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Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from I Heart Radio.

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Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host,

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Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive producer with I Heart Radio,

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Speaker 1: and usually I love all things tech, but today I'm

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Speaker 1: having some issues, been having some technical glitches that I've

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Speaker 1: been trying to fix, and unfortunately it means that the

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Speaker 1: episode I had planned today, which was a follow up

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Speaker 1: an additional space suit episode, is probably gonna have to

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Speaker 1: wait till tomorrow. I'm going to My plan is to

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Speaker 1: have that one published instead of a tech News episode.

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Speaker 1: But I don't want to leave you without an episode

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Speaker 1: of the show, so I thought we would play this

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Speaker 1: episode that originally published on January seven, two thousand nineteen.

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Speaker 1: It's an episode where Daniel Whiteson of Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 1: Explain the Universe, joined the show to talk about his

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Speaker 1: work in experimental particle physics and how his work with

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Speaker 1: a large Hadron collider what it was like. And you know,

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Speaker 1: if we're going to talk about technical glitches, the LHC

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Speaker 1: is a good topic because that's an entire, you know,

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Speaker 1: particle acceleration facility that had more than its share of

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Speaker 1: technical difficulties, including you know, reportedly birds. But I hope

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Speaker 1: you enjoy this episode and I'll be back to chat

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Speaker 1: with you again towards the end. Today we have a

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Speaker 1: very special guest on our show, someone who has worked

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Speaker 1: on really interesting problems. Is a rare occasion that I

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Speaker 1: get to talk to someone who has experienced in high

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Speaker 1: energy particle physics. So I want to introduce to all

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Speaker 1: of you, if you haven't listen to his amazing podcast yet,

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Speaker 1: Daniel Whitson. Dr Daniel Whitson, Welcome to the show. Hi,

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Speaker 1: thanks a lot for having me on. I am so

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Speaker 1: glad to have you here now. Daniel. You are one

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Speaker 1: half of the podcast team of Daniel and Jorge Explained

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Speaker 1: the Universe, and thank you for taking time away from

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Speaker 1: explaining the universe to grace my humble show with your presence.

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Speaker 1: I greatly appreciate it. Well, thanks a lot for having

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Speaker 1: me on. You guys talking about really fascinating stuff. So

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Speaker 1: it's a pleasure to be here. It's been a pleasure

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Speaker 1: listening to your show. We'll talk a little bit more

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Speaker 1: about that towards the end of the episode, but just

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Speaker 1: so that my listeners kind of understand where you you're

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Speaker 1: coming from before we get into work with the Large

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Speaker 1: Hadron Collider and CERN and particle physics. Tell us a

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Speaker 1: bit about yourself, all right, Well, I'm devastatingly good looking,

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Speaker 1: which is why I have a podcast, and m familiar

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Speaker 1: my my. The most important thing to know about me

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Speaker 1: in this context, I guess, is that I am a

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Speaker 1: high energy physicist, which means that I'm interested in studying

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Speaker 1: the universe at the smallest scale, and I do so

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Speaker 1: by smashing stuff together at the highest energy. It's like,

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Speaker 1: you know, you want to understand how things work, take

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Speaker 1: them apart, and that's basically what we do, is we

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Speaker 1: try to take the whole universe apart and understand how

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Speaker 1: it works. So I'm a professor at the University of

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Speaker 1: California at Irvine that's in Orange County, and I work there,

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Speaker 1: and I work also at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva,

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Speaker 1: where the actual collider is, and we have a big

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Speaker 1: team of people smashing particles together and trying to figure

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Speaker 1: out what is the smallest bit of matter and how

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Speaker 1: does it all fit together? And where how did everything

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Speaker 1: start and how is it going to end? And we

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Speaker 1: basically try to tackle those really big, sexy questions. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I I love the way you describe that, the idea

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Speaker 1: of taking apart the very basic particles that make up

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Speaker 1: stuff and and and finding out what makes at work.

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Speaker 1: It's very relatable to all the stories of the various

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Speaker 1: innovators who got their start taking apart the various pieces

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Speaker 1: of technology they have, often to the the detriment of

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Speaker 1: their family, and then learning how it works, and then

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Speaker 1: hopefully being able to put it back together again. Except

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Speaker 1: we're looking at reality here, how the the very fabric

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Speaker 1: that makes up existence works. And uh. I also I

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Speaker 1: watched a great presentation that you and Jorge gave in

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Speaker 1: which you talked about your book and you talked about

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Speaker 1: the gaps and scientific knowledge, and that also made me

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Speaker 1: feel like I am all a smart person, only because

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Speaker 1: in the past I have described our understanding of the

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Speaker 1: universe like we're staring through a key hole and we

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Speaker 1: can only see a little bit of the illuminated room

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Speaker 1: that's beyond the keyhole, and there's stuff and shadows, So

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Speaker 1: there are things that we don't really see, and there

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Speaker 1: are elements that are out of you and and to us.

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Speaker 1: That's that's our understanding of the universe. We only see

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Speaker 1: a very narrow band of what really exists out there,

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Speaker 1: and our goal is to expand that over time. That's right,

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Speaker 1: and the most amazing thing in my perspective is that

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Speaker 1: we've only recently discovered that we are looking through the keyhole.

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Speaker 1: I mean, for a long time we thought we were

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Speaker 1: saying everything. We thought, well, we've seen the way the

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Speaker 1: universe is. Now, we just need to figure out how

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Speaker 1: to explain it. We made a lot of progress and

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Speaker 1: the last fifty year, in the last twenty or fifty years,

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Speaker 1: we've discovered that there's a lot of stuff out there

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Speaker 1: that we don't have any understanding of, dark matter, dark energy,

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Speaker 1: huge chunks of the universe which completely defy our our explanation.

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Speaker 1: That doesn't mean it can't be explained. You don't have

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Speaker 1: to go to like weird woo woo crystal energy stuff.

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Speaker 1: It just means that there's a lot more science left

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Speaker 1: to do. And for me, those are wonderful moments in

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Speaker 1: the history of science when you you know, you pull

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Speaker 1: back a layer of reality and discover, oh my gosh, wow,

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Speaker 1: things are totally different from what we expected, or you know,

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Speaker 1: turn is out we were only studying the the tail

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Speaker 1: of the elephant, and we need to look at the

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Speaker 1: rest of it. And and that's exciting, not because the

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Speaker 1: science is humbled and realizing that we don't understand everything,

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Speaker 1: that's that's a wonderful experience. It's exciting because it means

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Speaker 1: there are discoveries left to come, right, means that maybe

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Speaker 1: some of the most dramatic, most insightful realizations about the

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Speaker 1: nature of the universe might still be ahead of us.

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Speaker 1: I like thinking about how in the future and a

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Speaker 1: hundred years people might look back with great knowledge of

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Speaker 1: how the universe works and wonder what it was like

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Speaker 1: to be us when we lived in such ignorance, right

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Speaker 1: when we didn't know so many things about so many

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Speaker 1: basic things about the universe. Um And what you said

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Speaker 1: earlier really resonate with me about trying to figure things

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Speaker 1: out by taking them apart. I think that there's an

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Speaker 1: innate curiosity in being human. I mean, that's what makes

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Speaker 1: being human fun, it makes being being alive worth It

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Speaker 1: is that we are driven by this desire to know

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Speaker 1: to understand the things around us. So if you're the

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Speaker 1: kind of person who's like, how does a blender work?

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Speaker 1: Let me take it apart? Or you know how does

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Speaker 1: this thing in my car work when we look under

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Speaker 1: the hood and poke around, then you're basically a physicist.

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Speaker 1: You're the kind of person who wants to understand things

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Speaker 1: by taking them apart, by boiling them down to the

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Speaker 1: most essential elements, and using that to explain your car,

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Speaker 1: and then also your blender and then other things you

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Speaker 1: haven't seen before. Right, It's about learning generalizable universal truths. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and and I would also argue that the history of

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Speaker 1: of humanity has been one in which we have attempted

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Speaker 1: to explain the why things are the way they are

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Speaker 1: for for all of our history, and the as we

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Speaker 1: eliminate gaps piece by piece, and knowing that we still

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Speaker 1: have enormous gaps left to fill in, we start to

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Speaker 1: really hone in on that over time we're able to

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Speaker 1: replace things where we had the explanation of a uh.

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Speaker 1: Well though, that that's the gods battling it out in Olympus,

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Speaker 1: and that's where the thunder comes from. To know now

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Speaker 1: we a deeper understanding to the point now where we

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Speaker 1: even are able to get a grasp on the idea

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Speaker 1: that as humans, as as we are the way we

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Speaker 1: have evolved, we have limitations in our perception. There are

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Speaker 1: things that we are capable of perceiving because we have evolved.

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Speaker 1: It was advantageous, it made sense in our environment, But

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Speaker 1: that doesn't mean that's everything there is out there, which

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Speaker 1: kind of leads into discussions that I've heard about, you know,

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Speaker 1: the various dimensions that we were capable of perceiving. Some

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Speaker 1: of those obviously we can. We can observe the physical dimensions,

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Speaker 1: and then once you start figuring that out, you say, well,

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Speaker 1: it may be a leap to you to think there

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Speaker 1: are so many more dimensions or potentially more dimensions than

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Speaker 1: the ones we can perceive. But we also know that

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Speaker 1: we can't see things in the infrared or ultra violet

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Speaker 1: UH wave forms, but with technology, we can convert that

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Speaker 1: into light that we can see. And once you start

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Speaker 1: looking at things is like that level where you say, oh, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess we have developed tools that let us go

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Speaker 1: beyond our limitations in our perception. Then it kind of

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Speaker 1: opens up your mind into the idea of now I

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Speaker 1: kind of understand how there can be things like dark

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Speaker 1: energy and dark matter that are beyond our current capability

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Speaker 1: of detecting it. Because it took thousands of years for

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Speaker 1: us to get to the point where we could, uh

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Speaker 1: could even indirectly observe stuff like beingfrared and the ultraviolet.

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Speaker 1: So that's sort of the approach I take with people

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Speaker 1: as well, the idea that it feels like you're taking

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Speaker 1: a big leap when you start going into things like

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Speaker 1: particle physics, when you start talking about quantum quantum effects,

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Speaker 1: because everything seems so strange. It doesn't it doesn't work

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Speaker 1: the way the classical physics work, and it's it feels

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Speaker 1: like you're asking people to take a leap of faith.

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Speaker 1: But once you start to build on those blocks, they say, okay,

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Speaker 1: all right, now I'm with you. Now I got it,

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Speaker 1: And that kind of brings us over to the work

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Speaker 1: that we see over at at CERN and the large

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Speaker 1: hey drunk collider. Now, one thing I like to remind

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Speaker 1: people about before before we get there. I think he's

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Speaker 1: touched on a really interesting topic there. You know, Um,

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Speaker 1: I think people have been thinking about mysteries for a

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Speaker 1: long time, right, And for a long time the world

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Speaker 1: was really mysterious. It was obvious that there were mysteries

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Speaker 1: you could just go outside, and there were things you

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Speaker 1: didn't understand. What is lightning? Right, Um, and it's sort

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Speaker 1: of it was a common feeling that the world was mysterious,

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Speaker 1: you know, like there are more things in the heavens

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Speaker 1: and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy, right,

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Speaker 1: it's even in literature. But we've sort of lost that.

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Speaker 1: I think a lot of people these days, when they

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Speaker 1: walk around, they feel like they mostly understand stuff like, yeah,

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Speaker 1: we know how weather works. Maybe we can't predict it exactly,

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Speaker 1: but we understand the mechanism of it and gravity we

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Speaker 1: have an understanding of that. And the sense of experiencing

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Speaker 1: mystery on the daily basis is sort of gone because

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Speaker 1: science has made so much progress in explaining the various

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Speaker 1: bits around us. And I want to remind people that

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Speaker 1: the bigger questions, the larger questions questions we're asking ourselves,

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Speaker 1: like why are we here? How should we live? How

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Speaker 1: what is the history of everything? Those questions are still

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Speaker 1: totally unanswered. And uh, And as you said, I think

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Speaker 1: is really insightful about how we don't even know what

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Speaker 1: we don't know, because there's a lot of things that

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Speaker 1: we've only recently discovered we don't we we didn't understand

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Speaker 1: right that there's things happening around us that we're not

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Speaker 1: aware of various kinds of particles moving and even different

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Speaker 1: kinds of light that's invisible to us, as you said,

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Speaker 1: And there's really no limit on how much of that

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Speaker 1: there can be, right, I mean, we know certain things,

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Speaker 1: we know dark matters invisible. We know neutrinos are invisible.

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Speaker 1: There could be other things out there that are also

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Speaker 1: invisible that we just haven't even yet discovered that they're

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Speaker 1: there through some sort of very slight hints. Right, So

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Speaker 1: the amount of discoveries left remaining in the future is enormous,

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Speaker 1: which is the kind of thing that gets me all excited. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I I have a feeling, Well, first of all, I

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Speaker 1: have a feeling I'm gonna need to fly out to

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Speaker 1: California and have have like just maybe a four hour

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Speaker 1: long conversation with you, because I haven't feel like that's

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Speaker 1: exactly what's going to be needed. But is I This

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Speaker 1: is the sort of stuff I love to talk about

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Speaker 1: just to anyone who will, you know, be patient enough

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Speaker 1: to let me chatter at them. Let let me ask

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Speaker 1: you a question that you you mentioned about how we

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Speaker 1: used to explain things in terms of gods, and I

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Speaker 1: think that makes a lot of sense because humans are

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Speaker 1: good at like identifying agency and willfulness in places where

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Speaker 1: there aren't any. Right. But there's another element to that,

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Speaker 1: which is the sort of the narrative. Right, These gods

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Speaker 1: don't just have personalities and wheels that had stories the

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Speaker 1: reasons why they were doing what they were doing. And

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Speaker 1: I feel like storytelling is a big part of who

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Speaker 1: we are as a species, and it's still even though

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Speaker 1: we're not explaining things in terms of gods, it still

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Speaker 1: drives our science. Like you know, if you asked me, um,

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Speaker 1: what would you do if you knew the final answer

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Speaker 1: to particle physics? Like if you could explain the whole

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Speaker 1: universe in terms of one particle? Um, you know that,

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Speaker 1: I would say, then we would want to tell a story, right,

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Speaker 1: We want to tell a story about what that means

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Speaker 1: about the universe and why the universe? Why is the

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Speaker 1: universe this way and not the other way? First we

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Speaker 1: have to figure out what way is the universe, and

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Speaker 1: then we want to know, like why that way. In

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Speaker 1: the end, we're still telling stories to ourselves about how

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Speaker 1: the universe came to be and what it means and

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Speaker 1: how we should live our lives. So it's a very

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Speaker 1: human endeavor. Well, certainly, I mean, we we call it matter,

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Speaker 1: and we know about antimatter, but we chose the optimist

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Speaker 1: route right when we describe, when we describe these things

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Speaker 1: that are antithetical to one another, and they they annihilate

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Speaker 1: one another when they come into contact. And for some

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Speaker 1: reason that we don't fully understand, we had slightly more

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Speaker 1: matter than we had antimatter, and therefore we've got stuff.

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Speaker 1: I mean, if we had been pessimists, we would call

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Speaker 1: the stuff we have the antimatter. Right, So clearly there's

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Speaker 1: a narrative issue there that's right. So here, seriously, here's

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Speaker 1: the question. Then the question is do you think if

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Speaker 1: we met an alien species of physicists, do you think

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Speaker 1: they would be asking the same questions or would they

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Speaker 1: be satisfied with our answers? Or do you think the

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Speaker 1: kind of questions we're asking are inherently human in some

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Speaker 1: way that we don't even understand? What an excellent question. Now, obviously,

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Speaker 1: from the scientific perspective, I have to tell you that

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Speaker 1: I have a very small sample size of intelligent life

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Speaker 1: forms that I can work from. I only have the one. Really,

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Speaker 1: you you mean, you're the only intelligent life form you're

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Speaker 1: I don't know, I mean of entire I'm talking about

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Speaker 1: entire species. I guess I'm not not only I mean,

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Speaker 1: I could get super nihilistic and and and very egotistical

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Speaker 1: and say, well, I can only experience my own experience,

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Speaker 1: and therefore I know I'm intelligence. But I'm just granting

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Speaker 1: everybody else that consideration. Um, that's this. This gets into

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Speaker 1: philosophy and then, which I also fascinated by. But I'm

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Speaker 1: a pregnantist, so eventually I get very irritated. Um, that's

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Speaker 1: an excellent question, and and honestly, the it's one that

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Speaker 1: I haven't given a lot of consideration too, largely because

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Speaker 1: I have accepted the fact, or at least accepted the

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Speaker 1: notion that any sufficiently intelligent species that may exist somewhere

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Speaker 1: else would be so very different from what we experience

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Speaker 1: that that the word alien only begins to describe how

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Speaker 1: we would uh define such a species, and that perhaps

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Speaker 1: their approach to understanding and explaining the universe to themselves

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Speaker 1: would be very different. But it seems like it would

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Speaker 1: follow a similar pattern. But I say that only because

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Speaker 1: that's what that's what has happened here. I don't have

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Speaker 1: anywhere else to draw any conclusions from. So, um, it's

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Speaker 1: so hard to imagine outside of your experience, right, It's

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Speaker 1: it's very, very difficult. Even in science, when we discover

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Speaker 1: something new, we're always describing it in terms of the

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Speaker 1: things we know. Like we want to know what is light?

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Speaker 1: Is it a little particle? Is it a little way?

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Speaker 1: Because of the things we know, Right, when we find

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Speaker 1: something that's totally new and different, we don't even really

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Speaker 1: have the words to describe it. So imagining what it's

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Speaker 1: like to be an alien scientist is I think it's

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Speaker 1: an impossible question. So yeah, and that's that's why I

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Speaker 1: posed it to you. It's why it's I I while

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Speaker 1: I find science fiction endlessly entertaining, I love science fiction.

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Speaker 1: I also always I roll my eyes a little bit

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Speaker 1: when I see the Star Trek approach of every alien

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Speaker 1: race is a humanoid with slightly different bumps on their head,

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Speaker 1: and they speak the English the same way. Yeah, the

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Speaker 1: Universal Translator has no problem picking up what their speech

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Speaker 1: patterns are. So that like, even when you use the

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Speaker 1: Universal translator, uh the you know, d O sex Macina

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Speaker 1: coming in and saying, oh, yeah, this is going to

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Speaker 1: translate everything magically. You think you kind of thing a

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Speaker 1: sample size, don't you before you really get a grasp

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Speaker 1: on it. But I mean, we have a hard enough trouble,

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Speaker 1: hard enough time even on Earth sometimes understanding human cultures

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Speaker 1: from around the globe, you know, understanding how to interact

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Speaker 1: with aliens. I think it's going to be hopeless. Like

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Speaker 1: if we ever heard a message from aliens, and you know,

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Speaker 1: even decoding it would be a huge problem if you

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Speaker 1: could even get past that. I have challenges understanding some

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Speaker 1: of my relatives, and we all speak the same language

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Speaker 1: and arguably come from the same Sure are you sure

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Speaker 1: they all come from Earth? I mean that might be

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Speaker 1: an explanation. I got an uncle that's questionable, but pretty

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Speaker 1: much everyone else I got a pretty good handle on. Alright,

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Speaker 1: this is this is great. This is gonna be an

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Speaker 1: eighteen partner. Guys. I'm just gonna sit here and and

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Speaker 1: and and monopolize Daniel's time for you want to you

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Speaker 1: want to talk about the large Dan Collider rather than

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Speaker 1: philosophy of alien civilization. I wouldn't say rather, I'll just

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Speaker 1: say that those were what my questions were about. Well,

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Speaker 1: you know there's one topic which connects them, um, which

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Speaker 1: is the one way we might discover an alien civilization

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Speaker 1: is by first detecting their particle physicists. I have not

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Speaker 1: heard this. It might be if somebody's if aliens are

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Speaker 1: building like enormous particle colliders like the size of a

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Speaker 1: solar system, and we might eventually like sweep through the

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Speaker 1: essentially the pollution from that part from that particle accelerator

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Speaker 1: and discover them in that way. That would be pretty

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Speaker 1: crazy way defined an alien species, but that would be

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Speaker 1: awesome because they would It would tell us that, hey, look,

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Speaker 1: particle physics is not just a human thing, it's a

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Speaker 1: universal thing. Everyone wants to know what the universe has

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Speaker 1: made out of, and everyone's figuring it out by smashing

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Speaker 1: step together. So that would be pretty exciting discovery. It

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Speaker 1: is interesting I had not heard about that particular kind

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Speaker 1: of an idea. I've heard of, of course, enormous constructs

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Speaker 1: that could especially when you talk about things like the

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Speaker 1: Kardashov scale and you're thinking about like the dice and

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Speaker 1: sphere and that kind of stuff. These hypothetical um machines

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Speaker 1: that would need to exist in order to to take

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Speaker 1: advantage of, say an entire solar system's energy output, which

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Speaker 1: would be necessary to reach those higher levels of civilization

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Speaker 1: that we've heard about, but I hadn't heard about. I

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Speaker 1: hadn't thought about a particle accelery the size of a

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Speaker 1: solar system. To be perfectly honest, the Large Hadron Collator

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Speaker 1: is is a big enough beast for me to try

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Speaker 1: and get my mind wrapped around. I mean they're a

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Speaker 1: pretty big and pretty expensive. So yeah, the solar system

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Speaker 1: sizelder is going to take another level of civilization before

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Speaker 1: we can afford that kind of equipment. Yeah, Daniel and

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Speaker 1: I will be back with more about the LHC and

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Speaker 1: just a moment, but first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 1: So getting to the Large Hadron Collider, Uh, that would

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Speaker 1: you know? And CERN as well. A lot of people

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Speaker 1: think of of CERN is just because the Large Hadron

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Speaker 1: Collider got so much press a few years ago when

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Speaker 1: it was when they were preparing to bring it up

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Speaker 1: online and they were starting to stub up the energy levels.

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Speaker 1: I think a lot of people just associated those two

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Speaker 1: as being uh the only real like the CERN is

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Speaker 1: just that's the agency to oversee the Large Hadron Collider.

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Speaker 1: I like to remind people that CERN is also the

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Speaker 1: organization where because CERN exists. We have a worldwide web.

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Speaker 1: I mean the web started from Tim berners Lee, who

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Speaker 1: was working for CERTAIN at the time. So, uh, I

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Speaker 1: like to remind people that it's beyond that. But let's

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Speaker 1: talk a bit so. So CERTAIN is a European agency

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Speaker 1: that is a scientifically oriented agency looking into things like these,

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Speaker 1: these high energy reactions. And the large Hadron Collider is

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Speaker 1: a particle accelerator. Uh, kind of give us an overview

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Speaker 1: of what the LHC is for for someone who has

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Speaker 1: heard the term but they don't really get they don't

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Speaker 1: grock it entirely, alright, sure, Um, the large hadron collider.

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Speaker 1: The basic idea is, let's figure out what's inside matter.

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Speaker 1: Let's figure out what's inside matter, and let's do that

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Speaker 1: by smashing particles together. So what you do with the

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Speaker 1: large hadron collider the word large it obviously just means

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Speaker 1: it's really big. Hadron is a kind of particle, and

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Speaker 1: proton is the example of it, so you could also

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Speaker 1: call it the large proton collider. Um, And we take protons,

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Speaker 1: which are essentially just the nucleus of hydrogen. So you

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Speaker 1: start with hydrogen gas, which is easy to get. Heat

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Speaker 1: it up. So the electrons boil off, and you're left

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Speaker 1: with just the nucleus, which is protons. And what we

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Speaker 1: do is we give those protons a kick. We use

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Speaker 1: electromagnetic waves to push them, and we push them faster

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Speaker 1: and faster and faster and faster until they're going about

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Speaker 1: the speed of light. And then we smash them into

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Speaker 1: each other. And the idea is, see what comes out.

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Speaker 1: See what kind of weird mysterious quantum mechanical magic happens

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Speaker 1: to give you new kinds of matter and new weird

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Speaker 1: particles um. But as you said, the Large Hadron Collider

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Speaker 1: is sort of a flagship property, flagship experiment, but certain

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Speaker 1: is much broader than that. It's a it's a European organization,

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Speaker 1: but it's also international. I mean, I've I've been there

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Speaker 1: many summers, and you sit at a table at the

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Speaker 1: restaurant and there's people speaking all sorts of languages. You know,

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Speaker 1: this Italian at this table, and Russian at that table,

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Speaker 1: and Tie at the other table, and Chinese over here,

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Speaker 1: and you meet people from hundreds of countries, well not hundreds,

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Speaker 1: but more than a hundred countries. And it's a it's

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Speaker 1: a super international place, which is really wonderful and right

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Speaker 1: now it really is the center of the world, world

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Speaker 1: and the Solar System, and you know, maybe the galaxy

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Speaker 1: in terms of particle physics. But we do more than

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Speaker 1: just the Large Hadron Collider. We also have experiments studying

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Speaker 1: the mysterious particle called the neutrino. Neutrinos are produced by

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Speaker 1: the Sun and the surface of the Earth is just

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Speaker 1: bombarded with neutrinos, but they're mostly invisible to us. They

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Speaker 1: don't interact with us, but they have a lot of

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Speaker 1: really interesting properties that we don't understand. So CERTAIN does

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Speaker 1: a lot of neutrino physics as well. Um they do

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Speaker 1: cosmic ray physics, looking at weird particles from space. They

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Speaker 1: do a big variety of particle physics. And CERTAIN has

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Speaker 1: played a big role in politics as well. I don't

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Speaker 1: know if you're aware, but CERTAIN was founded after World

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Speaker 1: War Two, the idea being let's get all the scientists

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Speaker 1: of Europe to work together on projects rather than hiding

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Speaker 1: in their own labs and hating each other, and sort

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Speaker 1: of like using science as this common human bridge, like

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Speaker 1: let's get connected. Let's not have our own like individual

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Speaker 1: weapons projects. Let's find something we can all work together

430
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:57,480
Speaker 1: on in a positive way. And I think it's really

431
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:00,880
Speaker 1: credited with tying European science together in a way that's

432
00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:03,720
Speaker 1: made it more effective. And you know, building harmonies between

433
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:06,800
Speaker 1: nations is also good, and I know that personally at

434
00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,000
Speaker 1: certain I've eaten a lot of weird food from different

435
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,320
Speaker 1: countries and that's helped me understand, you know, um, how

436
00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:14,800
Speaker 1: why the Belgians like horse meat and why the Chinese

437
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,840
Speaker 1: eat these weird things. And it's a fun cultural experience

438
00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:21,800
Speaker 1: as well as scientific. Well yeah, and and uh, you know,

439
00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:23,920
Speaker 1: getting into some of the fun stuff. Well, we'll talk

440
00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:27,320
Speaker 1: about it later. But I love reading about, uh things

441
00:23:27,320 --> 00:23:30,680
Speaker 1: that remind us that scientists are also human. I mean,

442
00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:34,480
Speaker 1: it's it's easy to kind of forget from a layman perspective.

443
00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:37,760
Speaker 1: You you hear about science, and you hear about scientists,

444
00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:42,959
Speaker 1: and it tends to almost be another for people who

445
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:46,639
Speaker 1: are not necessarily involved in science, or are not they

446
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,480
Speaker 1: don't work with scientists, and so they start to think

447
00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:52,880
Speaker 1: of that as their own category of living thing. There's

448
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:56,640
Speaker 1: a scientist kind of like doctors. There's doctors, they're scientists,

449
00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,560
Speaker 1: and uh, well it's like that time that you meet

450
00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:02,800
Speaker 1: your middle school science teacher at the grocery store, like

451
00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:06,480
Speaker 1: buying cereal and you're like, what breakfast? This is not

452
00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:11,359
Speaker 1: stro strain does not. Scientists have families and ambitions and

453
00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:14,800
Speaker 1: disappointments and uh and rock rock groups, as it turns out,

454
00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:17,880
Speaker 1: in rock groups and you know, ankle injuries and all

455
00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:21,360
Speaker 1: the same sort of things that people have. Absolutely, so

456
00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:27,760
Speaker 1: what experiment at the LHC did you are you working with? Specifically,

457
00:24:27,760 --> 00:24:31,520
Speaker 1: they're different because they're different ones that are associated with

458
00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:34,520
Speaker 1: different points along the LHC. As I understand it, where

459
00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,640
Speaker 1: it's different essentially collision points that are looking at very

460
00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:43,360
Speaker 1: specific of the byproducts of these high energy collisions. That's right.

461
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,720
Speaker 1: So we have two beams of protons um, one going

462
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:49,200
Speaker 1: one way around the circle, the other going the other way.

463
00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:51,480
Speaker 1: And if somebody out there is wondering, well, why is

464
00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:53,639
Speaker 1: it a circle, the reason is the circle is that

465
00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:55,880
Speaker 1: it takes a while to get protons up to high

466
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,120
Speaker 1: enough speed. That's what we want to do, is we

467
00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:01,240
Speaker 1: want to reuse those little boosters. The circle is essentially

468
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:03,800
Speaker 1: a string of little boosters. Each one gives a little

469
00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,479
Speaker 1: kick and gets it going faster and faster, and so

470
00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:08,919
Speaker 1: if you can spin it around multiple times that you

471
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,360
Speaker 1: can get it going faster and faster. It's like when

472
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:13,520
Speaker 1: your kids on the Merry go round or nothing merry

473
00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:15,240
Speaker 1: go around. What is that thing called the at the

474
00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,280
Speaker 1: playground that spins around? Yeah, I know what you're talking about.

475
00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:21,000
Speaker 1: I honestly don't know the name of that either. The

476
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:25,199
Speaker 1: vominator the vominator um uh. And and you put them

477
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:26,679
Speaker 1: on there and you spin it, you keep pushing. It

478
00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:28,520
Speaker 1: goes faster and faster. So that's why it goes in

479
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:31,000
Speaker 1: a circle. Um. And in order to bend them in

480
00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:33,560
Speaker 1: a circle, we have these really strong magnets. So the

481
00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:35,960
Speaker 1: way the collider works is it's a kick to make

482
00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,399
Speaker 1: it faster and then a magnet to bend it to

483
00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:41,399
Speaker 1: go in a circle. And because we want to collide

484
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:43,480
Speaker 1: the protons, we actually have two of these. We have

485
00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:46,000
Speaker 1: one going one way and other than protons going the

486
00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,840
Speaker 1: other way, and so four places around the ring we

487
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:53,440
Speaker 1: cross those beams, right, we try to collide them. And

488
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:55,639
Speaker 1: and also it's not individual proton. It's not like we

489
00:25:55,680 --> 00:25:58,560
Speaker 1: put one proton in the in one beam and another

490
00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:00,159
Speaker 1: proton the other beam and we zoomed around and we

491
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,080
Speaker 1: smashed one proton. It's really hard to get protons to

492
00:26:03,119 --> 00:26:05,959
Speaker 1: hit each other because they're so small um, and so

493
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,720
Speaker 1: we actually have like a little gas of protons. It's

494
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:10,920
Speaker 1: a we call it a technical term is a bunch

495
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:14,320
Speaker 1: of protons, and it's you know, tend to some number

496
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:17,760
Speaker 1: of protons that we passed through another gas of protons

497
00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:21,120
Speaker 1: hoping to get some collisions. And so there's four places

498
00:26:21,119 --> 00:26:23,720
Speaker 1: around the ring that this happens, and each one is

499
00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:27,960
Speaker 1: surrounded by a massive set of detectors um to observe

500
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:30,280
Speaker 1: what happens. Think of it like a really big digital camera.

501
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:32,960
Speaker 1: And I work on one of those. And the name

502
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,720
Speaker 1: of the detector is the Atlas detector, which has like

503
00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:39,879
Speaker 1: which sets the record from maybe the worst scientific acronym

504
00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,159
Speaker 1: ever because it has an acronym inside. I think ATLAS

505
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:50,720
Speaker 1: stands for a large toroidal LHC apparatus. It's the most

506
00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:54,160
Speaker 1: tortured acronym ever. Anyway, Atlas surrounds one of the collision

507
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,560
Speaker 1: points and we smash the protons together there and that's

508
00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:00,520
Speaker 1: where the magic happens. And you might be thinking, you know,

509
00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:02,840
Speaker 1: if you smash protons together, all you can learn about

510
00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:05,040
Speaker 1: is what's inside protons. Right the way, if you take

511
00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:08,080
Speaker 1: your blender apart. You can learn about what's inside blenders.

512
00:27:08,119 --> 00:27:10,440
Speaker 1: That's true, and we can learn about what's inside blenders,

513
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:14,000
Speaker 1: but what's inside protons um. But we can also do

514
00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,040
Speaker 1: something else because of the magic of quantum mechanics. What

515
00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:20,800
Speaker 1: happens when you collide a proton and another proton is

516
00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:23,840
Speaker 1: that the particles inside them interact. So inside a proton

517
00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:26,920
Speaker 1: we have quarks, up quarks and down corks, and those

518
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,040
Speaker 1: quirks can interact and they can actually annihilate, which means

519
00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:33,119
Speaker 1: that they convert from mass from little bits of stuff

520
00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:37,600
Speaker 1: flying through the particle collider into energy. Okay, so the

521
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,679
Speaker 1: particles are gone, the stuff that made them up is

522
00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:44,560
Speaker 1: destroyeds turned into energy, and then that energy gets turned

523
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,280
Speaker 1: back into mass because a little blob of energy is

524
00:27:47,359 --> 00:27:49,879
Speaker 1: very unstable, doesn't like they hang out very long, and

525
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,600
Speaker 1: so it turns back into mass, and it doesn't have

526
00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:55,000
Speaker 1: to turn back into the same kind of stuff that

527
00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:57,840
Speaker 1: it's started from. So you can turn for example, two

528
00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:00,439
Speaker 1: up corks, you can annihilate them together, turn them into

529
00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:02,399
Speaker 1: a ball of energy, and then they can turn into

530
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:07,280
Speaker 1: muans or electrons or other weird kinds of particles. And

531
00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,560
Speaker 1: it's not required that it's made of the same stuff

532
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,639
Speaker 1: because the stuff has disappeared, it's been annihilated. So it

533
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:16,080
Speaker 1: really is like modern day alchemy. You know, we're turning

534
00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:20,080
Speaker 1: one kind of stuff into another kind of stuff, and

535
00:28:20,119 --> 00:28:23,600
Speaker 1: that's magical because it means we can create any kind

536
00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:26,840
Speaker 1: of stuff that's sort of on the universe's menu. We

537
00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:29,439
Speaker 1: don't have to know it's there in advance. We just

538
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:33,240
Speaker 1: pour enough energy into the collisions and eventually all the

539
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:36,760
Speaker 1: kinds of stuff will pop out. So it's it's really

540
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:39,680
Speaker 1: like an exploration machine. It's like saying, what's out there,

541
00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:42,680
Speaker 1: what's on Nature's list of particles? What can we make

542
00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:45,440
Speaker 1: if we put enough energy into the collider. And so

543
00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:48,040
Speaker 1: that's how we smash protons together to try to figure

544
00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:51,040
Speaker 1: out what is the list of particles that the universe

545
00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:54,080
Speaker 1: has on the list of sort of allowed states. And

546
00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:56,120
Speaker 1: that's that's what we're doing to try to get inside

547
00:28:56,120 --> 00:28:58,680
Speaker 1: into this question of what is the universe made out of.

548
00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:03,080
Speaker 1: That's InCred credibly cool, like I've never heard it described

549
00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:07,080
Speaker 1: that way. So too, the thought of of smashing these

550
00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:10,560
Speaker 1: protons together at incredibly high energies and then you end

551
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,520
Speaker 1: up as part of that essentially almost like the proto

552
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:17,960
Speaker 1: energy that can convert into various different types of things

553
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:22,480
Speaker 1: based on possibly criteria that we don't fully understand. I mean,

554
00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:24,800
Speaker 1: obviously you go. And those are the laws we're trying

555
00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:27,200
Speaker 1: to figure out, you know. We're trying to write down

556
00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:31,120
Speaker 1: mathematical equations that predict how often you'll see this kind

557
00:29:31,120 --> 00:29:33,040
Speaker 1: of particle, how often you see that kind of particle,

558
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:35,440
Speaker 1: And the kinds of particles that we've studied, you know,

559
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:38,680
Speaker 1: electrons and mues whatever. We understand how those are made,

560
00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:42,000
Speaker 1: and we can calculate very precisely how often we should

561
00:29:42,040 --> 00:29:44,800
Speaker 1: see them and uh, and what energies and so that's

562
00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:46,640
Speaker 1: the kind of thing we study. We we understand in

563
00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,680
Speaker 1: pretty and pretty good detail why some particles are made

564
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,360
Speaker 1: and when and how often. What we're looking for is

565
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,640
Speaker 1: the weird stuff, the stuff we haven't predicted, or the

566
00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:57,800
Speaker 1: stuff we hadn't anticipated, or you know, the things that

567
00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:00,360
Speaker 1: people have predicted but we haven't seen yet. And those

568
00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 1: things tend to be more rare, which is why we

569
00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:05,640
Speaker 1: smash the particles together so often. We do it every

570
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:10,200
Speaker 1: twenty five nanoseconds, all day, all year long. And the

571
00:30:10,240 --> 00:30:12,200
Speaker 1: reason is most of the stuff that happens is boring.

572
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,400
Speaker 1: We've seen it before. Occasionally, very rarely, something weird will

573
00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:18,680
Speaker 1: happen and that'll give us a clue about maybe a

574
00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:23,840
Speaker 1: new kind of rare particle. So I imagine if you're

575
00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:29,000
Speaker 1: doing this that frequently with that many protons, knowing not

576
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:31,320
Speaker 1: that all of them are are colliding, but still a

577
00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:33,840
Speaker 1: good amount of them are UM and you have these

578
00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:37,600
Speaker 1: four different points where they're all gathering data that you're

579
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:40,640
Speaker 1: you're getting getting a few zeros and ones out of there.

580
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:43,080
Speaker 1: There's a lot I'm guessing a lot of information gets

581
00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:47,600
Speaker 1: generated all the time through these experience. It's a it's

582
00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,000
Speaker 1: a tidal wave of data. Every time we have a collision,

583
00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:53,760
Speaker 1: we read out the whole detector, which has a hundred

584
00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:57,880
Speaker 1: million different detector channels. So it's a massive basically digital

585
00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:01,720
Speaker 1: image of the detector every every every twenty five nanoseconds

586
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 1: UM and so that's pretty that's a pretty large volume

587
00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:07,760
Speaker 1: of data UM and we it's so big that we

588
00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:10,920
Speaker 1: can't even save it all, right, we if we saved

589
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:13,200
Speaker 1: it all, it would take a huge amount of resources

590
00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:15,400
Speaker 1: and we wouldn't have no time to go through it.

591
00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:17,000
Speaker 1: So what we do, and most of it is not

592
00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:21,160
Speaker 1: very interesting of what happens is just like two protons

593
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:23,040
Speaker 1: come in, they kind of bounce off each other, two

594
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:25,680
Speaker 1: protons come out. You know, it's rare that you actually

595
00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:28,280
Speaker 1: have them, like a deep collision that interacts with the

596
00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:31,160
Speaker 1: particles inside that makes something weird. And so what we

597
00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:33,680
Speaker 1: do is we have this system we call it the trigger,

598
00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,560
Speaker 1: that makes a keep or kill decision on the fly,

599
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:40,120
Speaker 1: and it says was it interesting enough to save? If so,

600
00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:43,800
Speaker 1: then shunt it down the down the view the wires

601
00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:47,520
Speaker 1: towards the disk. If no, throw it away. And so

602
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:49,840
Speaker 1: we have to make these keep or kill decisions every

603
00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:52,680
Speaker 1: twenty five nanoseconds. And when it's gone, it's gone. It's

604
00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:54,479
Speaker 1: not like it's saved to back up and you can

605
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:56,760
Speaker 1: go through it another time. It's just we just toss

606
00:31:56,840 --> 00:32:00,000
Speaker 1: it out. And so that's a really vital system that's actual.

607
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:04,200
Speaker 1: The part that my group works on is this trigger system? Interesting? Yeah,

608
00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:07,360
Speaker 1: I always thought when I was learning more about this,

609
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:10,800
Speaker 1: I wrote an article about how the large hadron collider

610
00:32:10,840 --> 00:32:12,880
Speaker 1: works as part of my work for How Stuff Works.

611
00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:17,200
Speaker 1: And while I was working on it, it struck me

612
00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:23,640
Speaker 1: just how amazing the actual apparatus is of creating these

613
00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:28,200
Speaker 1: beams and steering them and creating the collision points. And

614
00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:32,520
Speaker 1: then it occurred to me that as challenging as it is,

615
00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:38,280
Speaker 1: you know, as much learning and engineering and all the

616
00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:40,760
Speaker 1: expertise that would be required to make such a thing happen.

617
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:45,960
Speaker 1: As impressive as that is, it's it's also incredibly impressive

618
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:49,440
Speaker 1: to think about how do you deal with the information

619
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:52,480
Speaker 1: that you generate from such a thing. It's so large,

620
00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:57,720
Speaker 1: and the ability to differentiate between what is interesting versus

621
00:32:57,720 --> 00:32:59,960
Speaker 1: what has already been known and therefore like this is

622
00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:05,320
Speaker 1: something that we don't necessarily need to consider because it's

623
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:07,160
Speaker 1: this is this is like we might as well have

624
00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:09,320
Speaker 1: this etched on the side of a mountain already. We're good,

625
00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:13,400
Speaker 1: let's just concentrate this other stuff. Um. And as you

626
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:16,479
Speaker 1: start to look at the challenges that people have with

627
00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:22,200
Speaker 1: big data in general, which is orders of magnitude smaller

628
00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:25,200
Speaker 1: than one is being generated at the LHC. But you

629
00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:28,160
Speaker 1: look at those challenges just like businesses who are saying like,

630
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:30,680
Speaker 1: we don't even know what what data we have at

631
00:33:30,680 --> 00:33:34,440
Speaker 1: this point, and you think, well, that's troubling. Then you realize, well,

632
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:38,360
Speaker 1: if we're having trouble with that, imagine the challenge of

633
00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:41,960
Speaker 1: sifting through all that information to find these gems, these

634
00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:47,320
Speaker 1: these indications of something unknown or not fully understood, and

635
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,760
Speaker 1: it boggled my mind. So to me, that is one

636
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:55,440
Speaker 1: of the the huge achievements was not just the incredible

637
00:33:56,000 --> 00:34:00,080
Speaker 1: technological triumph of building a particle accelerator as large and

638
00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:03,360
Speaker 1: as powerful as the LHC, but then creating the way

639
00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:06,400
Speaker 1: to deal with the information that's generated as a result.

640
00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:10,160
Speaker 1: And I think a lot of people don't necessarily appreciate

641
00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:14,560
Speaker 1: that or understand that, because they're just thinking of, uh,

642
00:34:14,680 --> 00:34:18,520
Speaker 1: there's probably conceptualizing. You know, these these particles hitting each

643
00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:21,040
Speaker 1: other really at high speed, and then there's maybe a

644
00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:23,200
Speaker 1: flash of light or something, and then there's a little

645
00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:25,600
Speaker 1: squiggly line that goes off into the distance and you think, oh,

646
00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:28,960
Speaker 1: that was a cork right now. It's it's because these

647
00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:31,600
Speaker 1: are so far outside the normal experience, it's hard to

648
00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:34,799
Speaker 1: think of. Well, I'll tell you some details about it.

649
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,880
Speaker 1: That's actually the part of it that I'm most interested in. Um.

650
00:34:39,040 --> 00:34:41,239
Speaker 1: But first, the human side of it is that this

651
00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,879
Speaker 1: apparatus is so complex that everybody who participates and it's

652
00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:47,480
Speaker 1: you know, tens of thousands of scientists all working together.

653
00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:50,960
Speaker 1: Certainly not my project by myself. Everybody who participates only

654
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: does a little bit. You know, the people who specialize

655
00:34:53,719 --> 00:34:56,279
Speaker 1: in getting the beams to go really high speed, and

656
00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:58,919
Speaker 1: people who specialize in focusing the beams, and people who

657
00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:02,200
Speaker 1: specialize in building the detectors that surround the beam, and

658
00:35:02,239 --> 00:35:05,399
Speaker 1: people who specialize in um in the trigger, and people

659
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,960
Speaker 1: who specialize in analyzing the data. And one of the

660
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,480
Speaker 1: cool things is that you can specialize. You can say

661
00:35:10,719 --> 00:35:12,879
Speaker 1: I really like climbing around the detector with a wrench

662
00:35:12,920 --> 00:35:14,480
Speaker 1: and I want to spend my days doing that, or

663
00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:16,719
Speaker 1: you can say, oh, I'm really interested in the data

664
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:19,600
Speaker 1: reduction problem, and so we sort of get to attract

665
00:35:19,640 --> 00:35:21,800
Speaker 1: all types and people who are good at different things,

666
00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:23,640
Speaker 1: and everybody gets to do the part they want rather

667
00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:26,560
Speaker 1: than having to do all of it by themselves. Um So,

668
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,600
Speaker 1: I think that's really fun. And the part that I'm

669
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:32,240
Speaker 1: most interested in is exactly what you were just mentioning,

670
00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:34,080
Speaker 1: is how do you go from this huge pile of

671
00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:37,200
Speaker 1: data to saying things about the universe right to say

672
00:35:37,360 --> 00:35:39,319
Speaker 1: I've got all these zeros and ones. How do I

673
00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:41,640
Speaker 1: then say, oh, look we have a Higgs boson. We

674
00:35:41,719 --> 00:35:44,520
Speaker 1: know it exists or we found dark matter or something

675
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:47,440
Speaker 1: like that. And and one of the problems is that

676
00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:49,640
Speaker 1: we don't create these particles and then like have them

677
00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:52,200
Speaker 1: in a jar. It's not like we're producing a pile

678
00:35:52,239 --> 00:35:54,200
Speaker 1: of higgs bosons and we can point them to them

679
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:56,759
Speaker 1: and say, look, these are higgs bosons. You can tell

680
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,840
Speaker 1: you can touch them, or they have some weird property

681
00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:01,400
Speaker 1: or something right the way, like in condensed matter, they

682
00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:03,680
Speaker 1: can make new kinds of goo and then they can

683
00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:06,000
Speaker 1: show it to you and then has with strange effects

684
00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:09,359
Speaker 1: or something. The higgs bosons that we produce only last

685
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,560
Speaker 1: for like ten to the minus twenty something seconds. So

686
00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:15,200
Speaker 1: this this picture I told you where the corks collide,

687
00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:18,080
Speaker 1: they turned into something um some energy. Then they turned

688
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:20,400
Speaker 1: into a new particle. That's true, but that new particle

689
00:36:20,760 --> 00:36:23,080
Speaker 1: might only last for a really really short amount of

690
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:25,040
Speaker 1: time because a lot of these particles are very heavy

691
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:27,080
Speaker 1: and unstable, and they don't like to live very long.

692
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,880
Speaker 1: Unlike you know, electrons or protons, which can last for

693
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:33,560
Speaker 1: billions or trillions of years, we don't even know. Some

694
00:36:33,640 --> 00:36:36,239
Speaker 1: of these particles are inherently unstable and they turn into

695
00:36:36,239 --> 00:36:38,920
Speaker 1: other particles. And so what we see in our detector

696
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:43,040
Speaker 1: is never direct proof of that new particle. Instead, it's

697
00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:47,600
Speaker 1: always indirect evidence. It's like, um, you came to a

698
00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:50,759
Speaker 1: UM came to an intersection, and you see, you know,

699
00:36:50,840 --> 00:36:52,680
Speaker 1: shards in the ground. You see glass over here, and

700
00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:55,000
Speaker 1: you see steal over there, and there's a dead body

701
00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:57,120
Speaker 1: over here, and you have to figure out what happened.

702
00:36:57,440 --> 00:37:00,399
Speaker 1: It's always like that that we're looking at what out

703
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,720
Speaker 1: of the collision and trying to figure out what happened

704
00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:04,600
Speaker 1: in the middle. And so a lot of what we

705
00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:08,200
Speaker 1: do is is really complicated statistical inference. We say, given

706
00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:11,120
Speaker 1: the data that we saw, which theory of the universe

707
00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:13,480
Speaker 1: is more likely in the theory with the Higgs boson

708
00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:16,480
Speaker 1: or without the Higgs boson. So most of the actual

709
00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:20,440
Speaker 1: work involved is in constructing those two hypotheses and comparing

710
00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:23,880
Speaker 1: them to the data, saying, how can we analyze the data,

711
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:26,239
Speaker 1: how can we um you know, plow through the data

712
00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:29,640
Speaker 1: in a way so that these two hypotheses give different predictions.

713
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:31,960
Speaker 1: Like in the case of the search for the Higgs boson,

714
00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:36,600
Speaker 1: we were looking for collisions that had to photons coming out.

715
00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:40,719
Speaker 1: So two protons come in, two photons come out, right,

716
00:37:40,719 --> 00:37:43,440
Speaker 1: two little beams of light. And that's because the higgs

717
00:37:43,480 --> 00:37:47,239
Speaker 1: boson um sometimes turns into two photons, so we're looking

718
00:37:47,239 --> 00:37:50,080
Speaker 1: for two photons. Problem is, there are other things that

719
00:37:50,239 --> 00:37:53,080
Speaker 1: also turned into two photons, lots of ways to make

720
00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:56,840
Speaker 1: two photons that aren't the Higgs boson. But if you

721
00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:59,520
Speaker 1: did make the Higgs boson and it turned into two photons,

722
00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:02,560
Speaker 1: then it would turn into two photons with a certain

723
00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:05,080
Speaker 1: amount of energy. That amount of energy is connected to

724
00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:08,239
Speaker 1: how much mass is in the Higgs boson. So we

725
00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:10,600
Speaker 1: did is we just said, let's look at all the

726
00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:14,080
Speaker 1: collisions that turned into two photons, and let's just compare,

727
00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:15,839
Speaker 1: and we made sort of a plot where we said,

728
00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:18,120
Speaker 1: on the x axis is the amount of energy and

729
00:38:18,160 --> 00:38:21,080
Speaker 1: the collisions and then why access is the number. So

730
00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:23,760
Speaker 1: if you're envisioning this, we have one theory that says

731
00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:27,040
Speaker 1: there should be a smooth distribution, and then what the

732
00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:29,400
Speaker 1: theory with the Higgs boson says, well, there should be

733
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:31,239
Speaker 1: a smooth distribution, but then you should you should get

734
00:38:31,239 --> 00:38:33,959
Speaker 1: a bump, you should get an enhancement around the mass

735
00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:36,880
Speaker 1: of the higgs. So one theory is there is no

736
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:39,279
Speaker 1: Higgs boson and you should get a bunch of just

737
00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:43,520
Speaker 1: random collisions with two photons no special energy levels. And

738
00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,680
Speaker 1: the other theory is you have a Higgs boson, which

739
00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:49,880
Speaker 1: means you get extra production of two photon events and

740
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:52,480
Speaker 1: they should cluster and they should all have a similar energy.

741
00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:55,439
Speaker 1: So if you make this uh this plot, you should

742
00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:58,160
Speaker 1: get a bump near the mass of the Higgs. And

743
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:01,240
Speaker 1: so essentially we have two hypotheses. We say no Higgs

744
00:39:01,239 --> 00:39:04,440
Speaker 1: boson or Higgs boson, and then we look at the data.

745
00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 1: So we've done the hard work of constructing two possible

746
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:11,400
Speaker 1: ideas and figuring out what question to ask the data.

747
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,080
Speaker 1: That's always the crucial things. What question are you asking

748
00:39:14,080 --> 00:39:17,120
Speaker 1: the data? And we've composed the question in a way

749
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,439
Speaker 1: that we hope the data can answer it. And that's

750
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,560
Speaker 1: how we discover the Higgs boson is the data followed

751
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:24,560
Speaker 1: one curve, the curve with a bump in it, and

752
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:27,320
Speaker 1: not the smooth curve, the curve that had no Higgs boson.

753
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:30,400
Speaker 1: So a lot of the work we do is involved

754
00:39:30,440 --> 00:39:34,000
Speaker 1: in in analyzing that data, and because it's such a

755
00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:37,680
Speaker 1: big project, we have people specializing in these areas, and

756
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,960
Speaker 1: this is my area specialty is analyzing this data and

757
00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:43,759
Speaker 1: one of my other interests is in computer science and

758
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:47,200
Speaker 1: artificial intelligence, And in the last five years we've been

759
00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:51,240
Speaker 1: borrowing really heavily from computer science all these new tools

760
00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,480
Speaker 1: they've developed to do really fantastical artificial intelligence to recognize patterns.

761
00:39:56,840 --> 00:39:59,160
Speaker 1: We found ways to take those tools and apply them

762
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,759
Speaker 1: to these quests to say, to artificial intelligence tools, can

763
00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:05,799
Speaker 1: you find patterns in this data? Can you learn to

764
00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:09,080
Speaker 1: find Higgs bosons in these ones and zeros um and

765
00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:11,360
Speaker 1: separate them from things that are not Higgs bosons but

766
00:40:11,480 --> 00:40:13,640
Speaker 1: look like them. So we've had a lot of fun

767
00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:15,920
Speaker 1: bringing in ideas from other fields. We don't invent a

768
00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:18,239
Speaker 1: lot of this stuff by ourselves. We sort of you know,

769
00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:20,200
Speaker 1: we have a nail and we sift around for somebody

770
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,320
Speaker 1: nearby who might have a hammer. Mm hmm. Well, that

771
00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:27,759
Speaker 1: to me is always a fascinating thing as well. It's

772
00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:32,040
Speaker 1: it's a different level of innovation where you are thinking,

773
00:40:32,160 --> 00:40:35,160
Speaker 1: rather than let's let's invent a brand new tool to

774
00:40:35,239 --> 00:40:37,480
Speaker 1: do this thing, you say, well, do we have any

775
00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:40,840
Speaker 1: tools that perhaps are not currently being used to do

776
00:40:40,880 --> 00:40:44,279
Speaker 1: this thing, but with some some work, we could repurpose

777
00:40:44,320 --> 00:40:47,480
Speaker 1: them for this thing. Um exactly. It's usually it's a

778
00:40:47,480 --> 00:40:50,600
Speaker 1: happy discovery. Yeah. I remember going over to the computer

779
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:53,880
Speaker 1: science department it was like two thousand twelve and describing

780
00:40:53,880 --> 00:40:56,160
Speaker 1: this project and saying, look, here's the problem we have.

781
00:40:56,840 --> 00:40:59,240
Speaker 1: We don't have a tool that can solve this problem.

782
00:40:59,280 --> 00:41:01,000
Speaker 1: What do you have? And they said, oh, my gosh,

783
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,560
Speaker 1: we have the perfect tool. Currently we're using it to

784
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:05,480
Speaker 1: solve this other problem. And I was like, well, what

785
00:41:05,520 --> 00:41:07,680
Speaker 1: problem are you solving and they said, oh, we're trying

786
00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:10,279
Speaker 1: to figure out how to answer the question is there

787
00:41:10,320 --> 00:41:13,200
Speaker 1: a cat in this Internet video? Right? Which is like

788
00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,280
Speaker 1: the perfect example of how of a hard but relevant problem,

789
00:41:17,480 --> 00:41:20,600
Speaker 1: Like it's not easy to say, here's a video, can

790
00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:22,600
Speaker 1: you tell me if there's a cadet? It's the kind

791
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:24,880
Speaker 1: of thing it's easy for a person, but it's really

792
00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:27,440
Speaker 1: hard for a computer program. Right, how do you define

793
00:41:27,480 --> 00:41:30,080
Speaker 1: a cat? And then it's moving through the videos like

794
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:33,080
Speaker 1: different colors of cats, cats, of different behaviors. It's a

795
00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:35,640
Speaker 1: difficult problem and it's one where there's a lot of

796
00:41:35,719 --> 00:41:39,040
Speaker 1: data available. So the computer scientists latched onto this problem

797
00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:42,440
Speaker 1: not because it was important or particularly interesting or useful,

798
00:41:42,680 --> 00:41:44,960
Speaker 1: but just because it was hard and they had a

799
00:41:45,040 --> 00:41:47,319
Speaker 1: lot of data. So when I came to them, with

800
00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:49,879
Speaker 1: another problem that was hard where we had a lot

801
00:41:49,880 --> 00:41:53,719
Speaker 1: of data but actually had some like scientific value and

802
00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:57,600
Speaker 1: it sounded cool. They were very excited, So they're excited

803
00:41:57,600 --> 00:41:59,239
Speaker 1: to get to use their tool and something that was

804
00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:02,240
Speaker 1: actually real event into society, into physics and to science.

805
00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:04,560
Speaker 1: And we were excited, of course to use their awesome

806
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,160
Speaker 1: tool which worked really, really well. So it's usually a

807
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:09,120
Speaker 1: sort of a peanut butter and chocolate situation when you

808
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,520
Speaker 1: can find this sort of crossovers nice. I like. I

809
00:42:12,560 --> 00:42:15,560
Speaker 1: like the peanut butter chocolate analogy. Daniel and I have

810
00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:18,120
Speaker 1: more to say about the LHC, but before we get

811
00:42:18,120 --> 00:42:27,719
Speaker 1: to that, we're going to take another quick break. The

812
00:42:27,760 --> 00:42:30,840
Speaker 1: neat thing up to me about the machine learning process

813
00:42:30,920 --> 00:42:34,480
Speaker 1: that you were talking about with with identifying cats and videos.

814
00:42:34,880 --> 00:42:38,440
Speaker 1: Taking an approach like that where again seemingly if you

815
00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:41,359
Speaker 1: if you explain that to someone, they sound they say, well,

816
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:43,400
Speaker 1: that sounds like it's trivia hill. It's I mean, it

817
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:45,640
Speaker 1: may be a hard computer problem, but what's the purpose.

818
00:42:45,680 --> 00:42:49,319
Speaker 1: And my argument to them has always been, well, a

819
00:42:49,440 --> 00:42:51,719
Speaker 1: human can immediately tell if the computer was right or

820
00:42:51,719 --> 00:42:54,040
Speaker 1: wrong when it or the machine was right or wrong

821
00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:56,799
Speaker 1: when it comes to its conclusion and therefore go in

822
00:42:56,880 --> 00:43:00,960
Speaker 1: and tweak the waitings of the various decisions points that

823
00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:03,880
Speaker 1: if you're using an our official neural network, you change

824
00:43:03,920 --> 00:43:06,960
Speaker 1: the waitings of the the various values so that it

825
00:43:07,040 --> 00:43:10,719
Speaker 1: can slowly hone in on what is it to be

826
00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:15,160
Speaker 1: a cat and and understand what catness really is, not

827
00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:18,160
Speaker 1: not the character from Hunger Games, but what catness really is.

828
00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:25,520
Speaker 1: And that one, yes, exactly, that's that's exactly what you

829
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:27,400
Speaker 1: want to do, right If you're trying to create a

830
00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:30,640
Speaker 1: tool like this, you want to pick a goal where

831
00:43:30,719 --> 00:43:33,920
Speaker 1: a human can say, yes, the the computer has managed

832
00:43:33,960 --> 00:43:36,279
Speaker 1: to hit that goal, or no, the computer has not.

833
00:43:36,640 --> 00:43:39,880
Speaker 1: So that way, once you've perfected the approach and you

834
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:42,520
Speaker 1: can then start to apply it to things where uh,

835
00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:46,520
Speaker 1: we don't have as full of an understanding. It's the

836
00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:50,640
Speaker 1: difference between supervised learning with machine learning and unsupervised learning.

837
00:43:51,239 --> 00:43:54,560
Speaker 1: And and to me, that's a very fascinating area of study.

838
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:56,719
Speaker 1: I've talked about that a lot on tech stuff as well,

839
00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:00,279
Speaker 1: and uh, it also gets into other issues that I

840
00:44:00,280 --> 00:44:03,360
Speaker 1: won't I won't dive into here, things like the the

841
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:05,920
Speaker 1: need for transparency for these kind of systems so that

842
00:44:05,960 --> 00:44:08,439
Speaker 1: we understand how they get to their conclusions and it's

843
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:11,760
Speaker 1: not just a black box, etcetera, etcetera. But I digress.

844
00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:15,400
Speaker 1: How does it know what's a cat? Exactly? Exactly? Interpreting

845
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:17,840
Speaker 1: these networks is very important. Yeah, if you get to

846
00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:19,840
Speaker 1: a point where you watch a video and you say, oh,

847
00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:21,440
Speaker 1: I didn't see a cat in there, but the computer

848
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:23,200
Speaker 1: says there's a cat in there, And the computer says, no,

849
00:44:23,239 --> 00:44:25,160
Speaker 1: there absolutely as a cat in there. Just because you

850
00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:26,759
Speaker 1: didn't see it doesn't mean it's not there. And then

851
00:44:27,120 --> 00:44:29,359
Speaker 1: you start to get a little worried. You're thinking, are

852
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:32,440
Speaker 1: we are we heading toward how territory here? Let's uh,

853
00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:34,400
Speaker 1: let's pump the brakes a little bit and find out

854
00:44:34,440 --> 00:44:37,000
Speaker 1: how you got them happy to see to the computers

855
00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:39,200
Speaker 1: the job of determining whether is a cat in the video?

856
00:44:39,360 --> 00:44:42,799
Speaker 1: They're better than I am. You say that, but I

857
00:44:42,840 --> 00:44:48,560
Speaker 1: find cat video so cathartic. Um. So this one thing

858
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:52,040
Speaker 1: I wanted to touch on just briefly, um, and that

859
00:44:52,120 --> 00:44:55,040
Speaker 1: might be difficult to do. But yeah, we mentioned Higgs

860
00:44:55,040 --> 00:44:58,719
Speaker 1: boson quite a quite a bit. And how would you

861
00:44:59,120 --> 00:45:02,840
Speaker 1: describe what the eggs boson is to someone who's interested

862
00:45:02,960 --> 00:45:08,279
Speaker 1: in it but doesn't have that background in in physics. Yeah,

863
00:45:08,320 --> 00:45:11,879
Speaker 1: so the Higgs boson is fascinating a particle, and it's

864
00:45:11,920 --> 00:45:14,360
Speaker 1: a sort of part of the answer to the question

865
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,440
Speaker 1: what is stuff? You know, we want to understand what

866
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:20,440
Speaker 1: are things made out of? A part of that is

867
00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:22,480
Speaker 1: understanding like what am I made out of? What is

868
00:45:22,480 --> 00:45:26,520
Speaker 1: the substance of me? And you imagine that if you

869
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:29,880
Speaker 1: take yourself apart, you're made out of molecules. Those molecules

870
00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:31,880
Speaker 1: made out of atoms. Those atoms are made out of

871
00:45:32,640 --> 00:45:35,640
Speaker 1: protons and electrons and neutrons, and the protons are made

872
00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:38,440
Speaker 1: out of quarks. So at this point we can describe

873
00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:40,600
Speaker 1: everything that you're made out of in terms of quarks

874
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:43,920
Speaker 1: and electrons um. But what we still don't know is

875
00:45:44,280 --> 00:45:46,680
Speaker 1: what are those made out of? Like do they get

876
00:45:46,719 --> 00:45:49,840
Speaker 1: a little scoop of universe stuff? You know, there's some

877
00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:53,840
Speaker 1: sort of basic matter unit, and we don't understand like

878
00:45:53,880 --> 00:45:57,360
Speaker 1: how do they have mass? Where does their mass come from?

879
00:45:57,440 --> 00:46:01,040
Speaker 1: And it's a mystery because in our theory, these particles

880
00:46:01,080 --> 00:46:03,760
Speaker 1: are not little balls. Like when I say a particle,

881
00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:06,920
Speaker 1: you're probably imagining like a little spinning beach ball, right,

882
00:46:06,960 --> 00:46:09,840
Speaker 1: a tiny little dot of actual stuff, but something with

883
00:46:09,960 --> 00:46:13,239
Speaker 1: extent to its mo with size. Well, in our current theory,

884
00:46:13,280 --> 00:46:16,360
Speaker 1: these particles don't have any size. Their dots there points

885
00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:20,359
Speaker 1: in space, which means where is the stuff to them? Right?

886
00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:23,719
Speaker 1: Where is the mass? Where does the mass come from? Um,

887
00:46:23,719 --> 00:46:26,239
Speaker 1: there's no room for any mass in a point. Right.

888
00:46:26,280 --> 00:46:28,719
Speaker 1: If there's mass, there have infinite density, which makes no

889
00:46:28,760 --> 00:46:31,520
Speaker 1: sense at all. You have like all these tiny black holes.

890
00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:33,520
Speaker 1: So the Higgs boson is in a way is a

891
00:46:33,520 --> 00:46:35,960
Speaker 1: way to answer that. What it does is it says

892
00:46:36,239 --> 00:46:39,719
Speaker 1: that the mass the particles have doesn't come from a

893
00:46:39,719 --> 00:46:42,799
Speaker 1: little scoop of universe stuff that they got. Instead, you

894
00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:45,120
Speaker 1: have to think of it's sort of like a charge.

895
00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:48,080
Speaker 1: Like when I tell you an electron has a negative charge.

896
00:46:48,239 --> 00:46:50,400
Speaker 1: That doesn't bother you. But what if I told you

897
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:52,759
Speaker 1: electron is a point particle there's no room for it.

898
00:46:53,040 --> 00:46:56,359
Speaker 1: Would you ask where does the negative charge go? Or

899
00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:58,560
Speaker 1: is there room for the negative charge? You just think

900
00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:00,239
Speaker 1: of negative charge is sort of like a lay bowl,

901
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:03,239
Speaker 1: something that you can apply to a tiny dot. We

902
00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:06,400
Speaker 1: should think of mass the same way. Mass is not

903
00:47:06,520 --> 00:47:09,720
Speaker 1: a little serving of universe stuff. It's like a charge,

904
00:47:10,120 --> 00:47:12,480
Speaker 1: and a charge is something that tells us how things interact.

905
00:47:12,880 --> 00:47:15,000
Speaker 1: So an electron has a negative charge, which means it

906
00:47:15,360 --> 00:47:17,960
Speaker 1: you know, um gets repelled from positive stuff, and they

907
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,680
Speaker 1: can interact with photons and things like that. Um particles

908
00:47:21,719 --> 00:47:25,239
Speaker 1: that have mass. Um those particles that have mass, they

909
00:47:25,239 --> 00:47:27,399
Speaker 1: have mass, which is a charge. It tells us how

910
00:47:27,440 --> 00:47:30,680
Speaker 1: it interacts with the Higgs boson. So the Higgs boson

911
00:47:30,840 --> 00:47:33,279
Speaker 1: is the thing that gives these that that interacts with

912
00:47:33,360 --> 00:47:37,080
Speaker 1: these particles and makes them move as if they had mass,

913
00:47:37,120 --> 00:47:39,320
Speaker 1: So they have something the label on them, and the

914
00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:41,799
Speaker 1: higgs boson interacts with them if you have if you

915
00:47:41,840 --> 00:47:44,520
Speaker 1: have a lot of mass, higgs boson interacts with them

916
00:47:44,520 --> 00:47:46,719
Speaker 1: a lot, and that's what gives them inertia. It makes

917
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:49,120
Speaker 1: makes it hard for them to speed up or hard

918
00:47:49,120 --> 00:47:52,000
Speaker 1: for them to slow down. Right, And so that's what

919
00:47:52,040 --> 00:47:54,279
Speaker 1: the higgs boson does, is it gives mass to these

920
00:47:54,320 --> 00:47:57,400
Speaker 1: particles or explains how a tiny little particle can have

921
00:47:57,480 --> 00:48:01,600
Speaker 1: any mass at all. And the fascinating thing is that

922
00:48:01,640 --> 00:48:04,560
Speaker 1: the idea has been around for decades before we actually

923
00:48:04,560 --> 00:48:08,000
Speaker 1: found it. Some theorist was looking at the list of

924
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:11,200
Speaker 1: particles and the math behind them and saying this doesn't

925
00:48:11,239 --> 00:48:13,920
Speaker 1: really make sense, like how do these particles, how can

926
00:48:14,040 --> 00:48:16,799
Speaker 1: these particles have mass. There's no way to give them

927
00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:19,520
Speaker 1: mass in our theory. Like, we have a really beautiful

928
00:48:19,560 --> 00:48:22,400
Speaker 1: theory that would work perfectly if all the particles in

929
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:25,560
Speaker 1: the universe had no mass, But the particles do have mass,

930
00:48:25,719 --> 00:48:27,640
Speaker 1: and when you try to add mass in various ways,

931
00:48:27,640 --> 00:48:30,200
Speaker 1: it just doesn't work mathematically. It breaks all sorts of

932
00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:33,040
Speaker 1: other rules. So he came up with a way to

933
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:35,600
Speaker 1: give math to these particles by having them interact with

934
00:48:35,640 --> 00:48:38,560
Speaker 1: this other new particle we've never seen before. And the

935
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:41,640
Speaker 1: thing I love about that is that it's it's purely aesthetic.

936
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:44,440
Speaker 1: It's like philosophical. It's like saying, I'm looking at all

937
00:48:44,440 --> 00:48:47,040
Speaker 1: these puzzle pieces and it seems to be one missing.

938
00:48:47,440 --> 00:48:49,680
Speaker 1: This whole story, right, This more back to the idea

939
00:48:49,719 --> 00:48:51,640
Speaker 1: of a story. This whole story would make much more

940
00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:53,680
Speaker 1: sense if there was one more character in it. It

941
00:48:53,719 --> 00:48:56,200
Speaker 1: would just click together, would be symmetric, it would be beautiful,

942
00:48:56,200 --> 00:49:00,200
Speaker 1: it would mathematically look pretty. And so he said, well, abe,

943
00:49:00,239 --> 00:49:01,800
Speaker 1: there is one, right, so let's go look for it.

944
00:49:01,840 --> 00:49:03,879
Speaker 1: And it was so compelling an idea that we spent

945
00:49:04,560 --> 00:49:06,839
Speaker 1: decades and billions of dollars looking for it and then

946
00:49:06,960 --> 00:49:10,240
Speaker 1: actually found it. Right, what a triumph for theoretical physics.

947
00:49:10,239 --> 00:49:12,799
Speaker 1: To say, just in my mind, I can think about

948
00:49:12,840 --> 00:49:15,920
Speaker 1: the patterns of the universe and predict what else is

949
00:49:15,960 --> 00:49:19,520
Speaker 1: out there that we've never seen. To me, that's incredible. Yeah,

950
00:49:19,520 --> 00:49:23,279
Speaker 1: I love that. It's a story where we take a

951
00:49:23,360 --> 00:49:28,359
Speaker 1: look at at an idea that's that's largely fleshed out,

952
00:49:28,880 --> 00:49:32,439
Speaker 1: and then we think, there's this would work so great

953
00:49:32,480 --> 00:49:35,120
Speaker 1: if only there was this thing. You know what, I'm

954
00:49:35,160 --> 00:49:38,560
Speaker 1: just gonna I'm going to create the mathematics here. I'm

955
00:49:38,560 --> 00:49:41,479
Speaker 1: gonna I'm gonna figure out mathematically how this thing could

956
00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:45,640
Speaker 1: exist if everything else we've assumed is more or less right,

957
00:49:46,239 --> 00:49:50,399
Speaker 1: And then wow, that looks really nice. Boy, it would

958
00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:53,000
Speaker 1: be great if that thing exists. We should find out

959
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:56,799
Speaker 1: if that thing exists, and then and then a lot

960
00:49:56,840 --> 00:49:59,240
Speaker 1: of time and thought is put to it. Not obviously

961
00:49:59,280 --> 00:50:02,600
Speaker 1: I'm trivial I saying, I'm very much generalizing. But to me,

962
00:50:02,640 --> 00:50:05,239
Speaker 1: it's just it is beautiful, but it's also there's like

963
00:50:05,280 --> 00:50:08,600
Speaker 1: a level there's a level of beautiful absurdity to it

964
00:50:09,120 --> 00:50:12,279
Speaker 1: that I find interesting from my perspective, not being a

965
00:50:12,320 --> 00:50:15,759
Speaker 1: physicist right where to me, it's it's I don't know,

966
00:50:15,840 --> 00:50:17,720
Speaker 1: you sound like you kind of are an amateur physicist.

967
00:50:17,760 --> 00:50:19,760
Speaker 1: I mean, you think about these ways like a physicist.

968
00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:21,680
Speaker 1: You know, it's not all about the mathematical training. It's

969
00:50:21,680 --> 00:50:24,920
Speaker 1: that's what about the front, the way you think, and

970
00:50:24,960 --> 00:50:27,560
Speaker 1: the way you ask questions. So I'm happy to bestow

971
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:32,120
Speaker 1: you upon you the dubious honor being a deputized amateur physicist. Excellent.

972
00:50:32,239 --> 00:50:36,759
Speaker 1: I cannot I cannot wait to abuse my authority alcoholic

973
00:50:37,160 --> 00:50:39,680
Speaker 1: looking certificate in the mail pretty soon. Yeah, you'll see

974
00:50:39,680 --> 00:50:41,879
Speaker 1: me walking into restaurants saying, give me a good table.

975
00:50:42,000 --> 00:50:45,560
Speaker 1: I am an honorary physicist, and they'll say, yeah, no,

976
00:50:45,719 --> 00:50:48,520
Speaker 1: it doesn't work for for podcast celebrity either. I can

977
00:50:48,560 --> 00:50:52,120
Speaker 1: tell you from ten years of experience. Yeah, it's the

978
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:54,719
Speaker 1: I have the level of fame that is almost but

979
00:50:54,840 --> 00:50:57,960
Speaker 1: not quite completely useless, And honestly I'm okay with that.

980
00:50:58,680 --> 00:51:01,400
Speaker 1: Um well, let me let me shift this a little bit.

981
00:51:01,440 --> 00:51:04,359
Speaker 1: We'll kind of uh get toward the end of our

982
00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:08,480
Speaker 1: conversation here to talk about some more silly fun stuff.

983
00:51:09,080 --> 00:51:10,680
Speaker 1: One of the things I think a lot of people

984
00:51:11,320 --> 00:51:14,600
Speaker 1: heard about when the LHC was, you know, still powering up.

985
00:51:14,640 --> 00:51:16,560
Speaker 1: It was a very long process. In fact, it was

986
00:51:16,640 --> 00:51:19,200
Speaker 1: longer than we had anticipated because there were some problems

987
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:21,399
Speaker 1: that we encountered along the way. I say we as

988
00:51:21,400 --> 00:51:23,480
Speaker 1: if I had anything to do with it. You're an

989
00:51:23,480 --> 00:51:26,440
Speaker 1: honor Earth physics. Now you can say we they're excellent,

990
00:51:26,760 --> 00:51:29,480
Speaker 1: and it's it's uh, it's so good to join the collective.

991
00:51:30,040 --> 00:51:32,840
Speaker 1: But the there were there were some issues, and it

992
00:51:32,880 --> 00:51:37,120
Speaker 1: also led to a lot of speculation, much of it

993
00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:41,960
Speaker 1: completely baseless from people who had little to no understanding

994
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:46,719
Speaker 1: of what was happening, but apparently access to wonderful platforms

995
00:51:46,880 --> 00:51:51,759
Speaker 1: from which they could espouse these these baseless claims. But

996
00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:56,080
Speaker 1: we had everything from people saying this is going to

997
00:51:56,160 --> 00:51:59,040
Speaker 1: create black holes without really one understanding what a black

998
00:51:59,080 --> 00:52:01,720
Speaker 1: hole is to understand inning if that were in fact

999
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,440
Speaker 1: to happen. The time frame we're talking about, and the size,

1000
00:52:05,560 --> 00:52:09,600
Speaker 1: the the uh of it, and and what energy level

1001
00:52:09,920 --> 00:52:13,360
Speaker 1: we'd be talking about less than what a mosquito generates

1002
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:16,000
Speaker 1: when it flaps its wings, for example, and at a

1003
00:52:16,160 --> 00:52:19,520
Speaker 1: at a at a time that's so small that is

1004
00:52:19,560 --> 00:52:22,120
Speaker 1: impossible for us to think of it. We can we

1005
00:52:22,120 --> 00:52:23,840
Speaker 1: could look at a measurement, We could look at a

1006
00:52:23,960 --> 00:52:27,719
Speaker 1: number with a whole bunch of zeros, you know, a dot,

1007
00:52:27,760 --> 00:52:29,640
Speaker 1: a bunch of zeros and then a one after it,

1008
00:52:30,160 --> 00:52:32,239
Speaker 1: and think, oh, that's how long it is based on

1009
00:52:32,320 --> 00:52:35,960
Speaker 1: you know, point zero zero zero, etcetera, etcetera, etcetera, one seconds.

1010
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:39,000
Speaker 1: But you can't by the time you think that, so

1011
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:42,560
Speaker 1: countless number of those have passed. And so to me,

1012
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:46,680
Speaker 1: that was one of those things that I found funny

1013
00:52:46,760 --> 00:52:51,440
Speaker 1: and infuriating at the same time, this sort of misconception about, oh,

1014
00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:54,160
Speaker 1: the LHC is a doomsday device that is going to

1015
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,600
Speaker 1: end all life because we're going to create a black

1016
00:52:57,640 --> 00:53:00,719
Speaker 1: hole that will suck up the entire universe. There's even,

1017
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:05,480
Speaker 1: as I recall, there's a website that had a very funny,

1018
00:53:05,920 --> 00:53:10,840
Speaker 1: very amateurish gift of a picture supposedly from a security

1019
00:53:10,880 --> 00:53:14,800
Speaker 1: camera outside the LHC just getting sucked in to a

1020
00:53:15,239 --> 00:53:17,320
Speaker 1: single point as if a black hole had been created,

1021
00:53:17,320 --> 00:53:21,080
Speaker 1: and I thought, wow, that's amazing. That's amazing connection to

1022
00:53:21,160 --> 00:53:25,600
Speaker 1: be able to continue to broadcast while spaghettification is happening.

1023
00:53:26,440 --> 00:53:29,640
Speaker 1: My favorite website is called has the Large hage On

1024
00:53:29,760 --> 00:53:33,560
Speaker 1: Collider destroyed the world yet? Dot com? We promise as

1025
00:53:33,640 --> 00:53:37,080
Speaker 1: physicist to always keep up to date, right, so if

1026
00:53:37,080 --> 00:53:38,680
Speaker 1: you go to that website and it says yes, then

1027
00:53:38,760 --> 00:53:41,799
Speaker 1: you know, yeah, you might wanna, you might want to,

1028
00:53:41,920 --> 00:53:45,840
Speaker 1: you know, might make some plans, But yeah, this is

1029
00:53:45,840 --> 00:53:47,960
Speaker 1: a this is a common thing that's raised, and I

1030
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:51,120
Speaker 1: think it's reasonable for people to wonder, like our physicists

1031
00:53:51,120 --> 00:53:54,160
Speaker 1: going to trigger some sort of universal apocalypse which ends

1032
00:53:54,440 --> 00:53:57,920
Speaker 1: society as we know it. It's a fair question, um,

1033
00:53:57,960 --> 00:54:01,319
Speaker 1: But it's also reasonable for us to lean on physicists

1034
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:03,640
Speaker 1: expertise and answering the question. In this case, I think

1035
00:54:03,680 --> 00:54:07,120
Speaker 1: Cerain has done an excellent job of taking this concern seriously.

1036
00:54:07,840 --> 00:54:10,000
Speaker 1: So for those who don't know, there really is a

1037
00:54:10,080 --> 00:54:12,520
Speaker 1: theory that we could be creating miniature black holes at

1038
00:54:12,520 --> 00:54:16,120
Speaker 1: the large A Run collider. The idea is that gravity

1039
00:54:16,480 --> 00:54:19,160
Speaker 1: might be very very power. Gravity, which is the weakest force,

1040
00:54:19,280 --> 00:54:22,040
Speaker 1: might actually be very very powerful if you bring things

1041
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:25,440
Speaker 1: really close together, like the close the size you know,

1042
00:54:25,480 --> 00:54:27,920
Speaker 1: the width of a proton is sort of close together.

1043
00:54:28,400 --> 00:54:30,640
Speaker 1: So if you smash these protons together really high energy,

1044
00:54:30,680 --> 00:54:33,399
Speaker 1: they might get close enough where the gravity gets really

1045
00:54:33,440 --> 00:54:36,560
Speaker 1: really strong. I meaning you could create black holes, because

1046
00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:39,280
Speaker 1: black holes are essentially displaces where gravity gets really strong.

1047
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:43,040
Speaker 1: And if that's the case, those black holes, if they

1048
00:54:43,120 --> 00:54:45,440
Speaker 1: last long enough could sit there and sort of swallow matter.

1049
00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:47,279
Speaker 1: But you know, there's lots of reasons not to be

1050
00:54:47,320 --> 00:54:49,279
Speaker 1: worried about that. First of all, we think if these

1051
00:54:49,280 --> 00:54:52,040
Speaker 1: black holes are created, they wouldn't last very long. They

1052
00:54:52,040 --> 00:54:56,080
Speaker 1: would radiate into nothing using Hawking radiation. And if they

1053
00:54:56,480 --> 00:55:00,360
Speaker 1: and and we believe that collisions have been happening for

1054
00:55:00,400 --> 00:55:02,799
Speaker 1: a long long time, like we've been being hit by

1055
00:55:02,880 --> 00:55:07,440
Speaker 1: particles from space for ever basically, and those particles are

1056
00:55:07,480 --> 00:55:09,799
Speaker 1: traveling much faster than the particles of the large change

1057
00:55:09,880 --> 00:55:12,920
Speaker 1: on colider. So if collisions of particles we're going to

1058
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:16,400
Speaker 1: cause Earth destroying black holes, it would have happened already.

1059
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:19,200
Speaker 1: And so there's a pretty in depth analysis of this

1060
00:55:19,760 --> 00:55:22,080
Speaker 1: um And I think one thing that's funny about is

1061
00:55:22,080 --> 00:55:24,160
Speaker 1: sort of the social aspect of it. Like if you

1062
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,520
Speaker 1: ask a physicist, is it possible for the l AC

1063
00:55:27,680 --> 00:55:30,440
Speaker 1: to destroy the universe, to destroy the Earth. The answer

1064
00:55:30,520 --> 00:55:33,600
Speaker 1: is technically, yes, it's possible. You don't want to talk

1065
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:37,759
Speaker 1: about exactly, But there's a difference between, you know, a

1066
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:41,200
Speaker 1: scientific answer and a sort of a public relations answer

1067
00:55:41,560 --> 00:55:44,080
Speaker 1: where it's possible but not to the level where it's

1068
00:55:44,080 --> 00:55:47,200
Speaker 1: really worth talking about. Like it's possible for me to

1069
00:55:47,560 --> 00:55:51,560
Speaker 1: disappear in quantum mechanically appear in Paris. Sure it's not impossible,

1070
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:54,120
Speaker 1: but it's the real The odds are so remote, and

1071
00:55:54,160 --> 00:55:56,839
Speaker 1: nobody should factor that into their plans. And that's really

1072
00:55:56,880 --> 00:55:59,239
Speaker 1: what people are asking about, Like, is this possible at

1073
00:55:59,239 --> 00:56:00,840
Speaker 1: the level where we need to worry about it and

1074
00:56:00,880 --> 00:56:03,480
Speaker 1: make policy changes or you know, use it to base

1075
00:56:03,560 --> 00:56:06,360
Speaker 1: decisions on And the answer is no. Um. But you know,

1076
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,640
Speaker 1: we as humans are pretty bad about thinking about dangers

1077
00:56:09,640 --> 00:56:12,480
Speaker 1: and making decisions based on that. You know, you'll worry

1078
00:56:12,520 --> 00:56:15,120
Speaker 1: about being struck by lightning or being eaten by sharks,

1079
00:56:15,120 --> 00:56:17,759
Speaker 1: but we don't worry too much about handgun safety this

1080
00:56:17,880 --> 00:56:19,920
Speaker 1: kind of stuff. So as you on, as we we

1081
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:22,680
Speaker 1: have our policies upside down, or even you know, the

1082
00:56:23,320 --> 00:56:26,279
Speaker 1: likelihood of getting in even a minor accident in a car,

1083
00:56:26,360 --> 00:56:30,560
Speaker 1: I mean, that's incredibly likely compared to these other things.

1084
00:56:30,560 --> 00:56:34,080
Speaker 1: But these other things because they I think largely because

1085
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:37,279
Speaker 1: they and they tap into that same part of our

1086
00:56:37,280 --> 00:56:41,560
Speaker 1: brains that finds fascination in the unknown. There's there's that

1087
00:56:41,640 --> 00:56:45,080
Speaker 1: related element, the fear of the unknown. The two are

1088
00:56:45,160 --> 00:56:48,239
Speaker 1: very close. And the less you know about something the

1089
00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:52,399
Speaker 1: more likely you are to fear it um. And paradoxically,

1090
00:56:52,440 --> 00:56:55,080
Speaker 1: also the more you know about something, depending on what

1091
00:56:55,160 --> 00:56:57,800
Speaker 1: it is, the more you might start to fear it. Um.

1092
00:56:57,880 --> 00:57:00,399
Speaker 1: So it's it's a really interesting Oh boy, be human.

1093
00:57:00,480 --> 00:57:03,920
Speaker 1: Sure is great, um. But in the end, it's all about,

1094
00:57:04,120 --> 00:57:06,720
Speaker 1: you know, trying to answer these questions and exploring the unknown,

1095
00:57:06,760 --> 00:57:08,960
Speaker 1: and to me, that's always worth it. The guys who

1096
00:57:09,080 --> 00:57:11,120
Speaker 1: jumped in a ship and sailed into the ocean not

1097
00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:13,200
Speaker 1: knowing what they were gonna find, you know, they were

1098
00:57:13,280 --> 00:57:15,120
Speaker 1: part of that. It's a it's a long legacy of

1099
00:57:15,120 --> 00:57:17,600
Speaker 1: exploration and to me that's one of the most exciting

1100
00:57:17,640 --> 00:57:20,400
Speaker 1: things we can do as a species. Daniel, thank you

1101
00:57:20,440 --> 00:57:23,360
Speaker 1: so much for joining our show. Please can you tell

1102
00:57:23,440 --> 00:57:26,760
Speaker 1: us a little bit about your podcast and why everyone

1103
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:29,800
Speaker 1: needs to listen to it? Sure? Um. Our podcast is

1104
00:57:29,840 --> 00:57:33,160
Speaker 1: called Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe. I'm one half

1105
00:57:33,160 --> 00:57:35,640
Speaker 1: of it. The other half is Jorge Chom, the Internet

1106
00:57:35,720 --> 00:57:40,080
Speaker 1: famous cartoons behind PhD Comics, and we do a fun

1107
00:57:40,240 --> 00:57:43,360
Speaker 1: chat about philosophy and science and trying to explain things

1108
00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:45,600
Speaker 1: about the universe and the idea there is to take

1109
00:57:45,680 --> 00:57:48,400
Speaker 1: big topics and break them up into pieces that are

1110
00:57:48,440 --> 00:57:50,960
Speaker 1: actually understandable, not just so you hear a lot of

1111
00:57:50,960 --> 00:57:53,200
Speaker 1: fancy words and you don't really understand, but so that

1112
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:55,360
Speaker 1: you've come away with a pretty good grasp of what

1113
00:57:55,440 --> 00:57:57,720
Speaker 1: these topics are. And we cover things like the Big

1114
00:57:57,720 --> 00:58:01,720
Speaker 1: Bang and teleportation and fast and light travel and history

1115
00:58:01,720 --> 00:58:03,680
Speaker 1: of the universe and the future of the universe. And

1116
00:58:03,720 --> 00:58:05,520
Speaker 1: so check it out. It's a lot of fun. It's

1117
00:58:05,560 --> 00:58:09,600
Speaker 1: called Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe. Yeah, it's fantastic, guys.

1118
00:58:09,640 --> 00:58:11,520
Speaker 1: If you have not listened, you need to check it out.

1119
00:58:11,680 --> 00:58:15,040
Speaker 1: I very much enjoyed it's I consider it sort of

1120
00:58:15,080 --> 00:58:20,800
Speaker 1: a spiritual cousin to text stuff and and and it

1121
00:58:20,840 --> 00:58:22,840
Speaker 1: makes me. It makes me long for the day when

1122
00:58:22,840 --> 00:58:25,240
Speaker 1: I can I can get a co host who I

1123
00:58:25,320 --> 00:58:27,640
Speaker 1: can bounce stuff off of and they can bounce stuff

1124
00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:31,560
Speaker 1: off of me. Right now, I'm playing tennis with myself,

1125
00:58:31,640 --> 00:58:34,800
Speaker 1: so that is always a challenge. Daniel, thank you so

1126
00:58:34,880 --> 00:58:38,520
Speaker 1: much for joining the show. We greatly appreciate it. Thanks

1127
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:40,200
Speaker 1: very much for having me on. And hello to all

1128
00:58:40,200 --> 00:58:43,480
Speaker 1: your listeners. We'll be back with a little bit more

1129
00:58:43,480 --> 00:58:54,560
Speaker 1: about the LHC after these messages. I hope you enjoyed

1130
00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:58,520
Speaker 1: that episode. From two thousand nineteen and again tomorrow we

1131
00:58:58,560 --> 00:59:01,680
Speaker 1: should have the second part the space Suit episode. I

1132
00:59:01,720 --> 00:59:05,640
Speaker 1: apologize again, I'm so glad we did not call this

1133
00:59:05,720 --> 00:59:09,640
Speaker 1: show How Tech Works, because, based on my experience of

1134
00:59:09,880 --> 00:59:13,640
Speaker 1: trying to troubleshoot for the last several hours, I clearly

1135
00:59:14,280 --> 00:59:16,400
Speaker 1: don't know as much as I thought I did. To

1136
00:59:16,480 --> 00:59:22,280
Speaker 1: be fair, there's some pretty extraordinary circumstances that are interfering,

1137
00:59:22,760 --> 00:59:26,800
Speaker 1: but all excuses aside. We will have the part two

1138
00:59:26,880 --> 00:59:29,720
Speaker 1: of the space Suits episode tomorrow. I hope you are

1139
00:59:29,760 --> 00:59:32,600
Speaker 1: doing well, and if you have suggestions for topics I

1140
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,479
Speaker 1: should cover in future episodes of tech Stuff, please reach out.

1141
00:59:36,000 --> 00:59:38,200
Speaker 1: The best way to do that is on Twitter. The

1142
00:59:38,240 --> 00:59:41,000
Speaker 1: handle for the show is text stuff H s W

1143
00:59:41,680 --> 00:59:50,240
Speaker 1: and I'll talk to you again really soon. Tech Stuff

1144
00:59:50,320 --> 00:59:53,520
Speaker 1: is an I Heart Radio production. For more podcasts from

1145
00:59:53,520 --> 00:59:57,320
Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

1146
00:59:57,400 --> 01:00:01,320
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Three