker 1: all his political capital behind Adams.
Speaker 2: Clay admired Adams. They were radically different people. Clay was
Speaker 2: a Westerner and a card player, and a drinker and
Speaker 2: a carouser, and I'm sure he was the world's most
Speaker 2: charming person. We would have loved him if we met him.
Speaker 2: Adams was not. Adams was a prickly, bearish New England,
Speaker 2: high principled, high toned federalist.
Speaker 1: Clay and Adams both wanted a strong centralized government. They
Speaker 1: wanted a central bank. They wanted the federal government to
Speaker 1: fund national infrastructure projects to find the east to the
Speaker 1: growing West. And they wanted tariffs to protect northern manufacturers
Speaker 1: from farm products.
Speaker 3: And they didn't know what Jackson would do with all
Speaker 3: of those things. They didn't know if he would be
Speaker 3: pro union or would be just pro Tennessee or pro West.
Speaker 1: Even though they agreed on so much, Clay wasn't always
Speaker 1: a fan of Adams. The two had been political rivals
Speaker 1: when both vied to be Monroe's Secretary of State. Now
Speaker 1: they had a common enemy.
Speaker 2: Clay hated Jackson, maybe because they were both Westerners, and
Speaker 2: he also regarded them as a dangerous figure because he
Speaker 2: was a general, and since Washington, America hadn't elected a
Speaker 2: general as president, so he regarded him as what we
Speaker 2: would now call a man on horseback, like Napoleon.
Speaker 1: Here's how Henry Clay put.
Speaker 3: It, I cannot believe that killing twenty five hundred Englishmen
Speaker 3: at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult and complicated
Speaker 3: duties of the Chief Magistry. So there was no way
Speaker 3: he was going to support Jackson period. He just could
Speaker 3: not stand him.
Speaker 1: Adams knew that Clay, a congressman from Kentucky, could be
Speaker 1: an ally in the House vote, but he had to
Speaker 1: tread lightly. The two couldn't be seen doing anything that's
Speaker 1: smacked of scheming.
Speaker 2: A complicated dance then ensued. Adams began to meet with
Speaker 2: people who clearly were proxies for Clay, who made it
Speaker 2: clear that if Adams could, and there was always a
Speaker 2: euphemism like treat mister Clay with the respect that he deserves,
Speaker 2: nobody was more specific than that that he would feel
Speaker 2: that it was right to support mister Adams.
Speaker 1: In early January, just weeks before the House would decide
Speaker 1: the election, Clay visited Adams in person for the first time.
Speaker 1: Here's how Adams remembered it in his die.
Speaker 2: Clay came to talk to me and we spoke frankly.
Speaker 2: He says of men and events, and he uses the
Speaker 2: expression of prospective events future events. Well, does that mean
Speaker 2: the future event of perhaps John Adams appointing Henry Clay
Speaker 2: as Secretary of State. We don't know.
Speaker 1: The meeting would be one both men would regret for
Speaker 1: the rest of their lives. Within days, the partisan press
Speaker 1: and yes it was pretty rancorous, reported that Adams and
Speaker 1: Clay were engaged in a corrupt bargain. They were scheming
Speaker 1: to steal the election from Jackson. In his diary, John
Speaker 1: Quincy feared the tension surrounding the election was growing, spreading
Speaker 1: beyond Washington.
Speaker 4: Letter from Philadelphia threatening organized opposition in civil war if
Speaker 4: Jackson is not chosen. This blustering as an air of desperation,
Speaker 4: but we must meet it.
Speaker 3: Jackson's supporters became convinced that they had been robbed of
Speaker 3: a rightful victory, that there had been election fraud, that
Speaker 3: there was this deep stake ball trying to keep Jackson
Speaker 3: from the White House.
Speaker 1: The fragile unity holding the nation together was on the
Speaker 1: brink of collapse. We'll have more after the break. Dawn
Speaker 1: broke cold and snowy on the February morning the House
Speaker 1: was set to decide the presidency. A long line of people,
Speaker 1: dressed in their finest clothes, brave the weather, camping outside
Speaker 1: the Capitol for hours. Many traveled days to get a
Speaker 1: front row seat for the political spectacle about to unfold.
Speaker 1: And even though this was one of the most intense
Speaker 1: moments of John Quincy Adams's life, he avoided the commotions
Speaker 1: surrounding the vote.
Speaker 3: The way that he dealt with that was to kind
Speaker 3: of ignore it and to try and go about his
Speaker 3: daily business. He was very strict with his physical health regimen,
Speaker 3: so he usually involved either along walk or swimming almost
Speaker 3: every day. He tried to approach it like any other
Speaker 3: day and be in the office and just treat it
Speaker 3: as a matter of state. Of course, that didn't really work,
Speaker 3: and we can all kind of guess where his brain
Speaker 3: probably was. But he tried, He really tried.
Speaker 1: This wasn't the first time the House decided a presidential election. Still,
Speaker 1: nobody could predict how the vote would go down.
Speaker 3: So the original constitution specified that in presidential elections, each
Speaker 3: elector would cast two votes. One in theory was a
Speaker 3: vote for the president, and one was a vote for
Speaker 3: the vice president. Under that system, however, it remained that
Speaker 3: if there was a tie, or if no one can
Speaker 3: it received a majority of the Electoral College votes, the
Speaker 3: election would go to the House of Representatives, and that
Speaker 3: is what happened in eighteen hundred. The election went to
Speaker 3: the House. It took thirty six ballots for them to
Speaker 3: figure out that Thomas Jefferson would be the third president, thirty.
Speaker 1: Six rounds of voting in the House to finally declare
Speaker 1: Thomas Jefferson president. While the build up to the eighteen
Speaker 1: twenty four election was long and arduous, the vote itself
Speaker 1: was simple. There were twenty four states at the time.
Speaker 1: The delegation from each state would cast a single vote
Speaker 1: for either Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams or William Crawford,
Speaker 1: but no one really saw Crawford as a threat.
Speaker 3: Crawford was incredibly ill. There was uncertainty whether or not
Speaker 3: he would actually be able to serve out a full term,
Speaker 3: so that's not exactly putting the country on its strongest foot.
Speaker 1: It all came down to a two way race between
Speaker 1: Jackson and Adams to capture an absolute majority of thirteen
Speaker 1: votes to win. Behind the scenes, Henry Clay was whipping
Speaker 1: delegations into the Adams camp, encouraging state delegates who had
Speaker 1: supported him to now vote for Adams.
Speaker 2: Kentucky wanted Andrew Jackson to be president, but it was
Speaker 2: the congressional delegation that made that decision, and they chose
Speaker 2: to completely violate the will of the voters and cast
Speaker 2: their vote for Adams. They had become what we would
Speaker 2: nowadays call faithless electors.
Speaker 1: So this is where we get the idea of a
Speaker 1: corrupt bargain. James Trupp says that Clay promised Adams the
Speaker 1: support of Kentucky's congressional delegates, even though the state obviously
Speaker 1: supported Jackson.
Speaker 2: Once Kentucky had shifted, that began a series of other shifts.
Speaker 2: And so a series of these smaller states, Maryland as well,
Speaker 2: began to swing away from Jackson and towards Adams.
Speaker 1: Thanks to Henry Clay, Adams won thirteen states in the
Speaker 1: first round of voting, a slim majority, but enough to win.
Speaker 1: An old friend and former colleague, Alexander Everett, ran to
Speaker 1: adams home on f Street with the news he won.
Speaker 1: He would become the first son of a president to
Speaker 1: become commander in chief. Later that night, President Monroe held
Speaker 1: a celebration in honor of President elect Adams. All of
Speaker 1: Washington was there.
Speaker 2: So Jackson walks to the door with a lady on
Speaker 2: his arm, and there is Adams.
Speaker 1: As the story goes, the crowd parted as Jackson approached Adams.
Speaker 1: Nobody knew what he might say or do. This was
Speaker 1: a man with a history of gunning down his rivals.
Speaker 1: A bullet still lies in his shoulder. When Jackson got
Speaker 1: to Adams, he said.
Speaker 5: I give you my left hand for the right, as
Speaker 5: you see, is devoted to the fair. I hope you
Speaker 5: are very well, sir.
Speaker 1: The gentility did not last. Just days after winning the
Speaker 1: House vote and becoming president, Adams nominated Clay, not Jackson,
Speaker 1: to be a Secretary of State.
Speaker 3: Well, there was an immediate blowback right away. Jackson's supporters
Speaker 3: started chanting corruption.
Speaker 1: Jackson was outraged Clay's ascension to Secretary of State was
Speaker 1: proof that he and Adams had in fact hatched a
Speaker 1: corrupt bargain.
Speaker 5: The Judas of the West has closed the contract and
Speaker 5: will receive the thirty pieces of silver. Was there ever
Speaker 5: witnessed such a bear faced corruption in any country before?
Speaker 2: It created this sense that John Quincy Adams had stolen
Speaker 2: the presidency and Clay was the cynical inst whereby he
Speaker 2: had stolen that presidency, and Clay insisted he'd done nothing wrong.
Speaker 2: Is that we had nothing on his conscience? He says,
Speaker 2: something like these knaves can't even credit true innocence where
Speaker 2: it exists.
Speaker 1: Adams did offer Jackson the War Department, but Jackson had
Speaker 1: no intention of taking the position. He was the rightful president.
Speaker 1: How could he work with the usurper Adams. Stoked by
Speaker 1: fire and fury, jackson supporters geared up for his next
Speaker 1: presidential run in eighteen twenty eight.
Speaker 3: Immediately they started planning their revenge tour and the reelection
Speaker 3: campaign for Jackson. So what was already a very well
Speaker 3: organized organization became even more so, so they bulked up
Speaker 3: their newspapers. They started to build out their state infrastructure.
Speaker 1: Newspapers ran wild, printing alternative facts claiming Adams stole the election,
Speaker 1: calling him an illegitimate president. The Democratic Republican Party splintered
Speaker 1: in two, laying the foundation for what would become the
Speaker 1: new Democratic Party and sending the nation into a deep
Speaker 1: and lasting division. Before Adams even took the oath of office,
Speaker 1: his presidency was facing unyielding opposition. Jacksonian lawmakers vowed to
Speaker 1: oppose all of Adam's objectives, pledging to make him a
Speaker 1: one term president. On the next episode of Founding Sun.
Speaker 5: It appears we live in evil times when those exalted
Speaker 5: to high, dignified, and honorable stations have abandoned the course
Speaker 5: dictated by truth and honor.
Speaker 2: There were so many reasons why Adams failed as president
Speaker 2: that you almost could remove the legitimacy question and say
Speaker 2: he still would have failed.
Speaker 1: He Founding Son is a curiosity podcast brought to you
Speaker 1: by iHeart Podcasts and School of Humans. For help with
Speaker 1: this episode, we want to thank James Traub, author of
Speaker 1: John Quincy Adams Militant Spirit and Lindsay Stravinsky, author of
Speaker 1: The Cabinet, George Washington and the Creation of an American Institution.
Speaker 1: Our lead producer, story editor and sound designer is James Morrison.
Speaker 1: Our senior producer is Jessica Metzger. Our production manager is
Speaker 1: Daisy Church. Fact checking by Adam Bisno. Jesse Niswanger mixed
Speaker 1: and mastered this episode. Executive producers are Virginia Prescott, Brandon barr,
Speaker 1: El C. Crowley, and Jason English. Original music by me
Speaker 1: Bob Crawford. Additional scoring by Blue Sessions. John Quincy Adams
Speaker 1: is voiced by Patrick Warburton, Andrew Jackson is voiced by
Speaker 1: Nick Offerman. Luisa Adams is voiced by Gray Delisle. Additional
Speaker 1: voice in this episode provided by John King. Show art
Speaker 1: designed by Darren Shock. Special thanks to John Higgins, Julia
Speaker 1: Chris gaw, the Massachusetts Historical Society, and Mary Anne Peak
Speaker 1: with the National Park Service for letting us record John
Speaker 1: Quincy Adams's clock at Peacefield. If you enjoyed this podcast,
Speaker 1: please give it a five star rating in your podcast app.
Speaker 1: You can also check out other Curiosity podcasts to learn
Speaker 1: about history, pop culture, true crime, and more. This podcast
Speaker 1: was recorded under a SAG after a collective bargaining agreement.
Speaker 1: I'm your host, Bob Crawford, Thanks for listening.
Speaker 2: School of Humans